Journal articles on the topic 'Urban development – Ontario - Toronto'
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Merrens, Roy. "Port Authorities as Urban Land Developers." Articles 17, no. 2 (August 6, 2013): 92–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017654ar.
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Port authorities have been important presences in Canada's port cities, playing major roles in determining the physical form and land-use functions of urban waterfront lands. Their formative roles warrant attention from scholars concerned with the city-building process in Canada. This study focuses upon one such body, The Toronto Harbour Commissioners, and how and why it has functioned as a land development agency. An analysis of the commissions Outer Harbour project between 1912 and 1968 shows the commissions central concern with land development: ostensibly presented as a harbour facility, the project was actually intended to be a key component in the commissions proposed redevelopment of Toronto's central waterfront for profitable commercial and residential use. The project also reveals the significance of landfilling in the commissions urban development role, and, incidentally, explains the existence of the three-mile artificial headland projecting out into Lake Ontario from Toronto's waterfront. The role of the commission as a development agency is explained in terms of its original 1911 mandate, which in turn reflects the intentions of the Toronto Board of Trade, the body that had led the drive to create the commission.
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Nicolson, Murray W. "The Irish Experience in Ontario: Rural or Urban?" Articles 14, no. 1 (August 13, 2013): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017880ar.
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The purpose of this paper is to respond to several new theories which, if accepted, could alter the historical perception of the role played by urban centres in the adjustment of Irish Catholics in nineteenth century Ontario. Donald Akenson, a rural historian, believes that the Canadian experience of Irish immigrants is not comparable to the American one. Akenson contends that the numerical dominance of Protestants within the national group and the rural basis of the Irish community, negated the formation of urban ghettos and allowed for a relative ease in social mobility. In comparison the American Irish were dominantly Catholic urban dwelling and ghettoized. In addition the new labour historians believe that the rise of the Knights of Labor caused the Orange and Catholic Irish in Toronto to resolve their generational hatred and set about to form a common working-class culture. This theory must presume that Irish Catholic culture was of little value to be rejected with such ease. The writer contends that neither theory is valid. In the ghettos of Toronto the fusion of an Irish peasant culture with traditional Catholism produced a new, urban, ethno-religious vehicle — Irish Tridentine Catholism. This culture, spread from the city to the hinterland and, by means of metropolitan linkage, throughout Ontario. Privatism created a closed Irish society, one they were born into and left when they died. Irish Catholics co-operated in labour organizations for the sake of their family's future, but never shared in the development of a new working-class culture with their old Orange enemies.
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Sorensen, André, and Anna-Katharina Brenner. "Cities, Urban Property Systems, and Sustainability Transitions: Contested Processes of Institutional Change and the Regulation of Urban Property Development." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 28, 2021): 8429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158429.
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Sustainability transitions research has emerged as one of the most influential approaches to conceptualizing the potential and practice of transformative system change to avoid climate catastrophe. Evolving from work on socio-technical systems via Geels’ multi-level perspective (MLP), this conceptual framework has contributed to understanding how complex systems in the contemporary world can be transformed. This paper contributes to the sustainability transitions literature in three main ways. First, the paper develops a conceptual framework focused on the urban property systems which regulate and support urban property, infrastructure and governance that are historically produced, are densely institutionalized, and through which public norms of property and governance are deeply embedded in and continually inscribed in urban space. Second, the paper suggests that urban property systems are continually and vigorously contested and demonstrate different modes of institutional change than those recognized by the existing sustainability transitions literature. Third, the paper illustrates the approach with a case study of the contested governance of property development in Toronto, Ontario, long one of the fastest growing cities in North America. The Toronto case suggests that institutions embedded in urban property systems are consequential and deserve more attention by those concerned with low-carbon transitions.
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De Sousa, Christopher. "Trying to Smart-In-Up and Cleanup Our Act by Linking Regional Growth Planning, Brownfields Remediation, and Urban Infill in Southern Ontario Cities." Urban Planning 2, no. 3 (August 24, 2017): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v2i3.1026.
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The reuse of brownfields as locations for urban intensification has become a core strategy in government sustainability efforts aimed at remediating pollution, curbing sprawl and prioritizing renewal, regeneration, and retrofitting. In Ontario, Canada’s most populous, industrialized, and brownfield-laden province, a suite of progressive policies and programs have been introduced to not only facilitate the assessment and remediation of the brownfields supply, but to also steer development demand away from peripheral greenfields and towards urban brownfields in a manner that considers a wider regional perspective. This article examines the character and extent of brownfields infill development that has taken place in three Ontario cities (Toronto, Waterloo, and Kingston) since the provincial policy shift in the early 2000s. Using property assessment data and cleanup records, the research finds that redevelopment activity has been extensive in both scale and character, particularly in Toronto where the real estate market has been strong. While the results are promising in terms of government efforts to promote smarter growth that builds “in and up” instead of out, they also reveal that government could be doing more to facilitate redevelopment and influence its sustainability character, particularly in weaker markets.
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Maclellan, Duncan. "Planning Politics in Toronto: The Ontario Municipal Board and Urban Development Aaron A. Moore Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2013. pp. 254." Canadian Journal of Political Science 48, no. 2 (June 2015): 488–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423915000347.
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Larson, Doug W., Uta Matthes, Peter E. Kelly, Jeremy Lundholm, and John A. Gerrath. "The Urban Cliff Hypothesis and its relevance to ekistics." Ekistics and The New Habitat 71, no. 424-426 (June 1, 2004): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.53910/26531313-e200471424-426228.
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The Cliff Ecology Research Group (CERG), Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, has been in existence since 1985 when its members began working on the ecology of the Niagara Escarpment (fig. 1). In 1988 they discovered a stand of ancient trees growing on the cliffs and in 1989 they discovered that in fact the escarpment cliffs support the oldest and least disturbed forest ecosystem in Canada. Individual living trees older than 1,300 years are still present and the forest appears to be in steady state. CERG's work on the ancient trees led to the idea that cliffs serve as refuges for many species including ancient humans. That observation led to the development of the Urban Cliff Hypothesis that is described in this paper and was presented at the international symposion on " The Natural City, " Toronto, 23-25 June, 2004, sponsored by the University of Toronto's Division of the Environment, Institute for Environmental Studies, and the World Society for Ekistics, and also led to the recent book entitled The Urban Cliff Revolution.
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Kulisek, Larry, and Trevor Price. "Ontario Municipal Policy Affecting Local Autonomy: A Case Study Involving Windsor and Toronto." Articles 16, no. 3 (August 7, 2013): 255–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017734ar.
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During the first great burst of urban growth in Canada from the beginning of the 20th century and on into the 1920s it was generally the municipalities, either singly or collectively, which fostered policy innovation and new services. Provinces generally did little at that time, either to foster new policies or rein in local autonomy. It was only after the economic setbacks of the depression and a renewed spirit of urban development after 1945 that provincial direction over municipalities became much more significant. This paper is a case study of two major policy crises which threatened the viability of the whole municipal system in Ontario. In the 1930s the Border Cities (Metropolitan Windsor) faced bankruptcy and economic collapse and placed in jeopardy the credit of the province. In the early 1950s the inability of Metropolitan Toronto to create area-wide solutions to severe servicing problems threatened to stall the main engine of provincial growth. The case study demonstrates how a reluctant provincial government intervened to create new metropolitan arrangements for the two areas and accompanied this with a greatly expanded structure of provincial oversight including a strengthened Ontario Municipal Board and a specific department to handle municipal affairs. The objective of the policy was to bolster local government rather than to narrow municipal autonomy.
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Lyon, Craig, Anwar Haq, Bhagwant Persaud, and Steven T. Kodama. "Safety Performance Functions for Signalized Intersections in Large Urban Areas." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1908, no. 1 (January 2005): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105190800120.
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This paper describes the development of safety performance functions (SPFs) for 1,950 urban signalized intersections on the basis of 5 years of collision data in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Because Toronto has one of the largest known, readily accessible, urban signalized intersection databases, it was possible to develop reliable, widely applicable SPFs for different intersection classifications, collision severities, and impact types. Such a comprehensive set of SPFs is not available for urban signalized intersections from data for a single jurisdiction, despite the considerable recent interest in use of these functions for analyses related to network screening, and the development, prioritization, and evaluation of treatments. The application of a straightforward recalibration process requiring relatively little data means that the SPFs calibrated can be used by researchers and practitioners for other jurisdictions for which these functions do not exist and are unlikely to exist for some time. The value of the functions is illustrated in an application to evaluate a topical safety measure—left-turn priority treatment for which existing knowledge is on a shaky foundation. The results of this empirical Bayes evaluation show that this treatment is quite effective for reducing collisions, particularly those involving left-turn side impacts.
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Sahely, Halla R., Christopher A. Kennedy, and Barry J. Adams. "Developing sustainability criteria for urban infrastructure systems." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 32, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 72–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l04-072.
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Research in the area of sustainable urban infrastructure reflects the need to design and manage engineering systems in light of both environmental and socioeconomic considerations. A principal challenge for the engineer is the development of practical tools for measuring and enhancing the sustainability of urban infrastructure over its life cycle. The present study develops such a framework for the sustainability assessment of urban infrastructure systems. The framework focuses on key interactions and feedback mechanisms between infrastructure and surrounding environmental, economic, and social systems. One way of understanding and quantifying these interacting effects is through the use of sustainability criteria and indicators. A generic set of sustainability criteria and subcriteria and system-specific indicators is put forward. Selected indicators are quantified in a case study of the urban water system of the City of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.Key words: sustainable infrastructure, sustainability criteria and indicators, energy use, urban water systems.
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Stefanovic, Ingrid Leman. "Negotiating an ethic of place in a globalizing society." Ekistics and The New Habitat 73, no. 436-441 (December 1, 2006): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.53910/26531313-e200673436-44198.
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Dr Stefanovic is Director of the Centre for Environment and Professorof Philosophy at the University of Toronto. She is also a member of the World Society for Ekistics and served as Chair of the Natural City symposion, a meeting co-organized by the University of Toronto and the World Society for Ekistics in June 2004, and was guest-editor for the special volume of Ekistics (vol. 71, no. 424-432, 2004) reporting on this symposion. A book of essays is in preparation for the University of Toronto Press, entitled The Natural City: Re-Envisioning the Built Environment. Dr Stefanovic's main area of research interest relates to how values and perceptions affect decision making relating to environment and human settlements. Projects have included work on evaluative images of the Lake Ontario Waterfront Trail (reported in Ekistics,vol. 69, no. 415/416/417, July-December 2002) and, more recently, a research grant investigated risk perceptions underlying urban development in designated floodplains. She has published many articles on interdisciplinary issues affecting human settlements and a number of books, including the recent Safeguarding Our Common Future:Rethinking Sustainable Development (SUNY, 2000).
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Boswell, Michael R. "Reviews : The Drama of Democracy: Contention and Dispute in Community Planning Jill Grant University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 1994. 252 pages. $40.00 (HB), $18.95 (PB." Journal of Planning Education and Research 15, no. 3 (April 1996): 247–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739456x9601500312.
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Pattison-Meek, Joanne. "Supporting Urban-Oriented Teacher Candidates to Experience Rural Schooling: The Story of a Virtual Adapted Practicum." Australian Journal of Teacher Education 46, no. 12 (December 2021): 92–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2021v46n12.6.
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In the fall of 2020, due to the institutional impacts of COVID-19, the Master of Teaching Program in the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto (Canada) transitioned to a modified practicum program. In this article, I draw on self-study (Kitchen et al., 2020) to examine and share my experiences as a Practicum Advisor tasked to design and deliver a four-week virtual practicum program for 30 teacher candidates, without access to high school classrooms. I reflect on how my rural teacher and researcher selves informed my practicum design in one of Canada’s largest urban faculties of education, including teacher candidates’ development of data portraits based on one rural case study high school. A virtual adapted practicum presented me with a narrow opening, in an otherwise urban-dominant curriculum, to expand teacher candidates’ gaze beyond the metropolis.
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Ross, Sara Gwendolyn. "Development versus Preservation Interests in the Making of a Music City: A Case Study of Select Iconic Toronto Music Venues and the Treatment of Their Intangible Cultural Heritage Value." International Journal of Cultural Property 24, no. 1 (February 2017): 31–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739116000382.
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Abstract:Urban redevelopment projects increasingly draw on culture as a tool for rejuvenating city spaces but, in doing so, can overemphasize the economic or exchange-value potential of a cultural space to the detriment of what was initially meaningful about a space—that which carries great cultural community wealth, use-value, or embodies a group’s intangible cultural heritage. Development and preservation interests illustrate this tension in terms of how cultural heritage—both tangible and intangible—is managed in the city. This article will turn to Toronto’s “Music City” strategy that is being deployed as part of a culture-focused urban redevelopment trend and Creative City planning initiative in order to examine how the modern urban intangible merits of city spaces are valuated and dealt with in light of the comparatively weak regard accorded to intangibility within the available heritage protection legal frameworks of Canada, Ontario, and, specifically, Toronto. The currently underdeveloped recognition for intangibility in the heritage protection equation not only fails to equally valuate non-dominant, unconventional, or alternative iterations of culture but also falls behind the key guiding documents in international law for the safeguarding and recognition of intangible cultural heritage as well as in accounting for intangibility in determining heritage value. Without diligent inclusive strategies to account for, and consult, the diverse spectrum of groups, cultures, and cultural spaces affected by urban heritage and cultural city planning processes, a city’s development initiatives risk counterproductively destroying the precise characteristics they are otherwise seeking to nourish, create, and, even, commodify.
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Linovski, Orly. "Shifting Agendas: Private Consultants and Public Planning Policy." Urban Affairs Review 55, no. 6 (February 6, 2018): 1666–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078087417752475.
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Despite concerns about the privatization of urban planning practices, there is little known about the professional actors involved in this restructuring. Private-sector consultants, though beholden to the same professional standards as public-sector employees, face competing pressures of an entrepreneurial fee-for-service business model. This article examines the role of planning consultants in shaping public policy agendas, by analyzing the redevelopment of Downsview Park in Toronto, Ontario. Drawing from interview and archival data, I find that private-sector planning consultants had influence in prioritizing policy agendas by propagating the need for sped-up processes and allowing landowners to “pay for priority.” The fluidity of professionals between firms, sectors, and projects reinforced the perceived value and neutrality of consultant expertise. These strategies worked to erode the differences between public- and private-sector planning processes, resulting in a high degree of influence for development interests.
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Restoule, Jean-Paul. "Education as Healing: How Urban Aboriginal Men Described Post-Secondary Schooling as Decolonising." Australian Journal of Indigenous Education 34 (2005): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s132601110000404x.
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AbstractThis paper relates findings from learning circles held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, with urban Aboriginal men. The purpose of the circles was to determine how an Aboriginal cultural identity is formed in urban spaces. Education settings were mentioned by the research participants as a significant contribution to their cultural identity development. Participants described elementary and secondary school experiences as lacking in Aboriginal inclusion at best or as racist. In contrast to these earlier experiences, participants described their post-secondary education as enabling them to work on healing or decolonising themselves. Specific strategies for universities to contribute to individual decolonising journeys are mentioned. A university that contributes to decolonising and healing must provide space for Aboriginal students where they feel culturally safe. The students must have access to cultural knowledge and its keepers, such as elders. Their teachers must offer Indigenous course content and demonstrate respect and love for their students. Courses must be seen to be relevant to Indigenous people in their decolonising process and use teaching styles that include humour and engender a spirit of community in the classroom. In particular, Indigenous language courses are important to Aboriginal students.
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McPherson, T. S., and V. R. Timmer. "Amelioration of degraded soils under red pine plantations on the Oak Ridges Moraine, Ontario." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 82, no. 3 (August 1, 2002): 375–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s01-084.
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Soil degradation and subsequent amelioration were studied on soil chronosequences of old-growth forest, abandoned fields, and young and mature conifer plantations on the Oak Ridges Moraine, an environmentally vulnerable landform near Toronto threatened by encroaching urban development. The chronosequences reflect a history of pre-settlement deforestation, exploitive pioneer agriculture and ensuing land abandonment that led to soil fallowing and/or wind erosion in the 1920s followed by soil stabilization after extensive planting with red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.). Key pedogenic processes were identified and rates and magnitude of soil recovery were quantified in terms of morphological, physical and chemical characteristics of soil profiles. Soil degradation generally involved reduced fertility with profile simplification (haploidization) on non-eroded fallowed fields, and topsoil loss by wind erosion (deflation) on more exposed eroded fields. After reforestation, soil restoration was characterized by cessation of erosion, accelerated horizon development and differentiation, reduced soil bulk density, and increased fertility and acidification of the soil. Chronofunctions revealed substantial recovery in soil organic C, total N, available P, and exchangeable K, Ca and Mg status within 75 yr of initial reforestation on non-deflated, fallowed sites. In contrast, estimated recovery of these parameters on severely deflated sites was delayed far beyond plantation maturity. Key words: Oak Ridges Moraine, plantation (red pine), ecosystem restoration, deflation, soil degradation
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Pugliese, Stephanie C., Jennifer G. Murphy, Felix R. Vogel, Michael D. Moran, Junhua Zhang, Qiong Zheng, Craig A. Stroud, Shuzhan Ren, Douglas Worthy, and Gregoire Broquet. "High-resolution quantification of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> mixing ratios in the Greater Toronto Area, Canada." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 5 (March 8, 2018): 3387–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3387-2018.
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Abstract. Many stakeholders are seeking methods to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in urban areas, but reliable, high-resolution inventories are required to guide these efforts. We present the development of a high-resolution CO2 inventory available for the Greater Toronto Area and surrounding region in Southern Ontario, Canada (area of ∼ 2.8 × 105 km2, 26 % of the province of Ontario). The new SOCE (Southern Ontario CO2 Emissions) inventory is available at the 2.5 × 2.5 km spatial and hourly temporal resolution and characterizes emissions from seven sectors: area, residential natural-gas combustion, commercial natural-gas combustion, point, marine, on-road, and off-road. To assess the accuracy of the SOCE inventory, we developed an observation–model framework using the GEM-MACH chemistry–transport model run on a high-resolution grid with 2.5 km grid spacing coupled to the Fossil Fuel Data Assimilation System (FFDAS) v2 inventories for anthropogenic CO2 emissions and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) land carbon model C-TESSEL for biogenic fluxes. A run using FFDAS for the Southern Ontario region was compared to a run in which its emissions were replaced by the SOCE inventory. Simulated CO2 mixing ratios were compared against in situ measurements made at four sites in Southern Ontario – Downsview, Hanlan's Point, Egbert and Turkey Point – in 3 winter months, January–March 2016. Model simulations had better agreement with measurements when using the SOCE inventory emissions versus other inventories, quantified using a variety of statistics such as correlation coefficient, root-mean-square error, and mean bias. Furthermore, when run with the SOCE inventory, the model had improved ability to capture the typical diurnal pattern of CO2 mixing ratios, particularly at the Downsview, Hanlan's Point, and Egbert sites. In addition to improved model–measurement agreement, the SOCE inventory offers a sectoral breakdown of emissions, allowing estimation of average time-of-day and day-of-week contributions of different sectors. Our results show that at night, emissions from residential and commercial natural-gas combustion and other area sources can contribute > 80 % of the CO2 enhancement, while during the day emissions from the on-road sector dominate, accounting for > 70 % of the enhancement.
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Aquilina, Edwin Charles. "Urban sustainability and public awareness: The role of the National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy in Canada." Ekistics and The New Habitat 71, no. 424-426 (June 1, 2004): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.53910/26531313-e200471424-426217.
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The author, Co-Chair, Urban Sustainability Task Force of the National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy, and Special Advisor to the Mayor of the City of Ottawa, is a former senior public servant and international consultant with extensive experience in public administration, policy formulation and program management relating to economic and regional growth, infrastructure development, social development as well as urban planning and conservation. With degrees in International Affairs from Carleton College in Minnesota and Political Science and Economics from Columbia University, he also holds Certificates in Russian Studies from Columbia University and in Military and Strategic Studies from the National Defense College in Kingston, Ontario. Mr Aquilina had a long career in the federal public service which included appointments to the Civil Service Commission, the Prime Minister's Office and the Privy Council Office. He served as Assistant-Deputy Minister in the Departments of Regional Economic Expansion, Secretary of State and Finance. He also occupied the positions of Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Board, General Manager of the National Capital Commission and Chair of the Task Force on Decentralization of Government Operations. As a consultant, he provided senior advice to the governmentof Lebanon on public service reform and headed a task force in Ethiopia on public finance reform. He was also a senior member of two missions from Canada to the governments of Benin and Haiti. The text that follows is an edited version of a paper presented at the international symposion on "The Natural City, " Toronto, 23-25 June, 2004, sponsored by the University of Toronto's Division of the Environment, Institute for Environmental Studies, and the World Society for Ekistics.
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Tovilla, Edgar. "Mind the Gap: Management System Standards Addressing the Gap for Ontario’s Municipal Drinking Water, Wastewater and Stormwater Ecosystem of Regulations." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 31, 2020): 7099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12177099.
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The research finds evidence in support of and wide recognition of the practical value of management system standards (MSS) by assisting municipalities in meeting their human health protection, environmental objectives, addressing environmental and property damage risks, and providing an additional mechanism of public accountability and transparency. Semi-structured interviews were applied to assess perceptions with practitioners and environmental non-governmental organizations on whether a similar approach to the legally required drinking water quality management standard (DWQMS) could be applied for the municipal wastewater and stormwater sectors. Twelve Ontario municipalities have adopted or are in the process of adopting an ISO 14001 environmental management system (EMS) standard for their wastewater and/or stormwater systems, which represents 66% of Ontario’s population. With the large urban centres (e.g., Toronto, York Region, Durham Region, Halton Region and Peel Region) adopting the standard, this is likely to influence small to medium-sized cities to follow a similar approach. Although, resources might be a factor preventing the cohort of smaller utilities voluntarily taking this path. Regulations governing Ontario’s municipal drinking water, wastewater and stormwater utilities were compared via gap analysis. Gaps on management of the system, performance monitoring, auditing and having minimum design criteria left the municipal wastewater and stormwater sectors behind in comparison with recently updated (2004–2008) regulatory framework for the drinking water sector. Based on the identification and review of significant gaps in wastewater and stormwater regulation (compared with the drinking water sector), environmental MSS should be incorporated to strengthen the regulatory framework of these sectors. These phenomena also depict a form of sustainable governance with the use of MSS, which are initiated, developed and regulated by non-state actors, recognizing the value of non-state rule instruments in the water, wastewater and stormwater sectors.
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Bolderston, Amanda, Nicole Harnett, Cathryne Palmer, Julie Wenz, and Pamela Catton. "The scholarly radiation therapist. Part two: developing an academic practice—the Princess Margaret Hospital experience." Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice 7, no. 2 (June 2008): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1460396908006328.
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AbstractPart two of this two-part series presents the results of a departmental initiative implemented in 2003 at a large urban cancer centre, Princess Margaret Hospital (PMH) in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. This new model for radiation therapists was called Advanced Integrated Practice (AIP) and was developed, in part, to encourage and promote scholarship within radiation therapy. The AIP model incorporated integrated clinical specialty roles designed to blend exemplary clinical practice with focused academic activities. This paper discusses an evaluation of the AIP model undertaken to obtain a formal measure of how the model had evolved, how the radiation therapists and other stakeholders were responding to the new model, whether the initial outcomes were realized and to create plans for further development of the design. The evaluation utilized a mixture of traditional qualitative research methodologies such as focus groups, quantitative surveys and a variety of other available measurable outcomes. Outcomes from the model included increased opportunities for diverse roles that incorporated an element of academic practice and augmented career choice and scope for radiation therapists. In addition, academic output and research work also increased within the department. Lessons learned from the implementation and evaluation of the model are shared, and the authors offer some suggestions to increase scholarly activity within the profession.
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Gajewski, Rafał, and Iwona Sagan. "Władze regionalne w zarządzaniu metropolitalnym. Polskie doświadczenia w odniesieniu do Kanady i regionu metropolitalnego Toronto = Regional authorities in metropolitan governance. Polish experience in the context of Canada and Toronto city-region." Przegląd Geograficzny 92, no. 4 (2020): 591–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/przg.2020.4.7.
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The article attempts to present dilemmas related to shaping metropolitan policy in Canada, and then relate them to problems occurring in Poland. It is a part of the debate on seeking the right governance configurations and discourses in response to the communities’ needs. Particular attention is paid to the characteristics of the scales of governance and socio-spatial relations in the Toronto metropolitan area. The article has been divided into four main parts. Part one outlines the theoretical framework and the context of the conducted analyses. Part two describes the structures and processes of regional and metropolitan governance in Southern Ontario, with the earlier reference to the institutional conditions and directions of reforms characteristic of the whole of Canada. Part three of the study concerns the governance arrangements that may constitute important reference points for the scientific and political discourse taking place in Poland. Part four is an attempt to capture the similarities and universal premises that have a decisive influence on the processes of forming metropolitan structures and policies, both in Canada and in Poland. The assumption was made that, despite different historical and socio-cultural conditions, comparing Canadian and Polish experiences is justified, necessary and possible. Firstly, due to the reason that socio-spatial relations in various territorial systems are subject to the same development processes and the accompanying processes of transformation and adaptation. Secondly, residents (members of local, metropolitan, regional, national and supranational communities) have similar needs and expect a high quality of life. Decision-makers and actors of political scenes in different geographical spaces have (or may have) the same technologies, ways of information processing, access to knowledge and knowledge of socio-economic processes. They also face challenges related to the inclusion of citizens in decision-making processes. The analysis of metropolitan processes in both countries emphasizes the differences resulting from various historical and economic contexts of development and also makes it possible to identify universal mechanisms and regularities independent of these contexts. The practice of metropolitan policy proves that the process of re-territorialization of power structures and governance is shaped as a resultant of the impact of forces and interests at all levels of territorial authorities: central, regional and local. Based on the analysis of the processes of the formation of metropolitan structures in Canada and Poland, it can be stated that the rank and position of regional authorities play a key role in it. In Canada, strong regional authorities initiate actions for the shaping of metropolitan structures and formulate the scope of their competence and organization. The importance of central authorities for the dynamics of metropolitan processes is secondary in this case. The weakness of regional authorities in Poland leads to the inability to give metropolitan processes the dynamics of development and the legislative rank adequate for the role played by urban regions in the socio-economic development of the country. As evidenced by the example of Toronto, the evolution of the governance system in practice initiates the process of self-learning the system which goes from one to another phase of development, improving the quality of its operation. In Poland, however, the process of creation of governance structures adequate for realistically existing functional metropolitan areas has been stopped, notably, due to the unfavourable political decisions at the central level.
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Friedman, S., D. Porplycia, J. Lexchin, K. Hayman, S. Masood, E. O'Connor, E. Xie, et al. "LO11: STAR-EM: An innovative summer research program for medical students in an urban Canadian academic emergency department." CJEM 22, S1 (May 2020): S10—S11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2020.67.
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Innovation Concept: Research training programs for students, especially in emergency medicine (EM), may be difficult to initiate due to lack of protected time, resources, and mentors (Chang Y, Ramnanan CJ. Academic Medicine 2015). We developed a ten-week summer program for medical students aimed at cultivating research skills through mentorship, clinical enrichment, and immersion in EM research culture through shadowing and project support. Methods: Five second year Ontario medical students were recruited to participate in the Summer Training and Research in Emergency Medicine (STAR-EM) program at University Health Network, Toronto, from June - Aug, 2019. Program design followed review of existing summer research programs and literature regarding challenges to EM research (McRae, Perry, Brehaut et al. CJEM 2018). The program had broad emergency physician (EP) engagement, with five EP research project mentors, and over ten EPs delivering academic sessions. Curriculum development was collaborative and iterative. All projects were approved by the hospital Research Ethics Board (REB). Curriculum, Tool or Material: Each weekly academic morning comprised small group teaching (topics including research methodology, manuscript preparation, health equity, quality improvement, and wellness), followed by EP-led group progress review of each student's project. Each student spent one half day per week in the emergency department (ED), shadowing an EP and identifying patients for recruitment for ongoing mentor-initiated ED research projects. Remaining time was spent on independent student project work. Presentation to faculty and program evaluation occurred in week 10. Scholarly output included one abstract submitted for publication per student. Program evaluation by students reflected a uniform impression that course material and mentorship were each excellent (100%, n = 5). Interest in pursuing academic EM as a career was identified by all students. Faculty researchers rated the program as very effective (80%, n = 4) or somewhat effective (20%, n = 1) in terms of enhancing productivity and scholarly output. Conclusion: The STAR-EM program provides a transferable model for other academic departments seeking to foster the development of future clinician investigators and enhance ED research culture. Program challenges included delays in REB approval for student projects and engaging recalcitrant staff to participate in research.
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Lembcke, David, Bill Thompson, Kaitlyn Read, Andrew Betts, and Dilan Singaraja. "REDUCING ROAD SALT APPLICATION BY CONSIDERING WINTER MAINTENANCE NEEDS IN PARKING LOT DESIGN." Journal of Green Building 12, no. 2 (March 2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618.12.2.1.
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INTRODUCTION Winter snow and ice can have a significant impact on our mobility, whether on foot or by car. Alongside plowing, arguably the greatest tool in combating snow and ice is salt. The most commonly used salt for winter maintenance is Sodium Chloride (NaCl), the same salt used in food and water softeners, is applied to roads, sidewalks, and parking lots as it is an effective deicer when temperatures are between 0°C and −12°C. Studies have shown that deicing with salt reduces accidents by 88% and injuries by 85% (Salt Institute 2017). The effectiveness of road salt, as well as its relative affordability, means that as much as four million tonnes may be applied annually in Canada for deicing (Environment Canada 2012). However, while salt is relatively inexpensive to purchase, there are a number of external costs that are becoming increasingly apparent. These include corrosion of vehicles and infrastructure like concrete, bridges, and water mains; damage and staining to the interior and exterior of buildings; impacts to roadside vegetation and soils; and the contamination of fresh water. In fact, the environmental impacts are such that it prompted Environment Canada to propose that winter salt be considered a toxic substance primarily due to the quantity that is applied annually (Environment Canada 2001). The Lake Simcoe watershed, approximately 3,400km2 in size, is situated just 20km north of Toronto, Ontario, with the southern portion of the watershed being considered part of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), the most populous metropolitan area in Canada. As part of the GTA, the Lake Simcoe watershed has experienced and continues to experience considerable growth, and with this growth comes an increase in the amount of impervious surfaces requiring winter salting. Indeed, chloride has been showing a strong increasing trend in the urban creeks and in Lake Simcoe itself over the last 30 years. Even rural creeks are showing an increasing trend, albeit not as severe, nor are the concentrations of chloride reaching the same levels (LSRCA 2015). The highest chloride level recorded in a Lake Simcoe tributary was 6,120mg/l in the winter of 2013. Chloride guidelines for the protection of aquatic ecosystems utilize a guideline of 120mg/L for chronic exposure and 640mg/L for acute exposure (CCME 2011). While the high value recorded in the Lake Simcoe tributary greatly exceeds these guidelines, it is still drastically lower than values being recorded in larger, intensively urbanized catchments such as Cooksville Creek in Mississauga, Ontario, which sees concentrations in excess of 20,000 mg/L, the concentration of sea water, nearly every winter (Credit Valley Conservation personal comm). Similarly, in July of 2011 a small population of Atlantic blue crabs, a marine species, was found surviving in Mimico Creek in Toronto (Toronto Star: May 26, 2012). That a marine species was able to survive in this fresh water creek in summer demonstrates that the impacts of winter salt are not just limited to winter but are impacting shallow groundwater and thus summer baseflow, maintaining high chloride concentrations year round. The same is being seen in some urban creeks in the Lake Simcoe watershed, with summer baseflow concentrations exceeding the chronic guideline and trending upwards (LSRCA unpublished). While not yet as extreme as rivers in the more densely urbanized parts of the GTA, these examples foreshadow what is in store for Lake Simcoe rivers if current winter salt practices continue along with the projected urban growth. During the winter of 2012 an estimated 99,300 tonnes of salt was applied in the Lake Simcoe watershed, an amount that equals nearly 250kg of salt per capita, or ~3 times the average person's body weight in salt. This estimate was generated through a survey of local road agencies along with the total area of commercial/institutional parking lots within the watershed. The exercise served to highlight a knowledge gap around application practices and rates in commercial/institutional parking lots. The majority of road agencies were found to record annual volumes, application dates and rates whereas literature values range from 10–40% of the salt applied in a catchment come from commercial/institutional parking lots (Perera et al, 2009; Trowbridge et al, 2010; Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority, 2015), and a survey of winter maintenance contractors cite an average value of approximately 58g/m2/application (Fu et al, 2013) ( Figure 1 ). [Figure: see text] While these values were used in the estimation as they were the best available, observational data suggested these may be on the conservative side ( Figure 2 ). [Figure: see text] Therefore, monitoring of a 14 ha commercial lot was undertaken for the winters of 2014/15, 2015/16, and 2016/17 to better quantify the amount of salt coming from this type of land use. The winters of 2014/15 and 2016/17 saw similar applications of 1,067 and 1,010 tonnes applied respectively, while the mild winter of 2015/16 saw 556 tonnes applied. While the amounts varied somewhat each winter, the impacts downstream were consistent. Maximum concentrations recorded in the melt water reached 3.5 to 4 times the salt concentration of sea water every winter, equating to chloride concentrations of 70,000mg/L to 85,000mg/L; two orders of magnitude above the water quality guideline. As with most parking lots constructed in the last two decades, the runoff from this parking lot is captured in a stormwater pond prior to entering the receiving watercourse. Interestingly, the winter salt also caused persistent chemical stratification in the permanent pool of the pond. The pond was monitored with continuous monitors for the ice free period of 2015 and 2016 (April to December) during which the bottom water chloride concentration remained distinct from the surface chloride concentration, indicating stratification ( Figure 3 ). This has two significant implications; first of which is that this pond, and therefore many other ponds like it, may not be functioning as designed which is leading to diminished performance (McEnroe 2012, Marsalek 2003). Second is that ponds are acting as salt reservoirs, slowly releasing salt year round and contributing to river chloride concentrations that continually exceed the chronic exposure guideline and thereby exposing aquatic life to harmful concentrations during sensitive life cycle stages. [Figure: see text] To determine the extent to which the catchment land use type impacts stormwater ponds, chemical profiles were measured on three ponds in February 2017. The catchments included the 24.6 ha commercial catchment with 14 ha of salt application surface, an institutional catchment (14.3 ha) with 6 ha of salt application area that includes parking lots and roads, and a 16.4 ha residential catchment with 3 ha of salt application area comprised of tertiary municipal roads. Interestingly, all three ponds showed chemical stratification, with the severity of the stratification and highest chloride concentrations relating to the amount of salt application area in the catchment. The residential pond yielded a maximum chloride concentration of 3,115mg/L in the bottom waters, the institutional yielded 16,144mg/L, and the commercial yielded 25,530 mg/L with chloride concentrations in the bottom 0.5m of the pond exceeding that of sea water. The maximum chloride concentration recorded in the receiving watercourse downstream of the commercial lot was measured at 5,406 mg/L, well in excess of the acute guideline of 640 mg/L. These results highlight that commercial parking lots are not only receiving a significant volume of salt but are also having the most dramatic impacts on receiving stormwater infrastructure and watercourses.
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Gough, William A. "Impact of Urbanization on the Nature of Precipitation at Toronto, Ontario, Canada." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 60, no. 4 (April 2021): 425–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-20-0179.1.
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AbstractA newly developed precipitation phase metric is used to detect the impact of urbanization on the nature of precipitation at Toronto, Ontario, Canada, by contrasting the relative amounts of rain and snow. A total of 162 years of observed precipitation data were analyzed to classify the nature of winter-season precipitation for the city of Toronto. In addition, shorter records were examined for nearby climate stations in less-urbanized areas in and near Toronto. For Toronto, all winters from 1849 to 2010 as well as three climate normal periods (1961–90, 1971–2000, and 1981–2010) were thus categorized for the Toronto climate record. The results show that Toronto winters have become increasingly “rainy” across these time periods in a statistically significant fashion, consistent with a warming climate. Toronto was compared with the other less urban sites to tease out the impacts of the urban heat island from larger-scale warming. This yielded an estimate of 19%–27% of the Toronto shift in precipitation type (from snow to rain) that can be attributed to urbanization for coincident time periods. Other regions characterized by similar climates and urbanization with temperatures near the freezing point are likely to experience similar climatic changes expressed as a change in the phase of winter-season precipitation.
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Schlegl, Lisa, and Sali A. Tagliamonte. "‘How do you get to Tim Hortons?’ Direction-giving in Ontario dialects." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 66, no. 1 (February 16, 2021): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2020.34.
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AbstractIn this study, we target the speech act of direction-giving using variationist sociolinguistic methods within a corpus of vernacular speech from six Ontario communities. Not only do we find social and geographical correlates to linguistic choices in direction-giving, but we also establish the influence of the physical layout of the community/place in question. Direction-giving in the urban center of Toronto (Southern Ontario) contrasts with five Northern Ontario communities. Northerners use more relative directions, while Torontonians use more cardinal directions, landmarks, and proper street names – for example, Go east on Bloor to the Manulife Centre. We also find that specific lexical choices (e.g., Take a right vs. Make a right) distinguish direction-givers in Northern Ontario from those in Toronto. These differences identify direction-giving as an ideal site for sociolinguistic and dialectological investigation and corroborate previous findings documenting regional variation in Canadian English.
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Miles, Simon. "Creativity, Culture and Urban Development: Toronto Examined." disP - The Planning Review 41, no. 162 (January 2005): 70–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02513625.2005.10556934.
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Veitch, Michelle. "Urban Art Hotels and Gentrification: A Comparative Analysis of Toronto and London, Ontario." International Journal of Canadian Studies 56 (September 2017): 17–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ijcs.56.2017-0006.
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Bosselmann, Peter, Edward Arens, Klaus Dunker, and Robert Wright. "Urban Form and Climate: Case Study, Toronto." Journal of the American Planning Association 61, no. 2 (June 30, 1995): 226–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01944369508975635.
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Chan, T. W., J. R. Brook, G. J. Smallwood, and G. Lu. "Time-resolved measurements of black carbon light absorption enhancement in urban and near-urban locations of Southern Ontario, Canada." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 8 (August 24, 2010): 19939–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-19939-2010.
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Abstract. In this study a photoacoustic spectrometer (PA), a laser-induced incandescence instrument system (LII) and an aerosol mass spectrometer were operated in parallel for in situ measurements of black carbon (BC) light absorption enhancement. Results of a thermodenuder experiment using ambient particles in Toronto are presented first to show that LII measurements of BC are not influenced by particle coating while the PA response is enhanced and also that the nature of this enhancement is influenced by particle morphology. Comparisons of ambient PA and LII measurements at four different locations (suburban Toronto; a street canyon with heavy diesel bus traffic in Ottawa; adjacent to a commuter highway in Ottawa and; regional background air in and around Windsor, Ontario), show that the different meteorological conditions and atmospheric processes result in different particle light absorption enhancement and hence the specific attenuation coefficient (SAC). Depending upon location of measurement and the BC spherule diameter (primary particle size – PPS) measurement from the LII, the SAC varies from 2.6±0.04 to 22.5±0.7 m2 g−1. Observations from this study also show the active surface area of the BC aggregate, inferred from PPS, is an important parameter for inferring the degree of particle collapse of a BC particle. The predictability of the overall BC light absorption enhancement in the atmosphere depends not only on the coating mass but also on the source of the BC and on our ability to predict or measure the change in particle morphology as particles evolve.
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Eyles, N., and K. W. F. Howard. "A hydrochemical study of urban landslides caused by heavy rain: Scarborough Bluffs, Ontario, Canada." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 25, no. 3 (August 1, 1988): 455–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t88-051.
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Scarborough Bluffs is a 15 km long stretch of the Lake Ontario shoreline east of downtown Toronto. This heavily urbanized area currently represents Canada's most serious erosion problem. The worst affected zone is 1.5 km long and lies along South Marine Drive where 50 m high bluffs are failing by shallow retrogressive failures of jointed glacial clays over underlying deltaic sands and clays. The erosion rate is about four times that for the coastline as a whole.Heavy rains in the Toronto area in August and September 1986 produced a spate of slope failures and mud flows. Particularly heavy storms on September 10 and 29 triggered extensive retrogressive slope failures at South Marine Drive. Hydrochemical investigations of discharge waters suggest that slope failure was caused by surface runoff on the bluff top recharging lower slope areas by infiltration through joints in the upper clay capping. Discharge of water from the lower slope is impeded by less permeable barriers in the deltaic stratigraphy at the site and by a cover of clayey slope debris. Data suggest that provision for adequate drainage of the bluff top, by interceptor drains, is a prerequisite for controlling slope behaviour in the area. Key words: slopes, erosion, groundwater, hydrochemical, recharge, drainage.
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Carlesimo, Teresa. "Showroom: A Decade of Rapid Urban Development in Toronto." Performance Research 21, no. 5 (September 2, 2016): 145–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13528165.2016.1228755.
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Gad, Gunter, and Deryck W. Holdsworth. "Looking Inside The Skyscraper: Size and Occupancy of Toronto Office Buildings, 1890-1950." Articles 16, no. 2 (August 8, 2013): 176–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017788ar.
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Although the emergence of skyscrapers as a distinctive element in the downtown fabric symbolizes economic change and progress, research questions surrounding their appearance need to go beyond merely noting their height and facade detail. Using case studies in Toronto, Ontario, this paper investigates more useful measures such as floor space, tenancies, and employment levels that have been calculated for several generations of office buildings. The possibilities and limitations of fire insurance atlases, assessment rolls, street directories, and company records are examined. The case studies suggest the interrelatedness of forces at work in shaping office-district landscapes.
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Anderson, Conor I., and William A. Gough. "Evolution of Winter Temperature in Toronto, Ontario, Canada: A Case Study of Winters 2013/14 and 2014/15." Journal of Climate 30, no. 14 (July 2017): 5361–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0562.1.
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Globally, 2014 and 2015 were the two warmest years on record. At odds with these global records, eastern Canada experienced pronounced annual cold anomalies in both 2014 and 2015, especially during the 2013/14 and 2014/15 winters. This study sought to contextualize these cold winters within a larger climate context in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Toronto winter temperatures (maximum Tmax, minimum Tmin, and mean Tmean) for the 2013/14 and 2014/15 seasons were ranked among all winters for three periods: 1840/41–2015 (175 winters), 1955/56–2015 (60 winters), and 1985/86–2015 (30 winters), and the average warming trend for each temperature metric during these three periods was analyzed using the Mann–Kendall test and Thiel–Sen slope estimation. The winters of 2013/14 and 2014/15 were the 34th and 36th coldest winters in Toronto since record-keeping began in 1840; however these events are much rarer, relatively, over shorter periods of history. Overall, Toronto winter temperatures have warmed considerably since winter 1840/41. The Mann–Kendall analysis showed statistically significant monotonic trends in winter Tmax, Tmin, and Tmean over the last 175 and 60 years. These trends notwithstanding, there has been no clear signal in Toronto winter temperature since 1985/86. However, there was a statistically significant increase in the diurnal temperature range in that period, indicating an expansion of winter extremes. It is proposed that the possible saturation of urban heat island–related warming in Toronto may partially explain this increase in variation. Also, anomalies in the position of the polar jet stream over Toronto during these cold events are identified. No direct influence of major teleconnections on Toronto winter temperature is found.
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Fang, Cuilian, Cheol H. Jeong, and Greg J. Evans. "Urban Air Quality: Assessing Traffiffic and Building Architecture Impacts using Portable Measuring Devices in Toronto, Ontario." STEM Fellowship Journal 5, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17975/sfj-2019-004.
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Vehicle emissions are one of the largest local contributors to poor urban air quality. High emissions are often associated with traffic congestion, and pollution may also become trapped between tall buildings creating a street canyon effect. The spatial variability of traffic-related air pollutants in microenvironments should be considered in evaluating changes in urban planning. This study focuses on assessing the air quality and commuter exposure in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, specifically focusing on the effect of the King Street Pilot Project on local urban air quality by reducing traffic. Increased vehicular density is expected to contribute to higher urban pollution levels and tall buildings may trap these contaminants. Field measurements were made within the King Street Pilot area during weekday rush hours to capture the best representation of peak activity and pollutant levels when there were similar average wind speeds and directions for the sampling dates. A suite of portable devices was carried along predesigned and timed routes through traffic dense areas to measure vehicle-related air pollutants including black carbon (BC), ultrafine particles (UFP, particles smaller than 0.1 μm), and particulate matter (PM2.5, particles smaller than 2.5 μm). Data was normalized, corrected and analyzed using centralized pollutant while considering meteorological site measurements located about 1.5 km away from the study area. Results indicated higher BC and UFP levels during peak commuting times between 8 am to 10 am and relatively increased pollution levels within the area of tall buildings versus the area with shorter buildings. Strong spatial variations of BC and UFP were found, while PM2.5 levels remained relatively constant in the downtown area. Elevated levels of BC and UFP were observed around nearby construction sites. This study contributes to establishing a baseline to evaluate the King Street Pilot Project’s air quality impact as well as proposing potential methods of detailed data collection within microenvironments to observe the air quality of urban centres.
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Anderson, Vidya, William A. Gough, Matej Zgela, Dragan Milosevic, and Jelena Dunjic. "Lowering the Temperature to Increase Heat Equity: A Multi-Scale Evaluation of Nature-Based Solutions in Toronto, Ontario, Canada." Atmosphere 13, no. 7 (June 28, 2022): 1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13071027.
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Nature-based solutions (NbS) present an opportunity to reduce rising temperatures and the urban heat island effect. A multi-scale study in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, evaluates the effect of NbS on air and land surface temperature through two field campaigns at the micro and meso scales, using in situ measurements and LANDSAT imagery. This research demonstrates that the application of NbS in the form of green infrastructure has a beneficial impact on urban climate regimes with measurable reductions in air and land surface temperatures. Broad implementation of green infrastructure is a sustainable solution to improve the urban climate, enhance heat and greenspace equity, and increase resilience.
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Burr, Christina. "Timothy W. Cobban, Cities of Oil: Municipalities and Petroleum Manufacturing in Southern Ontario, 1860–1960. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2013. Pp. 172. Maps." Urban History Review 43, no. 1 (2014): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1030807ar.
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Perera, Nandana, Bahram Gharabaghi, Peter Noehammer, and Bruce Kilgour. "Road Salt Application in Highland Creek Watershed, Toronto, Ontario - Chloride Mass Balance." Water Quality Research Journal 45, no. 4 (November 1, 2010): 451–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2010.044.
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Abstract Occurrence of increasing chloride concentrations in urban streams of cold climates, mainly due to road salt application, has raised concerns on its adverse effects on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Therefore, there is a need for a better understanding of processes associated with road salt application and subsequent discharge into the environment in order to develop management practices to minimize detrimental effects of chlorides. The chloride mass analysis for the Highland Creek watershed based on four years of hourly monitoring data indicates that approximately 60% of the chlorides applied on the watershed enter streams prior to subsequent salting period, 85% of which occurs during the period between November and March. Contribution of private de-icing operations on chloride mass input within Highland Creek watershed was estimated to be approximately 38%, indicating its significance in overall chloride mass balance. Salt application rates, as well as chloride output in the streams, vary spatially based on land use, influencing chloride concentrations in surface waters. The estimated groundwater chloride concentration of 275 mg/L indicates that some aquatic organisms in Highland Creek would potentially be at risk even outside the winter period under dry weather flow conditions.
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Fischler, Raphaël. "Development Controls in Toronto in the Nineteenth Century." Articles 36, no. 1 (May 16, 2013): 16–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1015817ar.
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Histories of contemporary development control tend to situate its beginning in the first or second decade of the twentieth century, when modern zoning bylaws were adopted. Yet, as some researchers have pointed out, building and land-use regulations took shape in the nineteenth century and even earlier. This paper focuses on controls set by the City of Toronto between 1834, when it was incorporated, and 1904, when it adopted bylaw no. 4408, which is seen by many as the first step taken by the city toward modern zoning. In technical terms, it appears that a coherent, though minimal, apparatus of land-use regulation was already in place by the 1860s. Over the course of the nineteenth century, building codes and nuisance laws display the growing intervention of public authorities in the development of the industrial city. Municipal control over material production and over human activity diversifies and finds expression in increasingly complex ordinances. In political terms, the bylaws reveal a growing concern with socio-spatial differentiation and with the protection of property values rather than with health and safety. The incremental development of land-use regulation suggests that, even though North American cities borrowed from each other and from their European counterparts, they constructed zoning locally, in accordance to local needs, resources, and constraints (economic, political, and legal) and in a piecemeal fashion, one bylaw, one amendment at a time.
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Helferty, Natalie. ""Localization": A means to reduce negative transportation impacts in the "natural city"." Ekistics and The New Habitat 71, no. 427-429 (December 1, 2004): 233–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.53910/26531313-e200471427-429193.
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The author runs "Natural Heritage Consulting" in Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada. She is a former Adjunct Professor at Ryerson University having taught Applied Ecology as a joint program between the School of Occupational and Public Health and the School of Urban and Regional Planning. She has provided environmental policy input on government initiatives such as the formation of the Greenbelt around the City of Toronto in her capacity as a member of the Province of Ontario's Greenbelt Task Force. The text that follows is a revised and edited version of a paper presented by the author at the Natural City conference - "Success Stories" - organized by the Centre for Environment, University of Toronto from 31 May to 2 June, 2006.
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Chan, T. W., J. R. Brook, G. J. Smallwood, and G. Lu. "Time-resolved measurements of black carbon light absorption enhancement in urban and near-urban locations of southern Ontario, Canada." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 20 (October 20, 2011): 10407–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-10407-2011.
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Abstract. In this study a photoacoustic spectrometer (PA), a laser-induced incandescence instrument system (LII) and an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer were operated in parallel for in-situ measurements of black carbon (BC) light absorption enhancement. Results of a thermodenuder experiment using ambient particles in Toronto are presented first to show that LII measurements of BC are not influenced by the presence of non-refractory material thus providing true atmospheric BC mass concentrations. In contrast, the PA response is enhanced when the non-refractory material is internally mixed with the BC particles. Through concurrent measurements using the LII and PA the specific absorption cross-section (SAC) can be quantified with high time resolution (1 min). Comparisons of ambient PA and LII measurements from four different locations (suburban Toronto; a street canyon with diesel bus traffic in Ottawa; adjacent to a commuter highway in Ottawa and; regional background air in and around Windsor, Ontario), show that different impacts from emission sources and/or atmospheric processes result in different particle light absorption enhancements and hence variations in the SAC. The diversity of measurements obtained, including those with the thermodenuder, demonstrated that it is possible to identify measurements where the presence of externally-mixed non-refractory particles obscures direct observation of the effect of coating material on the SAC, thus allowing this effect to be measured with more confidence. Depending upon the time and location of measurement (urban, rural, close to and within a lake breeze frontal zone), 30 min average SAC varies between 9 ± 2 and 43 ± 4 m2 g−1. Causes of this variation, which were determined through the use of meteorological and gaseous measurements (CO, SO2, O3), include the particle emission source, airmass source region, the degree of atmospheric processing. Observations from this study also show that the active surface area of the BC aggregate, which is measured by the LII as the PPS, is an important parameter for inferring the degree of particle collapse of a BC particle. In addition, PPS could be a useful measurement for indicating the importance of recently emitted BC (e.g. from gasoline or diesel engines) relative to the total measured BC in the atmosphere.
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Arangio, Andrea M., Pourya Shahpoury, Ewa Dabek-Zlotorzynska, and Athanasios Nenes. "Seasonal Aerosol Acidity, Liquid Water Content and Their Impact on Fine Urban Aerosol in SE Canada." Atmosphere 13, no. 7 (June 23, 2022): 1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13071012.
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This study explores the drivers of aerosol pH and their impact on the inorganic fraction and mass of aerosol in the S.E. Canadian urban environments of Hamilton and Toronto, Ontario. We find that inter-seasonal pH variability is mostly driven by temperature changes, which cause variations of up to one pH unit. Wintertime acidity is reduced, compared to summertime values. Because of this, the response of aerosol to precursors fundamentally changes between seasons, with a strong sensitivity of aerosol mass to levels of HNO3 in the wintertime. Liquid water content (LWC) fundamentally influences the aerosol sensitivity to NH3 and HNO3 levels. In the summertime, organic aerosol is mostly responsible for the LWC at Toronto, and ammonium sulfate for Hamilton; in the winter, LWC was mostly associated with ammonium nitrate at both sites. The combination of pH and LWC in the two sites also affects N dry deposition flux; NO3− fluxes were comparable between the two sites, but NH3 deposition flux at Toronto is almost twice what was seen in Hamilton; from November to March N deposition flux slows down leading to an accumulation of N as NO3− in the particle phase and an increase in PM2.5 levels. Given the higher aerosol pH in Toronto, aerosol masses at this site are more sensitive to the emission of HNO3 precursors compared to Hamilton. For both sites, NOx emissions should be better regulated to improve air quality during winter; this is specifically important for the Toronto site as it is thermodynamically more sensitive to the emissions of HNO3 precursors.
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Seburn, David C. "Distribution of the exotic Pond Slider (Trachemys scripta) in Ontario." Canadian Field-Naturalist 129, no. 4 (January 30, 2016): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v129i4.1756.
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The Pond Slider (Trachemys scripta) is a turtle native to the eastern United States, but, because of its popularity in the pet trade, it now occurs in many countries around the world as a result of escapes and the release of unwanted pets. The distribution of the Pond Slider in Ontario is reviewed based on 393 records obtained from various sources. Sliders have been reported from 130 spatially distinct sites in 35 districts. The Toronto area accounts for 67% of records, and more than 80% of reports are from urban areas. Pond Slider reports date back to the 1950s, but 63% of records are from 2010 or later. Sliders have been observed in Ontario during all months of the year except December. Sliders have bred in Ontario, but the spatial extent of successful reproduction remains unknown.
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Fraser, Alison. "Urban Prophets: Creating Graffiti as a Means of Negotiating the Constructs of Urban Public Spaces." Stream: Interdisciplinary Journal of Communication 7, no. 2 (May 4, 2016): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21810/strm.v7i2.128.
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For this examination, graffiti and neo-graffiti have been compared to public art in order to reveal the ideological constructions of urban public spaces. How does graffiti interact with the construction of urban public spaces? How is graffiti similar to and different from public art? Which of these art forms better represents the public and city living? By comparing public art to (neo)graffiti in Toronto, Ontario and Los Angeles, California, the gendered, racialized, and class-based exclusions present in R. Florida's (2002) creative cities framework as theorized by authors such as N. Smith (1996), Sharon Zukin (1996), and G. Standing (2011) can be revealed. Urban public spaces are carefully shaped by those in control, the government and corporations, with the intention of creating spaces and citizens within those spaces that can be a functioning part of their neoliberal capitalist system. Graffiti and neo-graffiti act as a visual interruption to this system, which in turn can be thought of as physically represented by public art. In this way (neo)graffiti is created by a minority of citizens with the hopes of reclaiming their right to exist in urban public spaces despite layers of ideological exclusions.For this examination, graffiti and neo-graffiti have been compared to public art in order to reveal the ideological constructions of urban public spaces. How does graffiti interact with the construction of urban public spaces? How is graffiti similar to and different from public art? Which of these art forms better represents the public and city living? By comparing public art (neo)graffiti in Toronto, Ontario and Los Angeles California, the racialized and class-based exclusions present in R. Florida’s (2002) creative cities framework theorized by authors such as N. Smith (1996), Sharon Zukin (1996), and G. Standing (2011) can be revealed. Urban public spaces are carefully shaped by those in control (the government and corporations) with the intention of creating spaces and citizens within those spaces that can be a functioning part of their system. Graffiti and neo-graffiti act as a visual interruption to this system as represented by public art. In this way (neo)graffiti is created by a minority of citizens with the hopes of reclaiming their right to exist in urban public spaces despite the layers of exclusions.
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Jardine, Claire M., Nicol Janecko, Mike Allan, Patrick Boerlin, Gabhan Chalmers, Gosia Kozak, Scott A. McEwen, and Richard J. Reid-Smith. "Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolates from Raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Southern Ontario, Canada." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 11 (March 23, 2012): 3873–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00705-12.
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ABSTRACTWe conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in fecalEscherichia coliisolates from raccoons (Procyon lotor) living in Ontario, Canada. From June to October 2007, we trapped raccoons in three areas: one primarily urban site around Niagara, one primarily rural site north of Guelph, and one at the Toronto Zoo. In addition, we conducted a longitudinal study at the Toronto Zoo site to investigate the temporal dynamics of fecalE. coliand AMR in raccoons. Reduced susceptibility to ≥1 antimicrobial agent was detected inE. coliisolates from 19% of 16 raccoons at the urban site, 17% of 29 raccoons from the rural site, and 42% of 130 samples collected from 59 raccoons at the zoo site. Raccoons from the zoo site were significantly more likely to shedE. coliwith reduced susceptibility to ≥1 antimicrobial agent than animals from the rural site (odds ratio [OR], 3.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17 to 12.09;P= 0.02). Resistance to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins (and the associatedblaCMY-2gene) was detected in two animals from the zoo site and one animal from the rural site. Serotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis show that raccoons on the zoo grounds harbor a diverse assemblage ofE. coli, with rapid bacterial turnover within individuals over time. Our study indicates that raccoons may shed resistant bacteria of public health significance and that raccoons have the potential to disseminate these bacteria throughout their environment.
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Bardekjian, Adrina, Michael Classens, and L. Anders Sandberg. "Reading the urban landscape: the case of a campus tour at York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada." Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences 2, no. 3 (July 21, 2012): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13412-012-0084-x.
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Buliung, Ron, and Tony Hernandez. "Retail Development in Urban Canada." International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research 4, no. 1 (January 2013): 32–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jagr.2013010103.
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During the last decade, rapid changes have occurred in the retail economy of North America that has brought about a functional transformation of retailing. Using data from a longitudinal database of commercial activity, this paper explores spatio-temporal patterns of retail development within Canada’s largest metropolitan region, the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). The paper provides an overview of the evolution of retailing in Canada and spatio-temporal analysis of the developing retail structure of the GTA. The work is situated within the branch of spatial statistics concerned with the description of spatial point processes. Bivariate kernel estimation and the G function are used to describe spatial patterns of retailing over time and by retail format type. The results highlight the wave of power centre retailing that swept across the GTA between 1996 and 2005. The paper concludes with a discussion of the gap between policy and planning and an emerging retail reality.
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Morsink, W. A. G., R. M. U. Ubbens, J. R. Pickering, R. G. Perkins, and P. A. Lewis-Watts. "An Urban Forestry Strategy For Ontario." Forestry Chronicle 65, no. 2 (April 1, 1989): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc65097-2.
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An urban forestry strategy is presented for Ontario, in response to a growing need to manage for viable and healthy urban vegetation. Urban forestry is about planning and managing existing and/or new treed vegetation of all types and associated wildlife, to establish attractive urban habitats, using systematic forestry-like approaches and environmental principles, in combination with arboricultural and modified silvicultural techniques. Urban forestry managers, having various educational backgrounds, are increasingly becoming involved in managing our urban forest, our habitat.Currently, there is no educational institution that totally prepares students for a career in urban forestry. As a result, people entering this field do so on an ad hoc basis, having various educational backgrounds, which do not cover all aspects of urban forestry management. A second problem is the limited awareness of various levels of government that systematic urban forestry management for densely populated areas is a growing need.Factors contributing to the need for urban forestry management, as well as obstacles to establishing such programs, are discussed. The urban forest, its managers, the content of programs and experience in the USA are outlined. Proposed actions include:1 development of a provincial policy, through the enlargement of the private land forestry program to initiate and support urban forestry programs;2 evaluation of the feasibility of having conservation authorities include urban forestry in their mandate;3 establishment of an umbrella-type diploma course administered by an educational institution; and4 establishment of an urban forestry chair at a university with cross appointments in forestry, planning and/or landscape architecture. Key Words : Urban forestry programs, options and alternatives for Ontario communities.
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Leece, Pamela N., Shaun Hopkins, Chantel Marshall, Aaron Orkin, Margaret A. Gassanov, and Rita M. Shahin. "Development and Implementation of an Opioid Overdose Prevention and Response Program in Toronto, Ontario." Canadian Journal of Public Health 104, no. 3 (May 2013): e200-e204. http://dx.doi.org/10.17269/cjph.104.3788.
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BRINDLE, RAY. "TORONTO—PARADIGM LOST?" Australian Planner 30, no. 3 (September 1992): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07293682.1992.9657568.
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KENWORTHY, JEFF, and PETER NEWMAN. "TORONTO—PARADIGM REGAINED." Australian Planner 31, no. 3 (January 1994): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07293682.1994.9657624.
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