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Journal articles on the topic 'Urban ecology (Sociology) – Canada'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Michelson, William. "Separating out the levels: Globalization, identity, and the Ekistic Grid in sociological perspective." Ekistics and The New Habitat 73, no. 436-441 (April 17, 2019): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.53910/26531313-e200673436-441113.

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The author is S.D. Clark Professor of Sociology, Emeritus, at the University of Toronto. His special areas are Urban Sociology and Social Ecology, with a focus on built environments. His most recent book is Time Use: Expanding Explanation in the Social Sciences (Boulder, CO,Paradigm Publishers, 2005). Previous books include: Man and his Urban Environment: A Sociological Approach (1970 and 1976), Environmental Choice, Human Behavior, and Residential Satisfaction (1977), From Sun to Sun: Daily Obligations and Community Structure in the Lives of Employed Women and their Families (1985), Methods in Environmental and Behavioral Research (1987), and the Handbook of Environmental Sociology (2002). He is a member of the World Society for Ekistics, as well as the Royal Society of Canada. The text that follows is a slightly revised and edited version of a paper presented at the international symposion on "Globalization and Local Identity," organized jointly by the World Society for Ekistics and the University of Shiga Prefecture in Hikone, Japan, 19-24 September, 2005.

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2

Akkerman, Abraham, and J. Barry Cullingworth. "Urban and Regional Planning in Canada." Canadian Journal of Sociology / Cahiers canadiens de sociologie 14, no. 2 (1989): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3341295.

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3

Marquis, Greg. "Constructing an Urban Drug Ecology in 1970s Canada." Urban History Review 42, no. 1 (March 2013): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/uhr.42.01.02.

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4

Marquis, Greg. "Constructing an Urban Drug Ecology in 1970s Canada." Articles 42, no. 1 (February 3, 2014): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1022057ar.

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In 1970, youthful researchers carried out participant-observer studies of the drug scene in Vancouver, Winnipeg, Toronto, Montreal, and Halifax. This ethnographic research, prepared for the federal Commission of Inquiry into the Non-Medical Use of Drugs (the LeDain Commission), was part of the commission’s extensive series of unpublished studies. The commission, which released an initial report in 1970, one on cannabis in 1972 and a final report in 1973, adopted a broad approach to the issue of drugs and society. This article examines the unpublished studies as examples of social science “intelligence gathering” on urban social problems. The reports discussed the local market in illegal drugs, its geographic patterns and organizational features, the demographic characteristics of drug sellers and consumers, the culture of the drug scene, and the attitudes of users. Unlike earlier sociological and anthropological studies that focused on prisoners and lower-class “junkies” or more recent studies that examine marginalized inner-city populations, the city studies reflected the era’s fixation on middle-class youth culture and the addiction-treatment sphere’s growing concern with amphetamine abuse.

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5

Walks, R. Alan. "City Politics, Canada." Canadian Journal of Political Science 39, no. 3 (September 2006): 706–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000842390631997x.

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City Politics, Canada, James Lightbody, Peterborough: Broadview Press, 2006, pp. 576.Scholarly research on Canadian urban politics has never been extensive, and the few who teach in the field have had to make do with a limited range of textbooks, mostly focused on the institutions of local government. Those wanting to extend their coverage to deal with such issues as the importance of globalization, social movements, race and ethnicity, social inequality, urban political culture, regional governance, the media, and federal policy, have been forced to rely on an assemblage of diverse materials. As well, the politics of, and role played by, the suburbs is often marginal to most texts, focused as they are on the politics of the largest central cities.

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6

Smith, Brian C. "Urban Governance in Canada. Representation, Resources and Restructuring." Public Policy and Administration 13, no. 3 (July 1998): 90–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095207679801300307.

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7

Desbiens, Emelie. "Urban Forestry in Quebec." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 14, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1988.007.

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Urban forestry is a reality in the province of Quebec, Canada. Since 1977, several major events have encouraged greater recognition of this discipline in Quebec. For the last few years, the Ministry of the Environment of Quebec has assumed a certain leadership in Urban Forestry by providing substantial assistance. An urban forestry handbook was recently published and is currently distributed to municipalities and other parties involved in urban forestry. An urban forestry assistance program is offered by the Ministry to assist them in the development of municipal urban forestry programs.

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8

Turcotte, Martin. "L'urbain est-il plus tolérant: le Canada et les États-Unis." Canadian Journal of Political Science 34, no. 4 (December 2001): 819–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423901778109.

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The political tolerance and urban sociology literature indicates that urban residence is positively linked to tolerant attitudes and behaviour. Because the city favours more contacts with unconventional groups and individuals, urban dwellers develop a higher level of political tolerance. The present article tests the empirical relevance of the rural/urban cleavage in the Canadian context. The paper shows that ''urban'' political tolerance may be specific to the United States.

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9

Stanger-Ross, Jordan, and Hildy S. Ross. "Placing the Poor: The Ecology of Poverty in Postwar Urban Canada." Journal of Canadian Studies 46, no. 1 (November 2012): 213–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcs.46.1.213.

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10

Harris, Richard. "A social movement in urban politics: a reinterpretation of urban reform in Canada." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 11, no. 3 (September 1987): 363–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.1987.tb00055.x.

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11

Champagne, David. "Urban sustainability policies in neoliberal Canada: Room for social equity?" Current Sociology 68, no. 6 (December 12, 2019): 761–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011392119892668.

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A growing concern worldwide is whether or not urban sustainability policies promote social equity. In Western countries, sustainability policies are at the forefront of an emerging regime of urban governance. While some researchers have shown how such policies support, counter or ride along with predominant neoliberal trends, others suggest that they may form a beacon for progressive politics. However, these studies do not investigate whether the political economy of urban sustainability policies promotes equity on a national scale. The present article addresses this gap by investigating ‘sustainable city’ discourses in 11 Canadian municipalities. Contrary to recurring hopes, these policies do not fully embrace a return to social equity. Instead, they overwhelmingly privilege a form of ‘environmental neoliberalism’ by focusing on a creative, educated and professionalized urban community. The article examines how these policy discourses conceive social equity around the themes of economic growth, housing, income and democratic participation. Today’s urban compromise leaves little room for social equity.

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12

Doberstein, Carey. "Institutional Creation and Death: Urban Development Agreements in Canada." Journal of Urban Affairs 33, no. 5 (December 2011): 529–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.2011.00566.x.

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13

Sinclair, A. John, Jaclyn Diduck, and Peter N. Duinker. "Elicitation of urban forest values from residents of Winnipeg, Canada." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 44, no. 8 (August 2014): 922–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0016.

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Trees play pivotal roles in urban ecosystems through reducing temperature, increasing humidity, reducing wind speed, absorbing air pollutants, and reducing carbon dioxide, among other benefits. The urban forest will become increasingly influential through the 21st century. Urban development, however, alters the relationships and interactions between humans and trees, making their management complex. The values held by urbanites about trees in their towns and cities are critical to socially responsive urban forest management. The purpose of our research, therefore, was to determine how residents of the city of Winnipeg value their urban forests. Our data were collected through site tours, participant journals, photo-elicitation, and interviews. The results indicate that the people of Winnipeg feel strongly about trees, and their urban forest values are most often associated with the naturalness of the urban forest as experienced through recreational activities.

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WOOD, PATRICIA K., and LIETTE GILBERT. "Multiculturalism in Canada: Accidental Discourse, Alternative Vision, Urban Practice." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 29, no. 3 (September 2005): 679–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2005.00612.x.

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15

Feagin, Joe R., and Mark Gottdiener. "Toward a New Urban Ecology." Contemporary Sociology 15, no. 4 (July 1986): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2069256.

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16

Armstrong, David A., Jack Lucas, and Zack Taylor. "The Urban-Rural Divide in Canadian Federal Elections, 1896–2019." Canadian Journal of Political Science 55, no. 1 (November 2, 2021): 84–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423921000792.

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AbstractUsing a new measure of urbanity for every federal electoral district in Canada from 1896 to the present, this article describes the long-term development of the urban-rural divide in Canadian federal elections. We focus on three questions: (1) when the urban-rural divide has existed in Canada, identifying three main periods—the 1920s, the 1960s and 1993–present—in which the urban-rural cleavage has been especially important in federal elections; (2) where the urban-rural divide has existed, finding that in the postwar period the urban-rural cleavage is a pan-Canadian phenomenon; and (3) how well urbanity predicts district-level election outcomes. We argue that the urban-rural divide is important for understanding election outcomes during several periods of Canadian political development, and never more so than in recent decades. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for research on urban-rural cleavages, Canadian electoral politics and Canadian political development.

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17

Broadfoot, Jim D., Richard C. Rosatte, and David T. O'Leary. "RACCOON AND SKUNK POPULATION MODELS FOR URBAN DISEASE CONTROL PLANNING IN ONTARIO, CANADA." Ecological Applications 11, no. 1 (February 2001): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[0295:raspmf]2.0.co;2.

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18

Lundholm, Jeremy. "Ecology in the natural city: Testing and applying the Urban Cliff Hypothesis." Ekistics and The New Habitat 71, no. 424-426 (June 1, 2004): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.53910/26531313-e200471424-426230.

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The author is an assistant professor of Biology and Environmental Studies at Saint Mary's University, in Halifax, Nova Scotia , Canada. His main research interests are in urban ecology, rock outrcrop ecosystems and the maintenance of plant biodiversity.

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19

Baker, Matthew, Katie A. Berens, Shanna Williams, Kaila C. Bruer, Angela D. Evans, and Heather L. Price. "The Impact of COVID-19 on Social Work Practice in Canada." Journal of Comparative Social Work 16, no. 2 (December 21, 2021): 141–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/jcsw.v16i2.382.

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Social workers involved in child maltreatment investigations faced considerable challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. Interactions with children and families carried new restrictions and risks, which resulted in changes in practice. We conducted a two-phase, mixed-methods study which examined the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social workers who work with maltreated children from both urban and rural areas across Canada. More specifically, we examined changes in service delivery, as well as perceptions of safety, stress, worry, and how support differed between urban and rural social workers. Fifty social workers (62% urban, 38% rural) responded to the Phase 1 survey, disseminated in May 2020, with 34 (76% urban, 24% rural) responding to the Phase 2 survey in November 2020. Quantitative and qualitative data revealed that rural social workers reported more worry, stress and a greater need for mental health support, in addition to receiving less support than urban social workers during the first wave of COVID-19 cases. However, during the second wave of cases, urban social workers reported more stress, a greater need for mental health support, and receiving less support than rural social workers. Additional research is needed to further uncover the nature of the differences between rural and urban social workers, and to identify the prolonged effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on social workers.

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20

Ordóñez, Camilo, and Peter N. Duinker. "An analysis of urban forest management plans in Canada: Implications for urban forest management." Landscape and Urban Planning 116 (August 2013): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.04.007.

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21

McWilliam, Wendy, Paul Eagles, Mark Seasons, and Robert Brown. "Assessing the Degradation Effects of Local Residents on Urban Forests in Ontario, Canada." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 36, no. 6 (November 1, 2010): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2010.033.

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Urban forests provide essential social, ecological, and economic functions in support of their communities; however, surveys indicate adjacent residents conduct activities within their yards and the adjacent public forest edge that degrade these systems. Local governments rely on boundary-focused passive management and/or active management to limit impacts. Encroachment results from various boundary treatments; however, it is not known whether encroachment represents a substantial source of degradation within Ontario, Canada, municipal forests. To evaluate this, percentage cover of encroachment impacts adjacent to 186 homes within 40 forests of six Southern Ontario municipalities was surveyed. The results indicated degradation resulting from encroachment was substantial. Encroachment occurred in highly valued and sensitive ecosystems, and during sensitive time periods. This was highly prevalent and covered a substantial proportion of the forest edge. Some encroachment behaviors were particularly harmful, resulting in the loss of significant forest area to residential land uses. Furthermore, encroachments remained over long periods. The small sizes and convoluted shapes of urban forests leave them vulnerable to these impacts. Prevailing municipal strategies are insufficient to protect these systems from encroachment. To ensure their long term protection, municipalities and their communities need to substantially increase their commitment and resources for addressing encroachment.

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22

Hajnal, Zoltan L. "The Nature of Concentrated Urban Poverty in Canada and the United States." Canadian Journal of Sociology / Cahiers canadiens de sociologie 20, no. 4 (1995): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3341855.

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23

Sodhi, Navjot S., Paul C. James, Ian G. Warkentin, and Lynn W. Oliphant. "Breeding ecology of urban Merlins (Falco columbarius)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 8 (August 1, 1992): 1477–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-204.

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We studied the breeding ecology of Merlins (Falco columbarius) in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, from 1971 to 1990. The nesting population increased from 1 pair in 1971 to a maximum of 31 pairs in 1989. At 25.4 pairs/100 km2, the 1989 nesting density is the highest recorded for this species. The population increased at a rate of 0.165 ± 0.015, or 17.9%, per year. The growth rate of the population declined, although not significantly, with increasing density. Merlins spaced their nests regularly, with nearest-neighbour distances ranging from 161 to 4669 m. Clutches were initiated between 19 April and 29 May. Earlier clutches had more eggs and produced more young. Weather did not appear to influence the breeding phenology, but fledgling House Sparrows (Passer domesticus, the primary prey) were maximally available when Merlins had their chicks. The reproductive success of this population was one of the highest recorded for this species. In only 4% of the nests did any eggs fail to hatch. The mean and modal clutch sizes were 4.2 ± 0.04 (SE) and 5, respectively, and mean and modal brood sizes were 3.8 ± 0.03 and 5, respectively. We did not observe any significant effect of nesting density on either clutch or brood size. Males delivered most of the food and were most active in nest defence against corvids, while females primarily incubated, brooded, and fed the nestlings. This expanding Merlin population had higher and more consistent reproductive rates than other populations.

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24

Conway, Tenley M., and Lisa Urbani. "Variations in municipal urban forestry policies: A case study of Toronto, Canada." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 6, no. 3 (October 2007): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2007.07.003.

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25

Peckham, Shawna C., Peter N. Duinker, and Camilo Ordóñez. "Urban forest values in Canada: Views of citizens in Calgary and Halifax." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 12, no. 2 (January 2013): 154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2013.01.001.

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26

Walby, Kevin, and Chris Hurl. "Policing Urban Natures: Conservation Officer Work in Ottawa and Toronto, Canada." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 38, no. 4 (February 24, 2014): 1476–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12122.

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27

Magasi, Laszlo. "Insects and Diseases of the Urban Forest in the Maritimes." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1995.002.

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There are over 3500 insect species and over 400 diseases known to affect trees in the Maritimes. These add further stresses to trees already faced with existing environmental and urban challenges. Urban tree pests affect all parts of nearly all tree species. Insects and diseases affecting the various tree parts - foliage, shoots, twigs and branches, trunk and roots - are very briefly discussed and a few local examples are mentioned for hardwoods and conifers. Five references are cited for insect and disease identification in eastern Canada.

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28

Rice, Peter. "Restoration of a Wildlife Sanctuary in an Urban Setting." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 17, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1991.006.

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The Royal Botanical Gardens' Board has adopted a primary policy objective for Cootes Paradise: to manage the area as an urban wildlife sanctuary and to promote strategies that would sustain and enhance the diversity of the habitats. Under agreement with Ducks Unlimited Canada, Royal Botanical Gardens intends to undertake a project, the goal of which is to restore and manage a fully functioning marsh in nearly half of the wetland area (82 ha). This project is especially important because a rehabilitated marsh will be situated within an urban context. This poses unique challenges in developing appropriate management strategies to deal with both wildlife and the visiting public.

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Vera-Toscano, Esperanza, Alfons Weersink, and Euan Phimister. "Earnings Mobility of Rural versus Urban Workers in Canada." Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie 51, no. 2 (July 2003): 241–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7976.2003.tb00175.x.

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30

Kennedy, Leslie W., Robert A. Silverman, and David R. Forde. "Homicide in Urban Canada: Testing the Impact of Economic Inequality and Social Disorganization." Canadian Journal of Sociology / Cahiers canadiens de sociologie 16, no. 4 (1991): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3340961.

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31

McGahan, Peter, and Richard H. Leach. "Whatever Happened to Urban Policy? A Comparative Study of Urban Policy in Australia, Canada and the United States." Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques 12, no. 2 (June 1986): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3550495.

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32

Glenney, Brian, and Steve Mull. "Skateboarding and the Ecology of Urban Space." Journal of Sport and Social Issues 42, no. 6 (September 25, 2018): 437–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193723518800525.

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Skateboarding poses a unique case study for considering the place of sport in human activity. The bulk of skateboarding scholarship argues that skateboarding is largely a subversion of rule governance, a view difficult to square with common and popular rule-governed skateboarding competitions, now including the Olympics. We attempt to resolve this tension by arguing for a kind of pluralism: skateboarding’s engagement in rule-governed competition is distinctly subversive, yielding the claim that skateboarding is both sport and subversion. This pluralism is examined in an “ecological” framework of emergent activities defined by push-pull interactive relationships between skateboarders and their environment that change the meaning of their spaces—whether domestic, urban, or competitive—to spaces that are both wild and spontaneous. We conclude with reflections on how skateboarding provides understanding of sport in the space of ecological meaning.

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33

Young, Janette. "Animal Metropolis: Histories of Human–Animal Relations in Urban Canada." Anthrozoös 32, no. 2 (March 4, 2019): 297–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2019.1569911.

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34

Zarifa, David, Brad Seward, and Roger Pizarro Milian. "Location, location, location: Examining the rural-urban skills gap in Canada." Journal of Rural Studies 72 (December 2019): 252–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.10.032.

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35

McGee, Tara K. "Urban residents’ approval of management measures to mitigate wildland–urban interface fire risks in Edmonton, Canada." Landscape and Urban Planning 82, no. 4 (October 2007): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.03.001.

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36

Connolly, Creighton. "Urban Political Ecology Beyond Methodological Cityism." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 43, no. 1 (October 12, 2018): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12710.

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37

Peper, Paula J., Claudia P. Alzate, John W. McNeil, and Jalil Hashemi. "Allometric equations for urban ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) in Oakville, Southern Ontario, Canada." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 13, no. 1 (2014): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2013.07.002.

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38

Moncrief, Gary F., and Joel A. Thompson. "Urban and Rural Ridings and Women in Provincial Politics in Canada: A Research Note on Female MLAs." Canadian Journal of Political Science 24, no. 4 (December 1991): 831–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423900005680.

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AbstractSeveral previous studies have noted that women constitute a relatively small proportion of provincial legislators in Canada. Numerous explanations for this phenomenon exist, most of which are identified clearly by Brodie, Bashevkin, Burt and others. In this research note, the authors examine the relationship between the proportion of female legislators and the urban/rural nature of the electoral district. They find that there is a distinct difference in the proportion of female legislators who represent urban districts compared to rural districts. This urban-rural disparity exists regardless of political party affiliation. Moreover, the gap appears to be widening over time.

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Larson, Doug W., Uta Matthes, Peter E. Kelly, Jeremy Lundholm, and John A. Gerrath. "The Urban Cliff Hypothesis and its relevance to ekistics." Ekistics and The New Habitat 71, no. 424-426 (June 1, 2004): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.53910/26531313-e200471424-426228.

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The Cliff Ecology Research Group (CERG), Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, has been in existence since 1985 when its members began working on the ecology of the Niagara Escarpment (fig. 1). In 1988 they discovered a stand of ancient trees growing on the cliffs and in 1989 they discovered that in fact the escarpment cliffs support the oldest and least disturbed forest ecosystem in Canada. Individual living trees older than 1,300 years are still present and the forest appears to be in steady state. CERG's work on the ancient trees led to the idea that cliffs serve as refuges for many species including ancient humans. That observation led to the development of the Urban Cliff Hypothesis that is described in this paper and was presented at the international symposion on " The Natural City, " Toronto, 23-25 June, 2004, sponsored by the University of Toronto's Division of the Environment, Institute for Environmental Studies, and the World Society for Ekistics, and also led to the recent book entitled The Urban Cliff Revolution.

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Leslie, Deborah, and Norma M. Rantisi. "Governing the Design Economy in MontrÉal, Canada." Urban Affairs Review 41, no. 3 (January 2006): 309–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078087405281107.

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41

Catton, H. A., S. St. George, and W. R. Remphrey. "An Evaluation of Bur Oak (Quercus macrocarpa Decline in the Urban Forest of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 33, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2007.003.

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Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, has a large, indigenous population of bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa Michx.). In the 1980s, many of these trees were showing signs of decline, a disease caused by a complex of abiotic and secondary biotic stressing agents. Potential causal factors were investigated by comparing various aspects of 120 bur oaks visually rated as healthy or declined based on crown dieback levels. The results indicated that many selected bur oak trees predated surrounding urban development and that declined trees were significantly older with more severe stem wounds and competition from surrounding trees than healthy specimens. Average annual growth ring widths of healthy and declined trees were similar in the early part of the 20th century. However, decline actually began decades before symptoms were noticed, coinciding with a period of intense city-wide urban development, as growth of declined trees was slower than that of healthy trees beginning sporadically in the 1940s and consistently from 1974 to 2001. During the early years of decline, the year-by-year separation in ring width between the two categories was significantly positively related to precipitation levels. This suggested that in wet years, declined trees may have been surrounded by unfavorable water-logged soils, possibly as a result of natural drainage patterns being impeded by urban development.

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42

Eirich, Russell. "Establishing Action Thresholds for Control of Cankerworms in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 34, no. 2 (March 1, 2008): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2008.009.

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An action threshold (AT) is often established to determine if and when control treatments are required for pest populations. In municipal settings, control treatments for insects defoliating the urban forest are typically determined in response to customer requests, maintenance demands of highly visible municipal public spaces, economic requirements, and actual insect damage. In 2006, the City of Regina Integrated Pest Management section created a new method of establishing an AT for cankerworm control by determining if monitoring counts for female cankerworms (Paleacrita vernata Peck and Alsophila pometria L.) were greater than 95% of an identified “normal” population range when based on historical records.

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Browne, Constance L., S. Andrew Sullivan, and Donald F. McAlpine. "Freshwater turtle by-catch from angling in New Brunswick, Canada." Canadian Field-Naturalist 134, no. 3 (November 28, 2020): 222–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v134i3.2437.

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Turtles are among the most threatened vertebrate taxa, with populations especially vulnerable to any increase in adult mortality. By-catch from freshwater angling, as a potential cause of turtle mortality is poorly documented and little understood. Here we document cases of turtle by-catch by recreational anglers in an urban park in New Brunswick and among the wider angling communities in the province. We also consider factors that may influence rates of hooking. Although we are unable to estimate turtle hooking frequency for the provincial recreational angling community as a whole, five of 75 (~7%) anglers interviewed in the urban park reported interactions with a turtle, with most reported incidents (75%) involving hooking. Snapping Turtles (Chelydra serpentina) seem to be more prone to hooking than Eastern Painted Turtles (Chrysemys picta picta). Although we conclude that turtle hooking by recreational anglers appears to be generally uncommon in New Brunswick, even apparently low by-catch rates may be sufficient to lead to population declines at heavily fished sites. The collection of additional data on turtle by-catch in the recreational fishery in Canada is warranted.

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Jacques, Olivier, and Benjamin Ferland. "Distributive Politics in Canada: The Case of Infrastructure Spending in Rural and Suburban Districts." Canadian Journal of Political Science 54, no. 1 (January 22, 2021): 96–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423920000955.

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AbstractThis article examines the presence of geographically targeted spending in the allocation of infrastructure projects in Canada. Building on formal models of distributive politics, we expect government districts, core government districts and swing districts to be advantaged in terms of infrastructure projects. We also investigate whether characteristics of Members of Parliament (MPs), such as seniority or holding a cabinet position, influence the distribution of infrastructure projects. Empirically, we analyze the amount of funding allocated by Infrastructure Canada across non-urban federal electoral districts between 2006 and 2018. Our results indicate that non-urban governmental districts receive, on average, more money than opposition districts, and that this is even more the case for core government districts. In contrast, we found little evidence that cabinet ministers or senior MPs are able to attract more funding to their constituencies compared to other representatives.

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Doberstein, Carey. "Metagovernance of urban governance networks in Canada: In pursuit of legitimacy and accountability." Canadian Public Administration 56, no. 4 (December 2013): 584–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/capa.12041.

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Gosser, Allen L., and Michael R. Conover. "Will the Availability of Insular Nesting Sites Limit Reproduction in Urban Canada Goose Populations?" Journal of Wildlife Management 63, no. 1 (January 1999): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3802521.

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Rothenburger, Jamie L., Chelsea G. Himsworth, Krista M. D. La Perle, Frederick A. Leighton, Nicole M. Nemeth, Piper M. Treuting, and Claire M. Jardine. "Pathology of wild Norway rats in Vancouver, Canada." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 31, no. 2 (March 2019): 184–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638719833436.

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To achieve a contemporary understanding of the common and rare lesions that affect wild, urban Norway rats ( Rattus norvegicus), we conducted a detailed pathology analysis of 672 rats from Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Grossly evident lesions, such as wounds, abscesses, and neoplasms, were present in 71 of 672 rats (11%) and tended to be severe. The most common and significant lesions were infectious and inflammatory, most often affecting the respiratory tract and associated with bite wounds. We assessed a subset of rats (up to n = 406 per tissue) for the presence of microscopic lesions in a variety of organ systems. The most frequent lesions that could impact individual rat health included cardiomyopathy (128 of 406; 32%), chronic respiratory tract infections as indicated by pulmonary inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (270 of 403; 67%), tracheitis (192 of 372; 52%), and thyroid follicular hyperplasia (142 of 279; 51%). We isolated 21 bacterial species from purulent lesions in rats with bacterial infections, the most frequent of which were Escherichia coli, Enterococcus sp., and Staphylococcus aureus. Parasitic diseases in rats resulted from infection with several invasive nematodes: Capillaria hepatica in the liver (242 of 672; 36%), Eucoleus sp. in the upper gastrointestinal tract (164 of 399; 41%), and Trichosomoides crassicauda in the urinary bladder (59 of 194; 30%). Neoplastic, congenital, and degenerative lesions were rare, which likely reflects their adverse effect on survival in the urban environment. Our results establish a baseline of expected lesions in wild urban rats, which may have implications for urban rat and zoonotic pathogen ecology, as well as rat control in cities worldwide.

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Smith, Paul G. R. "Characteristics of Urban Natural Areas Influencing Winter Bird Use in Southern Ontario, Canada." Environmental Management 39, no. 3 (January 2, 2007): 338–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-005-0028-2.

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Pedlar, John H., Daniel W. McKenney, Denys Yemshanov, and Emily S. Hope. "Potential Economic Impacts of the Asian Longhorned Beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Eastern Canada." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 2 (December 6, 2019): 839–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz317.

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Abstract The Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky) continues to pose a significant risk to deciduous forests around the world. We assess Asian longhorned beetle-related risks in eastern Canada by generating current and future climate suitability maps, import-based likelihood of introduction estimates for each urban center in our study area, and potential economic impacts in both urban and natural settings. For the current period, climatic suitability for Asian longhorned beetle was highest in southern Ontario, but was projected to expand significantly northward and eastward by midcentury. High likelihood of Asian longhorned beetle introduction was associated with large urban centers, but also smaller centers with high levels of pest-associated imports. Potential costs for the removal and replacement of Asian longhorned beetle-impacted street trees ranged from CDN$8.6 to $12.2 billion, with the exact amount and city-level ranking depending on the method used to calculate risk. Potential losses of merchantable maple (Acer) timber were estimated at CDN$1.6 billion using provincial stumpage fees and CDN$431 million annually when calculated using a combination of economic and forestry product statistics. The gross value of edible maple products, which could potentially be affected by Asian longhorned beetle, was estimated at CDN$358 million annually. These values can help inform the scale of early detection surveys, potential eradication efforts, and research budgets in the event of future Asian longhorned beetle introductions.

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Taylor, Gregory, Catherine Middleton, and Xavier Fernando. "A Question of Scarcity: Spectrum and Canada's Urban Core." Journal of Information Policy 7, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 120–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.7.1.0120.

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Abstract This article uses a case study of urban Canada to explore the contentious issue of spectrum scarcity. Drawing upon infrastructure studies, this article argues for more critical approaches to this essential element of contemporary communications. The first part of the article explores positions of various actors in the antagonistic debate regarding spectrum scarcity in the lead up to the Canadian 700 MHz spectrum auction, held in 2014. The second part of the article provides unique empirical data for spectrum traffic on licensed frequencies in a busy urban location. The article reaches an unanticipated conclusion that demonstrates shortcomings in current allocation methods.

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