Relevant bibliographies by topics / Urban Exposome

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Academic literature on the topic 'Urban Exposome'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 29 March 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Urban Exposome"

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Andrianou, Xanthi D., and Konstantinos C. Makris. "The framework of urban exposome: Application of the exposome concept in urban health studies." Science of The Total Environment 636 (September 2018): 963–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.329.

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Andrianou, Xanthi D., Chava van der Lek, Pantelis Charisiadis, Solomon Ioannou, Kalliopi N. Fotopoulou, Zoe Papapanagiotou, George Botsaris, Carijn Beumer, and Konstantinos C. Makris. "Application of the urban exposome framework using drinking water and quality of life indicators: a proof-of-concept study in Limassol, Cyprus." PeerJ 7 (May 24, 2019): e6851. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6851.

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Background Cities face rapid changes leading to increasing inequalities and emerging public health issues that require cost-effective interventions. The urban exposome concept refers to the continuous monitoring of urban environmental and health indicators using the city and smaller intra-city areas as measurement units in an interdisciplinary approach that combines qualitative and quantitative methods from social sciences, to epidemiology and exposure assessment. Methods In this proof of concept study, drinking water and quality of life indicators were described as part of the development of the urban exposome of Limassol (Cyprus) and were combined with agnostic environment-wide association analysis. This study was conducted as a two-part project with a qualitative part assessing the perceptions of city stakeholders, and quantitative part using a cross-sectional study design (an urban population study). We mapped the water quality parameters and participants’ opinions on city life (i.e., neighborhood life, health care, and green space access) using quarters (small administrative areas) as the reference unit of the city. In an exploratory, agnostic, environment-wide association study analysis, we used all variables (questionnaire responses and water quality metrics) to describe correlations between them. Results Overall, urban drinking-water quality using conventional indicators of chemical (disinfection byproducts-trihalomethanes (THM)) and microbial (coliforms, E. coli, and Enterococci) quality did not raise particular concerns. The general health and chronic health status of the urban participants were significantly (false discovery rate corrected p-value < 0.1) associated with different health conditions such as hypertension and asthma, as well as having financial issues in access to dental care. Additionally, correlations between THM exposures and participant behavioral characteristics (e.g., household cleaning, drinking water habits) were documented. Conclusion This proof-of-concept study showed the potential of using integrative approaches to develop urban exposomic profiles and identifying within-city differences in environmental and health indicators. The characterization of the urban exposome of Limassol will be expanded via the inclusion of biomonitoring tools and untargeted metabolomics.
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Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J., Lydiane Agier, Xavier Basagaña, Jose Urquiza, Ibon Tamayo-Uria, Lise Giorgis-Allemand, Oliver Robinson, et al. "Influence of the Urban Exposome on Birth Weight." Environmental Health Perspectives 127, no. 4 (April 2019): 047007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp3971.

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Ohanyan, Haykanush, Lützen Portengen, Anke Huss, Eugenio Traini, Joline W. J. Beulens, Gerard Hoek, Jeroen Lakerveld, and Roel Vermeulen. "Machine learning approaches to characterize the obesogenic urban exposome." Environment International 158 (January 2022): 107015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.107015.

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Robinson, Oliver, Ibon Tamayo, Montserrat de Castro, Antonia Valentin, Lise Giorgis-Allemand, Norun Hjertager Krog, Gunn Marit Aasvang, et al. "The Urban Exposome during Pregnancy and Its Socioeconomic Determinants." Environmental Health Perspectives 126, no. 7 (July 2018): 077005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp2862.

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X, Andrianou, Charisiadis P, and Makris K. "The urban exposome framework and a proof-of-concept study." Environmental Epidemiology 3 (October 2019): 257–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ee9.0000608732.36531.e1.

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Maitre, Léa, Jeroen de Bont, Maribel Casas, Oliver Robinson, Gunn Marit Aasvang, Lydiane Agier, Sandra Andrušaitytė, et al. "Human Early Life Exposome (HELIX) study: a European population-based exposome cohort." BMJ Open 8, no. 9 (September 2018): e021311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021311.

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PurposeEssential to exposome research is the collection of data on many environmental exposures from different domains in the same subjects. The aim of the Human Early Life Exposome (HELIX) study was to measure and describe multiple environmental exposures during early life (pregnancy and childhood) in a prospective cohort and associate these exposures with molecular omics signatures and child health outcomes. Here, we describe recruitment, measurements available and baseline data of the HELIX study populations.ParticipantsThe HELIX study represents a collaborative project across six established and ongoing longitudinal population-based birth cohort studies in six European countries (France, Greece, Lithuania, Norway, Spain and the UK). HELIX used a multilevel study design with the entire study population totalling 31 472 mother-child pairs, recruited during pregnancy, in the six existing cohorts (first level); a subcohort of 1301 mother-child pairs where biomarkers, omics signatures and child health outcomes were measured at age 6–11 years (second level) and repeat-sampling panel studies with around 150 children and 150 pregnant women aimed at collecting personal exposure data (third level).Findings to dateCohort data include urban environment, hazardous substances and lifestyle-related exposures for women during pregnancy and their offspring from birth until 6–11 years. Common, standardised protocols were used to collect biological samples, measure exposure biomarkers and omics signatures and assess child health across the six cohorts. Baseline data of the cohort show substantial variation in health outcomes and determinants between the six countries, for example, in family affluence levels, tobacco smoking, physical activity, dietary habits and prevalence of childhood obesity, asthma, allergies and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Future plansHELIX study results will inform on the early life exposome and its association with molecular omics signatures and child health outcomes. Cohort data are accessible for future research involving researchers external to the project.
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Andrianou, Xanthi D., Anjoeka Pronk, Karen S. Galea, Rob Stierum, Miranda Loh, Flavia Riccardo, Patrizio Pezzotti, and Konstantinos C. Makris. "Exposome-based public health interventions for infectious diseases in urban settings." Environment International 146 (January 2021): 106246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106246.

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Gruzieva, Olena, Ayoung Jeong, Shizhen He, Zhebin Yu, Jeroen de Bont, Maria G. M. Pinho, Ikenna C. Eze, et al. "Air pollution, metabolites and respiratory health across the life-course." European Respiratory Review 31, no. 165 (August 10, 2022): 220038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0038-2022.

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Previous studies have explored the relationships of air pollution and metabolic profiles with lung function. However, the metabolites linking air pollution and lung function and the associated mechanisms have not been reviewed from a life-course perspective. Here, we provide a narrative review summarising recent evidence on the associations of metabolic profiles with air pollution exposure and lung function in children and adults. Twenty-six studies identified through a systematic PubMed search were included with 10 studies analysing air pollution-related metabolic profiles and 16 studies analysing lung function-related metabolic profiles. A wide range of metabolites were associated with short- and long-term exposure, partly overlapping with those linked to lung function in the general population and with respiratory diseases such as asthma and COPD. The existing studies show that metabolomics offers the potential to identify biomarkers linked to both environmental exposures and respiratory outcomes, but many studies suffer from small sample sizes, cross-sectional designs, a preponderance on adult lung function, heterogeneity in exposure assessment, lack of confounding control and omics integration. The ongoing EXposome Powered tools for healthy living in urbAN Settings (EXPANSE) project aims to address some of these shortcomings by combining biospecimens from large European cohorts and harmonised air pollution exposure and exposome data.
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Lewis, Jori. "Exposures in the City: Looking for Socioeconomic Patterns for the Urban Exposome." Environmental Health Perspectives 127, no. 4 (April 2019): 044003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp4807.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Urban Exposome"

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Martinez-Sancho, Lou. "Impacts de l'optimisation du mix énergétique des villes de demain : vulnérabilité, éthique, santé publique et territoires durables." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ6045.

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La qualité de vie des citoyens est directement corrélée à l'énergie qui se transforme en travail et mouvement pour améliorer le IDH (indice de développement humain). En même temps, la production d'énergie détériore l'environnement, la santé humaine et l'écosystème global de la ville-santé. Cette thèse explore le dilemme énergétique, en étudiant l'impact de la transition vers des systèmes énergétiques à faible teneur en carbone sur la santé et les vulnérabilités urbaines. La recherche combine des méthodologies quantitatives, incluant la statistiques différentielle DOE (Design of Experiment) et la modélisation Monte Carlo (Stochastic), ainsi que des méthodes qualitatives comme post-phénoménologie pour étudier l'impact des systèmes énergétiques sur l'exposome urbain, en utilisant une étude de cas dans la ville de Oak Ridge, Tennessee. La thèse conclut qu'il existe un impact des systèmes de production d'énergie dans l'exposome urbain car des niveaux plus élevés de pollution peuvent être attribués à des populations à faible revenu et aider à établir cette corrélation. Le gradient médian du revenu des ménages suggère une relation négative entre la diminution de la richesse et l'exposition aux rejets toxiques et aux particules de diesel. La thèse souligne également 3 variables majeures, les émissions de CO2, la capacité énergétique et le LCOE, qui ont un impact sur les taux de mortalité dans la ville d'Oak Ridge, TN. Il suggérait que pour contrôler l'intensité en carbone d'une production énergétique donnée, nous pourrions réduire le taux de mortalité. Le modèle énergétique optimal 3D correspond aux émissions les plus faibles avec la capacité optimale du système et du LCOE. Pour pouvoir reproduire l'étude et les méthodologies appliquées dans cette thèse nous proposons 3 archétypes épistémologiques reproductibles (NOW-NEW-NEXT) afin de traiter le dilemme énergétique et son impact sur l'exposome énergétique urbain. Il appelle à une approche multidisciplinaire et humble pour intégrer les divers systèmes de connaissances. La thèse souligne le rôle de la post-phénoménologie dans la compréhension de l'exposome énergétique urbain et son impact sur la santé publique, suggérant que l'air non pollué est insuffisant pour créer des villes-santé. Le passage de la conscience et de l'expérience individuelles à une conscience collective est un mouvement transcendantal où passé, présent et futur contribuent à la prise de décision et à l'acceptabilité par la communauté. Ainsi, la thèse conclut qu'un équilibre entre les innovations technologiques et les approches humanistes sont nécessaires pour faire face au dilemme énergétique et préconise l'intégration de diverses épistémologies afin de faire progresser la compréhension de l'exposome énergétique urbain et son impact sur la justice environnementale
The quality of life of inhabitants is directly correlated with energy, which is transformed into work and movement to improve the Human Development Index (HDI). At the same time, the production of energy deteriorates the environment, human health, and the overall ecosystem of a healthy city. This thesis explores the energy dilemma, researching the impact of the transition to low-carbon energy systems on urban health and vulnerabilities. The research combines quantitative methodologies, including DOE (Design of Experiments) and Monte Carlo (stochastic) modeling, with qualitative methods such as postphenomenology to study the impact of energy systems on the urban exposome, using a case study in the City of Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The thesis concludes that energy production systems affect the urban exposome, as higher pollution levels may place inhabitants with lower incomes at greater risk, establishing this correlation. The median household income gradient suggests a negative relationship between decreasing wealth and exposure to toxic releases and diesel particulate matter (PM). The thesis also identifies three major variables—CO2 emissions, energy capacity, and Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE)—as impacting mortality rates in Oak Ridge, TN. It suggests that controlling the carbon intensity of a given energy production could reduce the mortality rate. The 3D optimum energy model corresponds to lower emissions with the optimal capacity of the system and LCOE. To transfer the study and methodologies applied in this thesis, we propose three replicable epistemological archetypes (NOW-NEW-NEXT) to address the energy dilemma and its impact on the urban energy exposome. This calls for a multidisciplinary and humble approach to integrate diverse knowledge systems. The thesis underscores the role of postphenomenology in understanding the urban energy exposome and its impact on public health, suggesting that non-polluted air alone is insufficient for creating healthy cities. The transition from individual consciousness and experience to a collective one is a transcendental movement where past, present, and future contribute to community decision-making and acceptability. Thus, the thesis concludes that a balance between technological innovations and humanistic approaches is necessary to tackle the energy dilemma and advocates for the integration of diverse epistemologies to advance the understanding of the urban energy exposome and its impact on environmental justice
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Adams, Helen Sarah. "Exposure assessment of urban transport users to particulate air pollution." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246812.

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Strauss, Jillian. "Cyclist injury risk and pollution exposure at urban signalized intersections." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=107775.

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Cycling as a mode of travel is becoming more popular especially in urban areas like Montreal, Canada. With this reality come serious concerns for cyclist safety and health. These concerns have initiated the need to study the determinants of cyclist injury risk as well as cyclist exposure to traffic-related air pollution. These two issues are particularly important at intersections where cyclists are exposed to high vehicular traffic and as a result are exposed to the risk of collisions and air pollution. With the goal of improving road safety and reducing cyclist exposure to air pollution, this report seeks to meet the following objectives, to: i) investigate the impact of motor-vehicle traffic, geometric design and built environment factors on cyclist injury occurrence and bicycle activity at signalized intersections in Montreal and ii) study the association between bicycle activity (volume) and traffic-related air pollution concentrations. As an application environment, this research makes use of a large sample of signalized intersections on the island of Montreal. In this work, cyclist injury risk was examined looking not only at aggregate cyclist and motor-vehicle flows passing through intersections but also at disaggregate traffic movements and potential conflicts. It was found that a 10% increase in bicycle flow is associated with a 5.3% increase in the frequency of cyclist injuries whereas a 10% increase in motor-vehicle flow would result in a 3.2% increase in cyclist injury occurrence. When disaggregating motor-vehicle flows into its constituent movements it becomes apparent that right turn movements have the greatest effect on injury occurrence. The conflict measure again confirms this result. Regarding the geometric design and built environment factor analysis, the presence of an arterial and bus stops were found to increase cyclist injury occurrence whereas protected left turn signals, pedestrian signals with countdown and there being three approaches instead of four were found to have the opposite effect on cyclist injury risk. From a health perspective, applying the nitrogen dioxide (NO2) land use regression model for Montreal, has revealed some interesting results. It was found that NO2 levels are highest in the central neighbourhoods of the island of Montreal which is also where cyclist flows are the greatest. The central neighbourhoods are also where Montreal's bicycle network is most dense and most frequented. Also, the corridor analysis revealed that corridors with a bicycle facility have more than twice as many cyclists as those without any facility but they also have, on average, higher air pollution levels. To investigate the indirect impact of built environment and bicycle infrastructure on the two variables of interest (cyclist injury risk and air pollution exposure at intersections), the determinants of bicycle activity were investigated. For this purpose, a bicycle activity modeling framework was developed to measure the impact of built environment, road and transit network attributes and bicycle facilities on bicycle activity. Regression models accounting for spatial autocorrelation between intersections were developed and it was found that land use mix, metro (subway) stations, schools and bicycle facilities all have a positive effect on bicycle activity whereas average street length and presence of parking entrances have a negative impact. Knowledge of the factors that increase or decrease cyclist injury occurrence combined with the knowledge of the factors that increase or decrease bicycle activity through intersections can guide engineering countermeasures and recommendations of land use strategies as well as the location of new facilities. This report provides initial insight into the currently limited body of research into cyclist injury risk and pollution exposure at urban signalized intersections.
De nos jours, le vélo gagne en popularité dans les milieux urbains surtout dans les grandes villes telles que Montréal, Canada. Cette réalité présente des inquiétudes sérieuses pour la sécurité et la santé des cyclistes et exigent la nécessité d'étudier les déterminants des risques de blessure ainsi que l'exposition des cyclistes aux polluants dans l'air. Les cyclistes y sont exposés à des débits de circulation élevés qui augmentent le risque d'accidents ainsi que l'exposition aux polluants. Dans le but d'améliorer la sécurité routière et de réduire l'exposition des cyclistes aux polluants, ce rapport vise à étudier: i) l'impact du débit des véhicules motorisés, de la conception géométrique des intersections et de l'environnement dans lequel se trouvent les intersections sur l'occurrence des blessures chez les cyclistes et les volumes de cyclistes aux intersections signalisées à Montréal et ii) la relation qui existe entre le volume de cyclistes et les polluants émis par les véhicules motorisés. Ce projet fait l'étude d'un large échantillon d'intersections signalisées sur l'île de Montréal. L'occurrence des blessures chez les cyclistes aux intersections n'est pas seulement examinée en évaluant les volumes totaux mais aussi en fonction des trois mouvements (gauche, droite et tout droit) et les conflits potentiels. D'après les résultats, si le volume de cyclistes augmente de 10%, il y aura une augmentation du nombre de blessures de 5.3% alors qu'une hausse de 10% dans les débits de circulation se traduira par une hausse de blessures de 3.2%. En désagrégeant les mouvements des véhicules motorisés, il est apparent que les virages à droite représentent le plus grand danger pour les cyclistes aux intersections. En prenant en considération la conception géométrique des intersections et l'environnement bâti, nous sommes arrivés à la conclusion suivante: la fréquence des accidents cyclistes augmente autour des intersections aux artères et des arrêts d'autobus. En revanche, les virages protégés à gauche, les signaux lumineux piétonniers munis de décompte et les intersections avec trois approches au lieu de quatre, diminuent le risque d'accidents. Les concentrations de dioxyde d'azote (NO2), qui ont été obtenues en appliquant la méthode de régression sur l'aménagement du territoire à Montréal, ont servi à réaliser l'impact de la pollution sur la santé des cyclistes. Les quartiers du centre qui comptent une haute densité d'aménagements cyclables, sont fréquentés par un grand nombre de cyclistes et comptent les plus grands niveaux de concentration de NO2. D'autre part, les corridors équipés d'aménagements cyclables sont fréquentés par plus que deux fois plus de cyclistes que les corridors n'en possédant pas. Le taux de pollution de ces corridors est plus élevé que la moyenne de ceux qui n'en possèdent pas. Les facteurs affectant les volumes de cyclistes sont examiné pour étudier l'impact indirect de l'environnement bâti et des aménagements cyclables sur les deux variables qui nous intéressent. Dans ce but, une méthodologie est proposée pour mesurer l'impact de l'environnement bâti, des caractéristiques de routes et de celles du transport en commun et des aménagements cyclables sur le nombre de cycliste qui traverse les intersections. Les résultats démontrent un effet positif de la mixité du territoire, des stations de métro, des écoles et de la présence des aménagements cyclables sur l'activité des cyclistes. Cependant, la longueur moyenne des routes et la présence des entrées de stationnement à proximité des intersections ont un effet négatif. Sachant les facteurs qui impactent l'occurrence des blessures et en prenant connaissance des facteurs affectant l'activité des cyclistes aux intersections aident à identifier des traitements efficaces, à faire des recommandations d'aménagement du territoire et aident aussi avec la localisation des nouveaux aménagements cyclables.
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Costa, Ana Margarida Lobo Lourenço da. "Microscale modelling of exposure to atmospheric pollutants in urban areas." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/11334.

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Doutoramento em Ciências Aplicadas ao Ambiente
A poluição atmosférica é considerada um dos maiores problemas ambientais, afectando em particular a saúde das populações urbanas. Esta problemática tem um impacto directo no ambiente exterior, mas assume especial relevância nos espaços interiores, onde a população dispende a maior percentagem do seu tempo. Para a avaliação dos impactos da poluição atmosférica na saúde das populações é necessário proceder à estimativa da exposição humana aos poluentes atmosféricos nos ambientes exterior e interior. Os principais objectivos deste trabalho centram-se no desenvolvimento de um modelo de exposição tridimensional de microscala (MEXPO) para a estimativa da exposição individual de curto termo aos poluentes PM10 e NO2, e na sua aplicação à área urbana de Viseu, com dados de duas campanhas experimentais, com o intuito de avaliar a exposição de crianças com problemas respiratórios aos referidos poluentes. O modelo de exposição tem capacidade para estimar os campos tridimensionais de vento e de concentração no ar ambiente, considerando a influência dos edifícios existentes na área urbana. O modelo simula, igualmente, as taxas de ventilação natural e as concentrações de poluentes no interior dos edifícios. O modelo de exposição inclui um modelo Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) de qualidade do ar para a estimativa dos campos exteriores de vento e de concentração de poluentes. O referido modelo CFD foi previamente validado de acordo com uma metodologia específica para modelos de microscala, e que inclui a utilização de critérios de validação desenvolvidos para o estudo da dispersão de poluentes em áreas urbanas. A aplicação do modelo de exposição à área urbana de Viseu para os dois períodos experimentais permitiu estimar quais as crianças mais expostas a concentrações de PM10 e NO2. Estes resultados estão directamente relacionados com o tempo dispendido pelas crianças no interior das suas residências e pelos valores de concentração determinados para esses espaços interiores. As crianças mais expostas terão uma maior probabilidade de desenvolver problemas respiratórios. A metodologia desenvolvida poderá ser usada como uma primeira abordagem para a estimativa da exposição individual a poluentes, substituindo a utilização de técnicas de medição directa intrusivas e dispendiosas. O modelo de exposição desenvolvido poderá ter ainda um papel relevante na aplicação a cenários futuros de alterações climáticas com influência no clima urbano, permitindo conhecer as concentrações futuras de poluentes no espaço urbano exterior e interior, e, consequentemente, estimar a futura exposição humana a poluentes atmosféricos.
Air pollution is a major environmental health problem focusing on the ambient air quality in cities but also on the air quality of indoor environments, where people spend most of their time. In order to evaluate the real impacts of urban air pollution in the population health is necessary to undergo a complete assessment of human exposure to atmospheric pollutants that includes both outdoor and indoor exposure assessments. The main goals of this study are the development of a three-dimensional (3D) Microscale EXPOsure model (MEXPO) to estimate the short-term individual exposure to PM10 and NO2 and its application to the Viseu urban area, using experimental data from two field campaigns, in order to assess the exposure to the referred pollutants on children with known respiratory problems. To perfom this goal the exposure model is able to estimate the outdoor flow and pollutant concentrations, considering the influence of the urban built-up area, as well to assess the air exchange rates as result of natural ventilation mechanisms. The indoor pollutant concentrations on the defined microenvironments are also estimated by the model. With the purpose of estimating the outdoor pollutant dispersion, the exposure model MEXPO includes a Computational Fluid Dynamic model (CFD) model that has the advantage to fully characterize the flow and the transport of the urban air pollution on a 3D basis. The CFD model was successfully evaluated according to a established procedure, using specific model acceptance criteria that were defined in agreement with the intended model purpose, which is the study of meteorology and pollutant dispersion in urban areas. The application of MEXPO to the Viseu urban area allowed determining the most exposed children to PM10 and NO2 concentrations during both campaigns. These children are therefore more sensitive to develop respiratory problems such as asthma. The developed methodology may be seen as a valid approach to assess the individual human exposure to atmospheric pollutants in urban areas, replacing direct measurement techniques that are considered invasive and expensive. The developed exposure model has also an important role in the application to future climate change scenarios with direct consequences in the urban climate, allowing to determine the future human exposure to atmospheric pollutants and, consequently, also the future outdoor and indoor atmospheric pollutants concentrations in an urban area.
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MUDELE, OLADIMEJI EZEKIEL. "Modeling Urban Areas Epidemiological Risk Exposure Using Multispectral Spaceborne Data." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Pavia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11571/1436356.

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In recent decades, the world has been fast urbanizing. More than half of the world’s human population now live in urban areas. Such high density of urban population is resulting in air and water pollution, land degradation, and infectious diseases spread risks prominence. However, the increasing quality (in terms of finer spatial and temporal resolution)and quantity of Earth Observation (EO) satellite data provide new perspectives for analysing these phenomena. Within the specific domain of epidemiological risks dynamics in urban areas which is the focus of this work, the use of multispectral optical EO sensor data has created new opportunities. These data through their visible, near, mid, far and thermal infrared bands provide planetary-­‐scale access to environmental variables such as temperature, humidity, and vegetation types, location and conditions. Since these environmental variables affect the development of vectors causing infectious disease (e.g., mosquitoes), there is the possibility to use EO data to estimate them, and obtain disease risk models. The Ae. aegypti mosquito species transmits Zika, Dengue, and Chikungunya, diseases widespread in more than 100 world countries, and is concentrated in urban areas. The development of this vector depends significantly on local environmental temperature, humidity, precipitation and vegetation. In this regard, multispectral EO data can provide globally consistent and scalable sources to obtain the required environmental variable inputs, and extract significant and consistent monitoring and forecasting models for vector population. The work reported in this thesis about this topic has led to the following results: 1) A method to map vegetation types in urban areas at high spatial resolution using Sentinel2 multispectral EO data. The results show an improvement in the quality of the resulting vegetation maps with respect to what is available by means of state-­of-­the-­art techniques. 2) A method that combines EO-­based spectral indices, temperature layers, and precipitation measurement to model the temporal evolution of the local mean Ae. aegypti population. The approach leverages the random forest (RF) machine learning (ML) technique and its embedded nonlinear features importance ranking (mean decrease impurity, MDI) to rank the effects of environmental variables and explain the resulting model. 3) A weighted generalized linear modeling (GLM) technique to predict Ae. aegypti population using multispectral EO data covariate inputs. GLMs are generally simple to implement and explain, but do not provide the same level of prediction quality as ML methods. The proposed weighted GLM compares well with ML techniques in quality, and provides capability for more explicitly interpretation of the results. 4) A recurrent neural network (RNN) technique for spatio­‐temporal modeling of Ae. Aegypti population at the urban block level using multispectral EO data as inputs. This study is needed because spatial models obscure seasonality effects while temporal model are blind to spatial changes in micro-­climates. The proposed technique shows great promise with respect to the use of free multispectral EO data for spatio-­temporal epidemiological modeling. All the proposed techniques have been applied in the Latin American region where the risk of Ae. aegypti vector transmitted diseases are the highest in the world. They were validated thanks to the long term partnership with the University of Alagoas in Maceio (Brazil) and the Brazilian company: ECOVEC.
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Burns, Emily. "Assessing exposure and risks of pharmaceuticals in an urban river system." Thesis, University of York, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/20448/.

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Pharmaceuticals are ubiquitous in the freshwater environment, a result of an increasingly urbanised water cycle. Environmental risk assessments are available for a small proportion of the over 1900 pharmaceuticals in use, raising concern over the potential risks posed by pharmaceuticals with limited data, as effects on non-target organisms have been observed. Experimentally filling these gaps is a large, costly and likely unnecessary task. Risk-based prioritisation is a potential tool for addressing this challenge by identifying which pharmaceuticals may pose risks and are therefore a priority for study. Simple exposure models are commonly used to predict environmental concentrations (PECs), however the suitability of these models for prioritisation is unknown. A scoping study targeted 95 pharmaceuticals in samples from the Rivers Ouse and Foss in York, UK, 25 were quantified. Measured environmental concentrations (MECs) were compared with simple PECs based on local usage data and dilution factors. MECs and simple PECs were used to prioritise pharmaceuticals and, for the larger River Ouse, different priority lists using the two approaches emerged. This conclusion was based on limited monitoring data, therefore an HPLC-MS/MS quantification method for 33 pharmaceuticals was developed, validated and applied to a year-long monitoring campaign to build a robust monitoring dataset. Significant spatial and temporal trends were observed in both rivers apparently driven by flow, pharmaceutical usage, wastewater treatment removal, and in-stream attenuation. These drivers differently influenced concentrations in either river. The simple PECs and PECs derived from a higher-tier spatial exposure model (LF2000-WQX) were validated against annual average MECs. LF2000-WQX outperformed the simple PEC in both rivers. A re-prioritisation using LF2000-WQX demonstrated that improved predictive power translated into better agreement of prioritisation outcomes with MECs. The use of simple PECs for the prioritisation and risk assessment of pharmaceuticals should be avoided and the use of higher-tier spatial exposure models encouraged.
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Defoe, Phillip Peterson. "Urban brownfields to gardens : minimizing human exposure to lead and arsenic." Diss., Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/17584.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Agronomy
Ganga M. Hettiarachchi
Urban gardens have been a popular re-use option in the transformation of brownfields—located in older industrialized cities and near peri-urban developments. They provide accessible, available, and affordable supplies of fresh fruits and vegetables, effectively reducing the enigma of “food deserts” across U.S. cities. However, direct (soil ingestion, inhalation) and indirect (soil-plant-human) human exposure concerns about real or perceived trace element contamination in urban soils persist due to previous use. Elevated lead (Pb) and/or arsenic (As) concentrations were found at two (Tacoma and Seattle, WA) urban gardens. The Tacoma site was contaminated with Pb (51 to 312 mg kg-1) and As (39 to 146 mg kg-1), whereas soil Pb at the Seattle site ranged from 506 to 2,022 mg kg-1, and As concentrations were < 20 mg kg-1. Experimental design at both sites was a randomized complete block with a split-plot arrangement (main plots: biosolids/compost vs. non-amended control; sub-plot: plant type). Tacoma site treatment included a Class A biosolids mix (TAGRO) with dolomite. The Seattle site was amended with Cedar-Grove Compost (CGC) plus dolomite. Efficacy of biosolids/compost amendment in reducing Pb and As concentrations was evaluated using root, leafy, and fruit vegetables. Soil Pb and As bioaccessibility were also evaluated. Food chain transfer of Pb and As in vegetables due to surface contamination of produce samples were evaluated on the basis of cleaning procedures. A laboratory incubation study and a controlled greenhouse experiment were conducted on soils collected from the Tacoma site. Effectiveness of addition of laboratory synthesized ferrihydrite (Fh: iron oxyhydroxide) and TAGRO mix, each alone or in combination were screened and tested on the Pb and As co-contaminated Tacoma soil. Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy studies of Pb and As were conducted on incubation study samples to understand treatment-induced Pb- and As-speciation changes. Dilution of soil Pb (10 to 23%) and As (12 to 25%) were observed for biosolids amendment at the Tacoma site, while CGC amendment resulted in 20 to 50% dilution in soil Pb at the Seattle site. Biosolids and CGC amendments reduced Pb concentrations in the vegetables by 50% to 71%. At both sites, Pb concentrations of root vegetables exceeded the MLs established by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Arsenic concentrations in vegetables were below an estimated ML and were reduced by 46% to 80% when grown on biosolids amended soils. Laboratory cleaning further reduced Pb and As food-chain transfer in vegetables grown in contaminated urban soils. Laboratory incubation and greenhouse studies showed dissolution of Pb in TAGRO plus Fh, and Pb concentrations in Fh amendments were significantly lower than the other amendments. Bioaccessible Pb and As were low. Significant reductions in bioaccessible As were observed when soils were amended with both TAGRO and Fh. X-ray absorption spectroscopy results indicated that chloropyromorphite-like (stable Pb phosphates) phases were the most dominant Pb species. Arsenic existed mainly as As5+, scorodite (FeAsO4•2H2O)-like species in all the treatments ranging from about 60% (control) to about 70% (TAGRO plus ferrihydrite). Amendments utilizing both biosolids and Fh significantly reduce human exposure risks present in urban soils contaminated with Pb and As.
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Amin, Maryse R. "Lead Exposure and the Risk of Dental Caries in Urban Children." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1406901155.

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Kennedy, Jason Forrest. "Estimating Pedestrian Crashes at Urban Signalized Intersections." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36308.

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Crash prediction models are used to estimate the number of crashes using a set of explanatory variables. The highway safety community has used modeling techniques to predict vehicle-to-vehicle crashes for decades. Specifically, generalized linear models (GLMs) are commonly used because they can model non-linear count data such as motor vehicle crashes. Regression models such as the Poisson, Zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP), and the Negative Binomial are commonly used to model crashes. Until recently very little research has been conducted on crash prediction modeling for pedestrian-motor vehicle crashes. This thesis considers several candidate crash prediction models using a variety of explanatory variables and regression functions. The goal of this thesis is to develop a pedestrian crash prediction model to contribute to the field of pedestrian safety prediction research. Additionally, the thesis contributes to the work done by the Federal Highway Administration to estimate pedestrian exposure in urban areas. The results of the crash prediction analyses indicate the pedestrian-vehicle crash model is similar to models from previous work. An analysis of two pedestrian volume estimation methods indicates that using a scaling technique will produce volume estimates highly correlated to observed volumes. The ratio of crash and exposure estimates gives a crash rate estimation that is useful for traffic engineers and transportation policy makers to evaluate pedestrian safety at signalized intersections in an urban environment.
Master of Science
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Kousa, Anu. "PM2.5 and NO2 exposure assessment of urban population in the Helsinki metropolitan area and other European urban areas." Helsinki : University of Helsinki, 2002. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/mat/fysik/vk/kousa/.

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Books on the topic "Urban Exposome"

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Arthur, Artist C. Indecent exposure. West Babylon, NY: Urban Books, 2009.

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South Coast Air Quality Management District (Calif.), Systems Applications Inc, and United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards., eds. Urban air toxics exposure model: Development and application. Research Triangle Park, N.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, 1988.

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Shiva Nagendra, S. M., Uwe Schlink, Andrea Müller, and Mukesh Khare, eds. Urban Air Quality Monitoring, Modelling and Human Exposure Assessment. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5511-4.

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Symposium of Risk Assessment of Urban Air: Emissions, Exposure, Risk Identification, and Risk Quantitation (1992 : Stockholm, Sweden), eds. Risk assessment of urban air: Emissions, exposure, risk identification, and risk quantitation. [Research Triangle Park, NC]: National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 1994.

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. and Symposium of Risk Assessment of Urban Air: Emissions, Exposure, Risk Identification, and Risk Quantitation (1992 : Stockholm, Sweden), eds. Risk assessment of urban air: Emissions, exposure, risk identification, and risk quantitation. [Research Triangle Park, NC]: National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 1994.

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Datema, Jason Alexander. Human pulmonary function response to a controlled exposure to fine urban particulate matter. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1999.

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Liu, Wenling. Les enseignes commerciales chinoises: Une écriture exposée chinoise dans l'espace urbain. Paris, France: Editions You Feng, 2009.

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L, Landolt Marsha, United States. National Ocean Service, and United States. Ocean Assessments Division. Coastal and Estuarine Assessment Branch. Pacific Office, eds. Potential toxicant exposure among consumers of recreationally caught fish from urban embayments of Puget Sound. Rockville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, 1985.

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Korf, D. J. Urban drug problems and the general public: Exposure, opinions and policy preferences in 11 European cities. Amsterdam: Thesis, 1998.

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Shilton, Vaughan Francis. The significance of indoor:outdoor relationships, and physical and chemical composition in personal exposure to urban particulate matter. Wolverhampton: University of Wolverhampton, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Urban Exposome"

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Kalms, Nicole. "Urban exposure." In The Routledge Companion to Urban Imaginaries, 159–70. Abingdon, Oxon : New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315163956-13.

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Vallero, Daniel A. "Exposure Assessment Methodologies for Humans and Ecosystems." In Urban Air Pollution, 449–66. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61120-9_36.

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Yao, Runming, Xizhen Huang, Tiantian Xu, and Yuening Zhu. "Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Heat Exposure Risks." In Resilient Urban Environments, 13–38. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-55482-7_2.

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Reisen, Fabienne. "Smoke Exposure." In Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires, 1–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51727-8_126-1.

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Reisen, Fabienne. "Smoke Exposure." In Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires, 930. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52090-2_126.

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Panis, Luc Int, Nico Bleux, Rudi Torfs, Vinit Mishra, Bas de Geus, Romain Meeusen, Grégory Vandenbulcke, and Isabelle Thomas. "Exposure of Cyclists to Ultra Fine Particles." In Highway and Urban Environment, 115–22. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3043-6_13.

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Sabaliauskas, Kelly, and Greg Evans. "Exposure to Ultrafine Particles in Urban Centres." In Urban Airborne Particulate Matter, 483–99. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12278-1_25.

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Shiva Nagendra, S. M., Mukesh Khare, Uwe Schlink, and Anju Elizbath Peter. "Introduction to Urban Air Pollution." In Urban Air Quality Monitoring, Modelling and Human Exposure Assessment, 3–11. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5511-4_1.

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Anciães, Paulo Rui, and Giles Atkinson. "Using GIS to Derive Spatial Indicators of Pedestrian Exposure to Urban Traffic Noise." In Urban Environment, 323–32. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7756-9_28.

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Nazarian, Negin, and Leslie Norford. "Measuring and assessing thermal exposure." In Urban Heat Stress and Mitigation Solutions, 40–61. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003045922-3-4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Urban Exposome"

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Aswal, Shreyansh, Chaman Banolia, and Shailesh Deshpande. "Assessing the impact of prolonged air pollution exposure on COVID-19 mortality in Maharashtra, India using remotely sensed data." In Remote Sensing Technologies and Applications in Urban Environments IX, edited by Nektarios Chrysoulakis, Thilo Erbertseder, and Ying Zhang, 12. SPIE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.3031773.

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Pala, Daniele, Giacomo Zagami, Pietro Bosoni, Mahin Vazifehdan, Riccardo Bellazzi, and Arianna Dagliati. "Land Use Regression on Interpolated Urban Graphs to Assess Personal Exposure to Air Pollution." In 2024 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM), 6169–74. IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/bibm62325.2024.10821729.

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Huang, Kangning. "The Urban Mosaic of Heat Exposure: The Role of Spatial Heterogeneity in Population and Temperature Distributions." In IGARSS 2024 - 2024 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 4614–16. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss53475.2024.10642209.

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Filippelli, Gabriel M., John T. Shukle, Mark Taylor, Emeline Frix, and Dawson Stroud. "MAPPING THE URBAN LEAD EXPOSOME: A DETAILED ANALYSIS OF SOIL AND DUST METAL CONCENTRATIONS AT THE HOUSEHOLD SCALE USING CITIZEN SCIENCE." In GSA 2020 Connects Online. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020am-356138.

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Borrego, C., J. Valente, J. H. Amorim, V. Rodrigues, P. Cascão, and A. I. Miranda. "Modelling of tree-induced effects on pedestrian exposure to road traffic pollution." In Urban Transport 2012. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ut120011.

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DEGAN, GUIDO ALFARO, GIANLUCA COLTRINARI, DARIO LIPPIELLO, and MARIO PINZARI. "EFFECTS OF GROUND CONDITIONS ON WHOLE-BODY VIBRATION EXPOSURE ON CARS: A CASE STUDY OF DRIVERS OF ARMORED VEHICLES." In URBAN TRANSPORT 2017. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ut170371.

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Grinshpun, S. A., M. Yermakov, L. A. Grinshpun, T. Reponen, M. Simmons, P. H. Ryan, and G. K. LeMasters. "Exposure to traffic air pollutants in a major US urban area with high freeway traffic: has anything changed over the past decade?" In URBAN TRANSPORT 2013. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ut130361.

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Coelho, Glauci, Luciana da Silva Andrade, and Vera M. R. de Vasconcellos. "Cidade emoção: o ver e o viver os espaços públicos por um grupo de jovens a partir da comunidade Carobinha no Rio de Janeiro." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Barcelona: Curso de Arquitetura e Urbanismo. Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.6339.

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Este trabalho entende a cidade através do olhar de um grupo de jovens que habita um lugar sujeito às condições de pobreza. O que nos move é conjecturar como, a partir das emoções, tais jovens são capazes de construir em processos interacionais no e com o espaço urbano, a percepção de cidade ao localizarem nesta, suas identidades. Para a caracterização desta cidade, que convencionamos chamar “cidade emoção”, coletamos as representações que os jovens expressam em desenhos e falas sobre o espaço urbano, uma vez que são imagens gravadas no imaginário coletivo. O objetivo de nossa pesquisa foi entender o espaço vivenciado do Rio de Janeiro, através dos processos perceptivos de jovens que trazem à tona a complexidade urbana à medida que revelam a identidade do território cotidiano de suas experiências. Por conseguinte, essa relação interacional dos jovens, converte-se em uma das peças fundamentais e tecedoras da construção do indivíduo, que analisamos com base na ideia de Vygotski (1998). Nesse contexto teórico, nosso objeto de estudo, a cidade, se coloca culturalmente como uma comunidade emocional, de domínio dos seus habitantes, porém, está no território apropriado o centro de onde emana o entendimento do que é o todo urbano. This report tries to understand the city through the look of young people that lives in a place expose to poverty conditions. What move us to try understand how, starting to the feelings, those young people are able to construct in interaction process in and with urban space, the perception of city to the notice their identities in it. To characterization of this city, that we decide to call “emotion city”, so was collected representations that they usually express at drawings and speeches about the urban space, since they are captured images at collective imaginary of the habitants. The objective of this research has been to try understand the living area to the Rio de Janeiro, through to young peoples’ perceptive processes bring up urban complexity as they reveal identity territory and daily experiences. Therefore, this young people’s interactional relation became itself at one of most important parts at development for the individual that was analyzed having at base Vygotski’s idea (1998). This theory context, our object of study, the city, take itself culturally as one emotional neighborhood, of habitants’ domain, although it is in a territory belongs to the city habitants, the center where the knowledge come from that is the all urban.
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Wurm, Michael, Raphael Tubbesing, Thomas Stark, Marlene Kühnl, Marta Sapena, Wolfgang Sulzer, and Hannes Taubenböck. "Revealing landslide exposure of informal settlements in Medellín using Deep Learning." In 2023 Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event (JURSE). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jurse57346.2023.10144128.

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Li, Jinhua, Hok Kwan Ng, Yun Zheng, and Sebastian Gutierreznolasco. "Noise Exposure Maps for Urban Air Mobility." In AIAA AVIATION 2021 FORUM. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2021-3203.

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Reports on the topic "Urban Exposome"

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Padgett, Pamela E., Patricia L. Winter, Lee-Anne Milburn, and Weimin Li. Measuring individual ozone exposure in Los Angeles urban parks. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/psw-gtr-274.

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Brown, M. J., C. Mueller, B. Bush, and P. Stretz. Exposure estimates using urban plume dispersion and traffic microsimulation models. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/564119.

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Zheng, Siqi, Cong Sun, and Matthew Kahn. Self-Protection Investment Exacerbates Air Pollution Exposure Inequality in Urban China. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21301.

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Delong-Maxey, M. PurpleAir Sensors as Effective Indicators of PM Exposure in Urban Areas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1880935.

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Glascoe, Lee, Akshay Gowardhan, Kristin Lennox, Matthew Simpson, Kristen Yu, Patrick Armand, Christophe Duchenne, Frederic Mariotte, and Xavier Pectorin. Dispersion of Radionuclides and Exposure Assessment in Urban Environments: A Joint CEA and LLNL Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1305831.

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Slavin, Courtney. The Relationship Between Traffic Signals and Pedestrian, Bicyclist and Transit User Exposure in Urban Areas. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.616.

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Adelekan, Ibidun, Anton Cartwright, Winston Chow, Sarah Colenbrander, Richard Dawson, Matthias Garschagen, Marjolijn Haasnoot, et al. Climate Change in Cities and Urban Areas: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/supsv209.2022.

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The second volume in the Summary for Urban Policymakers (SUP) series, Climate Change in Cities and Urban Areas: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, offers a concise and accessible distillation of the IPCC Working Group II Report. Cities are places of high risks from climate change, resulting from the interaction of climate change hazards, the exposure of infrastructure, people and ecosystems, the vulnerability of exposed elements and communities, and the negative or unintended effects of responses to climate change to people and ecosystems. This report assesses the feasibility and effectiveness of different adaptation options but highlights that adaptation has limits and can even lead to maladaptation, triggering unintended effects which increase risk, emissions and lock-ins. It synthesises the latest evidence on the necessary urban-led transformation, as well as evidence on operationalizing the five simultaneous system transitions across land, coastal, ocean and freshwater ecosystems; cities, regions, and infrastructure; energy and industrial systems, accelerated by societal choices. Cities and urban areas have a critical role to play in the climate resilient development needed to meet goals of climate change, human wellbeing, and ecosystem health challenges.
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Libertun de Duren, Nora Ruth, Benigno López Benítez, Juan Pablo Bonilla, Ferdinando Regalia, Usama Bilal, Ana María Ibáñez, Norbert Schady, et al. Inclusive Cities: Healthy Cities for All. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004459.

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This publication reports on some of the health challenges facing cities. It aims to serve as a guide for public managers and decision makers optimize the great potential of cities to improve the well-being of those who reside in the cities of Latin America and the Caribbean. It is organized in two parts. The first part, Health Inequalities in Latin American Cities, focuses on identifying the ways in which social inequality has led to negative health outcomes, in order to make visible the relevance of the challenge of inequality and the urgency to grapple with it. The second part, Urban Policies for Healthy Cities, focuses on how cities can contribute to improving the health standards in their population. The publication addresses critical issues for urban health, such as the interdependence between physical-social factors and health, the relationship between urban characteristics and the incidence of COVID-19, the connections between social inequality and exposure to pollution environment, the relationship between urban planning and gender violence, the power of urban interventions -such as public transport and social housing- to improve health indicators, and the relevance of having good data to improve the accessibility of health systems. All the contributions in this book are based on data and rigorous research, and present real cases of the cities of the region.
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Journeay, M., P. LeSueur, W. Chow, and C L Wagner. Physical exposure to natural hazards in Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330012.

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Natural hazard threats occur in areas of the built environment where buildings, people, and related financial assets are exposed to the physical effects of earth system processes that have a potential to cause damage, injuries, losses, and related socioeconomic disruption. As cities, towns, and villages continue to expand and densify in response to the pressures of urban growth and development, so too do the levels of exposure and susceptibility to natural hazard threat. While our understanding of natural hazard processes has increased significantly over the last few decades, the ability to assess both overall levels of physical exposure and the expected impacts and consequences of future disaster events (i.e., risk) is often limited by access to an equally comprehensive understanding of the built environment and detailed descriptions of who and what are situated in harm's way. This study addresses the current gaps in our understanding of physical exposure to natural hazards by presenting results of a national model that documents characteristics of the built environment for all settled areas in Canada. The model (CanEM) includes a characterization of broad land use patterns that describe the form and function of cities, towns, and villages of varying size and complexity, and the corresponding portfolios of people, buildings and related financial assets that make up the internal structure and composition of these communities at the census dissemination area level. Outputs of the CanEM model are used to carry out a preliminary assessment of exposure and susceptibility to significant natural hazard threats in Canada including earthquake ground shaking; inundation of low-lying areas by floods and tsunami; severe winds associated with hurricanes and tornados; wildland urban interface fire (wildfire); and landslides of various types. Results of our assessment provide important new insights on patterns of development and defining characteristics of the built environment for major metropolitan centres, rural and remote communities in different physiographic regions of Canada, and the effects of ongoing urbanization on escalating disaster risk trends at the community level. Profiles of physical exposure and hazard susceptibility described in this report are accompanied by open-source datasets that can be used to inform local and/or regional assessments of disaster risk, community planning and emergency management activities for all areas in Canada. Study outputs contribute to broader policy goals and objectives of the International Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 2015-2030; Un General Assembly, 2015) and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR 2015-2030; United Nations Office for Disaster Reduction [UNDRR], 2015), of which Canada is a contributing member. These include a more complete understanding of natural hazard risk at all levels of government, and the translation of this knowledge into actionable strategies that are effective in reducing intrinsic vulnerabilities of the built environment and in strengthening the capacity of communities to withstand and recover from future disaster events.
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Maranghides, A. Initial Reconnaissance of the 2011 Wildland-Urban Interfaces Fires in Amarillo, Texas. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1708.

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The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is working to reduce the risk of fire spread in Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) communities. An objective of this work is to develop first generation tools for improved risk assessment and risk mitigation in WUI communities at risk from wildfires. These tools will be developed and tested through a coordinated effort that includes laboratory and field measurements, physics-based fire behavior models, and economic cost analysis models. NIST and Texas Forest Service (TFS) worked together in October 2010 to train TFS personnel in the NIST-developed WUI data collection methodology. While the fires that started on February 27, 2011 were still burning around Amarillo, NIST and TFS decided to deploy the joint Team and document the WUI fire event loses and fire behavior. The Tanglewood WUI fire in the outskirts of Amarillo was responsible for the destruction of approximately 101 structures including 35 residences. Field measurements included structure particulars, specifically building construction materials, proximity and type of combustibles to the structure, and damage to wildland and residential vegetation. Documentation included over 29 000 photographs. The data collection and analysis will be documented in two phases, an initial reconnaissance/overview report and a technical report. This summary report will address the particulars of the joint NIST/TFS deployment and the data collection methodology used. Additionally, this report provides a summary of the primary structures lost. A second more detailed technical report will provide the event timeline reconstruction and general fire behavior observations as well as investigate the impacts of structure attributes, landscaping characteristics, topographical features and wildland fire exposure on structure survivability
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