Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Urban freight transportation'

Freight transportation is an integral element of various supply chains and has a complex and dynamical interrelationship with human economic activities. Modern logistical strategies paved way to the current supply chain organisation and logistics network design resulting in a more global economy and huge economies of scale. Recent trends of volatility of oil price have major implications in the movement of commodities across the supply chains. Likewise, climate change issues have presented urgent challenges in reducing carbon emissions for the transport and logistics sector. Pressure on the sector comes from both governments and consumers alike, demanding future sustainability as well as corporate environmental and social responsibility. The original contribution of this research is to investigate the system-wide dynamics of freight transportation and production in the context of supply chains. A theoretical framework called the ‘Geographic Adaptive Potential’ or GAP is built to understand how constraints in energy and emissions affect the production and distribution of commodities. The changes in the supply chain were investigated in four different components, namely a) the potential to shift to less energy and emissions intensive modes for long-haul freight, b) logistical strategies in the last leg of the chain or urban freight and c) local production and distribution, and d) the accessibility of potential customers to the markets. The design of the GAP components is in correspondence with the links of the supply chain. The analyses yielded an evaluation of the adaptive capacity of the freight transport and production system. For long-haul freight, a GIS-based model was created called the ‘New Zealand Intermodal Freight Network’ or NZIFN. It is an optimisation tool integrating the road, rail and shipping network of New Zealand and calculates that minimum time, operating costs, energy and emissions routes between 2 given locations. The case studies of Auckland to Wellington and Auckland to Christchurch distributions of non-perishable products established that even a marginal increase of rail and coastal shipping share produced around 10% reduction in both freight energy and greenhouse gas emissions. In the study of the last leg of the supply chain, the truck trip generation rates of different food stores were investigated. The strongest factors influencing the trip rates to a store are its size and product variation, the latter being a new parameter introduced in the dissertation. It is defined as the total number of brands for 6 chosen commodities commonly found in the stores. The trip rates together with the truck type and distance travelled were used to compute the freight energy usage of the stores. Results revealed that supermarkets consume the most energy for their delivery operations but relative to its physical size, they are more energy efficient than smaller stores. This is due to the utilisation of advanced logistical strategies such as freight consolidation and the effective use of distribution centres. The localised production chapter was explored in the context of Farmers’ markets and their difference with the conventional supermarket distribution system. Using a freight transport energy audit, the energy intensities of both systems were compared. The findings showed that Farmers’ markets were more energy-intensive than supermarkets owing to the low volumes of goods delivered to the market and the lack of freight consolidation effort in the system. The study on the active mode access of potential customers to both Farmers’ markets and supermarkets captured the interplay between freight and personal transport and is the final component of GAP. The results of the ArcGIS based model called ‘Active Mode Access’ or AMA demonstrated that both Farmers’ markets and supermarkets have the same level of accessibility for walking or biking customers. However, the calculations also showed that almost 87% of New Zealanders have no AMA to stores and are at risk for fuel price increase. Finally, the key result of this dissertation is the assessment that there is actually limited adaptive capacity of the freight transport and production system. This is due to network infrastructure and geographical constraints as well as commodity type and mode compatibility and other operational concerns. Due to these limitations, the GAP model assessed that reduction in energy and allowable emissions will ultimately reduce the amount of commodities moved in the system.

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
A simulação da circulação interna-interna de veículos de carga foi um estudo inédito e inovador para a revisão do Plano Diretor de Transporte Urbano da Região Metropolitana de Rio de Janeiro (PDTU-RMRJ/2011), no qual se faz uma estimação de vetores de produção e atração (P/A) de viagens de caminhões para 730 zonas de tráfego, de matrizes origem-destino (OD) e a alocação de viagens de veículos de carga para três períodos (pico da manhã, pico da tarde e entre picos). A metodologia e modelo utilizados foram baseados em uma aplicação realizada na cidade de Sevilla (Espanha). Para o caso da RMRJ foram estimados vetores de viagens de dois tipos, um com relação às entregas do tipo Empresa a Empresa (Business to Business, B2B) e outro do tipo Empresa a Domicilio (Business to Housing, B2H). Como resultados ilustrativos são mostrados os vetores (P/A) de viagens diárias de caminhões agregados por município, uma matriz OD de caminhões no período entre picos agregada por município e a alocação dessas viagens na rede de simulação do PDTU para o período entre picos. Desses resultados, destaca-se que os municípios com maior quantidade (somam mais de 80 por cento) das viagens produzidas e atraídas dentro da RMRJ são apenas cinco: Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias, Niterói, São Gonçalo e Nova Iguaçu; e que as vias mais utilizadas para o tráfego de caminhões são a BR-101, BR-116 e a BR-040.
Within the framework of the Revision of the Urban Transportation Master Plan for the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Region (PDTU-2011) an innovative model was developed – first of its kind in Brazilian cities – for the estimation of truck flows within the study area. Productions and attractions vectors (P/A) of truck trip ends, as well as origin/destination (O/D) matrices for the 730 traffic analysis zones were estimated, and truck assignments for three daily periods (morning peak, afternoon peak, and inter-peaks) were conducted. Model methodology was based in another study conducted for the city of Seville (Spain). Two sets of P/A vectors were estimated, one for business-to-business deliveries (B2B) and another for household deliveries (B2H). Daily truck trip ends P/A vectors aggregated by city are presented, as well as a city level O/D inter-peak truck matrix and the results of its assignment to the PDTU-2011 simulation network. From those illustrative results, it is shown that only five cities (Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias, Niterói, São Gonçalo e Nova Iguaçu) account for more than 80 per cent of truck trips produced and attracted within the Metropolitan Region, and that the most heavily used truck routes are comprised of BR-101, BR-116 and BR-040 expressways.

Throughout the Cold War antagonisms of the twentieth century, the United States (US) championed greater global economic cooperation and an embrace of free market principles to encourage economic growth. Post World War II, passage of the Bretton Woods Agreement institutionalized this political agenda effectively establishing the rules of global commerce. The result has been increased economic participation and trade liberalization. One of the last remaining vestiges of Cold War hostility and impediments to trade is the US economic embargo of Cuba, in place since 1960. Increasingly seen as a policy failure, the US has taken steps in the past two years to normalize relations with Cuba. At the same time, after extended conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq, economic recession, and political polarization over the last fifteen years the US finds itself in a position of ambiguity towards additional foreign commitments. American efforts to open Cuba to two-way commerce serve both national security and economic foreign policy agendas. For Cubans, removal of the embargo represents an opportunity for normal relations with the world’s largest economy and access to capital and markets that come with it. The purpose of this study is to test the theory political economy, which attempts to understand society through the intersection of economic, political, and social functions, using US-Cuba diplomacy as a case study (Yin, 2009). Working within a multiple streams framework, the investigator examined how economic policy is changed under politically ambiguous conditions through a series of 20 semi-structured qualitative interviews and content analysis of secondary data sources (Zahariadis, 2014). Specifically, the study explored the behavior of interested individuals from the US and Cuba, so-called policy entrepreneurs, and their influence on the policymaking process during an open policy window. Research results suggest that policy entrepreneurs operate at the individual, state, and national scales of society using a variety of symbols to create and broaden opportunities for policy change. Across all three levels, US and Cuban policy entrepreneur’s behavior is guided by the search for rationality in ambiguous times, but their agency is bounded by the institutionally determined parameters of what is legally and politically acceptable.

Avec l’augmentation progressive de la population dans les grandes villes, comme Paris, nous prévoyons d’ici 2050 une augmentation de 50% du trafic routier. En considérant les embouteillages et la pollution que cette augmentation va générer, on voit clairement la nécessité de nouveaux système de mobilité plus durables, comme le covoiturage, ou plus généralement toute la mobilité partagée. En parlant de mobilité partagée, ce n’est pas seulement le partage de trajets de personnes qui ont le même itinéraire au même temps, elle inclut aussi les marchandises.Cette thèse aborde le défi de la synchronisation des flux de passagers et de marchandises dans les systèmes de mobilité urbaine et elle vis à développer des méthodes d’optimisation pour que cette synchronisation dans la mobilité partagée soit faisable. Plus précisément, elle aborde les questions de recherche suivantes:*Q1: Quelles sont les variantes des systèmes de mobilité partagée et comment les optimiser?*Q2: Comment synchroniser les déplacements de personnes et quels gains cette synchronisation peut-elle générer?*Q3: Comment combiner les flux de passagers et de fret et quels sont les avantages attendus?*Q4: Quels sont les effets de l'incertitude sur la planification et l'exploitation de systèmes de mobilité partagée?Dans un premier temps, nous étudions les différentes variantes des systèmes de mobilité partagée et nous les classifions en fonction de leurs modèles, caractéristiques, approches de résolution et contexte d'application. En se basant sur cette revue de littérature, nous identifions deux problèmes de mobilité partagés, que nous considérons en détails dans cette thèse et nous développons des méthodes d'optimisation pour les résoudre.Pour synchroniser les flux de passagers, nous étudions un modèle de covoiturage en utilisant les véhicules autonomes, personnels et partagés, et des points de rencontre où la synchronisation entre passagers peut avoir lieu. Pour cela, une méthode heuristique en deux phases est proposée et une étude de cas sur la ville de New York est présentée.Ensuite, nous développons un modèle d’optimisation qui combine les flux de passagers et de marchandises dans une région urbaine. Le but de ce modèle est d’utiliser les capacités disponibles sur une ligne de transport fixe pour transporter les passagers et des robots transportant des petits colis à leurs destinations finales en considérant que la demande de passagers est stochastique. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les solutions proposées par ces deux modèles peuvent conduire à une meilleure utilisation des systèmes de transport dans les régions urbaines
The rise of research into shared mobility systems reflects emerging challenges, such as rising urbanization rates, traffic congestion, oil prices and environmental concerns. The operations research community has turned towards more sharable and sustainable systems of transportation. Although shared mobility comes with many benefits, it has some challenges that are restricting its widespread adoption. More research is thus needed towards developing new shared mobility systems so that a better use of the available transportation assets can be obtained.This thesis aims at developing efficient models and optimization approaches for synchronizing people and freight flows in an urban environment. As such, the following research questions are addressed throughout the thesis:*Q1: What are the variants of shared mobility systems and how to optimize them?*Q2: How can people trips be synchronized and what gains can this synchronization yields?*Q3: How can people and freight flows be combined and what are the intended benefits?*Q4: What impacts uncertainty can have on planning and operating shared mobility systems?First, we review different variants of the shared mobility problem where either (i) travelers share their rides, or (ii) the transportation of passengers and freight is combined. We then classify these variants according to their models, solution approaches and application context and We provide a comprehensive overview of the recently published papers and case studies. Based on this review, we identify two shared mobility problems, which we study further in this thesis.Second, we study a ridesharing problem where individually-owned and on-demand autonomous vehicles (AVs) are used for transporting passengers and a set of meeting points is used for synchronizing their trips. We develop a two-phase method (a pre-processing algorithm and a matching optimization problem) for assessing the sharing potential of different AV ownership models, and we evaluate them on a case study for New York City.Then, we present a model that integrates freight deliveries to a scheduled line for people transportation where passengers demand, and thus the available capacity for transporting freight, is assumed to be stochastic. We model this problem as a two-stage stochastic problem and we provide a MIP formulation and a sample average approximation (SAA) method along with an Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search (ALNS) algorithm to solve it. We then analyze the proposed approach as well as the impacts of stochastic passengers demand on such integrated system on a computational study.Finally, we summarize the key findings, highlight the main challenges facing shared mobility systems, and suggest potential directions for future research

Deep decarbonisation of road transportation is challenging. One of the most potentially beneficial approaches is electrification which is the subject of this PhD thesis. A widespread penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) across a large proportion of road transport demand is needed to realise the benefits of an electrified transport sector. However, this is dependent on overcoming significant barriers. This study performs a systematic analysis of how proven power charging technologies could be used to unlock the barriers to widespread electrification of road transportation. Various road transport sectors and type of journeys are explored including aspects of autonomous operations and novel wireless power transfer technologies. For each operation, a framework is proposed that allows the exploitation of current and potential future electrification technologies to enable shifting towards EVs. Based on that, simulation tools and methods are developed to calculate the power requirements of EVs and determine a suitable charging infrastructure. The additional power demand, electric load and the implications for the electricity supply network are explored. The total expenditure needed and the CO2 emission savings are also calculated for each investigated operation. Transitional strategies include the electrification of bus routes, refuse collection functions, home deliveries and aspects of autonomous operations for public transportation within the boundaries of the cities. In the long-term, focus is given on passenger cars and freight vehicles for both urban and inter-urban journeys. A nationwide adoption of all electrification strategies proposed in this thesis would increase the peak power demand of Great Britain by approximately 38 GW (72% of the current peak) and the electricity consumption by 180 TWh per year (45% of current consumption). The total capital cost required is calculated at £225 billion which is similar to the cost of other large infrastructure projects of the country. The impact would be a significant aggregate saving of approximately 2,000 MtCO2 between the numbers calculated for today's norms (2018) and those calculated for 2050.

Cette thèse propose une modélisation des interactions entre le Transport de Marchandises en Ville (TMV) et la dynamique du trafic. Ces deux composantes, pourtant imbriquées, ne sont que très rarement étudiées simultanément. Plus précisément, cette thèse investigue les impacts du TMV sur les états de trafic ; et inversement, les impacts des états de trafic sur le TMV. Les recherches s’articulent autour de deux axes : le TMV à l’échelle (i) de la livraison et (ii) de la tournée de livraison, et la dynamique du trafic à l’échelle (iii) d’un jour et (iv) d’un catalogue de jours. (i) Le TMV réalisé par des véhicules routiers peut engendrer des formes de congestion, et par conséquent des nuisances sonores et atmosphériques. Néanmoins, il s’agit d’un « mal nécessaire » car le transport de ces marchandises est essentiel pour l’économie des villes. Une pratique courante est la livraison en double file. Ces « stationnements sauvages » réduisent l’écoulement des véhicules dans le réseau de transport. Une étude de sensibilité quantitative en simulation microscopique met en lumière une dégradation significative des états de trafic sur un boulevard urbain à partir d’un faible nombre de stationnements en double file. Ces phénomènes locaux et temporaires semblent essentiels à intégrer dans les simulations du trafic afin d’étudier au mieux les performances globales du système de transport. (ii) Les tournées de livraison planifiées peuvent être améliorées par l’intégration des conditions de circulation. Les algorithmes existants d’optimisation de tournées se basent sur une certaine qualité et quantité de données. Nous investiguons l’influence de plusieurs niveaux de granularité d’information du trafic sur l’ordonnancement optimale des tournées. De plus, nous comparons les temps de parcours estimés par les algorithmes, et les temps de parcours effectifs estimés à l’aide d’une simulation microscopique. Les états de trafic attendus peuvent être sujets à quelques variations. Nous proposons une méthodologie de génération de tournées intégrant de l’incertitude dans la dynamique du trafic. (iii) À l’échelle de la ville, les états de trafic sont naturellement variables, que ce soit dans l’espace ou au cours du temps. Le partitionnement permet de découper un réseau de transport en zones homogènes. Une zone est définie par un ensemble de liens connectés ayant des conditions de circulation similaires. Nous proposons une approche spatio-temporelle définissant des zones en 3 Dimensions (3D). L’idée est de résumer la majeure partie de la dynamique du trafic d’une ville en utilisant peu d’information : la vitesse moyenne par zone spatio-temporelle. Deux familles de méthodes de clustering fondamentalement différentes sont comparées et évaluées. Le cas d’étude est le réseau d’Amsterdam avec des données réelles. (iv) D’un jour à l’autre, la dynamique du trafic peut être similaire. Nous proposons une méthodologie regroupant les jours par leurs motifs de congestion. L’existence d’une régularité dans les motifs journaliers est introduite par la notion de jour-type. Un jour-type est le jour de référence d’un groupe de jours. Nous validons notre modèle en comparant les temps de parcours effectifs et les temps de parcours estimés par les jours-types. Diverses applications peuvent être raffinées à partir de quelques jours-types, comme l’assistance routière et la génération de tournées
This thesis aims to modeling the interactions between the urban freight and the traffic dynamic. Although both are intertwined, they have rarely been studied considering a combined approach. Specifically, the main purpose is to analyze the impacts of the urban freight on traffic states, and vice versa. This research is focused on two axes: the urban freight considering (i) the delivery and (ii) the delivery route scales, and two traffic dynamic scales describing (iii) a day and (iv) a set of days. (i) The delivery of goods carried by vehicles can produce traffic congestion, noise and air pollution. Nevertheless, the transport of goods is essential for the economy of cities. The double parking is a common way for delivery trucks. This illegal parking reduces the vehicle capacity of the transportation network. A sensitivity analysis in traffic microscopic simulation model for urban freight highlight a significant decreasing of the traffic conditions on an urban corridor considering a low number of double parking. These local and temporal phenomena are essential to be integrated into the traffic simulation in order to better study the overall performance of the transportation system. (ii) The delivery route planner can be improved by integrating traffic conditions. The route optimization algorithms are based on quality and quantity of given data available. We investigate the influence of several levels of granularity on traffic information data for the optimal route scheduling. Moreover, the travel time estimated by algorithms and the effective travel time estimated by a microscopic simulation are compared. In addition, the expected traffic conditions can be subject to variations. We propose a methodology of delivery route planner integrating the uncertainty of the traffic dynamics. (iii) At the city level, the traffic conditions are varied through space and time. A partitioning of urban transportation networks makes possible to identify homogeneous zones. A zone is defined by a set of connected links with similar traffic conditions. We proposed a spatial and temporal approach to define the 3D zones. The idea is to summarize the majority of the traffic dynamics of a given city using only a few information: the mean speed per spatial and temporal zone. Two fundamentally different methods of clustering are compared and evaluated. The study case is the Amsterdam network with its real-world traffic data. (iv) From day to day, the traffic dynamic can be similar. We proposed a methodology grouping days by their similar congestion patterns. The existence of a regularity through daily patterns are introduced by consensual speed map. A consensual speed map is the reference day representing a group of days. Our model is validated by using the effective travel time and estimated ones by the consensual speed maps. Numerous applications can be refined from a couple of consensual speed maps, as the route guidance and delivery route planning

Naturalistic driving studies as a method to explore driving and driver behaviour in a natural environment have become increasingly popular in road safety research. However, data acquisition systems needed for these studies are expensive and require a profound technical expertise for the installation. This thesis reports on an alternative approach towards more affordable naturalistic driving studies – a smartphone-based system called Sensor Platform that leverages the phone’s sensors as well as external sensors to gather relevant driving data. In close cooperation with road safety experts, this project aimed to specify the requirements for such a system, develop a prototype, and evaluate from an user perspective as well as from a technical point of view. A focus group and an in-vehicle user study were conducted to gather the expert’s feedback. In order to judge the accuracy of Sensor Platform, a comparison to an industry-grade data acquisition system was performed on the real road. The analysis of the study data suggests that road safety experts like the high usability and value the time savings. Yet, in comparison to industry-grade data acquisition systems, Sensor Platform is not on par when it comes to data accuracy, mainly due to simpler filtering algorithms. All in all, the thesis adds to the knowledge of mobile data acquisition systems while also providing a basis for future road safety applications such as real-time interventions.

This thesis examines the marginal cost of congested travel to a variety of businesses by observing time spent in congestion and estimating excess labor costs based upon the relevant value of time. The fleets in the scoping study represented commercial deliveries of goods and services, government agencies, and transit systems. Observations on limited-access expressways within the 13-county Atlanta metropolitan region were used in the analysis. Vehicles were monitored by using a passive GPS assembly that transmitted speed and location data in real-time to an off-site location. Installation and operation during the observation period required no interaction from the driver. Over 217 hours of good freeway movement during 354 vehicle-days was recorded. Rates of delay, expressed as a unit of lost minutes per mile traveled, were calculated by taking the difference in speeds observed during congestion from an optimal free-flow speed of 45 mph and dividing that by the distance traveled per segment. The difference between the 50th and 95th percentile delay rates was used as the measure for travel unreliability. Daily average values of extra time needed per fleet vehicle to ensure on-time arrivals were derived, and the median buffer across all fleets was 1.65 hours of added time per vehicle. Weekly marginal costs per fleet vehicle were estimated by factoring in the corresponding driver wages or hourly operation costs (for transit fleets). Equivalent toll rates were calculated by multiplying the 95th percentile delay rate by the hourly costs. The equivalent toll per mile traveled was representative of an equal relationship between the marginal costs of congestion experienced and a hypothetical state of free-flow travel (under first-best rules of marginal cost pricing). The median equivalent toll rates across all fleets was $0.43 per mile for weekday mornings, $0.13 per mile for midday weekdays, $0.53 per mile for afternoon weekdays and $0.01 per mile for weekday nights and weekends.

碩士
國立交通大學
運輸與物流管理學系
101
The investigation of the characteristics and influential factors of fuel consumption in urban freight transportation field is rare. Most studies discussed about cars or buses. Within the development of economics and urban freight, the growth of freight vehicles and driving mileages should not be underestimated. Therefore, freight companies need an effective method to control the fuel consumption in the competitive market. This research selected an urban freight company, then focus on its three kinds of service patterns to collect the data. We analyze the routes, driving behavior, and operating characteristics of above three patterns through interviews, OBD II vehicle data and event data recorder. The data of OBD II is the major data for us to construct a speed-based fuel consumption model. Further, in order to know the practicality and applicability of this speed-based model, we propose some scenarios to discuss the different fuel consumption between them. By using this model, freight operators and drivers can easily adjust the driving behavior toward speed in different driving situations and routes to achieve the objective of cutting down the fuel consumption for energy saving and carbon reduction.

In support of a modal shift towards rail for goods movement, a reconceptualization of urban and interurban mobility frameworks leads to the proposed infrastructural fitting for the urban periphery. Keller Easterling’s notion of Situating serves as a tool for engaging the serial aspects of the project territory in order to leverage widespread change. The intervention is born of the premise that while the ‘last mile’ of the supply chain must remain predominantly road based, the ‘second-last mile’ between concentrated distribution clusters is an opportune target for modal shifting initiatives. Towards this end the thesis envisions alternative, elaborated templates for distribution cluster design which optimize instrumental capacity as well as generate new performative possibilities through the conflation of productive, consumptive, and logistical activities. The hybridized type is demonstrated on a greenfield, industrial zoned site in the outer fringes of the Greater Toronto Area. Standard warehouse morphologies are retooled to serve the unfolding trends of agglomeration and just-in-time delivery while functioning as revolutionized, streamlined terminals of inland intermodal exchange. A unique urban condition is created where the freight-intensive logistics cluster interfaces a transit-supportive arterial corridor in the surrounding suburban fabric. Here, a thickened seam is developed to engage pedestrian-scaled experience, offer richness through surprising functional juxtaposition, and capitalize on the potentials for efficient local connections to regional distribution agents.

Container freight is an important component of the transportation system yet there is little understanding about this issue. This research develops an information system to assist transportation engineers and planners understand container freight transportation in the Canadian Prairie Region. The research conducts a transportation systems analysis to provide information about regional transportation, demand, and flow characteristics of container freight. It also designs, develops, and applies a container truck model to provide information about urban container truck traffic activity. The analysis and model reveal issues that should be considered in defining, evaluating, and choosing among alternative options to improve urban container freight transportation. The transportation systems analysis reveals the following issues affecting regional container freight. The Panama Canal expansion has the capability of altering container freight using the mini land bridge between West and East coast ports although the Port of Prince Rupert is emerging as a legitimate option to the Panama Canal. Railroads are developing integrated logistics centres which often involve relocating intermodal terminals and introducing major container generators to a city. Railroads are operating longer container trains and making fewer stops at prairie cities; however, these cities are developing inland ports to attract international freight. This research produces the first urban container truck traffic model to help overcome insufficient data and information in this area. It comprises defining a container truck network, acquiring container truck traffic data, and estimating container truck traffic volumes. The model is applied to the City of Winnipeg although the following issues are expected to be similar in other prairie cities. The research reveals issues regarding the temporal, spatial distribution, and physical characteristics of container trucks. Overall, about 13 percent of articulated trucks carry containers; however, corridors with high articulated truck volumes do not necessarily have high container truck volumes. Weekend articulated truck traffic volumes are nearly one-quarter of weekday volumes whereas Sunday container truck volumes are similar to weekday volumes. Container truck volumes peak during the midday while articulated truck volumes exhibit an a.m. and p.m. peak. The split between tridem and tandem axle semitrailers is 80/20 for container trucks.

Freight deliveries on signalized urban streets are known to cause lane blockages during delivery. Traffic congestion associated with urban freight deliveries has gained increasing attention recently as traffic engineers and planners are tasked with finding solutions to manage increasing demand more sustainably with limited road capacity. The goal of this research is to evaluate two models for quantifying the capacity and signalized control delay effects of a lane-blocking freight delivery on an urban arterial. The two methods are: an All-or-Nothing model similar to methodology used in the Highway Capacity Manual 6th Edition, and a Detailed model consistent with kinematic wave theory. The purpose is to provide insight on the use of these tools for analysis of urban freight delivery. The signalized control delay results of the two models are compared with observed video data of urban deliveries from one city block of 8th Ave in New York City. Empirical confirmation of double-parked delivery impact on signalized controlled delay remains elusive due to an inability to isolate the effects of the deliveries from other traffic perturbations in the video sample. Instead, microscopic simulation using Aimsun is used for comparison to the theoretical models and the results lend credibility to the Detailed model. The simulation results show a similar trend of delay impact from double-parked deliveries located at a range distances from the intersection and more closely resembled the Detailed model. The All-or-Nothing model would provide only a coarse representation of the capacity and delay effects. The more detailed approach that accounts for the dynamics of queuing in front of the delivery vehicle provides closed form analytical formulas for capacity and signalized control delay that can account for varying locations of deliveries as well as analysis periods with some blocked cycles and others unblocked. Two policy implications are proposed: 1) that double-parked deliveries located mid-block likely result in less signalized control delay impact, and 2) freight receivers that attract double-parked deliveries near an intersection stop line should be prioritized in urban freight delivery mitigation policies such as off-hour delivery.

This research puts forth an examination of the relationship between municipal planning and short line freight railroads. Methodologically, it employs a content analysis framework that explores local master plans and zoning bylaws for the presence of concepts relevant to short line railroads. A historically omitted topic, the railroads are found to be frequently omitted from plans, often conflicting with civic and recreational interests despite their increasingly efficient ability, economic and environmental, to service numerous industries. Zoning bylaws show a disfavor to these entities, and at times may exceed their authority. Moreover, they may create physical and legal limitations to new, rail-sustained industry, as well as the rehabilitation of former industrial clusters. Findings related to regulatory preemption, transportation and land use policy, corridor conversion, and shifting land use patterns are presented. Consequentially, daunting implications may resonate for both the railroad and municipalities. Recommendations encompass municipal, regional, and state policy, as well as opportunities for multi-agency collaboration, economic development initiatives, and revised regulatory structures.