Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Urban Environment and Building'
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Yu, Charleston. "Building an imageable urban environment through architecture." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70664.
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Ergin, Ozge. "Modeling Building Height Errors In 3d Urban Environments." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609097/index.pdf.
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A great interest in 3-D modeling in Geographic Information Technologies
(GIS) has emerged in recent years, because many GIS related
implementations, ranging from urban area design to environmental
analysis require 3-D models. Especially the need for 3-D models is quite
urgent in urban areas.
However, numerous applications in GIS only represent two-dimensional
information. The GIS community has been struggling with solving
complex problems dealing with 3-D objects using a 2-D approach. This
research focused on finding most accurate method which is used for
getting height information that is used in 3D modeling of man made
structures in urban areas. The first method is estimating height
information from floor numbers of the buildings data from municipal
database systems. The second method is deriving heights of buildings
from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) that is generated from stereo satellite
images. The third method is measuring height values of the buildings
from 3D view of stereo IKONOS satellite images by operators. The
comparisons between these three methods are done with respect to
height data collected from field study, and according to these
comparisons, the amount of the error is determined. The error is
classified according to floor numbers of buildings, so that, the quantified
errors can be applied for similar works in future. Lastly, the third method
is utilized by the assistance of 10 people who have different experience
level about 3D viewing, in order to see the error amount changes
according to different operators. Several results are presented with a
discussion of evaluation of the methods applied. It is found that, if there
is an updated floor number database, obtaining building height is the
most accurate way from this database. The second most accurate
method is found to be getting height information by using 3D view of
stereo IKONOS images through experienced users.
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Marmoux, Pierre-Benoît. "Energy services for high performance buildings and building clusters - towards better energy quality management in the urban built environment." Thesis, KTH, Byggvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-98798.
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With an increasing awareness of energy consumption and CO 2emission in the population, several initiatives to reduce CO2emissions have been presented all around the world. The main part of these initiatives is a reduction of the energy consumption for existing buildings, while the others concern the building of eco-districts with low-energy infrastructures and even zero-energy infrastructures. In this idea of reducing the energy consumption and of developing new clean areas, this master thesis will deal with the high energy quality services for new urban districts. In the scope of this master thesis project, the new concept of sustainable cities and of clusters of buildings will be approached in order to clearly understand the future challenges that the world’s population is going to face during this century. Indeed, due to the current alarming environmental crisis, the need to reduce human impacts on the environment is growing more and more and is becoming inescapable. We will present a way to react to the current situation and to counteract it thanks to new clean technologies and to new analysis approaches, like the exergy concept. Through this report, we are going to analyze the concepts of sustainable cities and clusters of buildings as systems, and focus on their energy aspects in order to set indoor climate parameters and energy supply parameters to ensure high energy quality services supplies to high performance buildings. Thanks to the approach of the exergy concept, passive and active systems such as nocturnal ventilation or floor heating and cooling systems have been highlighted in order to realize the ‘energy saving’ opportunities that our close environment offers. This work will be summarized in a methodology that will present a way to optimize the energy use of all services aspects in a building and the environmental friendly characteristics of the energy resources mix, which will supply the buildings’ low energy demands.
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Ramesh, Shalini. "Urban Energy Information Modeling: A Framework To Quantify The Thermodynamic Interactions Between The Natural And The Built Environment That Affect Building Energy Consumption." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2018. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/1130.
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By 2050, the world’s population is expected to reach 9.7 billion, with over half living in urban settlements (United Nations, 2015). Planning and designing new urban developments and improving existing infrastructure will create or reshape urban landscapes and will carry significant implications for energy consumption, infrastructure costs, and the urban microclimate on a larger scale. Researchers and industry professionals must recognize how changes in land use affect the urban microclimate and, therefore, building energy consumption. Built environment and microclimate studies commonly involve modeling or experimenting with mass and energy exchanges between natural and the built environment. Current methods to quantify these exchanges include the isolated use of microclimate and building energy simulation tools. However, current urban planning and building design processes lack a holistic and seamless approach to quantifying all thermodynamic interactions between natural and built environments; nor is there a method for communicating and visualizing the simulated building energy data. This dissertation has developed a coupling method to quantify the effects of the urban microclimate on building energy consumption. The coupling method was tested on a medium-sized office building and applied to a design case, a redevelopment project in Pittsburgh, PA. Three distinct approaches were used. First, to develop the coupling method, a study was conducted to quantify the importance of accurate microclimate model initialization for achieving simulation results that represent measured data. This initialization study was conducted for 24 cases in the Pittsburgh climate. The initialization study developed a rule-based method for estimating the number of ENVI-met simulations needed to predict the microclimate for an annual period. Second, a coupling method was developed to quantify these microclimate effects on building energy consumption. The Center for Sustainable Landscapes (CSL) building was used as a test-case for this coupling method to measure improvement in predicting building heating and cooling energy consumption. Results show that the coupling method, more than the TMY3 weather data used for energy simulations, can improve building energy consumption predictions for the winter and summer months. Third, to demonstrate industry implications, the coupling method was applied to a design case, the Lower Hill District Redevelopment, Pittsburgh, PA. Comparing the decoupled energy model and TMY3 weather data revealed a high degree of variation in the heating and cooling energy consumption. Overall results reinforced the hypothesis that building surface level coupling is not essential if the energy model accounts for the microclimate effects. A Design Decision Support (DDS) method was also developed as a tool for project stakeholders to communicate high-fidelity simulated energy data.
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Cubol, Eliseo Magsambol. "Building Urban Resilience in New York City." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1628516458046903.
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Wang, Jialin. "Building integrated wind energy." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/building-integrated-wind-energy(81978798-e68a-4189-87b0-4159b280b6e9).html.
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In considering methods of reducing the emission of carbon dioxide; there is a growing interest for use of wind power at domestic building in U.K. But the technology of wind turbines development in building environment is more complicated than in open areas. Small wind turbines in suburban areas have been reported as having unsatisfactory energy output, but it is not clear whether this is due to insufficient wind resource or low turbine efficiency. The aim of this research is to discover whether the wind resource in suburban areas is large enough for small wind turbines to produce a useful energy output.Historical wind data and manufacturers' turbine characteristics were used to estimate the hourly wind speed and energy output for different U.K. cities, terrain zones and turbines. It was found that for turbines at 10 m height in suburban areas and depending on city, the annual wind energy conversion efficiency ranged from about 20 to 40%, while the number of turbines required to produce the annual average electricity consumption of a UK dwelling ranged from about 6 for the smallest turbine (5.3 m² rotor area) to about 1 for the largest (35.26 m² rotor area).This analysis was based on average conditions, but the wind speed near buildings can vary considerably from one point to another. In order to predict the performance of wind turbines more accurately, the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) of suburban areas was simulated in both CFD and wind tunnel models, and models of groups of semi-detached and terraced houses were set in this ABL. It was found that at 10 m height in the area of the houses, the turbulence intensity was too high for satisfactory operation of wind turbines (19 to 35%) while the mean velocity at different points ranged from 86 to 108% of the 10m reference velocity. At 30m height the turbulence intensity was satisfactory (less than 19 %), while the mean velocity ranged from 92 to 103 % of the 30 m reference velocity. It is concluded that for wind turbines in suburban areas, at 10 m height the wind speed is too low and the turbulence is too high for satisfactory performance, while at 30 m height the wind speed is much higher and the turbulence is low enough.
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Merlier, Lucie. "On the interactions between urban structures and air flows : A numerical study of the effects of urban morphology on the building wind environment and the related building energy loads." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAL0070/document.
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Cette thèse exploratoire pose les bases scientifiques et méthodologiques d’une approche transversale visant à étudier l’énergétique urbaine et le bio-climatisme. Elle fait appel à des concepts et des outils de l’architecture et l’urbanisme, et à la physique du bâtiment et de la ville. Cette thèse étudie les relations entre la morphologie urbaine et les processus aérodynamiques qui se développent dans la canopée urbaine et leurs effets sur la demande énergétique des bâtiments induite par les infiltrations d’air et les échanges thermiques convectifs. Les spécificités de l’aérodynamique et de la physique urbaines sont d’abord synthétisées et la morphologie de tissus urbains réels est analysée. Une typologie générique de bâtiments isolés et une autre d’îlots urbains en sont déduites. Le modèle CFD est ensuite validé par comparaison des prédictions du modèle avec des résultats expérimentaux et numériques, et des expérimentations numériques sont réalisées sur les différents types morphologiques. Les écoulements moyens sont analysés dans leurs rapports avec la morphologie bâtie, et la distribution des coefficients de pression sur les façades des bâtiments est analysée. Ensuite, les échanges thermiques sont couplés aux processus aérodynamiques. L’amélioration des estimations des échanges convectifs des bâtiments grâce à la CFD est vérifiée par comparaison des résultats de simulation avec des données expérimentales et numériques, ainsi qu’avec les valeurs standard. Une adaptation des fonctions de paroi relatives au transfert thermique est proposée sur la base d’études existantes, et la distribution des échanges convectifs sur les façades de bâtiments est analysée. Enfin, la demande énergétique des bâtiments due aux infiltrations d’air et à la transmission de chaleur au travers de leur envelope est estimée pour différents types morphologiques, et comparée avec les valeurs estimées suivant une approche réglementaire. Les résultats de cette thèse mettent en évidence les effets des propriétés topologiques et métriques des bâtiments et ensembles bâtis sur le développement de recirculations d’air dans la canopée urbaine. Celles-ci induisent une distribution et intensité hétérogènes des coefficients de pression et d’échange convectif sur les façades des bâtiments, qui influent sur le comportement thermique des bâtiments non isolés et perméables à l’air. Par ailleurs, l’estimation de leur demande énergétique diffère suivant si celle-ci est basée sur les valeurs simulées ou standard des coefficients de pression et d’échange convectif. Cependant, l’influence relative de la structure bâtie sur la demande énergétique des bâtiments apparaît plus importante pour les bâtiments isolés thermiquement. La différence entre la demande énergétique par unité de surface de plancher, due aux infiltrations d’air et pertes thermiques au travers de l’enveloppe peut varier de 18% à 47% suivant si le bâtiment est isolé ou situé dans un environnement bâtiThis thesis is an exploratory study that lays the scientific and methodological foundations of a transverse approach for studying urban energy and bio-climatic issues. This approach involves concepts and tools of building and urban physics as well as urban planning and architecture. It addresses the relations between urban morphology and aerodynamic processes, and studies their effects on the building energy loads due to infiltration and convective heat losses. This thesis is divided into three main parts. The first part synthesizes the specificities of urban aerodynamics and urban physics, and analyzes existing urban fabrics from a morphological point of view. Generic typologies of isolated buildings and urban blocks for small scale aerodynamic studies are deduced. The second part validates the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model (steady RANS RSM) against detailed experimental and numerical data, and presents the numerical experiments performed on the different morphological types. Mean flow structures that develop according to the construction shape and built environment, as well as pressure distribution on the building outer walls are examined. The last part couples heat and air fluxes to evaluate the contribution of urban air flows on the building energy loads. The improvement brought by CFD to the assessment of building convective heat transfers is verified by comparing numerical results to experimental data, detailed numerical studies and standard correlations. An enhanced temperature wall-function adapted for forced convection problems is adjusted to the model based on existing studies, and the convective heat transfers distribution on building facades is analyzed. Finally, the building energy loads due to air infiltration and heat transmission are estimated for typical constructions and compared to standard values. The results of this thesis show strong effects of the topology and dimensionality of constructions and urban structures on the development of recirculation phenomena within the urban canopy layer. The related aerodynamic conditions yield heterogeneous pressure and convective heat transfer intensities and distributions on building facades, which depend upon the considered built morphology. Their effects on building energy loads are logically particularly important in absolute value for buildings that are neither insulated nor air tight. Nonetheless, the estimates of the building energy needs based on standard or simulated pressure and convective heat transfer coefficients often show substantial deviation. Focusing on the relative contribution of the built structure, the effects of the aerodynamic context appear more influential for insulated buildings. Essentially, switching from an exposed to a sheltered building may decrease the energy needs per surface unit of floor due to air infiltration and heat transmission through outer walls by 18% up to 47% according to simulation
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Ingersoll, Christopher Bruce. "A dialectic construct for the urban environment." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53132.
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This thesis examines the relationship between meaning in architecture and its role in defining urban space.
The definition of meaning as it applies to this thesis is a designation for those essential qualities of the man-made environment which produce in man a cognition of place. Without meaning man has no point of reference or orientation for his world.
The individual act of construction that occurs within the larger framework that we call city has a responsibility to that institution of man. The city is the manifestation of man’s aspiration for order in a mutable world. Architecture as a primary element in the urban environment makes the city comprehensible to man and through architecture man carries out his intentions in the world.Master of Architecture
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Blaney, Weston Douglas. "An Institute for Urban Agriculture: Architecture, Ecology and Urban Habitat." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35895.
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Humankind has lived on earth for a geologically brief time. Our species has proven a remarkable ability to adapt to our environment through the development and use of tools and technology. Little evidence suggests when our need to tame nature took hold in our collective cultural consciousness, yet throughout western history, human needs and activities have been perceived as separate from the natural world. We stand at the beginning of a new millennium, aware of the cycles which govern the flows of life on our planet, yet far from understanding the specifics of how they work.
This building, an Institute for Urban Agriculture, seeks to challenge that notion of separation. The design expresses architecturally the ways in which the technological systems and organic systems work together to sustain the mission of the Institute. Through every aspect of the building design, the perceived separation of those systems is woven together to express an holistic view of the building as a fully integrated system. Human intervention is a necessary part of a healthy urban ecosystem, and positive relationships with the natural world contribute to the qualities of human health. Inspired by careful observation and experience of the surrounding urban landscape, this design recognizes those interactions and builds upon their social, ecological and economic values. Architecture becomes the medium for communicating transformed ideas about our relationships with the natural world to the building inhabitants and to the public at large.Master of Architecture
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Xuan, Wei. "Wind-induced dispersion of building exhaust in an urban environment : a full-scale and wind-tunnel study." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ39097.pdf.
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Debies-Carl, Jeffrey S. "Building a Better Tomorrow: Punk Rock and the Socio-Politics of Place." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1253037189.
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Kassa, Bewketu Z. "Bamboo: An Alternative Building Material for Urban Ethiopia." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2009. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/66.
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This project explores the potential of bamboo as an alternative building material for low cost housing units suitable for urban Ethiopia. The rational for the application of bamboo comes from its abundance throughout the country, and its proven physical properties that equate it to other building material like timber, steel and concrete. The proposed bamboo based design solution concentrates on simplification of construction methods, prefabrication of structural components and vertical densification of housing units, addressing the lack of skilled labor, cost of construction time and urban land respectively. An understanding of the design solution was established by constructing a full-scale section prototype and performing laboratory tests on key structural components.
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Maliki, Nor Zarifah. "Kampung / landscape : rural-urban migrants’ interpretations of their home landscape. The case of Alor Star and Kuala Lumpur." Diss., Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/791.
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Kampung is a pervasive concept in Malay Culture and considered counter urban in contemporary discourse. Rural to urban migration of the Malays from kampung to cities occur at an accelerated pace in urbanizing Malaysia. Rural migrants are said to remain attached to their rural kampung lifestyles and find the socio-spatial character of urban environment difficult to adapt to. Previous studies on rural kampung by anthropologists and social scientists have unpacked the socio-economic and cultural aspects of kampung Malays in rural area. My study of migrants in Alor Star and Kuala Lumpur is focused on the landscape meanings of kampung and explores how these ideas have been brought across to a city environment. I investigated the meanings and symbolic values that kampung holds to the rural-urban migrants through a ‘landscape lens’. I recorded the experiences of the rural-urban migrants in adapting to an urban landscape, identified kampung elements to which people have strong attachment with and highlighted the kampung characteristics that could be maintained or replicated in order to address the maladaptation of the migrants and enhance their urban living experience. Study participants were rural-urban migrant respondents from rural kampung in Yan, Kedah who have either moved to Kuala Lumpur or Alor Star. The case studies in the two cities were carried out using qualitative methods including photo elicitation, in-depth interviews, model mapping techniques and participant observation. Respondents provided narratives of their journey from kampung, moving to the city, and their process of adapting and settling in cities. Challenges in adaptation to city living spaces included spatial use, privacy, social relationships, safety and surveillance. My findings demonstrated that the memory of kampung plays a significant part in guiding the life of respondents in the city, and that the image of kampung is pervasive in the daily social and spatial practice of rural-urban migrants, guiding respondents’ level of adaptation and place-making in the city landscape. The use of landscape as lens was helpful in interpreting the complex and multivalent kampung meanings. Addressing a dynamic kampung idea through a landscape framework highlights the strong parallels between kampung and the early landscape concepts. The process of unweaving the meanings of kampung have illustrated that kampung ideas have the potential to inspire a landscape design language that could mitigate the harsh contrast between rural and urban Malaysia.
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Yi, Claire. "Re-Imagining Nature in Dense, High Rise Urban Environment: the Present and Future of Green Building Infrastructure in Singapore." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2020. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/217.
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From the futuristic Jewel at Changi Airport, the healing gardens at Khoo Teck Puat Hospital in Yishun to School of the Arts at Orchard Road, greenery has sprouted in buildings vertically and horizontally in Singapore, painting a growing green canopy for the dense, high rise city. This paper combines both analyses from first-hand site visits and case studies from external scholar studies to examine the performance of existing Green Building Infrastructures (BGIs) within Singapore’s unique urban context. The study reveals that the success of BGIs is highly dependent on the programming (i.e. thermal comfort design, accessibility, amenity facilities etc.), as well as the function and users of the existing building. Designs and planning that take those factors into consideration while being in line with the city’s general development goals, such as storm water management and pervasive greenery, are likely to bring out the most benefits in BGIs. To demonstrate, this paper also proposed several policy and planning recommendations that included several sets of rudimentary yet relevant parameters. Future research is encouraged to explore more complex combinations of considerations, their incorporation in design and policy making process, as well as a scientific and systematic method to evaluate BGI performance that includes both objective environmental impacts and subjective user experience that might be achieved through smart city developments.
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Andric, Ivan. "The assessment of district heating potential in a context of climate change and building renovation." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IMTA0033/document.
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Le domaine principal de cette thèse s’intéresse aux conséquences du changement climatique et des actions de rénovation dans le bâtiment sur les réseaux urbains de chaleur, ainsi qu’aux performances environnementales de ces derniers afin d’évaluer leur potentiel dans le futur. Dans ce but, deux modèles complémentaires ont été développés :•Un modèle dynamique de prévision de la demande de chaleur d’un bâtiment. Ce modèle repose sur une analogie thermoélectrique et a comme entrées, non exclusivement, des données climatiques et des scénarii de rénovation. Les résultats de ce modèle ont été comparés avec ceux d’un logiciel de référence (Energie Plus) : les erreurs sont acceptables. Ce modèle est générique et peut être utilisé dans différentes zones géographiques à l’échelle du quartier. Il a été appliqué sur des quartiers à Nantes et Lisbonne;•Un modèle d’évaluation environnementale (reposant sur le concept d’empreinte énergétique, éMergie) de réseau urbain de chauffage a été conçu. Ce modèle est générique et permet de tester différentes technologies de production et de distribution de chaleur. Il a été appliqué sur des applications en Suède et en Serbie;Les résultats des différentes applications indiquent que la nouvelle génération des réseaux urbains de chaleur ayant une infrastructure compacte (utilisant des matériaux à faible impact environnemental) et une production de chaleur à base de ressources renouvelables ou assimilées pourraient être une solution porteuse d’avenir. Cependant, pour maintenir la rentabilité de tels projets, la réduction de la consommation de chaleur des clients, conséquence en direct du changement climatique et en indirect des incitations aux rénovations du bâti, devrait être considérée dès la phase de conception, et intégrée dans de nouveaux business-plan afin de maintenir des prix de vente de la chaleur attractifsThe main scope of this thesis is to assess the impacts of changed weather conditions and building renovation on district heating systems in the future, as well as the environmental performance of such systems within the urban environment, in order to evaluate the potential of district heating in the future. In order to do so, two models were developed:•A dynamic model for heat demand forecast, based on the thermo-electrical analogy, that takes into account weather and building renovation scenarios. The model had a satisfactory precision, and it can be applied on any location for a given number of buildings, which was proved on the example of multiple case studies;•An environmental assessment model (based onemergy theory) for the assessment of district heating systems environmental performance within the urban environment. The approach can be applied on any type of district heating systems, as well as on competitive urban heating technologies, which was proved by the application on multiple systems within the case studies considered;The results from case studies indicate that the new generation of district heating systems with compact infrastructure (made of non-environmentally intensive materials) and renewable heat production could be a solution for providing sustainable heating services to urban environments. However, in order to maintain the feasibility of these projects, potential heat demand reductions caused by the direct and indirect impacts of climate change should be considered during the design phase, along with the development of new business plans in order to maintain relatively low prices of district heating services. Moreover, the difference between these impacts in different climate types should be considered
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Trivedi, Neeti. "Adopting collaborative planning for redevelopment of built environment as a means for capacity building of the urban poor." Thesis, Curtin University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/54051.
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The research examines opportunities for capacity building of the urban poor through redevelopment interventions in their built environment. It investigates whether community participation and collaborative planning strategies applied for built environment redevelopment could lead to capacity building of the urban poor; and how the success of these approaches could be measured. The intention is to determine whether the extent of capacity building achieved within specific projects that are hailed as successful can be effectively measured.
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Upadhyay, Naimish S. "Green Local Governments in Florida: An Analysis of Sustainability and Green Building Policies." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0003096.
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Minnaar, Cosette-Mari. "The Building as Eco-Urban Filter: Reconnecting Man To Earth." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/78589.
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The study explores the possibility that a transition zone can become a ‘filter’ that surrounds an urban core.
As a filter, the transition zone can regulate and rehabilitate ecosystem services to support human well-being.
The main research question focusses on how eco-systemic development can act as a filter while supporting human well-being.
The two sub-questions concern (a) how architecture can become a buffer between urban and suburban areas in Pretoria,
and (b) how architecture can aid in ecosystem rehabilitation to regenerate urban and human well-being.
Through the research done in this study, it is evident that transitional zones around city centres are commonly derelict and unsafe.
Human well-being is under pressure as a result of the increasing degradation of ecosystem services, which is brought about by human misuse and urban densification. As cities and human populations grow, urban cores expand. This expansion results in constant re-zoning as well as the demolition and degradation of existing spaces (Preston, 1966:240). Basic human well-being is dependent on successful ecosystem services and the biodiversity of urban environments (Bolund & Hunhammar, 1999:299).
This study aims to identify, reintroduce and rehabilitate ecosystem services on an urban edge to facilitate the health and well-being
of the community living there. The study addresses three main themes, namely:
(1) urban zoning and development, (2) human well-being, and (3) ecosystem-service rehabilitation and reintroduction.
By analysing the themes of urban development, well-being as well as social sustainability and ecosystem services, different theories and principles are identified to provide lenses through which the dissertation will be approached. The main lens is that of Vitruvius and the principles
he sets out in Ten books on architecture, which relates all design decisions back to nature.
Other theories, such as Ernest Burgess’ concentric circle model and the circular economy theory, and the guidelines
of the Living Building Institute led to the selection of the site, the development of the urban framework and the design of the intervention.
By combining these theories with a programmatic intervention, which was derived from the site and themes, the end result aims
to revive the community, the well-being of its members and to reinforce the existing development while ensuring
ongoing rehabilitation of the ecosystem services.
This intervention aspires to become a catalyst according to which all transition zones in urban environments can be
transformed from eye sores and barriers to filters and activators.Mini Dissertation (MArch (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Architecture
MArch (Prof)
Unrestricted
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Li, Jianqiang. "Predicting the potential for natural ventilation of buildings in the urban environment." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2009. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14526/.
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Natural ventilation is a rewarding technique for use in sustainable building design, due to its strengths in health, comfort, energy saving and economy. The speed-up of global warming and urbanisation urges us to effectively utilise this technique in the urban environment. By coupling the virtual wind tunnel and airflow network models, the potential of natural ventilation driven by the combination of wind and buoyancy forces was calculated.
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Qunby, Rohan G. H. "Time, space, city and resistance : situating Negri's multitude in the contemporary metropolis : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Public Policy at Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand." Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/923.
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Cities are not merely inanimate objects. They are complex living environments, built over time by cultures and civilisations. This thesis argues that cities have a central place in human history and civilisation because they are imbued with meaning and meaningful activity. Thus, cities are inherently political spaces, and it may be reasonably expected that they will be important sites of social transformation in the postmodern era. In order to understand the relationship between urban space and political consciousness, this thesis traces several different interpretive paths within the marxist tradition. First, we examine the work of Henri Lefebvre, who argues for an understanding of urban space as socially produced. Next, the thesis looks at the contributions of Guy Debord, particularly at his understanding of the relation between time and the city. Both writers struggle to understand the urban in the context of the shift to what we now call postmodernity. Despite their many strengths, Debord and Lefebvre ultimately fail to theorise a social subject capable of resisting capitalist domination of the city. As a result, the thesis turns to a consideration of the work of Antonio Negri. Negri’s analysis of the fate of contemporary subjectivity has reinvigorated marxist critique with a return to the question of political change. His figure of the multitude takes leave of traditional marxism in challenging and productive ways, and helps us better understand the nature of subjectivity and resistance in a world of immaterial labour and virtuality. Nevertheless, this thesis argues that there is still work to be done before Negri’s work can be mapped out onto the contemporary metropolis.
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Watkins, Richard. "The impact of the urban environment on the energy used for cooling buildings." Thesis, Brunel University, 2002. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/5553.
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Cities are often warmer than their surroundings, and this can lead to more energy being used to cool buildings. This study looks at one city, London, and assesses the impact of the urban environment on the amount of energy used for air-conditioning. There are three main strands to the work. First, it was important to determine just how great the variation in air temperature is, and how this varies through time and through the urban space. Eighty measurement stations were established along radiating lines from the centre of London as far as rural areas. These measured the air temperature simultaneously at hourly intervals for over a year. Second, to support the main data acquisition, short-term tests within London looked at specific aspects of the urban environment that affect air temperature: the effects of vegetation in parks, and facade colour in streets. Third, the impact on energy use of the measured temperature variation was then determined by using simulation to model a standard building in different urban contexts. The mean heat island intensity was found to vary with distance from the centre of London, and with the local degree of urbanization at any given distance. The maximum intensity reached 8°C on occasion but was more usually 1-2°C in the daytime and 3-4°C at night. The proximity of areas of vegetation, such as parks, to a site was associated with cooler daytime temperatures. The annual cooling load for a standard building at the centre of London was found to be 25% more than at a rural site. However, at the most urban sites over-shadowing reduced the cooling load to 14% more than at a rural site. Heating load decreased towards the centre, but on balance total annual load (for heating and cooling) rose towards the centre to 8.5% more than rural use, and then reduced at the most overshadowed sites. The balance of the effect of urbanization on heating and cooling load depended on the level of internal gain in the building. This study makes a significant contribution to understanding the balance of the impact of urban environments on the energy used for cooling and heating buildings.
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De, Faria Luciano. "Airflow in the urban environment : an evaluation of the relationship between urban aspect ratios and patterns of airflow, wind velocity and direction in urban areas, and coefficient of pressure distribution on building envelopes." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2012. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/45307/.
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This thesis addresses the relationship between the physical dimensions and aspect ratios of urban areas and the airflow below the urban canopy height. The aim is to investigate the link between these aspect ratios and the resulting airflow patterns, wind speed and direction, and pressure coefficients on the envelope of target buildings. The research method involves several steps which seek to explore the airflow in four urban scenarios, simplified simulation using two parallel bricks; several complex urban prototype scenarios; and two actual urban areas used as case studies situated on the Cardiff Cathays Campus and the Paulista Avenue - São Paulo. The research methods employed are: atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel (WT), steady-state standard k-e CFD simulation and field measurements (FM). Three prevailing wind directions were investigated: parallel, orthogonal and oblique. The outputs are guiven in terms of: Cp and ΔCp data displayed as graphs, tables and/ or contour plots; airflow patterns and velocity magnitude and direction, displayed as vertical profile graphs and visualized by means of CFD pathlines or WT helium bubble pathlines; and correlation displayed as scatter diagrams and matrices. A relationship was found between the urban aspect ratios and the ΔCp results. This was demonstrated by statistical methods using the data on the variables concerned, thus verifying the strength of the correlation between them. Strong correlation was found between the investigations into similar scenarios of the urban prototypes and the two case studies as regards both the aspect ratios and the ΔCp results. On the other hand, low correlation for the same variables were identified when contrasting dissimilar urban prototype scenarios. Moreover, good levels of comparison were found between the FM and the CFD simulations in Case Study 01 for both the decrease in wind velocity magnitude and direction in urban areas.
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Cheung, Hiu Dan. "Daylighting performance assessment methods for high-rise residential buildings in a dense urban environment." access full-text online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium, 2005. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?3227493.
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Vasishta, Pavan. "Building and Leveraging Prior Knowledge for Predicting Pedestrian Behaviour Around Autonomous Vehicles in Urban Environments." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAM038.
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Les véhicules autonomes qui naviguent dans les zones urbaines interagissent avec les piétons et les autres utilisateurs de l'espace partagé, comme les bicyclettes, tout au long de leur trajet, soit dans des zones ouvertes, comme les centres urbains, soit dans des zones fermées, comme les parcs de stationnement. Alors que de plus en plus de véhicules autonomes sillonnent les rues de la ville, leur capacité à comprendre et à prévoir le comportement des piétons devient primordiale. Ceci est possible grâce à l'apprentissage par l'observation continue de la zone à conduire. D'autre part, les conducteurs humains peuvent instinctivement déduire le mouvement des piétons sur une rue urbaine, même dans des zones auparavant invisibles. Ce besoin d'accroître la conscience de la situation d'un véhicule pour atteindre la parité avec les conducteurs humains alimente le besoin de données plus vastes et plus approfondies sur le mouvement des piétons dans une myriade de situations et d'environnements variés.Cette thèse porte sur le problème de la réduction de cette dépendance à l'égard de grandes quantités de données pour prédire avec précision les mouvements des piétons sur un horizon prolongé. Ce travail s'appuie plutôt sur la connaissance préalable, elle-même dérivée des principes sociologiques de "Vision naturelle" et de "Mouvement naturel" du JJ Gibson. Il suppose que le comportement des piétons est fonction de l'environnement bâti et que tous les mouvements sont orientés vers l'atteinte d'un but. Connaissant ce principe sous-jacent, le coût de la traversée d'une scène du point de vue d'un piéton peut être deviné. Sachant cela, on peut en déduire leur comportement. Cet ouvrage apporte une contribution au cadre de compréhension du comportement piétonnier en tant que confluent de modèles graphiques probabilistes et de principes sociologiques de trois façons : modélisation de l'environnement, apprentissage et prévision.En ce qui concerne la modélisation, le travail suppose que certaines parties de la scène observée sont plus attrayantes pour les piétons et que d'autres sont répugnantes. En quantifiant ces " affordances " en fonction de certains Points d'Intérêt (POI) et des différents éléments de la scène, il est possible de modéliser cette scène sous observation avec différents coûts comme base des caractéristiques qu'elle contient.En ce qui concerne l'apprentissage, ce travail étend principalement la méthode du Modèle de Markov Caché Croissant (GHMM) - une variante du modèle probabiliste du Modèle de Markov Caché (HMM) - avec l'application des connaissances préalables pour initialiser une topologie capable de déduire avec précision les " mouvements types " dans la scène. Deuxièmement, le modèle généré se comporte comme une carte auto-organisatrice, apprenant progressivement un comportement piétonnier atypique et le codant dans la topologie tout en mettant à jour les paramètres du HMM sous-jacent.Sur la prédiction, ce travail effectue une inférence bayésienne sur le modèle généré et peut, grâce aux connaissances préalables, réussir à mieux prédire les positions futures des piétons sans disposer de trajectoires de formation, ce qui permet de l'utiliser dans un environnement urbain avec uniquement des données environnementales, que la méthode GHMM actuellement en application.Les contributions de cette thèse sont validées par des résultats expérimentaux sur des données réelles capturées à partir d'une caméra aérienne surplombant une rue urbaine très fréquentée, représentant un environnement bâti structuré et du point de vue de la voiture dans un parking, représentant un environnement semi-structuré et testé sur des trajectoires typiques et atypiques dans chaque casAutonomous Vehicles navigating in urban areas interact with pedestrians and other shared space users like bicycles throughout their journey either in open areas, like urban city centers, or closed areas, like parking lots. As more and more autonomous vehicles take to the city streets, their ability to understand and predict pedestrian behaviour becomes paramount. This is achieved by learning through continuous observation of the area to drive in. On the other hand, human drivers can instinctively infer pedestrian motion on an urban street even in previously unseen areas. This need for increasing a vehicle's situational awareness to reach parity with human drivers fuels the need for larger and deeper data on pedestrian motion in myriad situations and varying environments.This thesis focuses on the problem of reducing this dependency on large amounts of data to predict pedestrian motion accurately over an extended horizon. Instead, this work relies on Prior Knowledge, itself derived from the JJ Gibson's sociological principles of ``Natural Vision'' and ``Natural Movement''. It assumes that pedestrian behaviour is a function of the built environment and that all motion is directed towards reaching a goal. Knowing this underlying principle, the cost for traversing a scene from a pedestrian's perspective can be divined. Knowing this, inference on their behaviour can be performed. This work presents a contribution to the framework of understanding pedestrian behaviour as a confluence of probabilistic graphical models and sociological principles in three ways: modelling the environment, learning and predicting.Concerning modelling, the work assumes that there are some parts of the observed scene which are more attractive to pedestrians and some areas, repulsive. By quantifying these ``affordances'' as a consequence of certain Points of Interest (POIs) and the different elements in the scene, it is possible to model this scene under observation with different costs as a basis of the features contained within.Concerning learning, this work primarily extends the Growing Hidden Markov Model (GHMM) method - a variant of the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) probabilistic model- with the application of Prior Knowledge to initialise a topology able to infer accurately on ``typical motions'' in the scene. Secondly, the model that is generated behaves as a Self-Organising map, incrementally learning non-typical pedestrian behaviour and encoding this within the topology while updating the parameters of the underlying HMM.On prediction, this work carries out Bayesian inference on the generated model and can, as a result of Prior Knowledge, manage to perform better than the existing implementation of the GHMM method in predicting future pedestrian positions without the availability of training trajectories, thereby allowing for its utilisation in an urban scene with only environmental data.The contributions of this thesis are validated through experimental results on real data captured from an overhead camera overlooking a busy urban street, depicting a structured built environment and from the car's perspective in a parking lot, depicting a semi-structured environment and tested on typical and non-typical trajectories in each case
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Hyde, Jennifer 1961. "Building scrap based industries : the potential for economic development and environmental improvement in the Gaza Strip." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/67434.
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Zhang, X. "Designing a geographic visual information system (GVIS) to support participation in urban planning." Thesis, University of Salford, 2004. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/2178/.
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The growth of the international movement to involve the public in urban planning urges us to find new ways to achieve this. Recent studies have identified information communication technologies (ICT) as a mechanism to support such movement. It has been postulated that integrating geographic information system (GIS), virtual reality (VR) and Internet technologies will facilitate greater participation in planning activity and therefore strengthen and democratise the process. This is a growing area of research. There is, however, concern that a lack of a theoretical basis for these studies might undermine their success and hamper the widespread adoption of GIS-VR combination (GVIS). This thesis presents a theoretical framework based on the Learning System Theory (LST). ICT technologies are then assessed according to the framework. In the light of the assessmenta, prototype has been designed and developed based on a local urban regeneration project in Salford, UK. The prototype is then evaluated through two phases, namely formative evaluation and summative evaluation, to test the feasibility of the framework. The formative evaluation was focused on evaluating the functionality of the prototype system. In this case, evaluators were experts in IT or urban planning. The summative evaluation focused on testing the value of the prototype for different stakeholder groups of the urban regeneration project from local residents to planning officers. The findings from this research indicated that better visualization could help people in understanding planning issues and communicate their visions to others. The interactivity functions could further support interaction among users and the analysis of information. Moreover, the results indicated that the learning system theory could be used as a framework in looking at how GVIS could be developed in order to support public participation in urban planning.
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Chow, Kwok-sang. "A case study on the environmental impacts of a large site formation contract in the urban area /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13498332.
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Gatela, Sierrane Grace S. "Building Bridges for Wildlife: Modeling the Richness of Human-Wildlife Encounters Over 15 Years of Urban Growth in the Sky Islands." The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/608603.
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Sustainable Built Environments Senior Capstone ProjectThis study analyzes 15 years of wildlife tracking data across more than 40 transects in the Sky Islands surrounding landscape to investigate how human-wildlife encounters may respond to a decade of land development. The average detection of species per visit (ADPV), the quantification for human-wildlife encounters and indicator of species richness, was calculated for each transect across two sample periods 2001-2011 and 2011-2015. ArcMap was used to visualize the ADPV across sampling sites in the Sky Islands region. The p-value was then calculated to determine whether there was a significant difference between the ADPV of all species and of focal species before and after 2011. The results concluded there was no significant difference and the null hypothesis was accepted.
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Yates, Amanda. "Oceanic grounds, architecture, the evental and the in-between : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Design." Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/962.
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Exploring spatio-temporal flux within architecture, this thesis presents design-based research on the temporal environments of Oceania and Western evental theory. Oceanic thought and Western theories of the event share commonalities, both holding that space and time are inseparable dimensions. This spatio-temporal concept challenges Western philosophical and architectural doxa that privilege stasis over temporal flux, and offers a mode by which to introduce alterity into architectural discourse. I move over these cultural and philosophical grounds in order to explicate and further develop a personal design practice that is of this place and time for, while there is a body of writing that documents Oceanic built environments, there is less research that considers how these may be constituted and communicated through contemporary architectural design. The thesis posits two temporalised environments apparent within Oceanic spatial thought and practice – the shifting and extensive oceanscape, and the telluric groundscape that makes space; and describes two resultant spatial typologies – an oceanspace which is characterised by openness and mobility, and a groundspace which is both surface and space. These contentions are tested and theorised through three architectural experiments developed between 1999 and 2005: the Sounds House, which operates as an open and mutable spatial field; the Ground House, which forms monumental “interiors” that emerge from and relate to the earth; and Tokatea, which blends these two spatialities, fabricating a temporalised environment in between the momentary and the monumental, between interior and exterior. In presenting and discussing these speculative spaces, this thesis moves between architecture and academia, Oceania and the West, the ephemeral and the enduring, and the inside and the outside, with the aim of destabilising architecture’s discursive ground, causing its hermetic boundaries to become temporalised and fluid.
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Howe, Caroline Louise. "Building stability through decentralization : the environmental, economic, and ethical argument for informal sector collection and decentralized waste processing in urban India." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90204.
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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2014.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 51-54).
Rapid population growth, urbanization and increasing affluence have led to increases in consumption and waste generation in all Indian cities. The current system, a mix of informal recyclables collection and centralized waste collection by the formal sector with much garbage still disposed of in unlined landfills, is at a point of crisis. With waste generation far outpacing processing capacity, cities know they must invest in "improving" waste management systems, yet a key question is whether to invest in centralized or decentralized, formal or informal waste systems, or combine the strengths of both. This research asks what approach to waste management in India will increase stability, economic and environmental sustainability, and social benefit. To answer those questions, I conducted a case study of Pune, since the city has implemented centralized waste processing, followed by supporting informal sector collection and instituting decentralized collection. The diversity of its methods and the many challenges Pune has faced have allowed me to analyze the benefits, impacts and limitations of each of these approaches. For the case study, I conducted more than 50 interviews of city staff, waste pickers, waste picker cooperative staff, restaurant managers, and citizens. Based on this analysis, and comparison to other Indian cities, including Delhi and Bangalore, I have concluded that the best solution for most Indian cities is to build the capacity of the informal sector while also creating decentralized processing infrastructure to handle organics and non-recyclable waste. While this approach is challenging, it is possible, and I have created a set of recommendations in order to implement this effectively. These guidelines include the following: 1) conduct long-term planning across city departments to have proactive approach to waste generation; 2) focus on waste reduction and eliminate most non-recyclable and non-biodegradable waste streams; 3) invest in the capacities of the informal sector, including giving waste pickers space for sorting, more information on their rights, and support; 4) build decentralized waste processing systems for organics and non-recyclables that create benefits for and minimize impacts on host communities; and 5) site all facilities more equitably by building community consensus.
by Caroline Louise Howe.
M.C.P.
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Steinert, Anne Delano. "Standing Right Here: The Built Environment as a Tool for Historical Inquiry." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1613686270648078.
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Crespy, Clément. "Eoliennes et paysages : recherche sur les critères jurisprudentiels de l'insertion paysagère des éoliennes." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON10023.
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Appréhender la question de l'insertion paysagère des éoliennes suppose la détermination préalable des objets juridiques étudiés. Sous les hospices de la notion de « patrimoine commun de la nation », éoliennes et paysages apparaissent ainsi comme des sœurs ennemies. Cette conflictualité est consommée lorsque l'article L. 110-1 du Code de l'environnement dispose que la protection des paysages est d'intérêt général autant que l'est la mise en valeur des ressources naturelles. L'antagonisme postulé des deux notions doit cependant être nuancé en ce que le juge administratif tient le rôle d'arbitre dans les conflits nés de ce que les préoccupations paysagères viennent limiter l'implantation des constructions éoliennes. Alors que ce rapport de force s'apprête à gagner le contentieux spécial des installations classées, le contentieux des permis de construire éolien a été le terrain fertile et propice de l'émergence d'une démarche objective orientant l'appréciation qualitative et donc a priori subjective de l'atteinte aux paysages. Le contentieux des permis de construire éolien a également rendu possible le dépassement du contrôle de l'atteinte aux paysages que la doctrine présente classiquement comme un contrôle dissymétrique, par la formalisation d'un contrôle du bilan paysager des constructions éoliennes pouvant symboliser l'armistice de cet affrontement infécondIn order to understand the legal bond between wind turbines and landscapes, preliminary elements must be understood. Regarding the legal concept of a « common national heritage », wind turbines and landscapes appear to be two enemy sisters. The conflict emerges when the Environmental Code presents both landscape protection and natural resource development within general interest. The two antagonising notions have to be refined, as the administrative judge appears to be an adjudicator between landscape protection and wind turbine implementation. Whilst the wind turbine landscape sensitivity question is about to integrate the litigation for Classified Installations for the Protection of the Environment, building permits litigation provides the basis for defining an objective method for the subjective definition of damage to the landscape. Using a litigation concerning building permits, a new method of landscape damage assessment has been drafted. Thus, a fine line balancing landscaping can be considered as the end of the war but not necessarily a victory in this meaningless standoff
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Strand, Anders. "Urban Rain Water Harvesting and Water Management in Sri Lanka." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-20589.
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Denna fältstudie kommer att undersöka betydelsen av regnvattenanvändning som vattenförsörjnings alternativ. Hur kan hållbara innovativa lösningar tas fram för att lösa vattenförsörjningen på Sri Lanka? Efter lidandet av mer än 30 års inbördeskrig och efter de omfattande skadorna från tsunamin 2004, står nu Sri Lanka inför många utmaningar rörande landets återuppbyggnad. Tillgången till vatten är den viktigaste grundläggande förutsättningen för ett fungerande samhälle. I landets torra zon är det långa perioder av torka då vattenkällor sinar och inget naturligt vatten finns att tillgå. Detta trots att det under monsunen kommer tillräckligt med regn för att täcka vattenbehovet om det skulle samlas på ett optimalt sätt. Avrinningskoefficienten är här mer än 60% outnyttjat regnvatten. I ett flertal lyckade projekt har man samlat regnvatten i RWH system för senare användning. Människor i dessa områden saknar kranvatten eftersom detta område ej är täckt av vattenförsörjningsnätet. Detta gör att dessa människor har en positiv inställning till att ha RWH system..I den våta zonen, och då speciellt i Colombos stadsmiljö som denna studie handlar om, är situationen annorlunda. Här har de flesta invånare kranvatten. Det kommunala kranvattnet är högt subventionerat av regeringen vilket gör att kostnaden är låg för användarna samt ökar vattenkonsumtionen. Invånarna känner inget ansvar för vattenresurserna eftersom den gemena uppfattningen är att det är en evig källa. Majoriteten av hushållen ser inget skäl till att installera RWH på grund av den låga lönsamheten. Trots att det finns ett förordnande att det ska ingå ett RWH system, så följs inte detta. Saknande av uppföljningsplikt anges som orsak av vatten styrelsen. Kostnaden för att behandla och leverera vatten till invånarna är väldigt hög och är mycket energi krävande. Det finns ett behov av enorma investeringar för att rusta upp och bygga ut både vattenverken och vattennätet för att klara av att möta det växande invånarantalet i Colombo området. Ett annat problem är att 40% av hushållen i Colombo saknar avloppsanslutning. De leder sitt avloppsvatten direkt eller efter en septi-tank ut i jorden eller havet.Om medvetenheten kring dessa frågor ökar, samt att förhållandet mellan kranvattnets kostnad och RWH justeras med ändringar i subventionerna, kunde en hållbar lösning på vattensituationen med såväl ekonomiska som miljövinster ske.Resultatet av denna studie är att RWH får ses som ett komplement när det gäller vattenförsörjningen för hushållens del. Fokus bör istället ligga på industrier, sjukhus, skolor, kommunala byggnader och andra byggnader med stora vattenbehov och med de största möjligheterna att uppnå optimalt resultat.Studien visar också på en hållbar lösning på avloppshanteringen. Den visar DWWT och dess fördelar.The field study will investigate the importance of Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) as a water supply option. How can sustainable innovative solutions be developed to solve the water problem of Sri Lanka? Suffering from more than 30 years of civil war and damages after being struck by the tsunami 2004, Sri Lanka faces many challenges to recover and rebuilt the country. The access to water is the most important need for a civilization´s existence. In the dry zones of the island people suffer from long drought periods with dried up wells and no natural sources for water. However the rainfall during the monsoon, even in these areas, is more than enough to provide the water needs if properly collected, thus the run-off coefficient is more than 60%. Several projects with rain water harvesting in so called RWH systems have been implemented with success. Because these areas are not covered by the water supply net and therefore have no tap water, the people are very positive to having the RWH system. In the wet zones and especially in the urban environment of Colombo the situation is different. Here most of the people have treated pipe-borne tap water. The metered tap water is highly subsidized by the government which makes the cost low for the users and increases the water consumption. The citizens do not feel a responsibility to be careful with resources since the common opinion is that water is a never ending source. The majority of the households find no reasons for installing a RWH system because it´s low economic profits. Even if there is a legislation that demands all new buildings should have a RWH system not many households have installed these systems. However the cost to deliver and treat this water is very expensive for the government and demands a lot of energy. Huge investments need to be done in both the treatment plants and the pipe-line net to meet the growing population in Colombo area. Another problem is that 40% of the households today in Colombo have no sewage connection but lead their wastewater directly or after a septic tank into the ground or the sea. If the awareness regarding these concerns could be improved and the conditions between tap water costs and RWH be adjusted with changes in the subsidized system, a sustainable solution to the water situation in Colombo with both economic and environmental benefits could be found. The result from the case study is a recommendation about installing RWH as a complimentary source of water for the households. And investments in RWH systems should be focused to industries, hospitals, schools, municipal buildings and other public buildings with a high water demand and with the best possibilities for optimal results. Further the case study treats a sustainable solution to the sewage situation. It shows the Decentralized waste water treatment plant (DWWT) and its advantages.
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Коник, Соломія Ігорівна. "Ущільнення забудови території історично сформованих міст (на прикладі Львова)." Diss., Національний університет «Львівська політехніка», 2021. https://ena.lpnu.ua/handle/ntb/56793.
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Spies, Jozanne. "Housing a green proprietor in Marabastad : an inversigation into the connection between housing and open green space in the urban environment /." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23120.
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Lin, Pingying, and 林萍英. "Influence of urban design factors on summertime urban heat island intensity : on-site measurement of pocket parks in high-rise high-density environment in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/211106.
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Rayle, Lisa (Lisa Michelle). "Telling the future together : the potential of collaborative scenario-building in the transformation of urban governance in Portugal." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/61570.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning; and, (S.M. in Transportation)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 137-143).
In cities worldwide, the geographic and functional mismatch between urban governance structures and the actual dynamics of urban activities has hindered efforts to achieve sustainable and equitable development at the metropolitan scale. Overcoming this mismatch requires coordination between typically fragmented government agencies-and this coordination requires inter-organizational collaboration. In Portugal, the twin challenges of declining urban centers and sprawling suburbs, combined with the absence of a metropolitan planning structure, have heightened the importance of inter-agency collaboration, especially in terms of land use and transportation. In contrast to typical studies of policy integration, which tend to focus on barriers to collaboration, in this thesis I examine forces which contribute to its emergence. I consider two questions: first, what conditions and factors have actually led to inter-organizational collaboration in the Portuguese context? Second, what is the potential for a particular scenario-building process to lead to further collaboration among those who participated? Study of existing collaborative arrangements reveals five conditions which appear to contribute to the emergence of collaboration. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of scenario-building workshops conducted with stakeholders in Portugal suggests that these exercises have increased the likelihood of the future collaboration among participants to a small degree. Finally, recognizing that collaboration is necessary, but not sufficient, for better metropolitan-level development, I suggest ways in which government policy can take advantage of pro-collaboration forces.
by Lisa Rayle.
S.M.in Transportation
M.C.P.
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El-Zefzafy, Hend. "Evaluation of the environmental effects on the behaviour of GFRP composite tubes for new sustainable building and urban infrastructure applications." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6125.
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The advantages of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite material have attracted structural and architectural engineers as alternative construction materials of the traditional wood, steel and concrete. Concrete-filled FRP tubes (CFFTs) system is one of the most promising applications of the FRP composit material. This innovative integrated system can protect RC structures from aggressive environmental conditions; sequentially expand the service life of structures. Nevertheless, limited knowledge is available on the CFFT system at extreme service environments. Data related to durability of the CFFT as integrated system comparing with conventional ones is one of the major challenges that need to be addressed. These data are moer required prior to the widespread acceptance and implementation of FRP materials in civil infrastructure. Farther, comprehensive databases in this specific are critical to provide designers and practicing engineers with the knowledge to select the best solution toward achieving a sustainable built environment. This thesis focuses on evaluating the short and long term effect of freze-thaw cycles on the mechanical behavior of the filament wound glass-FRP (GFRP) tubes. In addition, the thesis evaluating the axial performances of reinforced and unreinforced CFFT columns through experimental and theoretical study. To fulfill the objectives of this research, an experimental program has been designed to examine three main parts. (I) Mechanical properties of the GFRP tubes; (II) The axial behavior of CFFT cylinders; (III) The axial behavior of CFFT reinforced and unreinforced columns. The effect of five parameters and their interactions were investigated; namely, the effect of different freze-thaw cycles (in dry air, frsh and/or salt water), number of cycles (100 and/or 300 cycles), two different thicknesses (2.65 mm and 6.4 mm) of the GFRP tube. The influence of using different types of internal longitudinal reinforcement (steel, GFRP, and carbon FRP bars) and the type of transverse reinforcements (spiral steel or FRP tubes) are included in the test variables. Based on the finding of experimental investigation regarding mechanical properties of the GFRP tubes (part I), neither the type nor the number of freze--thaw cycles affect the strength of GFRP tube used in this study. However, increasing in the stiffness, reductions in the strains and transition in failure mechanisms are identified after 300 freze-thaw cycles. The experimental results of axial compression tests on CFFT cylinders (part II) indicated low influence of the freze-thaw cycles on the average ultimate strength of CFFT tube with the large thickness. While, significant and sever degradation was reflected on the behavior of CFFT cylinders with the small thickness after 300 freze-thaw cycles. Based on the experimental test results of (part II) environmental reduction factors were proposed to consider the effect freze/thaw cycles on the strength capacity of CFFT cylinders. Also, the regression analysis was used to predict the service life environmental reduction Factors to design CFFT member for up to 75 years. In addition, an assessment of selected FRP-confined models has been presented to predict the ultimate strength of CFFT cylinders based on the test results of (part I). Finally, comparisons between the experimental results and those predicted by the selected models were presented. The experimental investigation on the performance of reinforced CFFT columns (part III) indicated that the freze-thaw exposure brings about individual degradation, in different levels, in the component of the CFFT (GFRP tube, concrete and reinforcement) as integrated systems. This degradation resulted in reduction in the axial carrying capacities of the conditioned columns. Nevertheless, an increase in compressive strength of the CFFT columns was evident over the RC conventional columns. Based on the test results of this (part III), environmental reduction factors were proposed to account for the effect of freze/thaw cycles on the axial load capacity of reinforced and unreinforced CFFT columns. The data obtained from the test results of (part I), predicted confined compressive strength optained from (part II) and the proposed environmental reduction factors from (part III) were used in the ACI440-2R-08 and CAN/CSA S806-08 design equations to predict the nominal capacity of CFFT columns in sever environmental condition.
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Janak, Haidee N. "Three State-run Green Building Programs: A Comparative Case Study Analysis and Assessment." Amherst, Mass. : University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2009. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/337/.
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Shrestha, Samata. "IMPACT OF NEIGHBORHOOD MORPHOLOGY ON AIR POLLUTION DISPERSION PATTERNS DUE TO UNPLANNED BUILDING DEMOLITION: A PARAMETRIC STUDY." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent155654365109521.
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Gonçalves, Naíla. "O uso das alíquotas diferenciadas de IPTU para as áreas de preservação permanente e a função socioambiental da propriedade." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2016. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/1425.
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Esta dissertação propõe que os Municípios tributem áreas urbanas de preservação permanente com parâmetros diferentes em relação às áreas urbanas comuns, com objetivo de incentivar os proprietários de áreas de preservação permanente. Diante disso, este trabalho analisou as condições para compensações de reserva legal que podem trazer benefícios reais para a natureza (implicações ambientais), enquanto reduz o impacto dessas medidas sobre a propriedade privada e/ou produção agrícola/comercial/industrial (implicações econômicas). Para efetivação desta pesquisa realizou-se com base em revisão bibliográfica, dados oficiais dos Municípios, teses publicadas e decisões judiciais que tenham discutido algum ponto relevante da pesquisa. Como resultado constatou-se a importância das ferramentas legislativas para que a propriedade abarque sua função socioambiental, assim como o Município que delibera o IPTU para uma função extrafiscal com o intuito de proteger a natureza está buscando, na verdade, estimular ou desestimular determinadas condutas relativas ao meio ambiente.Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2016-12-19T16:50:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Naila Gonçalves.pdf: 1844133 bytes, checksum: b2b25dd9ab994e7bc4bd711d61af6911 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-19T16:50:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Naila Gonçalves.pdf: 1844133 bytes, checksum: b2b25dd9ab994e7bc4bd711d61af6911 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-19
This dissertation proposes that the Municipalities tax urban areas of permanent preservation with different parameters in relation to the common urban areas, in order to encourage owners of permanent preservation areas. This paper analyzes the conditions for legal reserve compensation that can bring real benefits to nature (environmental implications), while reducing the impact of these measures on private property and / or agricultural / commercial / industrial production (economic implications). In order to carry out this research, it was carried out based on a bibliographical review, official data of the Municipalities, published theses and judicial decisions that have discussed some relevant point of the research. As a result, it was noted the importance of legislative tools for ownership to encompass its socio-environmental function, as well as the Municipality that deliberates the IPTU for an extra-fiscal function in order to protect nature is actually seeking to stimulate or discourage certain relative behaviors to the environment.
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Baharuddin. "An investigation of factors affecting prediction of daylight availability in high-rise residential buildings in a high-density urban environment a case study in Hong Kong /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43085179.
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Chow, Kwok-sang, and 周國生. "A case study on the environmental impacts of a large site formation contract in the urban area." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31252588.
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Sinha, Roy Sagnik. "Green Roofs in Uppsala : Potential food yield and thermal insulating effects of a green roof on a building." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-423991.
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Climate change has caused severe vulnerabilities for the global food production system and alternative agriculture methods are needed as a solution. Urban agriculture (UA) can be a sustainable solution, making the global food system more resilient and increasing the global food security. Using available empty rooftops to implement green roofs for food production can be a solution to challenges faced by urban agriculture, such as unavailability of land and proper amount of sunlight. The aim of this thesis is to explore the potential of green roofs in Uppsala city, looking into the food production capacity and the energy conservation benefits for buildings having a green roof. With the help of GIS software, 745 flat roofs with a total available area of 877408 m2, were considered feasible for implementing green roofs. Upon calculations based on yields obtained from other studies, the results revealed that the annual vegetable production on potential green roofs in Uppsala city is 23550 T of tomato, 48 T of cabbage and 96 T of chilli. On comparing the tomato production with the amount of tomato consumed annually by the population of Uppsala city, the data reveals that less than 10 % of the estimated production can meet the annual demand.Upon investigating the thermal insulation effects of green sedum roof on a building in Uppsala city, the thesis reveals that annually, 824 kWh or .824 MWh can be saved, providing a monetary benefit of SEK 543. The results point out that, on implementation of green sedum roofs on 100 buildings, about 82 MWh amount of energy can be conserved, thus reducing the overall consumption of fuels such as peat and oil and reducing the emissions of green house gases. Green roofs in comparison with conventional roofs can also act as a heat sink to keep the building cooler during warmer summers, thus reducing the demand for artificial cooling. Keywords: Sustainable Development, Urban Sustainability, Food Security, Energy Security, Resilience, Urban Agriculture, Green Roof, Thermal Insulation, Energy Conservation, Climate Change.
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Thoresson, Josefin. "Omställning – Tillväxt – Effektivisering : Energifrågor vid renovering av flerbostadshus." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema teknik och social förändring, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-122690.
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Flerbostadshus anses viktiga för att minska energianvändningen i byggnader, och potentialen att energieffektivisera i samband med renovering är stor. Denna studie behandlar hur arbete med energifrågor genomförs i renovering av flerbostadshus byggda under miljonprogrammet i stadsdelen Östra Sätra i Gävle. Avhandlingens analytiska verktyg baseras på perspektiv utvecklade inom teknik och vetenskapsstudier (STS) och aktörsnätverksteori (ANT) samt urbana studier. I studien utvecklas och tillämpas verktyget energisammansättningar. Genom en symmetrisk ansats studeras energifrågors definition och innehåll i renoveringen genom att spåra kedjor av översättningar. Det empiriska underlaget är kvalitativa intervjuer, mål- och strategidokument, beslutsprotokoll och observationer. Avhandlingen visar att energiarbetets innehåll flätades samman med exempelvis kommunal planering och energipolitik, med bostadsbolagets befintliga arbetssätt för renoveringar och dess relationer till sina kunder, samt med lagen för allmännyttiga bostadsbolag. Studien identifierar också att spänningar uppstod i energiarbetet inom flera områden. Dessa rör hur de ekonomiska vinsterna och kostnaderna för energiarbete ska beräknas och fördelas, översättningar av energimål, var och hur energiarbete ska prioriteras i den bebyggda miljön, i vilken takt energiarbetet ska ske och hur de boende ska delta i energiarbete. Studien visar att energieffektiviserande åtgärder prioriterades i renoveringen så länge som de beräknades vara ekonomiskt affärsmässiga och en del av det allmännyttiga arbetet, men även hur förändringar var svåra att genomföra om de utmanade eller förändrade befintliga relationer och arbetssätt. Det gällde särskilt i relationen till de boende i området och till ekonomiska kostnader för renoveringen.Transforming the energy used in apartment buildings have become increasingly important issues. This study examines how energy issues were designed in a refurbishment project for apartment buildings built during the “Million Programme” era in Sweden in the district of Östra Sätra in Gävle. The analytical approach and tools used are based on science and technology studies (STS), actor–network theory (ANT), and urban studies. Specifically, the study applies the concept of assemblages, which in this study are called energy assemblages. Energy issues are examined as they translated and negotiated in practice by actors and how they are incorporated into the refurbishment design. The empirical data are based on qualitative interviews, analyses of documents, and observations. The analyses demonstrate that work on energy issues was intertwined with the city’s work on planning and energy issues, the housing company’s working practices, as well as the laws governing public housing companies. The study also demonstrates that sometimes tensions arose in situations in which different energy assemblage processes collided. The study identifies several areas of tension. First, tensions arose in situations of diverse translations of energy goals. Second, in negotiations about calculations of the financial costs of energy transition. Third, tensions also arose when determining where energy transition should be located. Fourth, about resident participation in energy issues. Fifth, the energy transition timeframe. The study demonstrates that energy efficiency measures were prioritized in the refurbishment as long as they were treated as financially beneficial and did not challenge or change existing relationships, work practices, and customer relations.
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Bonnier, Thérèce. "Building Low Carbon Lifestyles : A qualitative study of the built environment’s potential to encourage low carbon lifestyles." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-212937.
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With over half of the world’s population living in urban settlements and an ongoing urbanization, cities today offer a unique opportunity to tackle climate change. Emissions of greenhouse gases derive from all products and services used, and in Sweden the average inhabitant emit 7 tons of greenhouse gases in carbon dioxide equivalents every year from privately acquired products and services, calculated from a consumption perspective. Long-term climate goals, and international climate agreements sets a limit of 1-2 tons. Lifestyle changes are important to achieve sustainable development, but planning practices today generally do not try to influence citizens’ consumption, and is presumed cannot affect inhabitants’ consumption of food, clothes, electronics, furniture, etc. This thesis investigates how planning and the built environment can practically encourage more sustainable consumption patterns, and which of these practices would be suitable to implement in the current sustainability project of Norra Kymlinge. The study concludes that sustainable consumption patterns could be encouraged in Norra Kymlinge through: collaborative living, sharing infrastructure, green leases, food production, personal measurement, and semi self-built apartments. For future research, more quantitative studies on the topic are suggested.
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Leung, Kam Shing. "Climate-responsive design for high-density tropical housing : the effect of urban morphology on the indoor thermal environment of high-density housing in the hot and humid climate." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609287.
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Mer'eb, Muhammad Musa. "Greenometer-7 a tool to assess the sustainability of a building's life cylce at the conceptual design phase /." Cleveland, Ohio : Cleveland State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1209184917.
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Thesis (D.Eng.)--Cleveland State University, 2008.Abstract. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on May 8, 2008). Includes bibliographical references (p. 321-343). Available online via the OhioLINK ETD Center. Also available in in print.
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Miklós, Zsófia. "Governance of Innovative Building Practices: Case of the 3rd District Municipality of Budapest." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-325028.
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This paper presents an analytical framework of governing innovative building practices at a municipal level based on conclusions drawn from the Strategic Niche Management (SNM) approach. The analytical framework viewed the Village House Block demonstration project and EnSURE transnational research collaboration as important facilitators to create the necessary conditions for governing innovation during the renovation of the outdated building stock located in the 3rd District Municipality of Budapest, Hungary. These necessary conditions were articulated in accordance with the three internal processes (the articulation of expectations and visions, the building of social networks and the fostering of learning processes) defined by SNM research. Additionally, the Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP) methodology was considered as a viable tool to guide energy efficient urban development in the district. It was found in this research that the Village House Block renovation represented a local technological niche project during which the feasibility of active and passive building technology was tested. This study revealed that the necessary conditions for governing innovation were present in this project. EnSURE was a collaborative research project which did not represent a clear example of technological niche development. It was defined as an important initiative to collect and accumulate knowledge and experiences from local niche projects to create a strategic tool for supporting energy efficient urban development at the municipal level. In this case study, the tool was the Sustainable Energy Action Plan. Overall, it was found that the necessary conditions did not only appear in technological niche projects, such as the Village House Block demonstration project but also in other types of projects, such as EnSURE. Furthermore, it could be argued that the governance of innovative approaches requires an operational framework in which different projects are managed to create these necessary conditions for local technological niche development. At global niche-level, it was revealed that the SEAP or other action plan methodologies could offer a tool to utilise experiences gained from local niches to create an energy efficient urban development strategy. In practice, it was shown that the importance of experimentation with new technologies and the governance of innovation on a strategic way still in its infancy in the 3rd District.
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Warodell, Emelie, and Victor Lindholm. "Circular economy – the way to a more sustainable urban environment? A study of how conversion and a circular economic business model can benefit the aspects of sustainability." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-190344.
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Today there is a global growing discourse regarding sustainability and the need for ecological responsibility. This in combination with the high level of shortage of accommodation on the market in Sweden and Stockholm, which is the geographically limitation of this study. One strategy to handle the shortage of accommodation and the high vacancy levels is property development through conversion where the change of use is in focus. This study is an exploratory study were the aim is to investigate how the existing property portfolio can be used to benefit the aspects of sustainability by conversion and a circular economic business model. There is also a goal to deepen the understanding of the incentives and market strategies in relation to conversion. The chosen method for this research is to use an abductive research method to ascertain the possibility for changes along projects’ life-time. Qualitative data have been collected with semistructured interviews as the main source where the respondents have been projects managers, and other essential actors, on a few selected companies as well as influential actors within the real estate sector. The three dimensions of sustainability, ecological, social and economic, have different influential roles depending on which explaining model that are studied. Also, there could be a ‘fourth dimension’ of sustainability, the cultural dimension, which widens the perspective. Further, the need for an environmental change have led to the birth of another economic model; circular economy. Here the traditional linear economic model is challenged with a model where recycling together with re-usage are in focus. Conversion is a strategy that is more frequently used now then for example 20 years ago, but the concept could have a larger role in today’s society. This could be seen as a circular economic approach for the construction, and/or real estate, industry, in which there have been investigations whether this new economic business model could have a bright future. Although, the actors on today’s market do believe that the traditional linear economic model is a better fit since it provides them with a larger profit in a shorter amount of time. Furthermore, the actors do believe that a circular economic business model is a good approach, but it is unfortunately not economically defendable in a large scale today. Since the market is full of uncertainties there are few actors that are willing to step into the world of conversion.Diskussionen gällande hållbarhet och ett ekologiskt ansvar är idag ett stort globalt samtalsämne. Detta i kombination med den stora bostadsbristen som råder i Sverige och i Stockholm, för vilken är den geografiska avgränsningen i denna studie. En strategi för att lösa bostadsbristen och höga vakansnivåer är med hjälp av fastighetsutveckling genom konvertering där ändrande av användningsområde står i fokus. Denna studie är utforskande med syftet att undersöka hur det går att använda sig av det befintliga fastighetsbeståndet för att gynna hållbarhetsaspekterna med hjälp av konvertering och en cirkulärekonomisk affärsmodell. Målet är också att få en djupare förståelse för incitamenten och marknadsstrategier i relation till konvertering. Vi har valt att använda en abduktiv undersökningsmetod. Kvalitativ data har samlats genom semistrukturerade intervjuer som huvudkälla där respondenterna har varit projektledare, och andra viktiga aktörer, på diverse utvalda företag såväl som inflytelserika aktörer inom fastighetsbranschen. De tre hålbarhetsdimensionerna, ekologiska, sociala och ekonomiska, har olika inflytelserika roller beroende på vilken förklarande modell som studeras. Det skulle också kunna finnas en fjärde hållbarhetsdimension, den kulturella dimensionen, som breddar perspektivet. Vidare så har behovet för en miljömässig förändring lett till skapandet av en annan ekonomisk modell; cirkulärekonomi. Här utmanas den traditionella linjärekonomiska modellen av en modell där återvinning och återanvändning står i fokus. Konvertering är en strategi som allt mer frekvent används idag än för exempelvis 20 år sedan, men detta koncept skulle kunna ha en ännu större roll i dagens samhälle. Detta skulle kunna ses som ett cirkulärekonomiskt tillvägagångssätt för bygg- och/eller fastighetsbranschen där det funnits undersökningar gällande om denna nya ekonomiska affärsmodell skulle kunna ha en ljus framtid till mötes. Dock tror dagens aktörer på marknaden att den traditionella linjärekonomiska modellen passar dem bättre då den är mer ekonomiskt lönsam på en kortare tid. Vidare tycker dessa aktörer att den cirkulärekonomiska affärsmodellen är ett bra tillvägagångssätt men att den tyvärr inte är ekonomiskt försvarbar i en större utsträckning idag. Eftersom marknaden är full av osäkerhet finns det enbart få aktörer som är villiga att ta klivet in i konverteringsvärlden.