Journal articles on the topic 'Urban dimensioning'
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1
CONSTANTINESCU, DAN. "Energy sizing of nZEB buildings (I)." Journal of Engineering Sciences and Innovation 8, no. 1 (March 24, 2023): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.56958/jesi.2023.8.1.77.
Abstract:
"The nZEB-type building has the ability to minimize the impact of climatic parameters intensity on the microclimate of the inhabited spaces and implicitly to reduce the heat and cold needs of the buildings. This concept implies the update of the energy dimensioning methodology of the existing buildings (which are being renovated) and of the new ones located in urban area. The extension of the numerical modeling method through dynamic simulation with an hourly time step is possible at the level of an urban area by adopting the own calculation support of the Representative Building. The work presents examples of numerical solutions aimed at both the Energy Dimensioning of buildings in the nZEB (the necessary condition) and their Climatic Resilience in conditions of excessive impact of climatic parameters (the sufficient condition). "
2
Bentes, Isabel, Danilo Silva, Carlos Vieira, and Cristina Matos. "Inflow Quantification in Urban Sewer Networks." Hydrology 9, no. 4 (March 24, 2022): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology9040052.
Abstract:
The improper waterflow to wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) due to rainwater inflow, and infiltration is a growing concern due to the many problems it brings to the sector, ranging from infrastructure deterioration to environmental problems caused by untreated wastewater and to the eventual financial costs that these issues cause. The study was carried out at the Folhadela WWTP, Vila Real, Portugal, between May 2014 and May 2015, with the total effluent flows recorded every 2 min at the entrance of the WWTP. Rainfall data from the Vila Real Meteorological Station, corresponding to the same period, were used. The study allowed us to conclude that from the wastewater that flowed to the Folhadela WWTP, in the months of study, only 15% is domestic wastewater, and the remaining 85% were undesirable volumes. Of these, 47% were infiltration flows, and 38% were rainwater flows that are not taken into account when dimensioning networks and WWTPs. These flows also have the particularity of representing very high volumes in short periods of time, coinciding with heavy rains, representing a very high risk for drainage and treatment infrastructures. Regarding the infiltration flow rates, as a general rule, they are taken into account when dimensioning the networks as being a percentage of the total flow. However, it is necessary to take into account the magnitude and the evolution of these values according to the network age and state of conservation, as well as have straight regulations about the undue connections into the network.
3
Vojinovic, Z., S. Sahlu, A. S. Torres, S. D. Seyoum, F. Anvarifar, H. Matungulu, W. Barreto, D. Savic, and Z. Kapelan. "Multi-objective rehabilitation of urban drainage systems under uncertainties." Journal of Hydroinformatics 16, no. 5 (March 10, 2014): 1044–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2014.223.
Abstract:
Urban drainage systems are subject to many drivers which can affect their performance and functioning. Typically, climate change, urbanisation and population growth along with aging of pipes may lead to uncontrollable discharges and surface flooding. So far, many researchers and practitioners concerned with optimal design and rehabilitation of urban drainage systems have applied deterministic approaches which treat input parameters as fixed values. However, due to the variety of uncertainties associated with input parameters, such approaches can easily lead to either over-dimensioning or under-dimensioning of drainage networks. The present paper deals with such issues and describes a methodology that has been developed to accommodate the effects of uncertainties into the design and rehabilitation of drainage systems. The paper presents a methodology that can take into account uncertainties from climate change, urbanisation, population growth and aging of pipes. The methodology is applied and tested on a case study of Dhaka, Bangladesh. The urban drainage network optimisation problem is posed as a multi-objective problem for which the objective functions are formulated to minimise damage costs and intervention costs. Two approaches were evaluated and the results show that both approaches are capable of identifying optimal Pareto fronts.
4
Coura, Renata D’arc, Joaquim Mamede Alonso, Ana Cristina Rodrigues, Ana Isabel Ferraz, Nuno Mouta, Renato Silva, and A. G. Brito. "Spatially Explicit Model for Anaerobic Co-Digestion Facilities Location and Pre-Dimensioning Considering Spatial Distribution of Resource Supply and Biogas Yield in Northwest Portugal." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 19, 2021): 1841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041841.
Abstract:
The high volumes of animal manure and sewage sludge, as a consequence of the development of intensive and specialized cattle dairy farms in peri-urban areas, pose challenges to local environmental quality and demands for systems innovation. Besides these negative impacts, energy recovery from biogas produced in anaerobic co-digestion processes should contribute to local sustainable development. This research considers technical data obtained from the optimization of biomethanization processes using sewage sludge and cattle manure liquid fraction, aiming to develop a spatially explicit model including multicriteria evaluation and an analytical hierarchy process to locate biogas production facilities, allocate energy resources and consider biogas unit pre-dimensioning analysis. According to the biophysical conditions and socioeconomic dynamics of the study area (Vila do Conde, Northwest Portugal), a spatially explicit model using multicriteria and multiobjective techniques allowed the definition of suitable locations, as well as the allocation of resources and support pre-dimensioning of biogas facilities. A p-median model allowed us to allocate resources and pre-dimensioning biogas facilities according to distance and accessibility elements. The results indicate: (i) the location of areas with adequate environmental conditions and socioeconomic suitability advantages to install biogas production facilities, and (ii) the ability to compare the options of centralized or distributed location alternatives and associated pre-dimensioning.
5
Lemos Silva, Willian, and Stênio de Sousa Venâncio. "Use of computer programming for the development of a CAD-CAE system on the Revit platform applied in urban drainage projects." Revista Brasileira de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação 8, no. 1 (October 31, 2023): 30–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18554/rbcti.v8i1.6619.
Abstract:
Urban storm drainage emerged with the evolution of society in search of improvements in health and comfort going through different phases and today it connects with a sustainable and technological bias. Through Python programming, it is possible to integrate a Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Engineering (CAD/CAE) system into the Revit platform using the Dynamo tool as an intermediary. This work presents the development and validation of a computational tool for dimensioning urban drainage coupled to the graphical project modeling platform Revit. The results obtained with the numerical code point to a good agreement when compared with those generated by conventional tools, using a calculator and an Excel spreadsheet. It shows that, due to the direct and automatic communication between drawing and dimensioning is possible to reduce the time spent filling out spreadsheets and facilitate analyses such as minimum inclinations of the pipe through warnings and factors such as the ratio of the water sheet and diameter through color scales.
6
Werra, Matthias, Axel Sturm, and Ferit Küçükay. "Optimal and prototype dimensioning of 48V P0+P4 hybrid drivetrains." Automotive and Engine Technology 5, no. 3-4 (September 16, 2020): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41104-020-00071-0.
Abstract:
Abstract This paper presents a virtual toolchain for the optimal concept and prototype dimensioning of 48 V hybrid drivetrains. First, this toolchain is used to dimension the drivetrain components for a 48 V P0+P4 hybrid which combines an electric machine in the belt drive of the internal combustion engine and a second electric machine at the rear axle. On an optimal concept level, the power and gear ratios of the electric components in the 48 V system are defined for the best fuel consumption and performance. In the second step, the optimal P0+P4 drivetrain is simulated with a prototype model using a realistic rule-based operating strategy to determine realistic behavior in legal cycles and customer operation. The optimal variant shows a fuel consumption reduction in the Worldwide harmonized Light Duty Test Cycle of 13.6 % compared to a conventional vehicle whereas the prototype simulation shows a relatively higher savings potential of 14.8 %. In the prototype simulation for customer operation, the 48 V hybrid drivetrain reduces the fuel consumption by up to 24.6 % in urban areas due to a high amount of launching and braking events. Extra-urban and highway areas show fuel reductions up to 11.6 % and 4.2 %, respectively due to higher vehicle speed and power requirements. The presented virtual toolchain can be used to combine optimal concept dimensioning with close to reality behaviour simulations to maximise realistic statements and minimize time effort.
7
Raposo, Hugo, José Torres Farinha, E. Pais, and Diego Galar. "An Integrated Model for Dimensioning the Reserve Fleet based on the Maintenance Policy." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS AND CONTROL 16 (January 7, 2021): 43–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23203.2021.16.3.
Abstract:
Usually, the Reserve Fleet, or Spare Fleet, of passenger urban buses, is based on indicators used in some international relevant companies and extrapolated for many others, almost as a dogma. However, it must be taken into consideration pragmatic variables intrinsic to the buses namely their maintenance and in a more pragmatic approach, indexing their availability and by consequence the reserve fleet indexed to the maintenance policy used in each company. The paper discusses these subjects and presents a global model that integrates the maintenance planning policy, based on a condition monitoring model, maintenance Key Maintenance Indicators (KPI), and an economic life cycle model. The paper presents some results based both in theoretical considerations and also in real data from an urban fleet of a European Countr
8
Damanik, Gerson, Djamhari Sirat, and Dadang Gunawan. "Determining Number of e-Node B for Digital Dividend Public Safety Communication in Jakarta Area." ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 11, no. 1 (November 12, 2012): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.2013111.170539.
Abstract:
Today, the use of communication system for public safety and regulation purposes is still narrowband based, that is communication that transmits low-speed voice and data services. Each government agency, such as the government of Jakarta (Pemda DKI), police, health department, re department, and the national disaster management agency, builds its own network independently. Therefore, it is difcult to coordinate the service between agencies if there is an emergency situation or disaster. Good communication system for public safety services will create conducive condition that will eventually create tranquility in the community. Jakarta, as the capital city of Indonesia, needs communication systems that create such condition. This paper determines the number of e-Node B for 700 MHz digital dividend network for Public Safety Communication services in Jakarta based on LTE technology. The services include voice, video, and data. In this study, it is assumed that determination of the required number of e-Node B is started from year 2012 to 2022 by considering the bit rate required by the public safety ocer. The assumption of ratio of public safety ocer in Jakarta is based on its population data. Radio network planning is based on coverage approach and capacity approach. The design of its coverage and capacity are analysed by using network dimensioning. Dimensioning coverage is conducted by calculating the link budget for dense urban, and urban areas. We use the 9955 RNP (Radio Network Planning) to calculate the link budget and predict the system's coverage. From the calculation, it is shown that e-Node B number required to cover the Jakarta area is 140. Dimensioning of capacity is based on the services bit rate required by the public safety ocer. The services are , voice, video, and data. Trac prole is based on the assumption in year 2012, 2015, and 2020. By the capacity calculation, it is shown that a total of 49 sites is required.
9
Kristl, Ž., and A. Krainer. "Energy evaluation of urban structure and dimensioning of building site using iso-shadow method." Solar Energy 70, no. 1 (2001): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0038-092x(00)00113-4.
10
Pacheco, Caio Emanuel da Silva, Taís Silva Sousa, Elizandra Perez Araújo, and Alan Cavalcanti da Cunha. "Dimensioning Urban Drainage Systems in Housing Subdivisions in the Amazon Using Different Hydrological Models." Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 11, no. 11 (2023): 151–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/gep.2023.1111012.
11
Queiroz de Paiva, Leonardo Vinícius, and Bartolomeu Israel de Souza. "Potential for rain water capture in semi-arid urban areas." International Journal of Hydrology 6, no. 6 (November 28, 2022): 236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/ijh.2022.06.00331.
Abstract:
The semi-arid region of Paraiba is devastated by extreme climatic conditions, in which the low index and the irregularity of the rains are factors of great negative impact for the development of the region. We found in rainwater collection systems, an important alternative for the region, which can increase the volume of water available to a municipality, for the same rainfall regime. Therefore, one of the main objectives of the study was to estimate the Potential Volumes of Rainwater Capture (VPC) for the urban area of São João do Cariri. These volumes will be estimated based on the proposed use of the city's impermeable surfaces as rainwater catchment areas for non-potable purposes. Such an estimation is important for the adequate dimensioning of cisterns, in order to guarantee the supply of thenon-potablewater demands of the population during the dry season.
12
Ristenpart, Erik. "Planning of stormwater management with a new model for drainage best management practices." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 9 (May 1, 1999): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0489.
Abstract:
Storm water management is a high priority topic in urban drainage in Germany and many other countries. New concepts are combining a variety of measures (best management practices as well as conventional structures) to deal with stormwater runoff, also taking into account ecological criteria with respect to the local and regional water cycle. In this paper detailed information about an exemplary contemporary stormwater management concept is presented. Dimensioning and proof of performance of the different drainage structures was carried out with the help of an innovative rainfall-runoff model which is also briefly described.
13
Ferreira, Armando, and Marina Ilha. "DRYWELLS DIMENSIONING: ANALOGY BETWEEN WATER FLOW IN SOIL AND HEAT FLUX IN MEDIA SOLIDS." Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering 14, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 182–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4090/juee.2020.v14n2.182191.
14
Zullo, Francesco, Gianni Di Pietro, Chiara Cattani, and Cristina Montaldi. "Urban Planning vs. Agricultural Production: A Study on the Po Valley." Land 12, no. 4 (April 18, 2023): 902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12040902.
Abstract:
At a time when wars and pandemics have disrupted the world order and deeply damaged international agreements, more people are talking about the energy and food independence of the nation-states. It is clear that the achievement of these objectives will not be rapid, but it is also clear that land use must take account of these important aspects. The over-dimensioning of the settled areas presents illogically in almost all municipal urban planning plans regardless of their geographical location, demographic dynamics, and values of the administered territory; it certainly constitutes an obstacle to effective land use. The work presented here aims to analyze the effects on agricultural production of the transformations envisaged by the plans of the provinces of Modena and Reggio nell’Emilia, while also providing solutions that could promote the sustainability of the interventions planned in these areas of high agri-food value.
15
Pochwat, Kamil Błażej, and Daniel Słyś. "Application of Artificial Neural Networks in the Dimensioning of Retention Reservoirs." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 25, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 605–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2018-0040.
Abstract:
Abstract One of the essential needs for retention reservoirs is to reduce the volume of wastewater flows in sewer systems. Their main advantage is the potential to increase retention in the system, which in turn improves hydraulic safety by reducing the risk of node flooding and the emergence of the phenomenon of “urban flooding”. The increasingly common use of retention reservoirs, the observed changes in the climate and the development of dedicated software tools necessitate the updating of the methods used to dimension retention reservoirs. So far, the best known procedures in this regard involve the application of analytical formulas and tools in the hydrodynamic modelling of current sewage systems. In each case the basis for the retention facility design is the evaluation of rainfall in terms of the probability of occurrence and duration that would result in a critical rainwater flow condition in the sewer system in order to define the required reservoir retention capacity. The purpose of this paper is to analyse of the feasibility of applying artificial neural networks in the preliminary estimation of the duration of critical rainfalls. Such an application of these networks is essential to the process of hydrodynamic modelling of the system and to determining the required retention capacity of the reservoir. The study used an artificial neural network model typically used as part of planning processes, as well as the Statistica software suite.
16
Marrone, Paola, Federico Fiume, Antonino Laudani, Ilaria Montella, Martina Palermo, and Francesco Riganti Fulginei. "Distributed Energy Systems: Constraints and Opportunities in Urban Environments." Energies 16, no. 6 (March 14, 2023): 2718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16062718.
Abstract:
Cities need to make themselves energy self-sufficient by exploiting renewable sources and, above all, to evaluate the potential and constraints that each city can express by virtue of its own characteristics. This study focused on how the realisation of a renewable energy community could be approached in urbanised contexts. The methodology involved the selection of three case studies in Rome analysing the feasibility, programming and design scale, and the implications of planning RECs. Through simulation at three levels of detail, this study identifies elements to assess the feasibility of RECs and to elaborate scenarios to support their planning and dimensioning. The practical importance is to identify a possible methodological path and relevant factors which public or private stakeholders can consider at different levels in setting up RECs in an urban context. The research conclusions of these simulations point out that the specificities of a context affect many factors, among which an important role is played by the facilities and spaces for public use, as they are synergetic to a shared use of energy between residential and non-residential functions, but above all, because they are also available to accommodate services for the energy community.
17
Aiello, Giuseppe, Rosalinda Inguanta, Giusj D’Angelo, and Mario Venticinque. "Energy Consumption Model of Aerial Urban Logistic Infrastructures." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 21, 2021): 5998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185998.
Abstract:
In the last decade, logistic systems based on small aerial vehicles (drones) have become attractive for urban delivery operations as a sustainable alternative to ground vehicles because they are not affected by the congestion of the road network, thus allowing for faster and more reliable services. Aerial logistic systems, however, require a substantially different approach to operations management and need specifically designed supportive infrastructures. While the research on urban aerial delivery mostly focuses on the optimization vehicle operations, the appropriate design of supportive infrastructures is seldom considered. This paper focuses on the energy efficiency of aerial logistic systems, and proposes a new original methodology to obtain a realistic estimate of the overall energy consumed by a swarm of drones employed for urban delivery, taking into account the extension of the area served and its specific features. The methodology proposed offers relevant information for the decision problems related to the appropriate sizing of the infrastructures, the dimensioning of the swarm of drones and the capacity of the energy storage system. The paper also reports a comparison with ground vehicles in the same scenarios, showing the relevant tradeoffs. The results obtained demonstrate how an appropriate design of the supportive infrastructures for urban aerial logistics may significantly impact the overall efficiency of the delivery system.
18
Bus, Agnieszka. "Implementation of P-Reactive Layer for Improving Urban Water Quality: Kinetic Studies, Dimensioning and Economic Analysis." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (July 26, 2022): 9151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159151.
Abstract:
Urbanization and climate change affecting water quality are the most critical problems that humanity has to encounter globally. Undoubtedly, urban water bodies are heavily contaminated by phosphorus (P). This study aims to identify the mechanisms and efficiency of the P sorption process for selected reactive materials (Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC), Filtralite® Nature P, lightweight expanded clay aggregate (Leca®), limestone, opoka, and zeolite) with surface water as adsorbate and dimension of P-reactive reactive layer supported with economic analysis. Four kinetic models were used to know the sorption mechanism: pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, Elovich, and intra-particle diffusion model. Calculating the P-reactive layer was based on dimensioning rain retention spaces standards. The pseudo-second model provided the best description of the adsorption kinetics of most materials. The sorption properties obtained after 72 h showed the reduction of 83, 81, 59, 53, 37, and 36% for AAC, opoka, Filtralite® Nature P; limestone, Leca®, and zeolite, respectively. Depending on the volume, the P-reactive layer can remove 29–77 or 61–163 g of P-PO4. The unit cost of removing P-PO4 by the P-reactive layer range from 49.57 to 85.53 €/P-PO4 g. For these reasons, reactive materials seem to be an effective way of removing P from the urban water environment worldwide from both environmental and economic points of view.
19
Nájera, Jorge, Pablo Moreno-Torres, Marcos Lafoz, Rosa de Castro, and Jaime R. Arribas. "Approach to Hybrid Energy Storage Systems Dimensioning for Urban Electric Buses Regarding Efficiency and Battery Aging." Energies 10, no. 11 (October 26, 2017): 1708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en10111708.
20
Watawana, Bhanu, and Mats Isaksson. "Design and Simulations of a Self-Assembling Autonomous Vertical Farm for Urban Farming." Agriculture 13, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13010112.
Abstract:
Vertical farming has been proposed as a solution for diminishing arable land as it significantly reduces the footprint of farming. Most contemporary solutions use a low level of automation; however, automation of vertical farming is currently attracting attention from researchers. This paper introduces a conceptual design for an autonomous vertical farm where the main novelty is the self-assembling feature. The proposed system is designed to be installed and used by a non-specialist. The system is designed for cost minimisation, using one set of resources moved by a robot arm to service the plants. These resources include sensors, a depth camera, and the required farming tools. The farm has the capacity of self-powering, greenhouse conversion, data sharing and learning, and several other features. The paper provides the conceptual design in addition to an analysis of the dimensioning of the robot arm, time studies for operation, and an analysis of the self-powering ability.
21
Szeląg, Bartosz, Adam Kiczko, Anna Musz-Pomorska, Marcin Widomski, Jacek Zaburko, Grzegorz Łagód, David Stránský, and Marek Sokáč. "Advanced Graphical–Analytical Method of Pipe Tank Design Integrated with Sensitivity Analysis for Sustainable Stormwater Management in Urbanized Catchments." Water 13, no. 8 (April 9, 2021): 1035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13081035.
Abstract:
Pipe tanks represent important runoff retention elements of urban stormwater systems. They enable us to reduce and retain runoff as well as to mitigate peak flows in the network. Pipe tanks are often taken into account while designing the spatial plan of urban catchment areas. Hence, there is a need to develop a relatively quick and accurate method for pipe tank dimensioning. A graphical–analytical method of designing a pipe tank is presented in the paper. In the assumed methodology, the possibility of employing machine learning for obtaining a more precise error prediction of the proposed pipe tank design method (compared with the tank volume simulations using the storm water management model (SWMM)) are considered. Thus far, this aspect has not been discussed in the literature. In the adopted calculation methodology, sensitivity analysis constitutes an important element, enabling us to assess the influence of the input data assumed for tank design on the dimensions of the outflow devices and the length of the retention chamber.
22
Villanueva Solis, Jorge, Jaime Andrés Quiroa Herrera, and Alleck J. González Calderon. "Vulnerabilidad climática urbana: isla de calor y marginación. El caso de Torreón, Coahuila." Nueva Epoca 1, no. 1 (August 2, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.47386/2022v1n2avcc.
Abstract:
This paper, it is analyzed the climate vulnerability in a housing sector with a degree of marginalization in the city of Torreon in northern Mexico. Integrating different information sources and analysis methods, the alterations to the microclimate and their impacts on the dwelling and its surroundings were dimensioned. By contrasting the thermal behavior with the marginalization indices and the characteristics of the dwelling and its population, criteria aimed at improving the climate resilience capacities of the population in the sector were identified. The results of this work contribute to dimensioning the complexity of climate vulnerability in an urban context. Likewise, it allows visualizing the alterations to the microclimate and its impacts on the dwelling and its population. On the other hand, it provides criteria linked to the instruments for urban development and its planning, in matters of implementation of mitigation strategies and adaptation to climate change in sectors with greater climate vulnerability.
23
Aldabbagh, Ghadah, Nikos Dimitriou, Samar Alkhuraiji, and Omaimah Bamasag. "Radio Coverage and Device Capacity Dimensioning Methodologies for IoT LoRaWAN and NB-IoT Deployments in Urban Environments." Future Internet 13, no. 6 (May 30, 2021): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi13060144.
Abstract:
This paper focuses on the study of IoT network deployments, in both unlicensed and licensed bands, considering LoRaWAN and NB-IoT standards, respectively. The objective is to develop a comprehensive and detailed network planning and coverage dimensioning methodology for assessing key metrics related to the achieved throughput and capacity for specific requirements in order to identify tradeoffs and key issues that are related to the applicability of IoT access technologies for representative use case types. This paper will provide a concise overview of key characteristics of IoT representative IoT access network standards that are considered for being deployed in unlicensed and licensed bands and will present a methodology for modeling the characteristics of both access network technologies in order to assess their coverage and capacity considering different parameters.
24
Starzec, Mariusz, Józef Dziopak, Daniel Słyś, Kamil Pochwat, and Sabina Kordana. "Dimensioning of Required Volumes of Interconnected Detention Tanks Taking into Account the Direction and Speed of Rain Movement." Water 10, no. 12 (December 11, 2018): 1826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10121826.
Abstract:
This article is aimed at defining the impact of the direction and velocity of waves of rainfall as they pass over interconnected stormwater detention tank systems. The simulations were conducted for a real urban catchment area as part of the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) 5.1 programme. The results permit us to conclude that the direction and velocity of a moving wave of rainfall have a significant influence on the required volumes of interconnected stormwater detention tank systems. By comparing the modelling test results for stationary rainfall and rainfall moving over the urban catchment area, it has been demonstrated that differences in the required volume of the detention tank located at the terminal section of a stormwater drainage system are inversely proportional to the adopted value of the diameter of the outfall channel for upstream storage reservoirs. In extreme cases, the differences may be up to several dozen percentage points. Furthermore, it has been proven that the arrangement of the stormwater detention tanks in relation to one another and the adopted diameter of the outfall channel are key factors in identifying the degree to which the detention tanks are hydraulically dependent on one another.
25
Ognjenovic, Slobodan, Radojka Donceva, and Nikolai Vatin. "Dimensioning of the Speed-Transition Lanes at the Entering Ramps on the Motorway and Urban Road Intersections." Procedia Engineering 117 (2015): 544–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.210.
26
Arruda Junior, Alcides, Ozlean de Lima Dantas, and Roberto Apolonio. "DIMENSIONAMENTO DE SISTEMAS FOTOVOLTAICOS CONECTADOS À REDE APLICADOS A EDIFICAÇÕES RESIDENCIAIS E COMERCIAIS: URBANAS E RURAIS." ENERGIA NA AGRICULTURA 36, no. 1 (July 20, 2021): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17224/energagric.2021v36n1p41-57.
Abstract:
DIMENSIONAMENTO DE SISTEMAS FOTOVOLTAICOS CONECTADOS À REDE APLICADOS A EDIFICAÇÕES RESIDENCIAIS E COMERCIAIS: URBANAS E RURAIS ALCIDES ARRUDA JUNIOR1, OZLEAN DE LIMA DANTAS2, ROBERTO APOLONIO2 1Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Faculdade de Agronomia e Zootecnia – FAAZ, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agricultura Tropical – PPGAT, Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, n°2367, Bairro: Boa Esperança - Cuiabá - MT, Brasil, CEP: 78060900, E-mail: juninhoxt5@gmail.com. 2Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso – UFMT, Faculdade de Engenharia e Tecnologia – FAET, Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica - DENE, Endereço: Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, nº 2367. Bairro Boa Esperança - Cuiabá – Mato Grosso, Brasil, CEP: 78060-900, E-mail: Ozlean.dantas@gmail.com, r_apol@hotmail.com. RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma nova proposta de metodologia para o dimensionamento de sistema Fotovoltaicos Conectados à Rede (SFVCR), cujo passo a passo foi definido por meio de uma análise sistemática de literaturas nacionais e internacionais, sobre a temática de dimensionamento de SFVCR. Como síntese desta análise extraiu-se as principais informações, critérios, considerações técnicas e equacionamentos, que não estavam disponíveis de forma sintética, nem organizados de forma sequencial, lógica e didática. Acredita-se que a principais contribuições deste trabalho são: uma nova metodologia detalhada, passo a passo com critérios para ajustamento ótimo entre o gerador fotovoltaico (GFV) e o inversor (IFV), visando uma operação segura, dentro dos padrões nominais dos equipamentos, sem comprometer suas vidas úteis; e ainda a proposta de uma nova equação para o cálculo da potência máxima de saída do sistema aperfeiçoada com os mais diversos fatores de perdas concatenados em uma única expressão matemática. Conclui-se que a metodologia apresentada neste artigo poderá contribuir para sanar muitas das dúvidas existentes quanto ao tema do dimensionamento de SFVCR, especialmente no que se refere ao ajustamento entre o GFV e o IFV, e auxiliar estudos de viabilidade técnica para previsão e pré-dimensionamento de SFVCR para aplicação em edificações residenciais e comerciais, sejam elas urbanas ou rurais. Palavras-Chave: energia, sustentabilidade, tecnologias renováveis. SIZING OF GRID CONNECTED PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS APPLIED TO RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS: URBAN AND RURAL. ABSTRACT: this work aims to present a new methodology proposal for the dimensioning of grid connected photovoltaic systems (GCPVS), whose step by step was defined by means of a systematic analysis of national and international literature, on the theme of dimensioning of GCPVS. As a synthesis of this analysis, the main information, criteria, technical considerations and equations were extracted, which were not available in a synthetic form, nor were they organized in a sequential, logical and didactic way. The main contributions of this work are: a new detailed methodology, step by step with criteria for optimal adjustment between the photovoltaic generators (PVG) and the inverter (PVI), aiming at a safe operation, within the nominal standards of the equipment, without compromising their useful lives; and the proposal of a new equation for calculating the maximum output power of the system perfected with the most diverse loss factors concatenated in a single mathematical expression. It is concluded that the methodology presented in this article can help resolve many of the existing doubts regarding the issue of SFVCR dimensioning, especially regarding the adjustment between the GFV and the IFV, and auxiliary technical feasibility studies for forecasting and pre- SFVCR dimensioning for application in residential and commercial buildings, whether urban or rural. Keywords: energy, sustainability, renewable technologies.
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da Silva, Gabriel Pereira Colares, Fernanda Paula da Costa Assunção, Diogo Oliveira Pereira, Jorge Fernando Hungria Ferreira, Josiane Coutinho Mathews, Débora Prissila Reis Sandim, Higor Ribeiro Borges, et al. "Analysis of the Gravimetric Composition of Urban Solid Waste from the Municipality of Belém/PA." Sustainability 16, no. 13 (June 26, 2024): 5438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16135438.
Abstract:
This article aimed to evaluate, using statistical tools, the generation and composition of municipal solid waste (MSW) in the city of Belém, Pará, from nine urban collection sectors in the municipality and the average nominal income of the population. Approximately 900 kg of urban solid waste was collected from the municipality in the period from 2021 to 2022. Statistical tests were carried out on hypotheses with 5% significance in comparative evaluations and their respective average nominal incomes. The results indicated that the organic fraction corresponded to 55.57% of the waste generated in the municipality, 14.26% was inert waste (potentially contaminating), and 0.67% was miscellaneous waste. It was observed that the waste generated by families with high purchasing power tended to contain higher percentages of recyclables while in families with lower purchasing power, the highest percentages tended to be organic. Knowledge of the generation of MSW is fundamental for the choice and dimensioning of operations and processes involved in the management chain at the municipal level. The decentralization of services offered based on solid waste management would enable greater success in serving the population.
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Krieger, Klaus, Andreas Kuchenbecker, Nina Hüffmeyer, and Hans-Reinhard Verworn. "Local effects of global climate change on the urban drainage system of Hamburg." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 5 (September 1, 2013): 1107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.320.
Abstract:
The Hamburg Water Group owns and operates a sewer network with a total length of more than 5,700 km. There has been increasing attention paid to the possible impacts of predicted changes in precipitation patterns on the sewer network infrastructure. The primary objective of the work presented in this paper is an estimation of the hydraulic impacts of climate change on the Hamburg drainage system. As a first step, simulated rainfalls based on the regional climate model REMO were compared and validated with long-term precipitation measurements. In the second step, the hydraulic effects on the sewer network of Hamburg have been analyzed based on simulated long-term rainfall series for the period of 2000–2100. Simulation results show a significant increase in combined sewer overflows by 50% as well as an increase in surcharges of storm sewer manholes. However, there is still a substantial amount of uncertainty resulting from model uncertainty and unknown development of future greenhouse gas emissions. So far, there seems to be no sound basis for the implementation of an overall climate factor for sewer dimensioning for the Hamburg region. Nevertheless, possible effects of climate change should be taken into account within the planning process for major sewer extensions or modifications.
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Meza de Luna, María Elena, Lorena Erika Osorio Franco, and Amanda Hernández Pérez. "Percepción de adolescentes sobre las prácticas de crianza de sus padres y madres. Comparativo de género en contextos rural y urbano." Clivajes. Revista de Ciencias Sociales, no. 14 (April 3, 2021): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.25009/clivajes-rcs.v0i14.2672.
Abstract:
Las relaciones en familia son fundamentales para la vida de las personas, en especial para las/los adolescentes en cuyo futuro tienen un fuerte impacto, de ahí la importancia de dimensionarlas, a fin de orientar el desarrollo de políticas públicas para la familia. En este artículo damos cuenta de una investigación cuyo objetivo fue evaluar y comparar la percepción de las/los adolescentes con respecto a las prácticas de crianza de sus madres/padres, en función del género de sus hijos/hijas y de su residencia en contextos rural o urbano. Se trata de una investigación cuantitativa y transversal, con representatividad municipal en San Juan del Río, Querétaro, donde se encontró un alto nivel de prácticas permisivas de madres/padres, además de que existe mayor riesgo para los hombres del área urbana, que para los de la rural, de experimentar lejanía emocional de sus padres. Se concluye que, aunque las/los adolescentes tienden a evaluar de manera similar la ejecución de las prácticas de crianza, aún refieren reminiscencias de trato diferenciado por género y contexto.Palabras clave: Prácticas de crianza, Adolescentes, Género, Contextos rural y urbano Perception of adolescents about the parenting practices of their fathers and mothers. Comparative gender analysis in rural and urban contextsSummaryFamily relationships are essential for people's lives, especially for adolescents in whose future they have a strong impact, hence the importance of dimensioning them, in order to guide the development of public policies for the family. In this article, an investigation whose objective was to evaluate and compare the perception of adolescents regarding the parenting practices of their mothers / fathers, based on the gender of their children and their residence in rural or urban contexts, was reported. It is a quantitative and cross-sectional investigation, with municipal representation in San Juan del Río, Querétaro, where a high level of permissive practices of mothers / fathers was found, in addition to the fact that there is a greater risk for men in the urban area, than for those of the rural area, to experience emotional distance from their parents. It is concluded that, although adolescents tend to evaluate the performance of parenting practices in a similar way, they still refer reminiscences of differentiated treatment by gender and context.Keywords: Parenting practices, Adolescents, Gender, Rural and urban contexts Perception d’adolescents sur les pratiques d’éducation de leurs pères et mères. Comparative de genre en contextes rural et urbainRésuméLes relations en famille sont fondamentales pour la vie des personnes, spécialement pour les adolescents sur qui elles ont un grand impact, voilà l’importance de les dimensionner à fin d’orienter le développement de politiques publiques pour la famille. Dans cet article nous rendons compte d’une recherche dont l’objectif a été celui d’évaluer et de comparer la perception des adolescents envers les pratiques d’éducation de leurs mères et pères en fonction du genre de leurs fils/filles et de leur résidence en contextes rural et urbain. Il s’agit d’une recherche quantitative et transversale avec représentativité municipale à San Juan del Río, Querétaro, où on a trouvé un grand niveau de pratiques permissives des mères/pères, en plus de l’existence d’un plus grand risque pour les hommes de l’are urbain que pour ceux de l’are rural d’expérimenter l’éloignement émotionnel de leurs parents. On conclue que même les adolescents ont une tendance à évaluer de manière similaire la mise en œuvre des pratiques d’éducation, ils font référence à des réminiscences d’un traitement différencié par genre et contexte.Mots clés : Pratiques d’éducation, Adolescents, Genre, Contextes rural et urbain
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Chatzigeorgiou, E., and G. Martinopoulos. "Solar cadastre for assessment of near-zero energy districts." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1196, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1196/1/012003.
Abstract:
Abstract The building sector is responsible for approximately 40% of the total energy consumption in Europe, with most of it allocated to space heating. Additionally, a continuous increase has been observed in conventional energy prices, as well as a dependency of energy supply on geopolitical stability. Building energy independence and net zero energy buildings and districts are presented as a way to overcome these issues, with the addition of on-site renewable energy, and specifically solar energy, exploitation. The intention to utilise solar energy on-site creates the need for solar mapping in urban areas. A dynamic solar potential estimation is essential for the proper dimensioning of solar systems, and it is conducted in this study via the Energy3D software. A typical urban neighbourhood in Thessaloniki Greece is selected and a simplified version of a Solar Cadastre for the area is produced. The annual solar potential of the selected buildings is calculated and analysed, and the parameters affecting it are presented. Additionally, an estimation regarding the electricity production of typical photovoltaic panels installed on the building surfaces is conducted. The calculations highlight the importance of vertical facades as building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems carriers.
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Troudi, Asma, Sid-Ali Addouche, Sofiene Dellagi, and Abderrahman Mhamedi. "Sizing of the Drone Delivery Fleet Considering Energy Autonomy." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (September 19, 2018): 3344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093344.
Abstract:
One of the most innovative solutions treated in the literature in order to reduce the environmental impact of urban parcel delivery logistics is the use of drones for delivery on the last kilometer. Consequently, nowadays, the primary challenge is essentially related to the drones’ fleet sizing according to its means of support for the urban delivery of parcels. In this paper, we will discuss the issue of dimensioning from a forecast of deliveries of an urban perimeter, the size of the fleet, the stock of battery to dispose of and the strategy of battery charging. We will present an analytical model expressing the proposed problem of the optimal drones’ delivery mission taking into account the issues of autonomy and energy consumption related to the drone’s technical specification. According to the developed analytical model, two optimization policies will be proposed. The first policy consists of planning missions under reducing distance. The second policy tries to make a compromise between the distance and the number of drones. A case study will be presented in order to compare the two policies based on the overall cost of a plan. The main objective of the study is to create a decision-making tool for the design of a drone fleet in the case of forecast deliveries over a time horizon under operational constraints.
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Afanasyev, A. P., R. I. Bazhenov, and D. V. Luchaninov. "Dimensioning appropriate technical and economic parameters of elements in urban distribution power nets based on discrete fast marching method." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1015 (May 2018): 032087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1015/3/032087.
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Pochwat, Kamil, Daniel Słyś, and Sabina Kordana. "The temporal variability of a rainfall synthetic hyetograph for the dimensioning of stormwater retention tanks in small urban catchments." Journal of Hydrology 549 (June 2017): 501–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.04.026.
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Wei, Yiqiao, and Seung-Hoon Hwang. "Optimization of Cell Size in Ultra-Dense Networks with Multiattribute User Types and Different Frequency Bands." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (October 18, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8319749.
Abstract:
Ultra-dense cellular networks (UDNs) represent the trend for 5G networks in dense urban environments. With the aim of exploring the optimal extent of network densification under different performance requirements and the trade-off between the network capacity and deployment cost in UDNs, a multiple-objective optimization model is proposed. This novel optimization design consists of a multiattribute user type in which users are grouped based on their propagation conditions and an infinitesimal dividing modeling method termed the ring method for network capacity dimensioning. The optimal cell size is estimated to maximize the total network capacity and minimize the deployment cost under different levels of user capacity demand. Additionally, the corresponding total network capacity and the required number of base stations are presented. Furthermore, two conventional frequency bands, 800 MHz and 1.8 GHz, and two new bands, 3.5 GHz and mmWave 28 GHz, are considered to investigate their feasibility and the potential of higher frequency bands in the 5G network.
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Lousada, Sérgio, Raul Alves, Mário Fernandes, and Leonardo Gonçalves. "Hydraulic Planning in Insular Urban Territories: The Case of Madeira Island—Ribeira Brava, Tabua." Water 15, no. 14 (July 18, 2023): 2609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15142609.
Abstract:
This study’s primary goal was to conduct an analysis of the flood propensity of the Tabua (Ribeira Brava) drainage basin’s main watercourse. In addition to that, this study also recommends two different methodologies in order to mitigate flood impacts, namely by dimensioning a detention basin and adjusting the riverbed roughness coefficient. Regarding the study on the flood propensity, it was necessary to resort to geomorphological data, which were obtained when characterizing the watershed; these data were crucial to determining the expected peak flow rate, according to the Gumbel distribution methodology and considering a 100-year return period, and to perform necessary tasks in the SIG ArcGIS 10.5 software. Lastly, the drainage capacity of this drainage basin’s river mouth was also analyzed in order to conclude whether it would have the capacity to drain the total volume of rainwater if an extreme flood event were to happen. Indeed, the main results show that this watershed’s river mouth does not have the necessary drainage capacity to cope with an extreme event for the return period that was considered. As a consequence, the two aforementioned mitigation measures were developed considering the Tabua (Ribeira Brava) drainage basin’s specific features. The size of the detention basin was estimated through the Dutch method and the simplified triangular hydrograph method, while the adjustment of the roughness coefficient was considered a valid solution to enhance the drainage capacity of this river mouth.
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Zhao, Guang Wei. "Decentralised Sanitation and Energy Reuse in the Built Environment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 511-512 (February 2014): 787–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.511-512.787.
Abstract:
This paper seeks to focus on a combined waste (or: wastewater)/energy system in the deep green housing district. An innovative mixture of red and green development is presented, together with a concept of building integrated decentralized technologies for wastewater and organic waste treatment with energy and nutrients recovery. The concept is called sustainable implant. It is important to change the general attitude towards the different components of design, development, use and management of urban areas. A way to do so is the interconnection of different themes and cycles within cities. An example is the linking of sanitation to energy and food production. The paper shows the potentials of integrating solutions concerning energy and sanitation flows as near as possible to its origin of use and/or production. Introducing the analogy of the functioning of buildings (with respect to energy and sanitation flows) with that of a parasite. The system layout and the dimensioning backgrounds are explained in this paper. Additional emphasis is put on maintenance, conservation and administration of the integrated whole, and the possible consequences for the district and its inhabitants. There are scale limitations concerning the proposed (and realized) systems. Besides that there is a matter of a unique situation with an intentional community. Although two similar systems, however small, have been realized, no other project (in process of realization) can be found worldwide in which there is a linking of urban agriculture, waste (water) treatment and energy production at the scale of an urban district.
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Alihodzic Jasarovic, Ema, Rifat Alihodzic, Vera Murgul, and Nikolay Vatin. "Orientational Reaction as a Way of Adjusting to Space." Applied Mechanics and Materials 725-726 (January 2015): 1120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.725-726.1120.
Abstract:
In order to have a proper impression of a city, observer needs to move and participate in the city’s life. One of the most important functions of the image of our surroundings is to enable orientation and guidance of movement towards a certain goal. Urban structures that are reflected through disposition and appearance of streets, through a specific landscape arrangement, and ultimately through specific dimensioning and shaping of architecture, can often help to create a place that is easy to read. The increase in vividness of a space enables easier visual identification as well as orientation in space. That type of visual stimulation is expressed through orientation reaction, which stimulates easier adjustment of the subject to a certain space. Perception is defined as the level of sensitivity to visual stimuli in space, which are often connected to the level of interest of the subject. This research aims to identify the role of reference points in terms of the subject’s movement and orientation in the process of understanding both the unknown and the known surroundings.
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Da Silva, Andrea Diniz, Elizabeth Belo Hypólito, Fábio Lucas Pimentel De Oliveira, Calvin Macedo Ribeiro Borges, Dimitrio dos Santos Gregório, Fernanda Castilho Gomes De Oliveira, and Laira Zopellaro Machado Miranda Ferreira. "Big data and management of municipal solid waste." Revista de Gestão e Secretariado (Management and Administrative Professional Review) 14, no. 8 (August 22, 2023): 14241–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7769/gesec.v14i8.2661.
Abstract:
In Brazil, the collection and management of urban solid waste is the responsibility of municipal governments. In most cases this is done on an informational basis considering population numbers to allocate resources for this purpose. Without having data capable of capturing socioeconomic transformations and/or changes in patterns of land use and occupation occurring in intercensal periods, the dimensioning of service provision is compromised. Thus, unwanted impacts can be caused, such as the irregular disposal of solid waste, affecting the quality of life of the population. The use of alternative data sources, especially big data, has enormous potential to complement data from administrative records and surveys, in addition to filling information gaps generated by disconnection of data with reality as the period since the census reference date lengthens. In this article, procedures and results of the use of big data are presented, more precisely satellite images, as an information alternative capable of better reflecting collective demands for services such as collection of municipal solid waste, and therefore of better guiding the decision-making process at the municipal level.
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Santos, Hugo Thaner dos, and Sérgio Nascimento Duarte. "HEAVY RAINFALL EVENTS IN VOLTA REDONDA." IRRIGA 26, no. 4 (December 22, 2021): 801–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2021v26n4p801-813.
Abstract:
Most Brazilian cities do not manage urban drainage in a proper manner, due to lack of planning in the sector or of easy-to-consult literature about local hydrology to enable hydrological modeling. Volta Redonda County fits this statistic, since it experiences events associated with flood and inundation in some specific sites. The aims of the present study are: (i) to record a series of maximum annual daily rainfall events in Volta Redonda County and to investigate whether their intensity has increased over the years; (ii) to adjust the maximum daily annual rainfall to a probability distribution model and to generate a heavy rainfall table for Volta Redonda County to enable dimensioning surface drainage systems. Seventy-seven years of rainfall data from a local station were used in the current study - maximum daily annual rainfall was calculated. Mann-Kendell test was applied to this series in order to check its stationarity over time. Then, Gumbel distribution was adjusted to the maximum annual data to allow its extrapolation. Finally, daily data were transformed into shorter rainfall values, at return period ranging from 2 to 500 years. Volta Redonda rainfall series can be considered stationary; results in the present research can be used to build rainwater drainage systems in Volta Redonda County; it is recommended using mean intensity of 150 mm h-1 for small urban drainage structures, whenever it is not possible determining their surface runoff concentration time.
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Mateo Pérez, Vanesa, José Manuel Mesa Fernández, Joaquín Villanueva Balsera, and Cristina Alonso Álvarez. "A Random Forest Model for the Prediction of FOG Content in Inlet Wastewater from Urban WWTPs." Water 13, no. 9 (April 29, 2021): 1237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13091237.
Abstract:
The content of fats, oils, and greases (FOG) in wastewater, as a result of food preparation, both in homes and in different commercial and industrial activities, is a growing problem. In addition to the blockages generated in the sanitary networks, it also represents a difficulty for the performance of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), increasing energy and maintenance costs and worsening the performance of downstream treatment processes. The pretreatment stage of these facilities is responsible for removing most of the FOG to avoid these problems. However, so far, optimization has been limited to the correct design and initial installation dimensioning. Proper management of this initial stage is left to the experience of the operators to adjust the process when changes occur in the characteristics of the wastewater inlet. The main difficulty is the large number of factors influencing these changes. In this work, a prediction model of the FOG content in the inlet water is presented. The model is capable of correctly predicting 98.45% of the cases in training and 72.73% in testing, with a relative error of 10%. It was developed using random forest (RF) and the good results obtained (R2 = 0.9348 and RMSE = 0.089 in test) will make it possible to improve operations in this initial stage. The good features of this machine learning algorithm had not been used, so far, in the modeling of pretreatment parameters. This novel approach will result in a global improvement in the performance of this type of facility allowing early adoption of adjustments to the pretreatment process to remove the maximum amount of FOG.
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Godoy-Pérez, Karen Estefanía, Karen Vanessa Benítez-Tupiza, Jairo Stalin Valle-Jaramillo, and Esteban Mauricio Inga-Ortega. "Sizing and Routing of Wireless Sensor Networks for Traffic Vehicular Monitoring." ITECKNE 17, no. 1 (July 17, 2020): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15332/iteckne.v17i1.2425.
Abstract:
The demand in the urban population affects the increase in vehicles caused by traffic in cities. The way to manage this problem is through the implementation of an intelligent traffic system that allows a better interrelation with all the elements that compose it. Communication with the elements occurs through information and communication technologies (ICT), which are required for the development of smart cities. Implementing a wireless sensor network in a city allows obtaining information on the state in which it is located in real-time so that the location of the sensors at traffic lights and traffic signals will allow obtaining the necessary data for decision-making correct based on local perception. Cities such as Quito have had a considerable increase in population, therefore, it can be seen that one of the main problems is the traffic that the city faces at peak hours, so the use of wireless sensors to monitor traffic is of great help. For everything detailed above, this document will show the dimensioning and routing of a wireless sensor network that offers a more efficient system to control and manage the flow of vehicular traffic.
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Kotarela, Faidra, Anastasios Kyritsis, and Nick Papanikolaou. "On the Implementation of the Nearly Zero Energy Building Concept for Jointly Acting Renewables Self-Consumers in Mediterranean Climate Conditions." Energies 13, no. 5 (February 25, 2020): 1032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051032.
Abstract:
Cost-effective energy saving in the building sector is a high priority in Europe; The European Union has set ambitious targets for buildings’ energy performance in order to convert old energy-intensive ones into nearly zero energy buildings (nZEBs). This study focuses on the implementation of a collective self-consumption nZEB concept in Mediterranean climate conditions, considering a typical multi-family building (or apartment block) in the urban environment. The aggregated use of PVs, geothermal and energy storage systems allow the self-production and self-consumption of energy, in a way that the independence from fossil fuels and the reliability of the electricity grid are enhanced. The proposed nZEB implementation scheme will be analyzed from techno-economical perspective, presenting detailed calculations regarding the components dimensioning and costs-giving emphasis on life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) indexes—as well as the energy transactions between the building and the electricity grid. The main outcomes of this work are that the proposed nZEB implementation is a sustainable solution for the Mediterranean area, whereas the incorporation of electrical energy storage units—though beneficial for the reliability of the grid—calls for the implementation of positive policies regarding the reduction of their payback period.
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Gauglitz, Philip, Jan Ulffers, Gyde Thomsen, Felix Frischmuth, David Geiger, and Alexander Scheidler. "Modeling Spatial Charging Demands Related to Electric Vehicles for Power Grid Planning Applications." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 12 (November 25, 2020): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9120699.
Abstract:
The electrification of the transport sector together with an increasing share of renewable energies has the potential to reduce CO2 emissions significantly. This transformation requires the rollout of charging infrastructure, which has an impact on power grids. For grid planning and dimensioning purposes, it is crucial to assess this rapidly growing impact. We present an approach using socio-economic data such as income levels together with a model for demographic changes to estimate where electric mobility is likely to be concentrated, especially during the transformation phase. We present a total-cost-of-ownership approach for the ramp-up of electric mobility, considering an increased penetration of renewable energies. With the city of Wiesbaden in Germany as an example for an application area, the possible expansion of vehicle ownership and charging points is modeled on the level of individual buildings. Compared to a simpler approach, the detailed model results in more consistent charging point allocations, higher line/transformer loadings and lower bus voltages for the investigated grids. Predicting future distributions of charging points with such a level of detail in terms of ramp-up and spatial resolution proves potentially beneficial for grid analysis and planning purposes, especially in urban areas, where infrastructure changes are expensive and time-consuming.
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Leviandier, T., and S. Payraudeau. "A metamodel for stormwater detention basins design." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.763.
Abstract:
The aim of storm basins is to protect urban areas against some predefined risk of exceeding a given value of downstream runoff, or a risk of overflow for a bounded storage capacity. This risk results from the combination of a natural hazard and hydraulic properties. The correct way to address this issue is to use a stochastic rainfall model, but it may require unavailable data and be cumbersome to use in the framework of an optimisation procedure. We give the end user a way to by-pass this step, by means of a metamodel. The problem is to calculate the parameters of the probability density function (pdf) of outputs as a function of the pdf of inputs and of the parameters of the dynamic deterministic system between inputs and outputs. We propose to apply a metamodel, which is a new way of designing approximate but generic derived distribution, based on conditional probabilities. For application to dimensioning of basins, the determination of the parameter(s) corresponding to an acceptable risk simply consists of solving an algebraic equation representing the metamodel. The methodology needs usual rainfall statistics and a specific parameter inferred from analysis of storms, or supposed to have a regional value.
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Iskandar, Iskandar, I. Setyawan, and H. Nuraini. "Inter-cell Interference Management Technique for Multi-Cell LTE-A Network." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 5 (October 1, 2017): 2696. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i5.pp2696-2705.
Abstract:
In modern cellular system such as LTE Advanced (LTE-A), frequency reuse scheme is targeted to be applied to fulfill the requirement of high capacity broadband access and high spectrum efficiency. But this kind of frequency planning may lead to the worse inter-cell interference (ICI) level experienced especially by a user located at the cell edge. Soft Frequency Reuse (SFR) is considered as an effective way to mitigate inter-cell interference and maintain capacity. We propose a power division SFR, known as multi level SFR technique to minimize ICI in a designed LTE-A network for sub-urban environment. Service area of LTE-A network was first developed to deploy particular number of eNB by using LTE network planning tools in the frequency of 1800 MHz with the use of SISO (Single Input Single Output) antennas. Coverage dimensioning and propagation consideration determine LTE-A parameters which were used in the simulation. Monte carlo simulation is executed to examine the performance of SFR for LTE-A downlink transmission to address different power ratio and traffic loads problem. Both performance of cell edge users and overall cell performance are evaluated in terms of CINR, BLER, and throughput. Performance with SFR is also compared with the classical frequency reuse one and three.
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Matić, Gabrijela, and Željko Peković. "Sacral architecture of Split parish churches built since 1990." St open 2 (July 13, 2021): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.48188/so.2.4.
Abstract:
Objective: The article aims to provide a typology of contemporary sacral architecture in Croatia by analyzing the churches built in the Split area after the post-World War II ban on building churches was abolished. Methods: Parish archives and the Archive of Split-Makarska Archdiocese provided documentation that allowed for an in-depth analysis of newly built churches. A short historical overview is provided to corroborate the need of respective parishes for a new church; this is followed by an analysis of the ground plan and other architectural features. The church architecture is considered in the light of post-Council instructions that affect the appearance of contemporary churches. Finally, we provide an analysis of the relationship between sacral buildings and their urban environment. Results: Twelve new parish churches were built in the city of Split City area since 1990. A data analysis revealed that the major problem during church construction projects was the visual integration of the churches into the Split neighborhoods. The shape and size of the buildings was partly dictated by the urban environment. Most churches are located in the immediate vicinity of the center of the neighborhood. The churches mainly differed by the shape of their bell towers, which were used by the architects to convey their devotion to or departure from tradition. The move toward central-plan buildings, which would be expected in the light of post-Council guidelines, did not emerge in Split. Conclusion: A comparison of contemporary sacral architecture in Split did not reveal a defined church design typology. The contemporary sacral architecture in Split has not completely turned to new trends and is still partly trying to keep the tradition, as reflected in the ground plan and bell tower design. Architects have abandoned the strong longitudinal axis and have been dimensioning the churches based on the real needs.
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Wendland, Frank, Sabine Bergmann, Michael Eisele, Horst Gömann, Frank Herrmann, Peter Kreins, and Ralf Kunkel. "Model-Based Analysis of Nitrate Concentration in the Leachate—The North Rhine-Westfalia Case Study, Germany." Water 12, no. 2 (February 15, 2020): 550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020550.
Abstract:
Reaching the EU quality standard for nitrate (50 mg NO3/L) in all groundwater bodies is a challenge in the Federal State of North Rhine-Westfalia (Germany). In the research project GROWA+ NRW 2021 initiated by the Federal States’ Ministry for Environment, Agriculture, Nature and Consumer Protection, amongst other aspects, a model-based analysis of agricultural nitrogen inputs into groundwater and nitrate concentration in the leachate was carried out. For this purpose, the water balance model mGROWA, the agro-economic model RAUMIS, and the reactive N transport model DENUZ were coupled and applied consistently across the whole territory of North Rhine-Westfalia with a spatial resolution of 100 m × 100 m. Besides agricultural N emissions, N emissions from small sewage plants, urban systems, and NOx deposition were also included in the model analysis. The comparisons of the modelled nitrate concentrations in the leachate of different land use influences with observed nitrate concentrations in groundwater were shown to have a good correspondence with regard to the concentration levels across all regions and different land-uses in North Rhine-Westphalia. On the level of ground water bodies (according to EU ground water directive) N emissions exclusively from agriculture led to failure of the good chemical state. This result will support the selection and the adequate dimensioning of regionally adapted agricultural N reduction measures.
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Bideris-Davos, Admitos A., and Panagis N. Vovos. "Algorithm for Appropriate Design of Hydroelectric Turbines as Replacements for Pressure Reduction Valves in Water Distribution Systems." Water 15, no. 3 (January 31, 2023): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15030554.
Abstract:
Gravity flow water distribution systems (WDSs) are used to permit water flow from an input point of highest elevation (source) to the terminal points of a system (consumers). In such WDSs, typically, there is no need for external power to maintain the flow due to the typical high gradients that exist. However, those gradients cause high water velocity and pressure to some network areas that could potentially lead to pipes bursting. Currently, the only means to regulate pressure within allowable range are Pressure Reduction Valves (PRVs). They are installed at various locations, but they cannot utilize the existing hydropower potential in terms of electrical energy production. This paper provides a methodology for hydro-turbines dimensioning, so that they mimic PRV operation in terms of pressure regulation while producing power efficiently. This includes an algorithmic process within which the proper turbine design and performance prediction are initially determined, and then, via an interconnection between EPANET and MATLAB, the hydraulic behavior of their operation within the water network is modeled and simulated. The methodology has been tested with simulations of a typical urban WDS. The results indicate that the produced turbine geometries mimic PRV action at the respective locations with more than 1% accuracy during 70% of the time (2% maximum error), while producing electric energy with hydraulic efficiency over 60%.
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Barros, Arturo, Xanel Vecino, Mònica Reig, and José Luis Cortina. "Coagulation and Flocculation Optimization Process Applied to the Sidestream of an Urban Wastewater Treatment Plant." Water 14, no. 24 (December 9, 2022): 4024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14244024.
Abstract:
Ammonium (NH4+) recirculation from the streams generated in the dehydration stage of the sludge generated in the anaerobic digestion of urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), known as centrate or sidestream, produces a reduction in the efficiency of WWTPs. Given this scenario and the formulation that a WWTP should be considered a by-product generating facility (biofactory), solutions for ammonia/ammonium recovery are being promoted. These include a nitrogen source that reduces the need for ammonia production through the Haber–Bosch process. Therefore, the recovery of nutrients from urban cycles is a potential and promising line of research. In the case of nitrogen, this has been aimed at recovering NH4+ to produce high-quality fertilizers through membrane or ion exchange processes. However, these techniques usually require a pretreatment, which could include an ultrafiltration stage, to eliminate suspended solids and organic matter. In this case, the coagulation/flocculation (C/F) process is an economical alternative for this purpose. In this work, the sidestream from Vilanova i la Geltrú WWTP (Barcelona, Spain) was characterized to optimize a C/F process before being treated by other processes for ammonium recovery. The optimization was performed considering a bibliographic and experimental analysis of several operating parameters: coagulant and flocculant agents, mixing velocity, and operation time, among others. Then, the removal efficiency of control parameters such as turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total suspended solids (TSS) was calculated. This optimization resulted in the use of 25 mg/L of ferric chloride (FeCl3) combined with 25 mg/L of a flocculant composed of silicon (SiO2 3%), aluminum (Al2SO4 64.5%), and iron salts (Fe2O3 32.5%), into a 1 min rapid mixing process at 200 rpm and a slow mixing for 30 min at 30 rpm, followed by a final 30 min settling process. The numerical and statistical results of the process optimization reached 91.5%, 59.1%, and 95.2% removal efficiency for turbidity, COD, and TSS, respectively. These efficiencies theoretically support the enhanced coagulation/flocculation process as a pretreatment for a higher NH4+ recovery rate, achieving 570.6 mgNH4+/L, and a reduction in the dimensioning or substitution of other membrane processes process due to its high TSS removal value.
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Marinelli, Natália Pereira, and Maria Belén Salazar Posso. "Evaluation of space dimensioning of basic health units / Avaliação do dimensionamento espacial das unidades básicas de saúde / Evaluación del diseño espacial de unidades básicas de salud." Revista de Enfermagem da UFPI 4, no. 1 (June 17, 2015): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26694/reufpi.v4i1.2324.
Abstract:
Objective: Characterize the Basic Health Units of a city in the interior of Maranhão, describe its spatial dimensions and compare the existing structure which determines the Ministry of Health. Methodology: Search exploratory-descriptive, cross-sectional, held in January 2013 in four Basic Health Units located in the urban area of a city in the state of Maranhão, in which observation and mapping to be studied field was carried out through an instrument developed by the researcher and evaluated the measurements for the technical design of the standard physical plant units. Results: The results showed mismatches in two teams implemented in respect of population coverage, and the sizing of the area of the four units’ health of living vaccine, which comprises a risk to the health of those working in this environment. Conclusion: It notes the need for correct spatial design of UBS, in accordance with current legislation, in order to offer a better physical environment for the performance of work tasks, reducing the exposure of workers to potential sources of occupational hazards and improving quality of care provided. Descriptors: Spatial scaling. Physical hazards. Family health strategy. Basic health unit.