Relevant bibliographies by topics / Urban ecology (Biology) – Australia

Academic literature on the topic 'Urban ecology (Biology) – Australia'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Urban ecology (Biology) – Australia"

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Connell, K. A., U. Munro, and F. R. Torpy. "Daytime behaviour of the grey-headed flying fox Pteropus poliocephalus Temminck (Pteropodidae: Megachiroptera) at an autumn/winter roost." Australian Mammalogy 28, no. 1 (2006): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am06002.

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The grey-headed flying fox (Pteropus poliocephalus Temminck) is a threatened large fruit bat endemic to Australia. It roosts in large colonies in rainforest patches, mangroves, open forest, riparian woodland and, as native habitat is reduced, increasingly in vegetation within urban environments. The general biology, ecology and behaviour of this bat remain largely unknown, which makes it difficult to effectively monitor, protect and manage this species. The current study provides baseline information on the daytime behaviour of P. poliocephalus in an autumn/winter roost in urban Sydney, Australia, between April and August 2003. The most common daytime behaviours expressed by the flying foxes were sleeping (most common), grooming, mating/courtship, and wing spreading (least common). Behaviours differed significantly between times of day and seasons (autumn and winter). Active behaviours (i.e., grooming, mating/courtship, wing spreading) occurred mainly in the morning, while sleeping predominated in the afternoon. Mating/courtship and wing spreading were significantly higher in April (reproductive period) than in winter (non-reproductive period). Grooming was the only behaviour that showed no significant variation between sample periods. These results provide important baseline data for future comparative studies on the behaviours of flying foxes from urban and ?natural? camps, and the development of management strategies for this species.
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Plowright, Raina K., Patrick Foley, Hume E. Field, Andy P. Dobson, Janet E. Foley, Peggy Eby, and Peter Daszak. "Urban habituation, ecological connectivity and epidemic dampening: the emergence of Hendra virus from flying foxes ( Pteropus spp.)." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1725 (May 11, 2011): 3703–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0522.

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Anthropogenic environmental change is often implicated in the emergence of new zoonoses from wildlife; however, there is little mechanistic understanding of these causal links. Here, we examine the transmission dynamics of an emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus, Hendra virus (HeV), in its endemic host, Australian Pteropus bats (fruit bats or flying foxes). HeV is a biosecurity level 4 (BSL-4) pathogen, with a high case-fatality rate in humans and horses. With models parametrized from field and laboratory data, we explore a set of probable contributory mechanisms that explain the spatial and temporal pattern of HeV emergence; including urban habituation and decreased migration—two widely observed changes in flying fox ecology that result from anthropogenic transformation of bat habitat in Australia. Urban habituation increases the number of flying foxes in contact with human and domestic animal populations, and our models suggest that, in addition, decreased bat migratory behaviour could lead to a decline in population immunity, giving rise to more intense outbreaks after local viral reintroduction. Ten of the 14 known HeV outbreaks occurred near urbanized or sedentary flying fox populations, supporting these predictions. We also demonstrate that by incorporating waning maternal immunity into our models, the peak modelled prevalence coincides with the peak annual spill-over hazard for HeV. These results provide the first detailed mechanistic framework for understanding the sporadic temporal pattern of HeV emergence, and of the urban/peri-urban distribution of HeV outbreaks in horses and people.
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Jung, Kirsten, and Caragh Grace Threlfall. "Trait-dependent tolerance of bats to urbanization: a global meta-analysis." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1885 (August 22, 2018): 20181222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1222.

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Urbanization is a severe threat to global biodiversity, often leading to taxonomic and functional homogenization. However, current urban ecology research has focused mostly on urban birds and plants, limiting our ability to make generalizations about the drivers of urban biodiversity globally. To address this gap, we conducted a global meta-analysis of 87 studies, including 180 bat species (Chiroptera) from urban areas in Asia, Australia, Europe, North and South America. We aimed to (i) understand the importance of functional traits and phylogeny in driving changes in urban bat assemblages, and (ii) assess the capacity of traits for predicting which types of species are most sensitive to urbanization. Our results indicate that species-specific functional traits explain differences in the intensity of urban habitat use. Urban tolerance mainly occurred within the open and edge space foraging and trawling species as well as in bats with flexible roosting strategies. In addition, across bioregions and independent of phylogeny, urban tolerance correlated with higher aspect ratio, a trait enabling fast flight but less agile manoeuvres during aerial food acquisition. Predictive success varied between bioregions, between 43 and 83%. Our analysis demonstrates that the local extinction of bat species in urban areas is non-random, trait-based and predictable, allowing urban landscape managers to tailor local conservation actions to particular types of species.
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Close, Dugald C., Giuseppe Messina, Siegfried L. Krauss, Deanna P. Rokich, Jennifer Stritzke, and Kingsley W. Dixon. "Conservation biology of the rare species Conospermum undulatum and Macarthuria keigheryi in an urban bushland remnant." Australian Journal of Botany 54, no. 6 (2006): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt05205.

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We evaluated the utility of a focussed, short-duration research program for investigation of two rare species that occur within an urban bushland remnant, with application for improving conservation management and translocation outcomes. Conospermum undulatum Lindl. is listed as Threatened and Macarthuria keigheryi Lepschi is listed as Vulnerable under the (Australian) Federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. The C. undulatum population lacked evidence of juvenile plants, indicating either lack of a suitable germination cue or failure of seedling establishment. The M. keigheryi population was browsed heavily by feral rabbits where exposed and thrived when sheltered within unpalatable vegetation from rabbits. Seeds of M. keigheryi were rapidly removed in an ant cafeteria-style experiment, although seeds of the related Macarthuria australis and an ‘outgroup’ species, Gompholobium tomentosum, were removed at equally high rates. Seed viability was high in M. keigheryi, but variable in C. undulatum. Germination rates, in untreated fresh seed, were 11% for C. undulatum and 0% for M. keigheryi and increased to 27 and 3%, respectively, when treated with gibberellic acid. Maximum strike rates for cuttings of 33 and ~75% were obtained for C. undulatum and M. keigheryi, respectively. Cutting-grown plants of M. keigheryi flowered and seeded profusely in the nursery within 7 months, providing a highly effective seed-orchard resource for research and conservation seed banking. Genetic fingerprinting (AFLP) indicated that the C. undulatum population at Perth Airport was not genetically distinct from nearby C. undulatum populations, despite its relatively high variability in leaf morphology. All C. undulatum populations contained moderate to high levels of genetic variation, with the percentage of AFLP markers polymorphic ranging from 48.6 to 64.9%, and heterozygosity from 0.167 to 0.202. Overall, the knowledge gained from this program of short duration will enable informed management and will underpin successful population enhancement through future translocations.
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Páez, David J., Olivier Restif, Peggy Eby, and Raina K. Plowright. "Optimal foraging in seasonal environments: implications for residency of Australian flying foxes in food-subsidized urban landscapes." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1745 (March 12, 2018): 20170097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0097.

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Bats provide important ecosystem services such as pollination of native forests; they are also a source of zoonotic pathogens for humans and domestic animals. Human-induced changes to native habitats may have created more opportunities for bats to reside in urban settings, thus decreasing pollination services to native forests and increasing opportunities for zoonotic transmission. In Australia, fruit bats ( Pteropus spp. flying foxes) are increasingly inhabiting urban areas where they feed on anthropogenic food sources with nutritional characteristics and phenology that differ from native habitats. We use optimal foraging theory to investigate the relationship between bat residence time in a patch, the time it takes to search for a new patch (simulating loss of native habitat) and seasonal resource production. We show that it can be beneficial to reside in a patch, even when food productivity is low, as long as foraging intensity is low and the expected searching time is high. A small increase in the expected patch searching time greatly increases the residence time, suggesting nonlinear associations between patch residence and loss of seasonal native resources. We also found that sudden increases in resource consumption due to an influx of new bats has complex effects on patch departure times that again depend on expected searching times and seasonality. Our results suggest that the increased use of urban landscapes by bats may be a response to new spatial and temporal configurations of foraging opportunities. Given that bats are reservoir hosts of zoonotic diseases, our results provide a framework to study the effects of foraging ecology on disease dynamics. One contribution of 14 to a theme isssue ‘Anthropogenic resource subsidies and host–parasite dynamics in wildlife’.
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Duan, Qibin, Chris Carmody, Basil Donovan, Rebecca J. Guy, Ben B. Hui, John M. Kaldor, Monica M. Lahra, et al. "Modelling response strategies for controlling gonorrhoea outbreaks in men who have sex with men in Australia." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 11 (November 4, 2021): e1009385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009385.

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The ability to treat gonorrhoea with current first-line drugs is threatened by the global spread of extensively drug resistant (XDR) Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) strains. In Australia, urban transmission is high among men who have sex with men (MSM) and importation of an XDR NG strain in this population could result in an epidemic that would be difficult and costly to control. An individual-based, anatomical site-specific mathematical model of NG transmission among Australian MSM was developed and used to evaluate the potential for elimination of an imported NG strain under a range of case-based and population-based test-and-treat strategies. When initiated upon detection of the imported strain, these strategies enhance the probability of elimination and reduce the outbreak size compared with current practice (current testing levels and no contact tracing). The most effective strategies combine testing targeted at regular and casual partners with increased rates of population testing. However, even with the most effective strategies, outbreaks can persist for up to 2 years post-detection. Our simulations suggest that local elimination of imported NG strains can be achieved with high probability using combined case-based and population-based test-and-treat strategies. These strategies may be an effective means of preserving current treatments in the event of wider XDR NG emergence.
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Gemmell, R. T. "Breeding Biology of Brushtail Possums Trichosurus vulpecula (Marsupialia, Phalangeridae) in Captivity." Australian Mammalogy 18, no. 1 (1995): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am95001.

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The brushtail possum is a common arboreal marsupial that is well adapted to the Australian urban environment and to rearing in captivity. Data obtained from 100 female possums housed in a semi-captive colony over a 7 year period demonstrate the reproductive capability of this marsupial. The main breeding season is from March to June with a declining number of births occurring from July to October. The possums gave birth to 259 single young and one set of twins. The range of the lactation period was from 177 to 200 days with the birth of the subsequent young occurring at 188.4 ± 4.1 days post partum (SD, n = 5). The growth rate of the young female possum varied greatly after day 100 post partum, the mean body weight of possums at day 172, being 753.0 ± 76.2g (SD, n = 5) with a range of 685 to 851 g. Female possums, with a mean body weight of 2171 ± 388g, gave birth to their first litter on day 345.9 ± 69.3 days postpartum (mean, SD, n = 7). Although two female possums trapped in the wild were held in captivity for 64 and 63.4 months and one possum bred in captivity had a life span of 51.5 months, the mean life span was 21.0 ± 12.5 months (SD, n =3D 8), with a range of 14.3 to 51.5 months. This life span is very variable and it is of interest to determine if this is an artefact of captivity or is also observed in the wild.
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Noske, Richard A. "Breeding biology, demography and success of the rufous-banded honeyeater, Conopophila albogularis, in Darwin, a monsoonal tropical city." Wildlife Research 25, no. 4 (1998): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr97070.

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The rufous-banded honeyeater, Conopophila albogularis, is probably the commonest small bird species in the suburbs of Darwin, Northern Territory. Nearly twenty pairs of this species were colour-banded on the Casuarina campus of the Northern Territory University, where they occupied territories of 0.15–0.47 ha all year-round, indicating a density of up to 12 birds ha-1. Six out of 48 birds survived 5 or more years, one individual being 9 years old at the time of writing. Males were larger in the four morphological dimensions measured. Breeding behaviour was recorded in every month of the year, but was concentrated in the late dry and wet seasons (September–March), commencing about two months before the rains. Over half of 274 nests were built in black wattles, Acacia auriculiformis, a common pioneer species both within urban Darwin and monsoon rainforest ecotones of the Northern Territory. Contrary to the literature, both sexes participated in building the nest, and the incubation and nestling periods each lasted 14 days. The clutch size was usually two (78%), and mean clutch size for 85 nests was 2.1 eggs. Nest success was about 70%, hatching success of eggs was 74% and fledging rate of nestlings 87%. Four broods per season were common, and two pairs successfully raised five broods in one season. Average annual pair productivity was 5.8 fledglings (possibly the highest yet recorded for an Australian passerine species), one pair raising a remarkable 32 young over five seasons (6.4 fledglings per season). The exceptionally high nest success and productivity were probably mainly due to the scarcity of predators, and the long breeding season, respectively, the latter being facilitated by artificial watering of gardens and lawns during the dry season. The colonising success of this species in Darwin is attributed to Darwin’s coastal location and the close proximity of favoured natural habitats, as well as the generalised diet of the species and its predilection for the abundant black wattle.
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McPherson, J. R. "Studies in Urban Ecology: Strangler Figs in the Urban Parklands of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia." Australian Geographical Studies 37, no. 3 (November 1999): 214–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8470.00080.

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Fulton, Graham R., Grace R. Fulton, and Yee Wan Cheung. "A comparison of urban and peri-urban/hinterland nocturnal birds at Brisbane, Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 26, no. 3 (2020): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc19042.

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This study identified and compared the abundance and detectability of owls and other nocturnal birds, over 1 year, in an urban parkland of a Brisbane suburb to a peri-urban/hinterland/rainforest site 27km away. Five owl species were detected, but only at the peri-urban/hinterland/rainforest site, they were powerful owl Ninox strenua, southern boobook Ninox boobook, sooty owl, Tyto tenebricosa, masked owl Tyto novaehollandiae and barn owl Tyto alba. A single southern boobook was detected outside the study, at the urban site. The tawny frogmouth Podargus strigoides was only detected at the urban site whereas the plumed frogmouth Podargus ocellatus plumiferus was only detected at the rainforest site. The bush stone-curlew Burhinus grallarius was the most frequently detected nocturnal species, yet we discuss its recent decline in Brisbane. Incidentally recorded mammals, reptiles, frogs and diurnal birds are given. The rainforest site had more scansorial mammals whereas the urban site had more possums, dogs and cats.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Urban ecology (Biology) – Australia"

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Lohr, Michael Thomas. "Response of Australian Boobooks (Ninox boobook) to threatening processes across urban, agricultural, and woodland ecosystems." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2019. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2255.

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The effects of habitat fragmentation on native wildlife can vary depending on the type of land use occurring in the matrix between remaining habitat fragments. I used Australian boobooks (Ninox boobook) in Western Australia to investigate interactions between matrix type and four different potential threatening processes: secondary poisoning by anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs); limitation of juvenile dispersal and impacts on spatial genetic structure; breeding site availability; and infection by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. I also conducted a literature review on the use and regulation of ARs in Australia and published accounts of non-target impacts in order to contextualise exposure patterns observed in boobooks. The review revealed records of confirmed or suspected poisoning across 37 vertebrate species in Australia. World literature relating to AR exposure in reptiles suggests that they may be less susceptible to AR poisoning than birds and mammals. This relative resistance may create unevaluated risks for wildlife and humans in Australia where reptiles are more abundant than in cooler regions where AR exposure has been studied in greater depth. I analysed AR residues in boobook livers across multiple habitat types. Second generation anticoagulant rodenticides were detected in 72.6% of individuals sampled. Total AR concentration correlated positively with the proportion of urban land use within an area approximately the size of a boobook’s home range centred on the point where the sample was collected. ARs originating in urban habitat probably pose a substantial threat to boobooks and other predatory wildlife species. No spatial genetic structure was evident in boobooks across habitat types. I observed one individual dispersing at least 26km from its natal home range across urban habitat. The apparent permeability of anthropogenically altered landscapes probably explains the lack of spatial genetic structure and is likely related to the observed ability of boobooks to use resources in both urban and agricultural matrices. Boobooks did not appear to be limited by the availability of suitable nesting sites in urban or agricultural landscapes. Occupancy did not change significantly over the duration of the study in remnants provided with artificial nest boxes in either landscape type. However, in one instance, boobooks successfully used a nest box located in an urban bushland. Nest boxes may be a useful management tool in highly-altered areas where natural hollows are unavailable. Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity in boobooks did not vary significantly by landscape type but was more prevalent in individuals sampled during cooler wetter times of year. Risk of exposure due to greater cat abundance in urban and agricultural landscapes may be offset by creation of environmental conditions less favourable to the survival of T. gondii oocysts in soil. Taken together, this body of research demonstrates variation in relationships between different types of habitat fragmentation and threatening processes related to fragmentation. This research also raises questions about how habitat fragmentation is discussed and studied in the context of species which are capable of making extensive use of matrix habitat. I recommend greater consideration of the concept of “usable space” when studying fragmentation impacts in habitat generalists.
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Main, Michael Thomas. "An investigation into the spatial distribution, habitat selection and resource usage of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) inhabiting urban reserves within Perth, Western Australia." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2020. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2351.

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I attempted to track a population of urban foxes in Kings Park, but due to collar failure, only one collar was retrieved. The GPS telemetry data from this fox produced home range estimates for minimum convex polygon (MCP) and kernel density (KD) of 0.302 km² and 0.331 km², respectively. The fox was predominantly active at night, with a ten-fold increase in movement during nocturnal periods when compared to daytime movements. Roads and man-made tracks were important for facilitating movement of the fox through its home range, with almost 97% of location fixes recorded within 100m of these features. The fox showed a preference for parrot bush Banksia sessilis shrubland and disturbed areas containing exotic weeds and revegetation, while avoiding woodlands and open spaces. Monitoring programs aimed at assessing the abundance of invasive species, as well as the severity of their impacts to the environment, are crucial for designing and implementing effective control strategies. I investigated the relative occupancy and diet of foxes at the local scale. Thirty one fox scats taken from two urban reserves revealed that medium-sized mammals, particularly brush-tailed possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) and quenda (Isoodon fusciventer), and black rats (Rattus rattus) comprised a large proportion of fox diet. Fruits and seeds, predominantly those produced by the Moreton Bay Fig (Ficus macrophylla), also contributed to a large portion of the diet of foxes. I used 21 motion cameras deployed across 10 monitoring sites to estimate fox occupancy within Kings Park. Seasonality had a significant influence on probability of occupancy and detection for foxes inhabiting Kings Park, with the highest rates of detection seen during the summer months (December-February). This spike in detections is consistent with the timing of dispersing juveniles, which are likely to be immigrating into the area in search of a suitable home range. Improving the effectiveness of conservation strategies through collaborative research is a key outcome of the Kings Park and Botanic Gardens Management Plan 2014-2019 strategic framework and implementing control measures for pest animals is a priority target for both this plan and the Bold Park Management Plan 2011-2016. Numerous methods have been used to control and/or mitigate their impacts within Australia, however, the success rates of these strategies vary. With the information gained from this investigation, it is my hope that future fox monitoring and control programs can be improved within the reserves and surrounding land uses.
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Stenhouse, Renae N. "Ecology and management of bushland in Australian cities." University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2005. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2005.0027.

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[Truncated abstract] Native vegetation (bushland) in urban areas remains in small, isolated patches embedded within a matrix of human-dominated land uses. Bushlands in urban areas have high biodiversity conservation and social values, and there has been a local-level movement towards protecting and managing urban bushlands in Australia. This thesis aims to test principles, theories and concepts relating to the ecology and management of bushland fragments in Australian cities ... A commonly used qualitative scale was compared with an ecologically based, quantitative technique developed in the research. The qualitative scale was found to be a reliable proxy for assessing vegetation condition, while also being more user-friendly for community groups and other bushland managers. The human-caused disturbances and weed cover in urban bushlands indicate a need for management intervention. Local government has an important role in local biodiversity management, yet there has been little research on this topic ... Positive partnerships developed where local governments have taken a ‘contract model’ approach to volunteer coordination, have a number of expectations of volunteer groups, and provide the groups with relatively high level of assistance. Also important is a local government that supports, respects, trusts and communicates with the community group, and recognises volunteers’ skills, knowledge and contributions. With increased resources allocated to local government bushland management and conservation, and coordination with community groups, the full potential of local bushland management would be realised.
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St, John-Sweeting Robin. "The biology and ecology of rampion mignonette Reseda phyteuma L." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AFM/09afms152.pdf.

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Bibliography: leaves 82-89. Rampion mignonette is an annual to short-lived perennial agricultural weed from the Mediterranean region, first found in vineyards at Clare, South Australia, in 1986. The biology and ecology of rampion mignonette was studied to provide a basis for its integrated control and management. The study includes a literature review, maps of world and Australian distribution and drawings showing plant habit and details. A field survey found that rampion mignonette showed little migration and that containment and population reduction could be achieved by careful management including both chemical and cultural techniques. Common herbicides were also found to be effective in controlling the weed. An experiment established that it is unlikely to become a major weed of broadacre crops and pastures in the South Australian dryland farming system. It does however have the potential to compete with grapevines and reduce grape yields.
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Lewis, Marty. "Exotic brown widows versus native black widows in urban southern California." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1523089.

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The brown widow spider Latrodectus geometricus was discovered in southern California in 2003, and anecdotal evidence suggested that native western black widow Latrodectus hesperus populations are declining due to L. geometricus, but there were no quantitative studies that tested potential mechanisms. I related species abundances to temperature, humidity, human population size, human home number and elevation. I also conducted laboratory experiments on competition for dwellings, prey consumption and capture web properties. Brown and black widow abundances were highest in coastal and desert parks, respectively. Unlike L. hesperus, L. geometricus abundances did not decrease from summer toarinter. Brown widow egg sacs were more abundant than black widows at coastal parks. Brown widow abundance and human population size were positively related. Black widow abundances were negatively correlated with humidity. Prey consumption and web structure did not differ between species, but brown widows were highly successful at displacing black widows from dwelling spaces under warm conditions.

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O'Shea, Owen. "The ecology and biology of stingays (Dasyatidae) at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." Thesis, O'Shea, Owen (2012) The ecology and biology of stingays (Dasyatidae) at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2012. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/13760/.

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Batoids make up a significant portion of the biomass in coastal and nearshore ecosystems, yet few data are available on the functional role and life history characteristics of rays in these environments. Given their conservative life history traits and vulnerability to extrinsic pressures, urgent information is required to further understand this little known group of fishes. The objectives of this research were to assess the biological and ecological characteristics of tropical stingrays at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. More specifically, I wanted to quantify the physical and biological impacts associated with predation by stingrays, prey specificity and trophic resource partitioning and age and growth of five sympatric species (Himantura uarnak, Neotrygon kuhlii, Pastinachus atrus, Taeniura lymma and Urogymnus asperrimus). A technical assessment for safe and ethical lethal sampling protocols for large dasyatid rays is discussed as a foundation to the research that was conducted for this degree. Strict codes of practice for the welfare of animals in scientific research demand up to date methodologies for ethical consideration, especially where death is an endpoint. Safe and humane techniques were developed as part of this study in order to sample the rays required using lethal methods. These techniques proved successful with both considerations met and it is hoped, will provide a framework for safe practices for any future work where lethal sampling of large, potentially hazardous demersal elasmobranchs is required. Age and growth parameter estimates were evaluated for these five species by sectioning and counting calcium band-pair deposition in vertebral samples. Due to less than ideal sample sizes on account of logistical constraints, a multi-analytical approach was adopted to optimise parameter estimates and generate realistic results. This included using a Bayesian framework to approximate the posterior distribution of the growth parameters. Growth rates of smaller-bodied species were faster than for larger-bodied species, but longevity was shorter. The oldest recorded age from these samples was 27 years and although validation was not possible, annual deposition is assumed based on previous accounts of similar species. This is the first time that growth parameter estimates in dasyatid rays have been assessed using this approach, yet the application is highly relevant for other rare, vulnerable or endangered species where optimal sample sizes may not be possible. The characterisation of ray diets was assessed through stomach content analysis from 170 individuals of five species. Five broad taxonomic prey categories were common to all species of ray; however, H. uarnak is shown to be a crustacean specialist while the remaining four species showed high levels of overlap within their diets. Assessment of the physical impacts related to stingray foraging within an intertidal embayment, previously identified as an area of intense feeding by rays, demonstrated high levels of sediment excavation. As a direct result of bioturbation by stingrays over 21 days, 760 kg of sediment was excavated from an experimental area of 1,500 m2. Predation effects by rays were examined by experimentally manipulating densities in fixed areas to prevent feeding. Results indicated that some, but not all prey-taxa differed significantly in abundance between treatment and controls. Sampling also allowed a quantitative assessment of infaunal taxa common within the Marine Park, and the potential importance as a prey source for rays, as well as other epibenthic predators. Throughout the course of this study, a new species locality record and parasite-host relationships was described for the parasitic leech Pterobdella amara and Himantura leoparda and Urogymnus asperrimus. This is the first time this leech has been encountered in Western Australia and in combination with a significant gnathiid isopod larvae infestation; the effects on an individual stingray are documented. A methods paper is also included in this thesis detailing a cost-effective method of tag attachment and retrieval for short-term tracking in reef associated elasmobranchs. Field-testing of galvanic timed releases and the practical application in tagging two individual sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus) and three large stingrays (Pastinachus atrus n = 2 and Urogymnus asperrimus n = 1) are discussed. Preliminary results of these short-term tracks demonstrated that these methods are a rapid and effective means of tagging elasmobranchs with limited impact on the animal’s welfare. This research is the first of its kind at Ningaloo Reef and details critical functional processes and highlights the ecological significance of rays within coral reef environments. It also details current methodologies and techniques trialled for the first time within the context of ecological studies on tropical elasmobranchs. Data presented here can be used to develop or contribute to, conservation and management strategies for this overlooked, yet vulnerable group of fishes.
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Zinser, Margaret Leah. "Culex quinquefasciatus host choices in residential, urban Tucson and at a constructed wetland." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/292083.

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Blood fed Culex quinquefasciatus were collected from residential and wetland sites in Tucson, Arizona for three years using CDC gravid traps. An ELISA distinguishing human, bird, dog, cat, and rabbit blood meals was used. In residential areas, approximately 47% of all identified blood meals were from humans, with fewer blood meals from bird, dog, cat, and rabbit. At Sweetwater Wetland, humans were also the most common host, with 11 (41%) identified blood meals. Birds were the hosts of 19% blood meals. Ten (seven residential, three wetland) mosquitoes were identified to have blood from both bird and human hosts. Since the transmission of West Nile Virus to humans is dependent on mosquitoes feeding both on birds and humans, this finding is particularly relevant. These data only describe the feeding choices of the mosquitoes collected from a limited number of sites in Tucson, and therefore, may not reflect feeding preferences more generally.
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Collins, Rita. "Urban Coyote (Canis latrans) Ecology| Diet, Activity, and Habitat Use." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10826343.

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Non-habituated coyotes (Canis latrans) avoid direct interactions with humans. Reliance on human food sources has been linked to gradual habituation, a precursor to conflict and attacks on domestic pets and humans. Diet and activity patterns of urban coyotes inhabiting natural fragments in Long Beach, CA were monitored through scat collection and camera trapping over a year (Aug 2016 – Aug 2017). Local urban coyotes are relying predominately on natural foods, with an increase in mammalian prey in the wet season and an increase in vegetation and insect consumption in the dry season. Anthropogenic items, food and food related inedible items, appeared in 14% of scats overall, with no significant seasonal change. Cat remains were found in 14% of scat samples, but only triggered cameras once throughout the 2,857 camera nights of the study. Coyote activity was centered on nights in both seasons, with greater dawn activity in the dry season, indicating an avoidance of peak human activity. This reliance on natural foods and avoidance of human activity reduces the opportunities for human-wildlife conflicts in our local area.

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Burdick-Whipp, Molly K. "Understanding Habitat Connectivity between a Fully Tidal Bay and a Tidally Restricted Urban Lagoon." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10825622.

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Culverts are ubiquitous in urban and natural environments, installed to provide road access and erosion control, but often impact fish movements in freshwater habitats. Effects of culverts on marine and estuarine fish are not well-studied. This study aimed to understand the potential impacts of a culvert, which connects a large tidal bay and a coastal lagoon, on the movements of several species of fish. Habitat characteristics of both sites were analyzed to better understand these movements, including water parameters, sediment characteristics, and zooplankton, benthic macroinvertebrate, and small fish communities. The two habitats differed in terms of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, zooplankton abundance, and community composition of zooplankton, benthic macroinvertebrates, and small fish. The culvert and associated grate limited large fish from moving between the two habitats likely due to body size and other morphological characteristics. Removing this barrier and replacing it with an open channel would increase connectivity between these two habitats which could improve trophic quality in the lagoon habitat and increase functionality overall.

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Ferguson, Kaye. "The biology, ecology and management of the Quandong moth, Paraepermenia santaliella (Lepidoptera: Epermeniidae)." Title page, contents and summary only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phf3523.pdf.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 217-230). Details the biology and life history of the Quandong moth and investigates management strategies that would enable growers to manage the pest in an economically and environmentally sustainable program.
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Books on the topic "Urban ecology (Biology) – Australia"

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Bridgman, H. A. Urban biophysical environments. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1995.

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Urban ecology. New York: Bookwright Press, 1988.

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Urban habitats. London: Routledge, 1999.

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Stephen, Forbes, ed. Urban nature conservation: Landscape management in the urban countryside. London: Spon, 1997.

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L, Gilbert O. The ecology of urban habitats. London: Chapman and Hall, 1989.

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Norbert, Müller, Werner Peter, and Kelcey John G, eds. Urban biodiversity and design. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.

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The urban naturalist. Mineola, N.Y: Dover Publications, 1998.

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Lindsey, Kieran J. (Kieran Jane), ed. Urban wildlife management. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis Group, 2010.

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M, Carreiro Margaret, Song Yong-Chang, and Wu Jianguo 1957-, eds. Ecology, planning, and management of urban forests: International perspectives. New York: Springer, 2008.

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Advances in urban ecology: Integrating humans and ecological processes in urban ecosystems. New York: Springer, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Urban ecology (Biology) – Australia"

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Russell, Richard C. "“Dramas” Down-Under: Changes and Challenges in Australia." In Vector Biology, Ecology and Control, 81–96. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2458-9_6.

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Neil, John V. "Factors influencing intraspecific variation and polymorphism in marine podocopid Ostracoda, with particular reference to Tertiary species from southeastern Australia." In Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of Ostracoda, 161–80. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1508-9_13.

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Ruiz-Avila, R. J., and V. V. Klemm. "Management of Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L.f., an aquatic invasive weed of urban waterways in Western Australia." In Management and Ecology of Freshwater Plants, 187–90. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5782-7_29.

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Schwarz, Anne-Maree, and Ton Snelder. "Integrated submerged aquatic vegetation management in an urban New Zealand river." In Biology, Ecology and Management of Aquatic Plants, 235–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0922-4_33.

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Branoff, Benjamin. "Urban Mangrove Biology and Ecology: Emergent Patterns and Management Implications." In Coastal Research Library, 521–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73016-5_23.

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Nemeth, Erwin, and Sue Anne Zollinger. "The application of signal transmission modelling in conservation biology." In Avian Urban Ecology, 192–200. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199661572.003.0015.

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Irwin, Rebecca E., Elsa Youngsteadt, Paige S. Warren, and Judith L. Bronstein. "The Evolutionary Ecology of Mutualisms in Urban Landscapes." In Urban Evolutionary Biology, 111–29. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198836841.003.0008.

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Mutualisms are critically important in maintaining the biodiversity and functioning of ecosystems. Mutualisms include a diverse array of interactions that result in reciprocal positive effects for both partners, including plant–pollinator, plant–seed disperser, and plant–rhizobia interactions. There is growing recognition that global environmental change can affect the ecological outcomes of mutualisms, but less attention has been paid to how urbanization in particular affects their evolution. This chapter builds from an ecological perspective and considers how urban landscapes may affect the evolutionary ecology of mutualism. It reviews the adaptive evolutionary processes that could affect mutualism in urban landscapes. It then surveys transportation, protection, and nutritional mutualisms to assess how urbanization may affect these mutualistic interactions in an evolutionary framework. The survey described in the chapter highlights a dearth of empirical and theoretical investigations on urban mutualisms from an evolutionary perspective despite potentially strong changes in selection pressures in urban areas. The chapter ends by outlining research directions to further the study of the evolutionary ecology of mutualisms in urban landscapes.
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Dredge, Mike. "Chapter 30 Scallop fisheries, mariculture and enhancement in Australia." In Scallops: Biology, Ecology and Aquaculture, 1391–412. Elsevier, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-9309(06)80057-8.

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Szulkin, Marta, Colin J. Garroway, Michela Corsini, Andrzej Z. Kotarba, and Davide Dominoni. "Supplementary Information – Chapter 2." In Urban Evolutionary Biology, 34–35. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198836841.003.0003.

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Environmental variation was quantified at nestboxes monitored as part of a prospectively long-term project on the ecology and evolution of great tits Parus major and blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus in Warsaw, Poland. Nine axes of environmental variation were investigated across 9 different urban sites, for a total of 565 specific locations (here: nestboxes). Data was collected on the ground, with the use of GIS and remote sensing using the following methodology:...
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"Biogeography and Distribution of Mugilidae in Australia and Oceania." In Biology, Ecology and Culture of Grey Mullets (Mugilidae), 95–111. CRC Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b19927-8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Urban ecology (Biology) – Australia"

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Lana, Luca. "Queer Terrain: Architecture of Queer Ecology." In The 38th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. online: SAHANZ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a4016p5dw3.

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This paper seeks to ally the interdisciplinary frameworks offered by ‘Queer Ecology’ with an architectural inquiry to expand both fields. Queer theory alone offers scant discussions of material and architectural practices, while environmental discourse in architecture fails to address its role in ecological and social-political violence. A clothing-optional / cruising beach in rural Victoria, Sandy Beach also known as Somers Beach, exemplifies how the queer body’s navigation of space responds to complex ecological, urban, and social conditions. A queering of architectural definitions allows this site to be researched as a historically significant urban/architectural site of social and environmental value. It is suggested that the subtle yet complex practices of site transformations enacted through occupation are an architecture of environmental connective possibility. ‘Queered’ corporeality orientates the body and material practices towards assemblages where boundaries between humans and nature are transgressed, ultimately constituting a ‘queer ecological architecture’
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Zviahintseva, K. O., and H. O. Kazarinova. "Ecological component of adventive element of Kharkiv urban flora (Ukraine)." In Challenges, threats and developments in biology, agriculture, ecology, geography, geology and chemistry. Baltija Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-111-4-15.

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Reports on the topic "Urban ecology (Biology) – Australia"

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Mayfield, Colin. Higher Education in the Water Sector: A Global Overview. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, May 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/guxy9244.

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Higher education related to water is a critical component of capacity development necessary to support countries’ progress towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) overall, and towards the SDG6 water and sanitation goal in particular. Although the precise number is unknown, there are at least 28,000 higher education institutions in the world. The actual number is likely higher and constantly changing. Water education programmes are very diverse and complex and can include components of engineering, biology, chemistry, physics, hydrology, hydrogeology, ecology, geography, earth sciences, public health, sociology, law, and political sciences, to mention a few areas. In addition, various levels of qualifications are offered, ranging from certificate, diploma, baccalaureate, to the master’s and doctorate (or equivalent) levels. The percentage of universities offering programmes in ‘water’ ranges from 40% in the USA and Europe to 1% in subSaharan Africa. There are no specific data sets available for the extent or quality of teaching ‘water’ in universities. Consequently, insights on this have to be drawn or inferred from data sources on overall research and teaching excellence such as Scopus, the Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities, the Times Higher Education, the Ranking Web of Universities, the Our World in Data website and the UN Statistics Division data. Using a combination of measures of research excellence in water resources and related topics, and overall rankings of university teaching excellence, universities with representation in both categories were identified. Very few universities are represented in both categories. Countries that have at least three universities in the list of the top 50 include USA, Australia, China, UK, Netherlands and Canada. There are universities that have excellent reputations for both teaching excellence and for excellent and diverse research activities in water-related topics. They are mainly in the USA, Europe, Australia and China. Other universities scored well on research in water resources but did not in teaching excellence. The approach proposed in this report has potential to guide the development of comprehensive programmes in water. No specific comparative data on the quality of teaching in water-related topics has been identified. This report further shows the variety of pathways which most water education programmes are associated with or built in – through science, technology and engineering post-secondary and professional education systems. The multitude of possible institutions and pathways to acquire a qualification in water means that a better ‘roadmap’ is needed to chart the programmes. A global database with details on programme curricula, qualifications offered, duration, prerequisites, cost, transfer opportunities and other programme parameters would be ideal for this purpose, showing country-level, regional and global search capabilities. Cooperation between institutions in preparing or presenting water programmes is currently rather limited. Regional consortia of institutions may facilitate cooperation. A similar process could be used for technical and vocational education and training, although a more local approach would be better since conditions, regulations and technologies vary between relatively small areas. Finally, this report examines various factors affecting the future availability of water professionals. This includes the availability of suitable education and training programmes, choices that students make to pursue different areas of study, employment prospects, increasing gender equity, costs of education, and students’ and graduates’ mobility, especially between developing and developed countries. This report aims to inform and open a conversation with educators and administrators in higher education especially those engaged in water education or preparing to enter that field. It will also benefit students intending to enter the water resources field, professionals seeking an overview of educational activities for continuing education on water and government officials and politicians responsible for educational activities
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