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Journal articles on the topic 'Urban ecology (Sociology) – Ontario'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Howard, Ken W. F., and Stephen Livingstone. "Transport of urban contaminants into Lake Ontario via sub-surface flow." Urban Water 2, no. 3 (September 2000): 183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1462-0758(00)00058-3.

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2

Broadfoot, Jim D., Richard C. Rosatte, and David T. O'Leary. "RACCOON AND SKUNK POPULATION MODELS FOR URBAN DISEASE CONTROL PLANNING IN ONTARIO, CANADA." Ecological Applications 11, no. 1 (February 2001): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[0295:raspmf]2.0.co;2.

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3

EIDELMAN, GABRIEL. "Managing Urban Sprawl in Ontario: Good Policy or Good Politics?" Politics & Policy 38, no. 6 (November 11, 2010): 1211–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2010.00275.x.

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4

McWilliam, Wendy, Paul Eagles, Mark Seasons, and Robert Brown. "Assessing the Degradation Effects of Local Residents on Urban Forests in Ontario, Canada." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 36, no. 6 (November 1, 2010): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2010.033.

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Urban forests provide essential social, ecological, and economic functions in support of their communities; however, surveys indicate adjacent residents conduct activities within their yards and the adjacent public forest edge that degrade these systems. Local governments rely on boundary-focused passive management and/or active management to limit impacts. Encroachment results from various boundary treatments; however, it is not known whether encroachment represents a substantial source of degradation within Ontario, Canada, municipal forests. To evaluate this, percentage cover of encroachment impacts adjacent to 186 homes within 40 forests of six Southern Ontario municipalities was surveyed. The results indicated degradation resulting from encroachment was substantial. Encroachment occurred in highly valued and sensitive ecosystems, and during sensitive time periods. This was highly prevalent and covered a substantial proportion of the forest edge. Some encroachment behaviors were particularly harmful, resulting in the loss of significant forest area to residential land uses. Furthermore, encroachments remained over long periods. The small sizes and convoluted shapes of urban forests leave them vulnerable to these impacts. Prevailing municipal strategies are insufficient to protect these systems from encroachment. To ensure their long term protection, municipalities and their communities need to substantially increase their commitment and resources for addressing encroachment.

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5

Schelske, Claire L. "Historical Nutrient Enrichment of Lake Ontario: Paleolimnological Evidence." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, no. 8 (August 1, 1991): 1529–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-181.

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Recent studies of Lake Ontario show four periods of nutrient enrichment that can be identified from the sediment record in this phosphorus-limited system: pristine phosphorus loads (early 1800s before European settlement), moderate increase in phosphorus loading after settlement (beginning approximately 1850), exponential increase in phosphorus loading from urban sources (approximately 1940–70), and decreased phosphorus loading as the result of phosphorus abatement strategies (beginning in mid-1970s). Paleolimnological data are used to infer new paradigms about historical dynamics and cycling of major nutrients. The temporal pattern of organic carbon production closely parallels changes in phosphorus loading. Silica supplies which were replete for diatom production before forest clearance in the mid-1800s became limiting for diatom production in the summer epilimnion after 1865 and in the water column after 1950. Silica reserves were depleted by increased diatom production and sedimentation that resulted from increased phosphorus loading. Biologically induced precipitation of calcite began after 1940 as an indirect effect of increased urban phosphorus loading on primary productivity. Calcite began to be precipitated when historical increases in CO2 utilized for primary productivity increased epilimnetic pH and the calcium carbonate saturation product was exceeded.

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Peper, Paula J., Claudia P. Alzate, John W. McNeil, and Jalil Hashemi. "Allometric equations for urban ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) in Oakville, Southern Ontario, Canada." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 13, no. 1 (2014): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2013.07.002.

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7

HACKWORTH, JASON, and ABIGAIL MORIAH. "Neoliberalism, Contingency and Urban Policy: The Case of Social Housing in Ontario." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 30, no. 3 (September 2006): 510–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2006.00675.x.

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8

Feagin, Joe R., and Mark Gottdiener. "Toward a New Urban Ecology." Contemporary Sociology 15, no. 4 (July 1986): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2069256.

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9

Watson-Leung, Trudy, and E. Todd Howell. "Benthic invertebrate assemblage changes in an urban bay of Lake Ontario: 1990 to 2012." Journal of Great Lakes Research 47, no. 2 (April 2021): 295–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2020.12.008.

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10

Atwood, Christine, Reid Kreutzwiser, and Rob de Loë. "Residents? Assessment of an Urban Outdoor Water Conservation Program in Guelph, Ontario." Journal of the American Water Resources Association 43, no. 2 (April 2007): 427–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2007.00033.x.

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11

Cobban, Timothy W. "Bigger Is Better: Reducing the Cost of Local Administration by Increasing Jurisdiction Size in Ontario, Canada, 1995–2010." Urban Affairs Review 55, no. 2 (July 17, 2017): 462–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078087417719324.

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In recent decades, the belief that larger municipalities can better capture economies of scale led to compulsory amalgamations in several countries. This article examines such a program of compulsory amalgamations in Ontario, Canada, during the late 1990s and early 2000s. By exogenously deciding on a course of municipal restructuring, and leaving a large comparison group of nonamalgamated municipalities within the same institutional framework, the Ontario reforms created a quasi-experiment on the importance of scale for local government. Using a difference-in-differences methodological approach, this article exploits the quasi-experimental setting of the Ontario reforms to examine the causal effect of jurisdiction size on the cost of local administration. The main empirical finding in this article is that increasing local jurisdiction size reduces the cost of local administration. The results provide the most convincing evidence to date that economies of scale exist in local administration and can be captured through consolidation.

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12

Smith, Paul G. R. "Characteristics of Urban Natural Areas Influencing Winter Bird Use in Southern Ontario, Canada." Environmental Management 39, no. 3 (January 2, 2007): 338–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-005-0028-2.

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13

McDonald, L., M. Van Woudenberg, B. Dorin, A. M. Adcock, R. T. McMullin, and K. Cottenie. "The effects of bark quality on corticolous lichen community composition in urban parks of southern Ontario." Botany 95, no. 12 (December 2017): 1141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2017-0113.

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Tree bark characteristics influence lichen colonization. To better understand how urban parks can be managed to maximize lichen biodiversity, we examined trees in seven parks throughout the City of Guelph in southern Ontario. We measured bark characteristics and lichen communities on four common tree species that have a wide range of pH: Acer platanoides L., Acer × freemanii E. Murray, Pinus resinosa Aiton, and Pinus strobes L. We recorded the lichen species on 99 trees, calculated the pH and fissuring of the bark, and determined the diameter at breast height (DBH) as a proxy for age. Gamma diversity on all trees included 18 lichen taxa. We used graphite bark rubbings analyzed in ImageJ 1.47v to calculate the degree of bark fissuring. We collected bark samples from each tree trunk and determined the acidity with a pH meter. Using multivariate analyses we show that lichen community composition is positively correlated with DBH and tree species, but the degree of fissuring did not have a significant effect. We could not statistically analyze pH independent of tree species, but our results suggest pH is not a significant variable. We show lichen biodiversity in urban parks can be increased by planting a variety of tree species at different ages.

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Miller, Gord. "Forest and community sustainability – An Ontario perspective." Forestry Chronicle 79, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 110–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc79110-1.

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Challenges to the sustainability of communities in northern and central Ontario are both ecological and socio-economic in nature. Ecological challenges include persistent impacts such as acid deposition as well as emerging challenges such as the advance of forestry northward and its impact on wildlife populations. Socio-economic challenges of the communities in this region include a declining population level as well as a workforce that is aging. Despite these challenges, northern communities, and forestry planners in particular, have knowledge and experience of value to community planning throughout Ontario. Examples include the fact that foresters and forestry-based communities know how to plan at the landscape ecosystem level, integrate biodiversity conservation and decide on the long-term disposition of land. This knowledge could make a significant contribution to community sustainability in southern Ontario communities, and inadvertently enhance the credibility and influence of forest planning methods and foresters in urban centres. Key words: sustainability, Environmental Commissioner, land use, forest, caribou, ecology, population

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15

Raney, Shanel M., and M. Catherine Eimers. "Unexpected declines in stream phosphorus concentrations across southern Ontario." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 71, no. 3 (March 2014): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0300.

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Long-term trends (1975–2010) in total phosphorus (TP) concentrations were evaluated at 113 stream stations across southern Ontario. Declines in TP were evident at the majority of sites (68%), including those both with (n = 49) and without (n = 64) upstream municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTP). Although declines in TP at stream stations downstream of MWWTPs may be attributed to improvements in P removal from treated effluent, declines at the remaining streams must be attributed to other causes. During the same time period, increases in chloride (Cl−) were observed at almost all (95%) of the 64 MWWTP-free stations. Over the past 35 years, urban land cover has increased at the expense of agricultural land area in Ontario, with the majority of these changes occurring in southern Ontario. The coincidence of declines in TP and increases in Cl− at the 64 MWWTP-free streams suggests that the two may be related, with P-rich agricultural fields being replaced with impervious surfaces and therefore increased road salt applications.

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16

Glenney, Brian, and Steve Mull. "Skateboarding and the Ecology of Urban Space." Journal of Sport and Social Issues 42, no. 6 (September 25, 2018): 437–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193723518800525.

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Skateboarding poses a unique case study for considering the place of sport in human activity. The bulk of skateboarding scholarship argues that skateboarding is largely a subversion of rule governance, a view difficult to square with common and popular rule-governed skateboarding competitions, now including the Olympics. We attempt to resolve this tension by arguing for a kind of pluralism: skateboarding’s engagement in rule-governed competition is distinctly subversive, yielding the claim that skateboarding is both sport and subversion. This pluralism is examined in an “ecological” framework of emergent activities defined by push-pull interactive relationships between skateboarders and their environment that change the meaning of their spaces—whether domestic, urban, or competitive—to spaces that are both wild and spontaneous. We conclude with reflections on how skateboarding provides understanding of sport in the space of ecological meaning.

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17

Seilheimer, Titus S., Anhua Wei, Patricia Chow-Fraser, and Nicholas Eyles. "Impact of urbanization on the water quality, fish habitat, and fish community of a Lake Ontario marsh, Frenchman’s Bay." Urban Ecosystems 10, no. 3 (July 17, 2007): 299–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11252-007-0028-5.

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18

Vargas-Salinas, Fernando, Glenn M. Cunnington, Adolfo Amézquita, and Lenore Fahrig. "Does traffic noise alter calling time in frogs and toads? A case study of anurans in Eastern Ontario, Canada." Urban Ecosystems 17, no. 4 (May 4, 2014): 945–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11252-014-0374-z.

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19

McMullin, Richard Troy, Katherine Drotos, David Ireland, and Hanna Dorval. "Diversity and conservation status of lichens and allied fungi in the Greater Toronto Area: results from four years of the Ontario BioBlitz." Canadian Field-Naturalist 132, no. 4 (July 11, 2019): 394–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v132i4.1997.

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Bioblitzes are typically 24-hour biological surveys of a defined region carried out by taxonomic specialists, citizen scientists, and the general public. The largest in Canada is the Ontario BioBlitz, an annual event held in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). Between 2013 and 2016, we examined the feasibility of including lichens and allied fungi in the Ontario BioBlitz. These taxa are often overlooked, understudied, and taxonomically difficult. We completed a bioblitz in each of the four major watersheds in the GTA and recorded 138 species in 72 genera which, combined with all previous collections, totals 180 species in 88 genera in the area. Thirteen of the species we collected are provincially ranked as S1 (critically imperilled), S2 (imperilled), or S3 (vulnerable). We collected Lecanora carpinea for the first time in Ontario. Our results provide a baseline list of GTA lichens that can be used for monitoring. This is one of the first detailed lichen surveys of a major North American urban area and it demonstrates that rapid bioblitz surveys are proficient in capturing lichen diversity despite their inconspicuous nature and the advanced microscopy and chemical analyses required for their identification.

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20

Connolly, Creighton. "Urban Political Ecology Beyond Methodological Cityism." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 43, no. 1 (October 12, 2018): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12710.

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21

Labrosse, Kendra, Robert Corry, and Youbin Zheng. "Effects of Tree Stabilization Systems on Tree Health and Implications for Planting Specifications." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 37, no. 5 (September 1, 2011): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2011.029.

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A tree stabilization system (TSS) is specified to promote stability and maintain tree posture at transplant. However, staking and guying can compromise tree health. The authors of the current study have investigated the effects of such stabilization systems on trees to inform urban forest planting specifications. Visual symptoms for tree health were recorded for 488 trees with and without TSSs in Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Results showing symptoms of stunted growth, death, and pest/disease were fewer on trees observed with TSSs. Health was negatively impacted by TSSs by producing more symptoms of girdled trunks, swelling, and wilting. Trees planted on public land were found to benefit from being stabilized while trees on private land expressed more negative health effects when observed with trunk support. Implications for urban forest professionals include limiting tree stabilization practice to site conditions where their use is warranted along with timely removal.

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22

Larson, Doug W., Uta Matthes, Peter E. Kelly, Jeremy Lundholm, and John A. Gerrath. "The Urban Cliff Hypothesis and its relevance to ekistics." Ekistics and The New Habitat 71, no. 424-426 (June 1, 2004): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.53910/26531313-e200471424-426228.

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The Cliff Ecology Research Group (CERG), Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, has been in existence since 1985 when its members began working on the ecology of the Niagara Escarpment (fig. 1). In 1988 they discovered a stand of ancient trees growing on the cliffs and in 1989 they discovered that in fact the escarpment cliffs support the oldest and least disturbed forest ecosystem in Canada. Individual living trees older than 1,300 years are still present and the forest appears to be in steady state. CERG's work on the ancient trees led to the idea that cliffs serve as refuges for many species including ancient humans. That observation led to the development of the Urban Cliff Hypothesis that is described in this paper and was presented at the international symposion on " The Natural City, " Toronto, 23-25 June, 2004, sponsored by the University of Toronto's Division of the Environment, Institute for Environmental Studies, and the World Society for Ekistics, and also led to the recent book entitled The Urban Cliff Revolution.

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23

Rott, Eugen, Hamish C. Duthie, and Eveline Pipp. "Monitoring organic pollution and eutrophication in the Grand River, Ontario, by means of diatoms." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 1443–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f98-038.

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Diatom analysis discriminates between the impacts on river water quality of treated urban wastewaters and diffuse nutrient sources from farmland. Evaluation of organic pollution and trophic levels in the Grand River, Ontario, using two diatom indices shows a clear differentiation among 10 sampling sites over a distance of 214 km. Sites in the central reaches that are influenced by both urban discharges and agricultural runoff have the lowest water quality. The ranking of sites according to both diatom indices is consistently independent of substratum and seasonality. Ordination of samples by multivariate analysis results in a primary separation of the spring and summer communities and a secondary separation of upper, central, and lower reaches. Substratum differences are only apparent at the tertiary level, and mainly for midsummer samples from the upper reaches. Canonical correspondence analysis shows that the largest portion of the observed variability in species composition can be explained by a seasonal gradient related to temperature and by longitudinal gradients of nitrate-nitrogen, conductivity, and chloride. Differences in species composition between nutrient-rich sites and polluted sites are identified. Compared with a study conducted in the 1960s, the Grand River shows clear signs of increased eutrophication.

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Raffoul, Melissa, Stephen J. Hecnar, Stephanie Prezioso, Darlene R. Hecnar, and Graham J. Thompson. "Trap response and genetic structure of eastern subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in Point Pelee National Park, Ontario, Canada." Canadian Entomologist 143, no. 3 (June 2011): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n11-008.

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AbstractReticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) is best known throughout southwestern counties of Ontario, Canada, as an urban pest. Little is known, however, of the presence of this termite in nonurban settings in Ontario. In this study, we confirmed the existence of a population of R. flavipes on the shores of Lake Erie within Point Pelee National Park. A systematic trap survey conducted along the park's semi-vegetated west beach revealed several zones of termite activity. An analysis of trap response at one location indicated an association between termite activity and smaller sized, moderately decayed woody debris. Further, microsatellite DNA analysis suggested the presence of at least three genetically distinct colonies, each likely headed by multiple inbred reproductives. Together these data suggest that termite activity is linked to food quality, and that single colonies are potentially long-lived through multiple generations of inbreeding. Assuming it is derived from a population reported from Point Pelee in 1929, the study population is the oldest known eastern subterranean termite population in Ontario.

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25

Geggie, J. F., and M. B. Fenton. "A comparison of foraging by Eptesicus fuscus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in urban and rural environments." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 2 (February 1, 1985): 263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-040.

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We compared the foraging activity of populations of Eptesicus fuscus in rural and urban settings in eastern Ontario and western Quebec by monitoring their echolocation calls and by radio tracking individuals during the summer of 1980. Foraging was detected in all of the rural and urban habitats we monitored. There were no significant differences in the levels of foraging activity over different urban habitats, but the overall foraging rates were significantly higher in the rural than in the urban areas. Foraging in rural areas was significantly higher in residential zones and over water and was less common in parkland and farmland. Bats in rural areas foraged among aggregations of insects at lights, a pattern of behaviour not seen among urban bats. Differences in foraging rates and the fact that rural bats spent significantly less time away from their roosts suggest that prey density was lower in the urban setting. Although urban habitats appear to provide E. fuscus with a wealth of roosting sites, food supplies are lower there.

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26

BUZZELLI, MICHAEL, and RICHARD HARRIS. "Small is Transient: Housebuilding Firms in Ontario, Canada 1978-98." Housing Studies 18, no. 3 (May 2003): 369–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02673030304238.

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27

Jardine, Claire M., Nicol Janecko, Mike Allan, Patrick Boerlin, Gabhan Chalmers, Gosia Kozak, Scott A. McEwen, and Richard J. Reid-Smith. "Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolates from Raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Southern Ontario, Canada." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 11 (March 23, 2012): 3873–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00705-12.

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ABSTRACTWe conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in fecalEscherichia coliisolates from raccoons (Procyon lotor) living in Ontario, Canada. From June to October 2007, we trapped raccoons in three areas: one primarily urban site around Niagara, one primarily rural site north of Guelph, and one at the Toronto Zoo. In addition, we conducted a longitudinal study at the Toronto Zoo site to investigate the temporal dynamics of fecalE. coliand AMR in raccoons. Reduced susceptibility to ≥1 antimicrobial agent was detected inE. coliisolates from 19% of 16 raccoons at the urban site, 17% of 29 raccoons from the rural site, and 42% of 130 samples collected from 59 raccoons at the zoo site. Raccoons from the zoo site were significantly more likely to shedE. coliwith reduced susceptibility to ≥1 antimicrobial agent than animals from the rural site (odds ratio [OR], 3.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17 to 12.09;P= 0.02). Resistance to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins (and the associatedblaCMY-2gene) was detected in two animals from the zoo site and one animal from the rural site. Serotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis show that raccoons on the zoo grounds harbor a diverse assemblage ofE. coli, with rapid bacterial turnover within individuals over time. Our study indicates that raccoons may shed resistant bacteria of public health significance and that raccoons have the potential to disseminate these bacteria throughout their environment.

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28

Katz, Jack. "Anarchy’s Neighborhoods: the Formation of a Quadriplex Urban Ecology." Qualitative Sociology 44, no. 2 (March 10, 2021): 175–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11133-021-09474-3.

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AbstractIn each of four nearby city areas, residents orient to local centers of collective activity in different geographic patterns. In a “perimeter” neighborhood, residents and outsiders are drawn to religious and retail organizations located on streets that form a rectangle. In an “intersection” neighborhood, residents are most visible to each other at an agglomeration of stores and services located where two high traffic streets cross. Residents of an “in-between” area travel to socio-economically and culturally different neighborhoods centered in all directions elsewhere. In a “contested” geography, rival organizations disagree over who, living where, for what purposes, has the right to define the neighborhood’s boundaries and social identity. These different social ecologies took shape without coordination yet became an interdependent, quadriplex set. After 1965, a series of retreats in government control of local social life created unprecedented opportunities for intermediaries who reshaped the social landscape with new businesses, cultural institutions, and interpretations of neighborhood identity. This case study revives the “collective action” explanations of the “Chicago School” by showing how urban social ecology was transformed in the late twentieth century as people of different generations and in different geographic areas interacted indirectly, creating durable neighborhood patterns without centralized, top-down leadership from business or government, in response to locally recognized affordances of anarchy.

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Schwirian, Kent P., Dimitrios S. Dendrinos, and Henry Mullally. "Urban Evolution: Studies in the Mathematical Ecology of Cities." Contemporary Sociology 15, no. 4 (July 1986): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2069362.

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30

Pelling, Mark. "The political ecology of flood hazard in urban Guyana." Geoforum 30, no. 3 (August 1999): 249–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7185(99)00015-9.

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Hogan, Richard. "Women and the night: Pioneers of temporal urban ecology." Sociological Forum 3, no. 1 (1988): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01115130.

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32

Hogsden, Kristy L., and T. C. Hutchinson. "Butterfly assemblages along a human disturbance gradient in Ontario, Canada." Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, no. 5 (May 1, 2004): 739–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-048.

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This study relates patterns of butterfly abundance and species richness to position along an urban disturbance gradient in southeastern Ontario, Canada. Observed assemblages along the gradient (N = 15) included butterflies from the Papilionidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae, and Hesperiidae families. Of the total 26 observed species, 15 were noticeably absent from the disturbed sites. Butterfly assemblages had equal or higher number of individuals and species richness at moderately disturbed sites compared with the least disturbed sites. In relation to distribution patterns along the gradient, 28% of butterfly species were classified as disturbance adaptable and 58% as disturbance avoiders. These classifications were correlated with host-plant use and voltinism. Canonical correspondence analysis of local-scale data strongly associated disturbance avoiders with a specific environmental variable (e.g., Everes comyntas (Godart, 1824) with grasslands), whereas disturbance-adaptable species were weakly associated with any variable. One-time disturbances (i.e., mowing) during the survey resulted in pronounced changes in butterfly abundance and species composition at two sites, reducing species richness and total abundance by up to 80%. Species were patchily distributed along the gradient, suggesting that they respond differentially to disturbance in the landscape.

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33

Heynen, Nik, Harold A. Perkins, and Parama Roy. "The Political Ecology of Uneven Urban Green Space." Urban Affairs Review 42, no. 1 (September 2006): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078087406290729.

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34

Mensah, Joseph, and Daniel Tucker-Simmons. "Social (In)justice and Rental Housing Discrimination in Urban Canada: The Case of Ethno-racial Minorities in the Herongate Community in Ottawa." Studies in Social Justice 15, no. 1 (February 8, 2021): 81–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/ssj.v15i1.2239.

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In 2015, the predominantly visible minority immigrant community of Herongate, in Ottawa, Ontario, was slated for redevelopment by its landlord, Timbercreek Asset Management. This redevelopment involved mass eviction of the incumbent tenants, demolition of the existing affordable housing and its replacement with luxury rentals, which, by all indications, are beyond the financial reach of the former Herongage tenants. This paper seeks to problematize large-scale residential real estate redevelopment in Canada and examine its impact, using the Herongate situation as a case study. Among other things, it profiles the Herongate community, its history and present redevelopment, and explores the legal framework, and the limits thereof, constraining mass evictions of this type in Ontario. The findings indicate that the selection of Herongate for redevelopment was not fortuitous; generally, racialized and immigrant communities like Herongate are disproportionately likely to be selected for large-scale redevelopment projects, and thus subjected to mass-evictions. Further results suggest that the dissolution of the Herongate community – and the attendant dislocation of its members – has exacted a pronounced social and economic toll and compounded the racial discrimination already experienced by the former Herongate residents, most of whom are visible minorities. The paper concludes with an appeal to imbue the redevelopment process with a greater regard for social justice, and a right to housing as a policy solution to address the injustice caused by real estate redevelopment.

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35

Wong, Matthew, Margaret Saari, Erin Patterson, Martine Puts, and Ann E. Tourangeau. "Occupational hazards for home care nurses across the rural-to-urban gradient in Ontario, Canada." Health & Social Care in the Community 25, no. 3 (February 19, 2017): 1276–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12430.

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36

Belsky, Richard. "The Urban Ecology of Late Imperial Beijing Reconsidered." Journal of Urban History 27, no. 1 (November 2000): 54–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009614420002700104.

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37

Broto, Vanesa Castán, and Harriet Bulkeley. "Maintaining Climate Change Experiments: Urban Political Ecology and the Everyday Reconfiguration of Urban Infrastructure." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 37, no. 6 (July 8, 2013): 1934–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12050.

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38

McWilliam, Wendy, Robert Brown, Paul Eagles, and Mark Seasons. "Barriers to the effective planning and management of residential encroachment within urban forest edges: A Southern Ontario, Canada case study." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 13, no. 1 (2014): 48–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2013.08.002.

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39

Taylor, Dorceta, Kevin Fitzpatrick, and Mark LaGory. "Unhealthy Places: The Ecology of Risk in the Urban Landscape." Contemporary Sociology 30, no. 3 (May 2001): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3089270.

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40

Flood Chávez, David Italo, and Piotr Niewiadomski. "The urban political ecology of fog oases in Lima, Peru." Geoforum 129 (February 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2022.01.001.

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41

Kjeldsen-Kragh Keller, Julie, and Cecil Konijnendijk. "Short Communication: A Comparative Analysis of Municipal Urban Tree Inventories of Selected Major Cities in North America and Europe." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 38, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2012.005.

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Effective management of the urban forest calls for municipalities to have a tree inventory of their urban resource. The approach to urban forestry is rather different in Europe and North America, both in terms of background and culture. This contribution discusses similarities and differences in tree inventory practices, based on a pilot study of three major cities in North America (Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Boston, Massachusetts and New York City, New York, U.S.) and three major cities in Northern Europe (Oslo, Norway; and Aarhus and Copenhagen, Denmark). The pilot study consisted of semi-structured expert interviews in each city, and an analysis of their tree inventories in terms of their level of detail, how they were undertaken, and how they have been used. Each of the cities, with exception of Oslo, had inventoried all of their street trees. Volunteers were only used in Boston and New York City. None of the cities had developed a management plan based on their tree inventory. The inventory had only been completely incorporated into the work order system in New York City and Toronto. This explorative study shows that more research is needed to investigate what subsequently happens to tree inventories in municipalities after they have been performed. Moreover, more work is needed to identify whether inventories are being utilized to their full advantage in terms of producing management plans. Some key themes for further research are described. The set up of this pilot study could serve as a format for comprehensive research.

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42

Steen, Ronny. "Diel activity patterns of urban Woodchucks (Marmota monax) revealed by camera traps at burrows in southwestern Ontario, Canada." Canadian Field-Naturalist 134, no. 4 (March 12, 2021): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v134i4.2110.

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Animals display a range of diurnal and nocturnal activity patterns and, among mammals, a high proportion of species are crepuscular or nocturnal. Daily activities are often endogenous and oscillate on a light:dark regime. Such cycles are referred to as ‘circadian’ and are generally influenced by biotic and abiotic factors. I investigated the daily activity of urban Woodchucks (Marmota monax) by using 24-hour camera traps at backyard burrows in London, Ontario, Canada, in June. Cameras enabled the collection of data that would otherwise have been labour intensive by direct observation. Statistical modelling showed that Woodchucks exhibited a strictly diurnal activity pattern. The unimodal activity pattern started at sunrise and ended before sunset. The general daily activity trend was similar to the pattern described by others who used direct observations and telemetry to monitor Woodchucks in more rural settings. Temperature and wind were not included in the best-fit model. Camera trapping is a non-invasive method that could give insight to diel activity as it can easily monitor extended periods and reduce the effort required by direct observation.

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Angelo, Hillary, and David Wachsmuth. "Urbanizing Urban Political Ecology: A Critique of Methodological Cityism." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 39, no. 1 (February 17, 2014): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12105.

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44

Hasler, Caleb T., Kevin Robinson, Nick Stow, and Shawn R. Taylor. "Population size and spatial ecology of Blanding’s Turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) in South March Highlands, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada." Canadian Journal of Zoology 93, no. 7 (July 2015): 509–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2015-0064.

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Between 2010 and 2011, an arterial road was constructed within provincially significant wetlands in the South March Highlands (SMH) located in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The wetlands and adjacent upland areas were determined to be sensitive habitat for Blanding’s Turtles (Emydoidea blandingii (Holbrook, 1838)) during the approval and permitting process, and a population study was required as part of the road construction project. The study consisted of a 4-year mark–recapture program and a movement study of radio-tagged adult turtles. General findings included the identification of 27 adult males and 55 females and a population estimate of 93 adults (95% Cl: 86–118). A 1:2.32 male to female sex bias was also found. Mean home-range size was 19.06 ha and tagged turtles moved, on average, more per observation in 2013 (191.40 m compared with 89.75 and 123.04 m in 2011 and 2012, respectively). Previously reported differences in movement patterns between males, females, and gravid females were not observed. The SMH Blanding’s Turtle population should be closely monitored because urban development continues in the area, which may further reduce the population size. Understanding the biology of imperiled populations across species’ ranges is necessary to promote conservation and adaptive wildlife management.

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Deckert, Ron J., and R. Larry Peterson. "Distribution of foliar fungal endophytes of Pinus strobus between and within host trees." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, no. 9 (September 1, 2000): 1436–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-078.

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The distribution of foliar fungal endophytes within and between needles and trees of Pinus strobus L. (white pine) is largely unknown. In this study, needles were collected in Muskoka, Ontario, plated, and scored for hyphal outgrowth of endophytes to observe distributional patterns. Individual trees displayed different levels of infection but branches within those trees had similar levels. There was a large difference in the infection levels between the two extant needle age-classes, with the youngest needles being virtually endophyte-free. Needles divided into four sections exhibited the most hyphal outgrowth from the distal portion and the least from the medial-proximal portion. Cultural morphotypes were primarily of the Lophodermium and Hormonema morphologies. Lophodermium occurred at all positions along the needle but Hormonema was restricted to the proximal and distal portions. Infrequently occurring fungi of diverse morphotypes were found at all four needle positions. A separate experiment compared levels of endophyte infection between Muskoka trees and trees growing in an urban area (Guelph, Ontario). Needle pieces from Guelph hosts had low rates of infection (0.02%) compared with needle pieces from Muskoka hosts (66.5%). Thus, for white pine, foliar endophyte distribution is patchy within and between needles, trees, and locations, possibly reflecting differences in microhabitat or infection success.

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Gowan, Teresa. "Lost in Space: The Criminalization, Globalization, and Urban Ecology of Homelessness." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 38, no. 5 (September 2009): 417–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009430610903800517.

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47

Miller, Jeffrey. "Before His Passion Had Time to Cool: The “Unwritten Law of Adulterous Provocation” and Urban Legend." Canadian journal of law and society 10, no. 2 (1995): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0829320100004324.

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Neither can he be thought guilty of a greater Crime [than manslaughter], who finding a Man in Bed with his Wife, or being actually struck by him, or pulled by the Nose, or filliped upon the Forehead, immediately kills him.”It used to be in the United States, that if you came home and found your wife in bed with the postman, it was perfectly okay to get your shotgun and blow the heads off both of them.”Professors of criminal law like to impress their students with the “unwritten law of adulterous provocation.” It is seldom part of the curriculum; usually, it seems to present itself off-the-cuff, a professorial ploy to keep lectures interesting, a juridical curiosity that the students can regale friends and family with over dinner. In some classrooms, the unwritten law is limited to the southern United States or to Texas. In my case, at a southern Ontario law school, the entire U.S.A. (with the possible exception of Alaska and Hawaii) was implicated.My teacher probably had heard the same story in a slightly different language from his own professor of introductory criminal law. Rather than gustily losing their heads, perhaps the lovers were “filled full of lead,” or the husband treated his wife to a summary shotgun divorce.

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Sakich, Nicholas. "Apparent wing-assisted incline running in a Common Grackle (<i>Quiscalus quiscula</i>)." Canadian Field-Naturalist 136, no. 1 (July 29, 2022): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v136i1.2861.

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Wing-assisted incline running (WAIR) has been observed in bird taxa from multiple clades. Its wide phylogenetic distribution in modern birds suggests that it is an ancestral trait for class Aves. WAIR as a behaviour is speculated to predate the evolution of full-powered flight, and to have formed a behavioural and physiological stepping stone between terrestrial and aerial life. Here I report an observation of apparent WAIR in a Common Grackle (Quiscalus quiscula) photographed incidentally on a trail camera deployed in an urban backyard in Guelph, Ontario, Canada. To my knowledge this is the first documented observation of apparent WAIR for the family Icteridae. Furthermore, it highlights the value of non-systematic use of trail cameras for making unique natural history observations.

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Rosatte, Rick, and Mike Allan. "The Ecology of Red Foxes, Vulpes vulpes, in Metropolitan Toronto, Ontario: Disease Management Implications." Canadian Field-Naturalist 123, no. 3 (July 1, 2009): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v123i3.967.

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During 1989-1992, 33 Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were fitted with radio-collars in metropolitan Toronto to study their behaviour which would provide data to assist with the design of a rabies control strategy for urban areas of Ontario. Annual home range size for adult foxes (avg = 325 ha, SD = 207) was significantly larger than that of juvenile foxes (avg = 165 ha, SD = 176), but we could not detect any seasonal differences in home range size for foxes. Mean (SD) nightly ranges were 38.3 ha (48.3) in spring, 97.4 ha (115.4) in summer, 26.8 ha (28.5) in fall, and 16.3 ha (13.6) in winter. Movements by foxes during the period from June to November averaged 3.5 km (2.89). Eleven of the foxes were known to have dispersed (? 3 km from their home range), but we could not detect a mean direction of dispersal. Thirty-six percent (4/11) of the foxes dispersed in December and 18% (2/11) dispersed in August, with the remainder dispersing between February and November. Average dispersal distance was 19.3 km (15.6), and a significant negative correlation was detected between initial home range size and dispersal distance of foxes. Mortality of radio-collared foxes was caused by collisions with automobiles, predation, and shooting. Foxes made extensive use of ravines and other greenbelt areas, such as parks and golf courses. Residential areas were also used by some foxes. Knowledge of the habitats frequented by foxes as well as their movement potential assisted researchers in determining where vaccine baits should be placed for the control of rabies in Red Foxes in metropolitan Toronto.

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Neal, Zachary P. "Comparing urban sociology’s human ecology and community psychology’s ecological metaphor." Journal of Urban Affairs 42, no. 5 (December 19, 2019): 786–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2019.1691444.

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