Journal articles on the topic 'Urban cohorts'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Urban cohorts.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Urban cohorts.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
HAUKKA, J., J. SUVISAARI, T. VARILO, and J. LÖNNQVIST. "Regional variation in the incidence of schizophrenia in Finland: a study of birth cohorts born from 1950 to 1969." Psychological Medicine 31, no. 6 (July 31, 2001): 1045–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291701004299.
Full textAbstract:
Background. We investigated whether there is regional variation in the incidence of schizophrenia and if so, whether it is caused by urban–rural differences, larger spatial clustering, or both. To control for the effect of migration, we examined regional variation in the incidence according to place of birth.Methods. Finnish birth cohorts born from 1950 to 1969 were followed in the National Hospital Discharge Register from 1969 until 1991, and all cases of schizophrenia (ICD-8 or ICD-9 295) were identified (N = 14828). Forty-eight of the 559 municipalities were classified as urban and 25% of the Finnish population lived in these municipalities in 1960. For the analysis of spatial clustering, municipalities were grouped into 57 functional small-areas. We used Poisson regression model with the number of births of individuals who later developed schizophrenia as a response variable, and place of birth (urban/rural), birth cohort (1950–54, 1955–9, 1960–64, and 1965–9), functional small-area units, and sex as response variables.Results. The incidence was slightly higher among the rural-born in the oldest birth cohort. In the other cohorts, it was higher among the urban-born, and the difference between urban and rural born increased in the youngest cohorts. Significant spatial clustering of schizophrenia was observed in eastern Finland.Conclusions. Urban birth is a risk factor for schizophrenia in Finland in cohorts born since 1955. However, genuine spatial clustering of schizophrenia in eastern Finland was also observed, possibly caused by genetic isolation.
2
Sun, Yilin, E. Owen D. Waygood, and Zhiyi Huang. "Do Automobility Cohorts Exist in Urban Travel?" Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2323, no. 1 (January 2012): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2323-03.
Full text
3
Čipin, Ivan. "Razlike u kohortnom fertilitetu prema migracijskom obilježju: slučaj Grada Zagreba." Migracijske i etničke teme / Migration and Ethnic Themes 38, no. 1 (2022): 7–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.11567/met.38.1.1.
Full textAbstract:
The impact of migration on fertility is becoming an increasingly common research theme within the framework of population studies. Numerous demographic and geographical studies have found lower fertility in urban than in rural areas, both in developing and developed countries. Structural and contextual factors most often explain this difference. Structural factors refer to people of dissimilar socio-economic characteristics living in different areas, while contextual factors cover the current living conditions in the broadest sense. However, when explaining the urban–rural fertility differences, the selectivity of migration should also be considered, as people who (currently) have no fertility plans prefer to move to large cities. Most studies that measured fertility levels by migrant characteristics have relied on period fertility rates, while only a few have investigated cohort fertility. This study explores the cohort fertility of females by migrant status in the City of Zagreb, the largest urban centre in Croatia. Therefore, the aim is to better understand the relationship between completed fertility and migration in an urban context. Within a country, areas with the lowest fertility are often capital cities with highly educated and highly mobile populations. Although the fertility of international mi¬grants attracts more attention than internal migration, studying the association between fertility and both types of migration is especially important in a capital city with relatively high rates of inward migration. How much is known about the repro¬ductive behaviour of inward migrants in Zagreb? Are there significant differences between their fertility patterns and the patterns of native women? This paper fills this gap in the Croatian demographic literature by comparing fertility differences by migrant status across cohorts. The analysis is based on the 2011 Census data for the City of Zagreb. The Central Bureau of Statistics created a multidimensional table based on the data from this census, which includes the following variables for the female population of the City of Zagreb aged 15 or over: year of birth, number of liveborn children, highest completed education and place of birth. For analytical purposes, the data were aggre¬gated into eight five-year cohorts, with the oldest cohort born in 1930–1934 and the youngest in 1965–1969. Fertility is measured as the completed number of liveborn children per woman, which corresponds to the cohort fertility rate (CFR). The calculations are based on the standard analytical procedures used in cohort fertility analysis with census data or reproductive histories from surveys. Women are classified into four categories by migrant type: born in the City of Zagreb (native population), born in another city or another municipality in the Republic of Croatia (internal migrants), born in Bosnia and Herzegovina (external migrants – B&H), born abroad other than Bosnia and Herzegovina (external migrants – others). The 2011 census data on the number of live births are retrospective and based on the census question asking for the number of children a woman has ever had, including children who were no longer alive at the time of the census. The analysis is restricted to women born from 1930 (aged 80–81 at the time of the census) to 1969 (aged 41–42 at the time of the census), as younger women may have (more) children, while the fertility of women over 80 may be biased due to mortality and non-reporting of de¬ceased children. The analysis has shown significant differences in cohort fertility in the City of Zagreb by women’s place of birth. In all cohorts, the lowest completed fertility was achieved by women who were born in the City of Zagreb and (most likely) had no migration experience. In older cohorts, the highest fertility was recorded among women born in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In younger cohorts, fertility was highest for women born in other countries abroad. The substantial difference in completed fertility between older cohorts born in Bosnia and Herzegovina and those born in the City of Zagreb is not surprising, given that considerable differences in cohort fertility were observed between the equivalent cohorts in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The comparison between cohort fertility rates in the City of Zagreb and Croatia shows that the cohort fertility rate in the City of Zagreb is about 0.25 (in younger co¬horts) and about 0.5 (in older cohorts) lower than in Croatia as a whole. The completed fertility of Zagreb-born women and those born elsewhere in Croatia slowly grew from older to younger cohorts (except for the youngest one). A similar trend, with some fluctuations, was observed for cohort fertility of women born abroad other than Bosnia and Herzegovina. On the other hand, completed fertility for the cohorts born in Bosnia and Herzegovina shows the opposite intercohort trend, with a notice¬able decline from the oldest to the youngest cohorts. Nevertheless, the overall cohort fertility trend is equal to that for the cohorts born in the City of Zagreb and the cohort of in-migrants from other cities/municipalities in Croatia. The share of childless women in the analysed City of Zagreb cohorts ranged from 11% to 15%, except for the youngest cohort (19%). The proportion of women who had only one child decreased from a relatively high 38% in the oldest cohort to 22– 23% in the cohorts born during the 1960s. The share of women of low parity (parities 0 and 1) decreased over time. While they represented a clear majority in the cohorts born in the 1930s, they account for below 40% in those born from 1945 to 1964. In these cohorts, in the City of Zagreb, the model of two-children families was prevalent, which is not surprising as in most post-socialist countries, having two children was a standard at the time. Women born in Bosnia and Herzegovina had lower childlessness rates than the other three categories. Women from the native cohort, especially older ones, have a rela¬tively high proportion of parity 1, while among women born in Bosnia and Herze¬govina, parity 1 is relatively low. There were no major differences in parity 2 among the analysed cohorts, with a slightly higher proportion of the two-children norm among women born in Croatia and somewhat lower in cohorts born abroad. This is expected because approximately half of the women born in the City of Zagreb in older cohorts no longer participated in reproduction after the first birth. On the other hand, women with higher parities (3 and 4+) dominate among women born in Bosnia and Herzegovina in older cohorts and among women born elsewhere abroad in the youngest cohorts. This is due to their relatively high progression to the third child (parity progression ratio 2→3 rose from 0.45 to 0.6). Interestingly, younger cohorts of women born in the City of Zagreb and the rest of Croatia are more represented in higher parities than the older cohorts. A possible explanation lies in the potentially disproportionately more significant impact of the second generation of the immigrant population whose parents were born abroad, but we should not ig¬nore numerous other economic, institutional and cultural factors of migrant fertility. In the City of Zagreb, the number and share of women with primary education has decreased, while the number and share of women with secondary and higher levels of education has increased. However, cohort fertility for all three educational groups has increased over time, with a slight decline in the youngest cohort among women with medium and high education. Probably due to the previous selectivity among the highly educated, the oldest cohort recorded a very low rate of completed fertility (about 1.1). The analysis has shown that the reproductive behaviour of in-migrants in the City of Zagreb differs from that of the native female population, depending on the place of origin. The difference between internal migrant women is minor – on average less than 0.1 children, with a convergence in the cohort fertility of younger cohorts. At the same time, the cohort fertility of women born abroad is significantly higher than of women born in Zagreb, on average by one child in older cohorts of women born in Bosnia and Herzegovina and by 0.5 children in younger cohorts born in other countries. Moving to the largest city in the country is apparently associated with lower fertility due to adaptation to high competition in the sphere of economic life on the one hand, and low urban reproductive norms on the other. The role of selective migration and the fact that individuals and couples who do not plan to have children disproportionately move to the largest urban centres should not be ignored either.
4
Li, Jingjing, Boyang Li, Fengfan Zhang, and Yang Sun. "Urban and rural stroke mortality rates in China between 1988 and 2013: An age-period-cohort analysis." Journal of International Medical Research 45, no. 2 (March 24, 2017): 680–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060516664241.
Full textAbstract:
Objective To evaluate effects attributable to age, time period and birth cohort, on stroke mortality data from urban and rural regions in China between 1988 and 2013. Methods Mortality data were obtained from the Chinese Health Statistics Annual Report (1987–2001) and Chinese Health Statistics Yearbooks (2003–2014). Population data were obtained from population censuses (i.e. 1982, 1990, 2000 and 2010). Data were analysed using an age-period-cohort (APC) model and intrinsic estimation (IE) method. Results The age effect suggested that all older residents had higher stroke mortality risk than younger residents. Period effect showed that compared with figures for 1988, stroke mortality in 2013 was 1.8 times higher for urban regions and 2.4 times higher for rural regions. After controlling for age and period effects, cohorts born before the Chinese economic reform had a steady decline in stroke mortality. However, mortality rates increased and fluctuated in post-reform cohorts. Conclusions This APC-IE analysis identified a modest period effect with large age and cohort contributions to both the overall mortality and the disparity between urban and rural stroke mortality. Identifying early life and cumulative risk factors for stroke, improving equality in stroke prevention and care are needed to reduce the stroke mortality in China.
5
Ford, A. B., M. R. Haug, A. W. Roy, P. K. Jones, and S. J. Folmar. "New Cohorts of Urban Elders: Are They in Trouble?" Journal of Gerontology 47, no. 6 (November 1, 1992): S297—S303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronj/47.6.s297.
Full text
6
Gu, Xiaorong. "Four decades of transition to first marriage in China: Economic reform and persisting marriage norms." International Journal of Population Studies 4, no. 1 (December 10, 2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18063/ijps.v4i1.669.
Full textAbstract:
This study draws on three waves (2012; 2013; 2015) of pooled data from the China General Social Survey to examine two major dimensions of the transition to first marriage among four cohorts of youths, i.e. the transition tempos and the homogamy patterns. Key findings include: 1) there is no evidence of systematic delays in family formation among cohorts coming of age after reform, albeit moderate cross-cohort heterogeneity. Two cohorts are identified for their unique trajectories: The Cultural Revolution cohort with a relatively protracted transition process and the Late Reform cohort with a rather condensed marriage formation pattern; 2) respondents who belong to older cohorts, are men, have received higher education and hold urban hukou have low hazards in entering first marriage by a certain age; 3)I record steady growing strengths of homogamy over cohorts, with the Ф parameters rising from 0.42 for the Cultural Revolution cohort to 0.56 for the Late Reform cohort. The overall message is that four decades of rapid economic development in post-reform China has failed to weaken persisting marriage norms and practices among young people, contrary to well-documented empirical evidence from many other national contexts. I ruminate on potential institutional and cultural mechanisms underlying such an intriguing phenomenon.
7
Schafer, Markus H., and Soyoung Kwon. "Cohorts and Emerging Health Disparities." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 53, no. 4 (October 5, 2012): 515–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022146512459961.
Full textAbstract:
Despite the recent and rapid worldwide rise in body mass index (BMI), little empirical research outside the developed world has systematically considered the role of cohorts in inaugurating emergent biomorphic disparities. This study integrates aspects of the life course perspective (attention to age- and cohort-level influences) with fundamental cause theory to investigate how BMI differences have unfurled in the Chinese population. We analyze growth-curve models of adults in the China Health and Nutrition Survey. The results indicate that more recent cohorts have higher levels of BMI and, among women, experience a steeper rate of age-related BMI growth. Moreover, biomorphic change has unfolded in complex ways related to social conditions across successive cohorts. The most pronounced changes are observed among women, who demonstrate an emerging disparity in BMI levels on the basis of education and urban versus rural residence.
8
Kurth, Maria, Soyoung Choun, Dylan Lee, David Rothwell, and Carolyn aldwin. "PTSD SYMPTOMS AMONG VIETNAM, PERSIAN GULF, AND OEF/OIF/OND VETERANS: A RURAL/URBAN COMPARISON." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S388—S389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1427.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract There are mixed results in studies examining rural/urban differences in PTSD symptoms among veterans; however, many of these studies failed to consider possible confounds with geographic location. This study examined rural/urban differences in PTSD symptoms by combat exposure, war cohort, and gender. The VALOR (Veterans Aging: Longitudinal studies in Oregon) pilot study sampled Vietnam, Persian Gulf, and OEF/OIF/OND war cohorts using an online survey. The sample (N=237, Mage=57.84, SD=12.68) was mainly male (65%), White (85%), and urban (75.95%); most reported combat exposure (71%). Participants completed measures of PTSD, combat exposure, and demographics. Results indicate no effect of cohort or rural/urban status on PTSD symptoms. There was a significant effect of combat exposure, F(1,224)=4.58, p=.03, and gender, F(1,224)=4.13, p =.04, with males reporting higher levels of PTSD symptoms and combat exposure. Contrary to our expectations, there were no effects of cohort or geographic location on PTSD symptoms.
9
Su, Binbin, Panliang Zhong, Yundong Xuan, Junqing Xie, Yu Wu, Chen Chen, Yihao Zhao, Xinran Shen, and Xiaoying Zheng. "Changing Patterns in Cancer Mortality from 1987 to 2020 in China." Cancers 15, no. 2 (January 12, 2023): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers15020476.
Full textAbstract:
Background: China has the highest number of new cancer cases and deaths worldwide, posing huge health and economic burdens to society and affected families. This study comprehensively analyzed secular trends of national cancer mortality statistics to inform future prevention and intervention programs in China. Methods: The annual estimate of overall cancer mortality and its major subtypes were derived from the National Health Commission (NHC). Joinpoint analysis was used to detect changes in trends, and we used age-period-cohort modeling to estimate cohort and period effects in Cancers between 1987 and 2020. Net drift (overall annual percentage change), local drift (annual percentage change in each age group), longitudinal age curves (expected longitudinal age-specific rate), and period (cohort) relative risks were calculated. Results: The age-standardized cancer mortality in urban China has shown a steady downward trend but has not decreased significantly in rural areas. Almost all cancer deaths in urban areas have shown a downward trend, except for colorectal cancer in men. Decreasing mortality from cancers in rural of the stomach, esophagus, liver, leukemia, and nasopharynx was observed, while lung, colorectal cancer female breast, and cervical cancer mortality increased. Birth cohort risks peaked in the cohorts born around 1920–1930 and tended to decline in successive cohorts for most cancers except for leukemia, lung cancer in rural, and breast and cervical cancer in females, whose relative risks were rising in the very recent cohorts. In addition, mortality rates for almost all types of cancer in older Chinese show an upward trend. Conclusions: Although the age-standardized overall cancer mortality rate has declined, and the urban-rural gap narrowed, the absolute cancer cases kept increasing due to the growing elderly population in China. The rising mortality related to lung, colorectal, female breast, and cervical cancer should receive higher priority in managing cancer burden and calls for targeted public health actions to reverse the trend.
10
Casari, Silene, Monica Di Paola, Elena Banci, Salou Diallo, Luca Scarallo, Sara Renzo, Agnese Gori, et al. "Changing Dietary Habits: The Impact of Urbanization and Rising Socio-Economic Status in Families from Burkina Faso in Sub-Saharan Africa." Nutrients 14, no. 9 (April 24, 2022): 1782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14091782.
Full textAbstract:
(1) Background: Sub-Saharan Africa is experiencing the fastest urbanization worldwide. People in rural areas still have a traditional and rural lifestyle, whereas the Westernization of diet and lifestyle is already evident in urban areas. This study describes dietary habits of families in Burkina Faso living at different levels of urbanization. (2) Methods: Data on lifestyle, socio-economic conditions, health status and anthropometry were collected from 30 families living in rural villages, a small town and the capital city. A food frequency questionnaire and a 24 h recall diary were used to estimate dietary habits and macronutrients intake. (3) Results: The urban cohort showed a more diversified diet, with a higher intake of animal protein and, especially in children, a higher consumption of simple sugars. Fiber intake was significantly higher in the rural and semi-urbanized cohorts. As expected, overweight and obesity gradually increased with the level of urbanization. In semi-urbanized and urban families, we observed coexistence of under- and over-nutrition, whereas in rural families, a portion of children were wasted and stunted, and adults were underweight. (4) Conclusions: These three cohorts represent a model of the effect on diet of rural-to-urban migration. Rural diet and traditional habits are replaced by a Western-oriented diet when families move to urbanized areas. This dietary transition and increased socio-economic status in newly developing urban areas have a major impact on disease epidemiology, resembling the past evolution in Western countries.
11
MARCELIS, M., F. NAVARRO-MATEU, R. MURRAY, J. P. SELTEN, and J. VAN OS. "Urbanization and psychosis: a study of 1942–1978 birth cohorts in The Netherlands." Psychological Medicine 28, no. 4 (July 1998): 871–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291798006898.
Full textAbstract:
Background. Urban birth is associated with later schizophrenia. This study examined whether this finding is diagnosis-specific and which individuals are most at risk.Methods. All live births recorded between 1942 and 1978 in any of the 646 Dutch municipalities were followed-up through the National Psychiatric Case Register for first psychiatric admission for psychosis between 1970 and 1992 (N=42115).Results. Urban birth was linearly associated with later schizophrenia (incidence rate ratio linear trend (IRR), 1·39; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1·36–1·42), affective psychosis (IRR, 1·18; 95% CI, 1·15–1·21) and other psychosis (IRR, 1·27; 95% CI, 1·24–1·30). Individuals born in the highest category of the three-level urban exposure were around twice as likely to develop schizophrenia. Associations were stronger for men and for individuals with early age of onset. The effect of urban birth was also stronger in the more recent birth cohorts.Conclusions. There are quantitative differences between diagnostic categories in the strength of the association between urban birth and later psychiatric disorder. High rates of psychosis in urban areas may be the result of environmental factors associated with urbanization, the effect of which appears to be increasing over successive generations.
12
Vintimilla, Raul M., Stephanie E. Large, Adriana Gamboa, Geoffrey D. Rohlfing, Judith R. O’Jile, James R. Hall, Sid E. O’Bryant, and Leigh A. Johnson. "The Link between Potassium and Mild Cognitive Impairment in Mexican-Americans." Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra 8, no. 1 (April 24, 2018): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000488483.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Recent evidence suggests that increasing dietary intake of minerals reduces the risk of dementia. This study aimed to examine the relationship between potassium and diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in a sample of older Mexican-Americans from rural and urban populations. Methods: The sample was formed of a total of 139 participants with MCI and 371 normal controls from two independent cohorts: a rural cohort (Facing Rural Obstacles to Healthcare Now through Intervention, Education and Research [Project FRONTIER]) and an urban cohort (the Health and Aging Brain among Latino Elders [HABLE] study). Serum electrolytes examined were sodium and potassium. Age and education were entered in the model as covariates. Results: Across both cohorts, the Project FRONTIER (OR = 3.1; p = 0.01) and the HABLE Project (OR = 2.0; p = 0.04), the results indicated that serum potassium levels significantly increased the risk of diagnosis of MCI. Conclusion: Our finding suggested a link between serum potassium levels and a diagnosis of MCI in Mexican-Americans. The results of this study support a previous research which has suggested that the risk factors for MCI may vary by ethnicity.
13
Shacham, E., Julia D. López, P. Souza, and E. Turner Overton. "Examining Sexual Function Among Individuals With HIV in a Midwestern US Urban Outpatient Clinic Setting." Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) 16, no. 5 (August 9, 2017): 481–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325957417724205.
Full textAbstract:
The role of sexual function and its impact on HIV management have been inadequately evaluated. A cross-sectional study in 2009 of 202 patients with HIV were recruited to examine sexual function and psychosocial/HIV management factors. Analyses assessed the relationship between sexual function, sociodemographic factors, biomedical markers, and depressive symptomology. The M-Estimator compared differences in the means of the HIV, cancer survivors, and the normative cohorts. More than 75% were on combination antiretroviral therapy, of which 70% had suppressed HIV viral loads. Patients with unsuppressed HIV viral loads reported lower rates of arousal. Better overall health was associated with higher rates of overall sexual function, arousal, and interest. Compared to the normative and cancer survivor cohorts, mean sexual function was significantly lower in the HIV-infected cohort in all subscales, except for masturbation. These findings suggest lower sexual function impacts individuals with HIV in ways related to negative biomedical and psychosocial factors.
14
Li, Si-ming, and Sanqin Mao. "Exploring residential mobility in Chinese cities: An empirical analysis of Guangzhou." Urban Studies 54, no. 16 (December 6, 2016): 3718–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098016679774.
Full textAbstract:
In this article we aim to extend the literature on residential decisions and relocation in Chinese cities by explicitly incorporating cohort or generation differences in an event-history analysis of residential mobility in the City of Guangzhou over the period 2000–2012, using data from a survey conducted at the end of 2012. The results reveal not only substantially higher mobility propensities for young adults than middle-aged individuals and senior citizens, but significant differential effects of major determinants such as hukou, educational attainment, membership of the Chinese Communist Party and birth of a child and child rearing, on housing consumption and residential relocation across age cohorts. We argue that such differences in mobility behaviour are attributable, to a significant extent, to the vastly different life experiences of and housing opportunities available to different age cohorts.
15
Seginer, Rachel, and Ronit Schlesinger. "Adolescents’ Future Orientation in Time and Place: The Case of the Israeli Kibbutz." International Journal of Behavioral Development 22, no. 1 (March 1998): 151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/016502598384559.
Full textAbstract:
This study examined the effect of changing social circumstances on adolescents’ future orientation. Focusing on the recent kibbutz crisis, the future orientation of two cohorts of kibbutz and urban boys and girls ( N 438) who were high school seniors in 1984 and 1992 was analysed. Results partly supported cohort, gender, and cohort by setting effects in adolescents’ future orientation, indicating that: (1) the 1992 cohort invested more in constructing prospective domains pertaining to adulthood ( work and career, marriage and family) and less in military service; (2) the tendency of Israeli adolescents to construe a sex-typed future orientation was stable over time; and (3) that the 1992 kibbutz cohort increased its investment in work and career more than did the 1992 urban cohort. Results were explained in terms of the adaptability of adolescent future orientation to changing social circumstances, and in terms of Heckhausen’s (1977) principle of least necessary expenditure.
16
Keshavarz Haddad, GholamReza, Nader Habibi, and Sajad Rafiee. "Decomposition of cohort, age and time effects in Iranian households’ cigarette consumption." Journal of Economic Studies 46, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 228–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-09-2017-0256.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine cigarette consumption behavior of younger cohorts in the urban and rural areas of Iran. The authors use Iran’s annual Household Income and Expenditures Surveys (HIES) database over 2007–2013 for the statistical analysis. In order to control for a large number of households with zero expenditure on cigarette consumption, the authors have used the double-hurdle modeling approach for counting the outcomes of interest. The authors have also limited the sample to cases in which the head of household is between the ages of 21 and 45 and all children are younger than 18. Design/methodology/approach In this study, the authors have conducted a multivariate econometric analysis to identify the impact of age and birth year cohort on the demand for cigarettes among Iranian households. The authors have used the HIES data for multiple years in the analysis. The ideal data set for the analysis is a panel data that include information on cigarette consumption of various age cohorts over a long period of time. Since no suitable panel data are available, the authors have constructed a multi-year cohort data by extracting cohort data from the annual HIES data set. Due to the unique properties of cigarette consumption, the authors have used the double-hurdle econometric model with appropriate diagnostics. Findings After controlling for price and demographic factors, which affect the demand for cigarettes, the authors find that the younger cohorts in rural areas, who smoke, tend to consume fewer cigarettes than the older ones; however, the opposite is true among urban households. The probability of being a non-smoker is larger for younger cohorts in both rural and urban areas. Among smokers, the authors observe an inverse U-shape relation between age and quantity of cigarettes consumed per day. The trend is positive up to age 45, but diminishes for older smokers because of health concerns. Originality/value In comparison to previous studies of tobacco consumption in Iran, the authors have used a more comprehensive household income and expenditure survey data set with a large number of observations. Furthermore, the authors have applied an econometric method (the double-hurdle model), which is suitable for the analysis of the determinants of demand for cigarettes when a subset of households report no cigarette consumption.
17
Wen, Qiao. "Trends in College–High School Wage Differentials in China: The Role of Cohort-Specific Labor Supply Shift." Sustainability 14, no. 24 (December 16, 2022): 16917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142416917.
Full textAbstract:
The wage gap between 4-year college (BA) and high school (HS) graduates narrows down among young workers from 2002 to 2009 in urban China, despite steadily increasing BA–HS wage gaps for older workers during the same time. This period corresponds to the labor market entry of a radically increasing number of college-educated labor stimulated by China’s higher education expansion program initiated in 1999. This study examines how cohort-specific relative supply of college-educated labor affects the cohort-specific college wage premiums and the overall BA–HS wage gaps in the labor market. Incorporating an aggregate labor supply model with imperfect substitution across labor with the same education level but in different age groups, changes in age-group-specific BA–HS wage gaps over time are decomposed into changes in aggregate and age-group-specific relative labor supply and demand factors. Findings suggest that the substantially expanded opportunities to attend college contribute to the falling BA–HS income inequality among young post-expansion cohorts: a 1-percent increase in the relative supply of BA-educated workers within one’s own cohorts depresses cohort-specific BA–HS wage gap by 0.2%. Policies that substantially boost educational attainment for certain cohorts could reduce education-related wage gaps for these cohorts and have spillover effects to the wage structure in the labor market.
18
Tatsuta, Nozomi, Kunihiko Nakai, Mineshi Sakamoto, Katsuyuki Murata, and Hiroshi Satoh. "Methylmercury Exposure and Developmental Outcomes in Tohoku Study of Child Development at 18 Months of Age." Toxics 6, no. 3 (August 21, 2018): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics6030049.
Full textAbstract:
Seafood is an important component in a healthy diet and may contain methylmercury or other contaminants. It is important to recognize the risks and benefits of consuming seafood. A longitudinal prospective birth cohort study has been conducted to clarify the effects of neurotoxicants on child development—the Tohoku Study of Child Development (TSCD) in Japan. TSCD comprises two cohorts; a polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) cohort (urban area) and a methylmercury cohort (coastal area). Our previous results from the coastal area showed prenatal methylmercury exposure affected psychomotor development in 18-month-olds, and boys appear to be more vulnerable to the exposure than girls. In this report, we have added the urban area cohort and we reanalyzed the impact of prenatal exposure to methylmercury, which gave the same results as before. These findings suggest prenatal exposure to low levels methylmercury may have adverse effects on child development, especially in boys.
19
Rodby, Katherine A., Emilie Robinson, Kirstie K. Danielson, Karina P. Quinn, and Anuja K. Antony. "Age-dependent Characteristics in Women with Breast Cancer: Mastectomy and Reconstructive Trends at an Urban Academic Institution." American Surgeon 82, no. 3 (March 2016): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481608200316.
Full textAbstract:
Breast reconstruction is an important aspect of treatment after breast cancer. Postmastectomy reconstruction bears a significant impact on a woman's postsurgical confidence, sexuality, and overall well-being. Previous studies have inferred that women under age 40 years have unique characteristics that distinguish them from an older cohort. Identifying age-dependent trends will assist with counseling women on mastectomy and reconstruction. To identify age-dependent trends, 100 consecutive women were sampled from a prospectively maintained breast reconstruction database at an urban academic institution from June 2010 through June 2013. Women were placed into two cohorts <40 and ≥40 as well cohorts by decade (20s, 30s, 40s, 50s, and 60s). Statistical trends were reported as odds of risk per year of increasing age using logistic regression; linear regression, χ2, and Fischer's exact were used to compare <40 and ≥40 and split cohorts for comparison. Comorbidities, tumor staging, oncologic treatment including chemotherapy and radiation, disease characteristics and genetics, and mastectomy, reconstructive and symmetry procedures were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS software. In 100 patients of the sample study cohort, 151 reconstructions were performed. Increasing age was associated with one or more comorbidities [odds ratio (OR) = 1.07, P = 0.005], whereas younger age was associated with metastatic disease (OR = 0.88, P = 0.006), chemotherapy (OR = 0.94, P = 0.01), and radiation (OR = 0.94, P = 0.006); split cohorts demonstrated similar trends ( P < 0.005). Mastectomy and reconstructive characteristics associated with younger age included bilateral mastectomy (OR = 0.94, P = 0.004), tissue expander (versus autologous flap) (OR = 0.94, P = 0.009), extra high implant type (OR = 0.94, P = 0.049), whereas increasing use of autologous flaps and contralateral mastopexy symmetry procedures (OR = 1.09, P = 0.02) were associated with an aging cohort. Increasing age was not associated with an increasing likelihood of complications ( P = 0.75). Age-related factors play a role in the treatment of patients with breast cancer. Younger women typically present with more aggressive features requiring oncologic treatment including chemotherapy and radiation. Mastectomy and reconstructive choices also demonstrate age-dependent characteristics. Women in younger age groups are more likely to pursue risk-reduction procedures and implant-based strategies, whereas older women had a higher propensity for abdominal-based autologous reconstruction. In addition, preferential reconstructive strategies correlate with age-dependent archetypical features of the breast (higher profile implants in younger patients; autologous reconstruction on affected side mimicking natural ptosis, and contralateral mastopexy in older patients). These trends seem to be consistent with each increasing year of age. Age-related preferences and expectations, age-dependent body habitus and breast shape, and lifetime risk play a role in the choices pursued for mastectomy and reconstruction.
20
Shukla, Vachaspati. "Group Disparities in Educational Outcomes: An Age Cohort Perspective." Indian Journal of Human Development 15, no. 2 (August 2021): 334–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09737030211042054.
Full textAbstract:
This article attempts to evaluate differential progress in educational attainment across social groups segregating the attainments at the level of age cohorts. It argues that mapping of educational attainment across age cohorts offers a robust understanding of educational progress, as it sheds light on the likelihood of younger age-groups getting educated in comparison with the older ones. This article examines attainments across five levels of education among the population subgroups which are categorised based on region (rural–urban), social background (SC/ST and Others), and gender (male–female) among others. The analysis reveals that group disparities tend to be lower among the younger age groups but increase along with rising levels of educational attainment. Gender disparity nearly disappears in the youngest age cohort among the better off groups. This exercise at the level of age cohorts offers an optimism that differentials seem to narrow down in recent times, which is not as stark at the aggregate subgroup levels.
21
Cannon, Andrew C., James Olen Armitage, Philip Bierman, R. Gregory Bociek, Julie M. Vose, and Fausto R. Loberiza. "Disparity In Clinical Outcomes Of Elderly Patients With Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma After Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation According To Area Of Residence." Blood 122, no. 21 (November 15, 2013): 1744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.1744.1744.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Our previous studies have shown little or no difference in the overall survival (OS) of urban over rural cohorts with lymphoma. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Auto-HSCT) is a frequently used treatment for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), but the elderly tend to tolerate transplant less well than their young counterparts. Increased prevalence of chronic conditions, comorbidity and frailty, serve to further complicate treatment in the elderly. We hypothesize that the same factors that contribute to the complexity of Auto-HSCT in the elderly may also contribute to outcome disparity according to area of residence. Aim To determine if area of residence is an independent risk factor for the following clinical outcomes: relapse, non-relapse mortality (NRM), disease-free survival (DFS) and OS following Auto-HSCT in the elderly with NHL. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study of patients (pts) age ≥60y who underwent first Auto-HSCT for NHL between 1985 and 2012. Using pts' residential ZIP codes at the time of transplant, the primary area of residence was categorized as urban or rural according to the Rural-Urban Commuting Area Codes classification system. Multivariate analyses (MVA) were performed using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis to evaluate the association between area of residence and all outcomes while adjusting for significant patient-, disease-, and treatment-related variables. Results During the study period, 1616 pts underwent Auto-HSCT for NHL; 321 (20%) of whom were elderly. A total of 286 (89%) had classifiable U.S. ZIP codes: urban (n=182, 64%) and rural (n=104, 36%). The median age was 65y (range 60-77), 64% males, and 93% of the NHL types are high-grade. We failed to detect significant differences in all patient-, disease-, and treatment-related factors between the two cohorts except for disease stage at the time of transplant (p=0.03); urban pts tend to be in relapse at the time of transplant (35% vs 25%), while rural pts tend to be in second or more complete remission ( 34% vs 18%). MVA results are summarized in the table below. We failed to detect differences in the risk of relapse and NRM between urban and rural cohorts. Both risk for treatment-failure (inverse of DFS) and mortality were time-dependent such that the association between area of residence and outcome varied before and after 6 months post-transplant. The risk of treatment-failure and mortality was significantly lower in the rural cohort compared to the urban cohort after 6 months; while similar in the first 6 months. Age and year of transplant were significantly associated with DFS and OS; disease stage at the time of transplant was not significant. The probability of OS (see figure) at 5 and 10 years post-transplant in urban and rural cohorts were 44% vs 54% and 26% vs 38%, respectively. The causes of death were not statistically different between the two groups with most dying from relapse, multi-organ failure and second malignancies. Conclusions The absence of clear differences in characteristics of elderly NHL pts who underwent Auto-HSCT according to area of residence suggests a similar selection process. The better DFS and OS after 6 months that persist over time and is not explainable by marked differences in relapse, NRM or treatment received suggests interplay of other non-biological factors including: attitudes, health seeking behaviors, environment-related factors, or health care follow-up. Further research is needed to determine the underlying cause of the observed outcome disparity among elderly NHL transplant pts. Disclosures: Armitage: Ziopharm: Consultancy; Roche: Consultancy; Genetech : Consultancy; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy; GlaxoSmith Kline : Consultancy; Tesaro bio, Inc. : Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees. Vose:Sanofi-Aventis US, Inc.: Research Funding; Pharmacyclics: Research Funding; Onyx Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Millennium: Research Funding; Janssen Biotech : Research Funding; Incyte Corp.: Research Funding; GlaxoSmithKLINE: Research Funding; Genentech: Research Funding; Celgene: Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Research Funding; Allos Therapeutics/Spectrum: Research Funding; US Biotest, Inc. : Research Funding.
22
Fahimfar, Noushin, Davood Khalili, Sadaf Ghajarieh Sepanlou, Reza Malekzadeh, Fereidoun Azizi, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Hamidreza Roohafza, et al. "Cardiovascular mortality in a Western Asian country: results from the Iran Cohort Consortium." BMJ Open 8, no. 7 (July 2018): e020303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020303.
Full textAbstract:
ObjectivesCardiovascular mortality in Western Asia is high and still rising. However, most data documented on risk prediction has been derived from Western countries and few population-based cohort studies have been conducted in this region. The current study aimed to present the process of pooling data and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality incidences for four Iranian cohorts.MethodsFrom the Iran Cohort Consortium, the Golestan Cohort Study (GCS), Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, Isfahan Cohort Study (ICS) and the Shahroud Eye Cohort Study (ShECS) were eligible for the current study since they had appropriate data and follow-up visits. Age-standardised CVD mortality rates were estimated for ages 40–80 and 40–65 years. Cox regression was used to compare mortalities among cohorts. Adjusted marginal rates were calculated using Poisson regression.ResultsOverall, 61 291 participants (34 880 women) aged 40–80 years, free of CVD at baseline, were included. During 504 606 person-years of follow-up, 1981 CVD deaths (885 women) occurred. Age-standardised/sex-standardised premature CVD mortality rates were estimated from 133 per 100 000 person-years (95% CI 81 to 184) in ShECS to 366 (95% CI 342 to 389) in the GCS. Compared with urban women, rural women had higher CVD mortality in the GCS but not in the ICS. The GCS population had a higher risk of CVD mortality, compared with the others, adjusted for conventional CVD risk factors.ConclusionsThe incidence of CVD mortality is high with some differences between urban and rural cohorts in Iran as a Western Asian country. Pooling data facilitates the opportunity to globally evaluate risk prediction models.
23
LaVigne, A., S. Grover, and S. Rayne. "Knowledge and Screening Practices of Breast and Cervical Cancer in Rural and Urban South Africa." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 46s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.38000.
Full textAbstract:
Background: The South African government has recently released cancer policies for breast and cervical cancer—the most common types and causes of cancer-related death in South African women. Increased mortality rates and advanced disease at presentation in comparison with developed countries suggests a need for greater awareness of risk factors, screening and preventative methods individualized for the population at risk. Aim: To characterize and compare the knowledge base and perceptions of women in urban and rural settings, we assessed these factors in two different cohorts in South Africa. Methods: A cross-sectional sample was taken in South Africa of women invited to participate in a survey regarding breast and cervical cancer knowledge, and awareness of risk factors, prevention and screening. Participants were approached in shopping malls and health facilities in urban Johannesburg in 2015 (“urban”) and semirural Bushbuckridge, 450 km northeast of Johannesburg (“rural”) in 2016. Results: 600 total women were surveyed, with 300 from each cohort. 83% of the urban cohort completed matriculation or higher, versus 60% of rural participants for whom high school was their highest level of education. Both groups demonstrated comparable levels of cancer awareness, and > 70% felt that cervical cancer is preventable. While the urban cohort was more knowledgeable about Pap smears (76% vs. 66%, P = 0.004), > 75% of both cohorts were willing to get one. Although both groups were largely unfamiliar with the role of HPV in cervical cancer, rural women were more aware of HIV (38% vs. 59%, P < 0.0001), smoking (43% vs. 62%, P < 0.0001) and parity (39% vs. 54%, P = 0.00019) as risk factors. Nevertheless, urban participants were more knowledgeable about breast self exams (71% vs. 59%, P = 0.001) and mammograms (62% vs. 42%, P < 0.0001), and more likely to undergo one (79% vs. 66%, P = 0.0002). Both groups identified family history and genetics as risk factors, but rural women appeared more aware of the roles of diet (30.67% vs. 39.93%, P = .011), oral contraceptives (17.33% vs. 34.77%, P < .0001), alcohol (26.67% vs. 52.15%, P < .0001) and lack of exercise (8.67% vs. 55.12%, P < .0001). Conclusion: Overall knowledge of breast and cervical cancer did not differ between both groups, despite varying levels of education and geographic setting. Women in the rural cohort demonstrated more awareness of several oncologic risk factors. Yet, the greater familiarity with and uptake of screening methods, especially for breast cancer, among women in the urban cohort may point to the benefits of proximity to health care infrastructure, such as tertiary care centers. This data supports a need for further implementation and distribution of cancer care services within cancer policies, to capitalize on increasingly sufficient levels of awareness among South African women.
24
Barros, Aluísio J. D., Iná S. Santos, Alicia Matijasevich, Cora L. Araújo, Denise P. Gigante, Ana M. B. Menezes, Bernardo L. Horta, Elaine Tomasi, Cesar G. Victora, and Fernando C. Barros. "Methods used in the 1982, 1993, and 2004 birth cohort studies from Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, and a description of the socioeconomic conditions of participants' families." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 24, suppl 3 (2008): s371—s380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2008001500002.
Full textAbstract:
Three birth cohorts are currently being followed in Pelotas, Southern Brazil, in order to assess changes in birth conditions, growth, development, morbidity, and infant mortality, as well as the influence of pre- and perinatal factors on the subsequent morbidity of participants in their adult lives. We provide a description of the methodology used for the cohort studies that began in 1982, 1993, and 2004 in Pelotas, and a description of the economic conditions of the families involved. For the three cohorts, similar strategies were used to recruit babies born to mothers living in the municipality's urban area. These included daily visits to maternity hospitals where births were identified, mothers interviewed, and newborns examined. Over this time frame, there has been a significant reduction in the number of births due to declining fertility rates amongst the target population. Salaries (measured as a multiple of the minimum wage) were stable across cohorts, but quality of life indicators - such as the availability of piped water, flushing toilets and refrigerators - showed clear improvements. Mothers' levels of education improved markedly. Important changes in the demographic profile of risk factors and health outcomes are being recorded by the Pelotas cohorts.
25
Ronald, Richard. "The Remarkable Rise and Particular Context of Younger One–Person Households in Seoul and Tokyo." City & Community 16, no. 1 (March 2017): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12221.
Full textAbstract:
Numbers of one–person households in East Asia have expanded dramatically in recent decades, especially among younger cohorts living in cities. In explaining this shift, research has largely addressed changes in socioeconomic and policy conditions that have interacted with family and marriage norms. This paper, however, is concerned with interactions of shifting urban and housing conditions that have channeled particular manifestations of single–dwelling featuring shifts in housing pathways among younger–adult cohorts toward living alone in rental housing. Focusing on Seoul and Tokyo as centers of growth, we consider how urban features, specifically housing markets and high–speed renewal of the built–environment, have shaped and contributed to the rise in one–person households, as well as how the proliferation of singlehood and living alone is reshaping the lives of younger people in urban neighborhoods. This shift represents a particular disruption in social and spatial reproduction that has implications for cities in this region more generally.
26
Isaac, Krista, Daniel R. Reed, Raj Piyush Desai, Eli Williams, Rajesh Balkrishnan, Michael K. Keng, and Karen K. Ballen. "Distance Does Not Matter: Excellent Survival Outcomes for Leukemia Patients in Rural Appalachia." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): 4784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-125829.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Rural communities may not have access to adequate health care, but the effect of geographic residence on patient outcomes and molecular characteristics of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is poorly understood. Several studies have investigated the effect of various demographics (such as race, gender, zip code) and environmental exposures on the development and outcome of AML. Evidence is lacking to suggest a link between genetic abnormalities and residence. Methods: A single center, retrospective chart review was conducted on patients with AML diagnosed between 9/2015 and 8/2018. Consecutive patients with a new diagnosis of AML and a clinical next generation sequencing panel (Illumina TruSight Myeloid 54 gene panel) performed during their initial leukemia workup were included. Patients were excluded if they had APML or CML in blast crisis. Data collected included demographic information (including zip code), smoking history, BMI, cytogenetic data, treatment regimen, and overall survival. Patients were grouped into urban and rural subsets based on their county of residency as described in the National Center for Health Statistics 2013 Urban-Rural Classification Scheme for Counties. Zip codes were used to extrapolate socioeconomic data including education and income level. Cytogenetic data was used to risk stratify patients per ELN criteria. Mutational profile, cytogenetics and overall survival (OS) were compared between the groups. Mutations analyzed were limited to ASXL1, DNMT3A, FLT3, IDH1, IDH2, NPM1, NRAS, TET2, and TP53, as these are often used in medical decision making. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to evaluate differences between the groups. Time to event data were analyzed using log-rank tests, Kaplan-Meier method, and Cox proportional hazard regression model. Results: 113 patients were included in this study. Median age of the entire cohort was 66.3 years old. 59% (n = 67) were male. 24% (n = 27) of patients were from a rural area; 76% (n = 86) were from an urban area. There was no difference in median age, race, prior MDS or MPN, number of patients who underwent chemotherapy or number of patients who underwent allogeneic stem cell transplant (ASCT) as demonstrated in Table 1. Patients from both cohorts also had similar risk cytogenetics (urban cohort: favorable: n = 5, 5.8%; intermediate: n = 35; 40.7%; adverse: n=46; 53.5%; rural cohort: favorable: n = 3, 11.1%; intermediate: n = 14; 51.9%; adverse: n = 10, 37%; p = 0.282). In the rural cohort, 15% of patients reported income below the poverty level; in the urban cohort, 10.2% reported income below the poverty level (p < 0.0001). Fewer patients in the rural cohort were high school graduates as compared to the urban cohort (82.7% versus 87.8%, p < 0.0001). Rural patients traveled an average of 145 miles for treatment; urban patients traveled 57 miles (p < 0.0001). Mutation frequency is described in Table 2. ASXL1 mutation was more frequent in the urban cohort as compared to the rural cohort (p = 0.032). There was no difference in frequency of other mutations between the cohorts. The 2 year survival rate was 46% (n = 52) for the cohort; 2 year survival rate for the rural cohort was 70% (n = 19) and for the urban cohort was 38% (n = 33) (p = 0.011; Figure 1). 53 patients (urban: n =39, 66.1%; rural: n = 14, 77.8%; p = 0.35) underwent induction chemotherapy. Rural patients who underwent induction chemotherapy had an improved OS as compared to urban patients who underwent induction chemotherapy (p = 0.005). Conclusion: In this single center retrospective study, our data demonstrates: 1. Urban patients had an increased frequency of ASXL1 mutations; 2. Rural patients were more likely to live below the poverty level and not graduate high school; 3. Rural patients traveled a greater distance for treatment; 4. OS was improved in rural patients in this limited cohort. Our rural patients may have improved OS due to our close co-management with rural centers. These studies suggest that the biology of the AML is not worse in the rural cohort and intensive efforts at access, remote monitoring, and communication with local physicians may result in outcomes similar to urban patients. Further studies will be investigating improving access to leukemia and transplant care for patients with AML. Disclosures Balkrishnan: Merck and Company: Consultancy. Keng:Agios: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.
27
Brown, Nicole E., Alyssa Abebe, Kaleab Abebe, and Duane Eisaman. "Determining Factors Associated with Sexual Behavior and Undesired Outcomes in Urban,Young, Adult Female Populations: A Comparative Study." Women's Health – Open Journal 7, no. 1 (May 28, 2021): 10–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17140/whoj-7-142.
Full textAbstract:
Background Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unwanted pregnancies affect adolescent females annually. This study’s objective was to determine factors leading to disproportionate risk of STIs and unplanned pregnancies utilizing a survey to compare a presumed high-risk urban female population with an age-matched expected low-risk urban female population. Methods Adolescent women ages 18-24 were surveyed during 2017 utilizing a qualtrics survey. The survey was given at a local urban university and participating students received research credit. The survey was also given at an urban Emergency Department (ED) using an iPad to participants during their visit. The main outcomes measured were STI and unplanned pregnancy rates. Results The ED cohort had higher rates of chlamydia (52% vs 5%), gonorrhea (20% vs 0%), trichomoniasis (30% vs 2%), pregnancy (60% vs 2%), and perceived themselves to be a higher-risk for pregnancy (3.4 vs 1.9) than the University cohort. They were younger the first time they had vaginal sex (15.6 vs 16.3-years), though median age of first oral sex was similar between groups. The ED cohort was older (21.4-years-old vs 19.1-years-old) and more likely to be non-white (64% vs 6%). There were no differences between the cohorts in regard to educational background and sexual orientation. After adjustments were made, the University cohort was more likely to use condoms and had a lower rate of lifetime partners. Conclusion Young, urban females use condoms and birth control less frequently and have more male partners than an age-matched university population.
28
Venkatesh, Ramesh, Prachi Abhishek Dave, Prachi Gurav, Manisha Agarwal, Mamta Jajoo, and Vidit Gupta. "ROP examination of premature babies at an eye hospital referred from urban and semi-urban NICUs." Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology 12, no. 2 (October 5, 2020): 226–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v12i2.26273.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is seen in low gestational age (GA) and birth weight (BW) babies leading to retinal vascular damage. Screening of preterm would help in early identification of this, sight-threatening disease. Multiple factors play an important role in planning screening strategies for these preterm. The objective of this study was done to find the differences and the reasons affecting the proportion of ROP distribution between urban and semi-urban regions in North India.
Materials and methods: In this retrospective, comparative study, all babies referred for ROP examination by paediatricians or other general ophthalmologists between 2013 to 2016 were included in the study. Demographic, clinical and treatment related findings were recorded.
Results: Five hundred and fifty eight babies (467: urban and 91: semi urban) were examined for ROP. The mean BW in urban and semi-urban settings was 1348.6 ± 395.21 gm and 1703.77 ± 401.76 gm respectively. The mean GA was 30.99 ± 2.93 weeks and 30.73 ± 2.08 weeks in the urban and semi-urban cohorts respectively. The average time for first ophthalmic examination following birth was 23.82 ± 13.69 (range: 3-77) days in urban and 101.16 ± 238.26 (range: 13- 330) days in semi-urban settings. 94% of the babies completed all screening examination visits. Any ROP was identified in 12% and 33.0% of urban and semi-urban cohorts respectively; Type 1 was detected in 7.5% of urban babies and 24% of semi-urban babies.
Conclusion: Proportion of ROP in the urban region was 3 times lesser than the semiurban region. Differences in proportion of babies developing any ROP and Type 1 ROP between semi-urban and urban groups is likely due to selection bias, as a high proportion of semi-urban babies did not attend for examination or failed to complete all the examinations necessary. This was particularly true for females. More needs to be done to increase access to regular, systematic screening of preterm babies within neonatal units.
29
Hirschhorn, Daniel B. "A Longitudinal Study of Students Completing Four Years of UCSMP Mathematics." Journal for Research in Mathematics Education 24, no. 2 (March 1993): 136–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/jresematheduc.24.2.0136.
Full textAbstract:
This article reports on the achievement and attitude aspects of a study comparing students who had the first 4 years of the University of Chicago School Mathematics Project (UCSMP) secondary curriculum to two distinct groups of comparable students, an age cohort and a mathematics course level cohort. A case study design with schools in three different sites (one urban, two suburban) was used. Three instruments were given: a Mathematics Level I Achievement Test from the Educational Testing Service, a 30-item Applications Test, and a 25-item Student Opinion Survey. At two of the sites, the UCSMP students outperformed both the age and course level cohorts by substantial amounts on both the achievement and application tests. At the third site, both comparison cohorts outperformed the UCSMP students on the achievement test, but results on the application test were mixed. At all three sites, there was little difference in the attitude items except on items concerning calculator use.
30
Noordzij, J. Mark, Marielle A. Beenackers, Joost Oude Groeniger, Erik Timmermans, Basile Chaix, Dany Doiron, Martijn Huisman, et al. "Green spaces, subjective health and depressed affect in middle-aged and older adults: a cross-country comparison of four European cohorts." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 75, no. 5 (January 26, 2021): 470–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-214257.
Full textAbstract:
Background Studies on associations between urban green space and mental health have yielded mixed results. This study examines associations of green space exposures with subjective health and depressed affect of middle-aged and older adults in four European cohorts. Methods Data came from four Western-European and Central-European ageing cohorts harmonised as part of the Mindmap project, comprising 16 189 adults with an average age of 50–71 years. Green space exposure was based on the distance to the nearest green space and the amount of green space within 800 m buffers around residential addresses. Cohort-specific and one-step individual participant data (IPD) meta-analyses were used to examine associations of green space exposures with subjective health and depressed affect. Results The amount of green spaces within 800 m buffers was lowest for Residential Environment and CORonary heart Disease (Paris, 15.0 hectares) and highest for Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial factors In Eastern Europe (Czech Republic, 35.9 hectares). IPD analyses indicated no evidence of an association between the distance to the nearest green space and depressed affect (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.00) or good self-rated health (OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.02). Likewise, the amount of green space within 800 m buffers did not predict depressed affect (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.00) or good self-rated health (OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.02). Findings were consistent across all cohorts. Conclusions Data from four European ageing cohorts provide no support for the hypothesis that green space exposure is associated with subjective health or depressed affect. While longitudinal evidence is required, these findings suggest that green space may be less important for older urban residents.
31
Yu, Xinjuan, Xuan Yang, Tingting Yang, Quanjiang Dong, Lili Wang, and Lei Feng. "Decreasing prevalence of Helicobacter pylori according to birth cohorts in urban China." Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology 28, no. 2 (March 3, 2017): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/tjg.2017.16557.
Full text
32
Öst, Cecilia Enström. "Parental Wealth and First-time Homeownership: A Cohort Study of Family Background and Young Adults’ Housing Situation in Sweden." Urban Studies 49, no. 10 (November 17, 2011): 2137–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098011427185.
Full textAbstract:
This paper investigates whether family background seems to have any influence on first-time homeownership. Recent studies have indicated that it has become more difficult to become established in the housing market and such situations may increase the importance of parental wealth. In this study, parental wealth is estimated as family background information on parents’ homeownership, father’s socioeconomic status and single parenting. Unique cohort data for three birth cohorts suggest that there is a significant cohort effect in young adults’ tenure decision. Furthermore, the results imply that parents’ homeownership has become a more important predictor of the transition to first-time homeownership for those young adults facing increasing problems in the housing market.
33
Hao, Lingxin, and Yucheng Liang. "The Spatial and Career Mobility of China's Urban and Rural Labor Force." Management and Organization Review 12, no. 01 (March 2016): 135–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mor.2015.35.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTIn this article, we provide a comprehensive examination of the spatial and career mobility of China's labor population. We integrate theories on stratification and social change and exploit the innovative design and measurement of the China Labor-force Dynamics Survey to minimize the undercoverage problem of the rural-urban migratory experience. Our analysis provides several fresh findings: (1) at-birth rural household registration (hukou) status leads to a greater probability of spatial mobility and career advancement than at-birth urban hukou status does; (2) education and gender differentiates rural-origin people, increasing the heterogeneity of urban labor and decreasing the heterogeneity of rural labor; (3) hukou policy relaxation favors later cohorts over earlier cohorts; and (4) among demographically comparable people, having experienced spatial mobility is correlated with having career advancement experience. Work organizations are found to be the arena where the two dimensions of mobility can happen jointly. Our findings provide a rich context for understanding the management and organization of Chinese labor.
34
Allen, Laura, Amanda McIntyre, Shannon Janzen, Marina Richardson, Matthew Meyer, David Ure, and Robert Teasell. "Community Stroke Rehabilitation: How Do Rural Residents Fare Compared With Their Urban Counterparts?" Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 43, no. 1 (December 4, 2015): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2015.324.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractBackground: Rural living has been demonstrated to have an effect on a person’s overall health status, and rural residing individuals often have decreased access to health and specialized rehabilitation services. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine if there are differences in recovery from stroke between urban and rural-dwelling stroke survivors accessing an in-home, community-based, interdisciplinary, stroke rehabilitation program. Methods: Data from a cohort of 1222 stroke survivors receiving care from the Community Stroke Rehabilitation Teams between January 2009 and June 2013 was analyzed. This program delivers stroke rehabilitation care directly in a person’s home and community. Functional and psychosocial outcomes were evaluated at baseline, discharge, and six -month follow-up. A series of multiple linear regression analyses was performed to determine if rural versus urban status was a significant predictor of discharge and 6-month health outcomes. Results: The mean age of the rural cohort was 68.8 (±13.1) years (53.6% male), and the urban cohort was 68.4 (±13.0) years (44.8% male). A total of 278 (35.4%) individuals were classified as living in a rural area using the Rurality Index for Ontario. In multivariate linear regression analysis, no significant differences on the Functional Independence Measure, the Stroke Impact Scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, or the Reintegration to Normal Living Index were found between urban and rural cohorts. Conclusions: When provided with access to a home-based, specialized stroke rehabilitation program, rural dwelling stroke survivors make and maintain functional gains comparable to their urban-living counterparts.
35
Koshy, Beena, Arun S. Karthikeyan, Venkata Raghava Mohan, Anuradha Bose, Sushil John, and Gagandeep Kang. "Secular Growth Trends in Early Childhood—Evidence from Two Low-Income Birth Cohorts Recruited over a Decade in Vellore, India." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 107, no. 1 (July 13, 2022): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-0886.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT. Stunting and extreme poverty are considered significant risk factors impacting child development in low-and-middle-income countries. We used two birth cohorts recruited 8–9 years apart in urban low-income (slum) settings in Vellore, south India and analyzed secular growth trends and their predictors. In the rotavirus cohort recruited between 2002 and 2003, 373 children completed the 3-year follow-up. “The Etiology, Risk Factors and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development” (MAL-ED) cohort recruited between 2010 and 2012 had 215 children completing follow-up. The MAL-ED cohort had better socio-economic status (SES) markers and mothers were better educated compared with the previous cohort. Children in the MAL-ED cohort had less stunting at 1, 2, and 3 years of age. The linear mixed effects model evaluating linear growth during the first 3 years of age showed that low birth weight and being a female child were associated with stunting in both cohorts. There was no association between SES and stunting in the rotavirus cohort, whereas SES was associated with linear growth in the MAL-ED cohort. Future studies could incorporate nutritional and nonnutritional interventions in vulnerable populations to evaluate their effect on birth weight as well as early childhood stunting.
36
Mehrotra, Shiv N., and Douglas R. Carter. "Determinants of Growth in Multiunit Housing Demand since the Great Recession: An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis." Urban Studies Research 2017 (October 12, 2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3073282.
Full textAbstract:
Following the Great Recession (2007–2009), growth in multiunit housing starts has been exceptionally strong and sustained. In this study, we examine empirical evidence for three possible explanations, namely, the passage of Baby Boomers into senior years, the depressed economic conditions, and rising preference of recent birth cohorts for residing in urban cores. Applying Age-Period-Cohort analysis to census data on multiunit housing occupancy from 1970 to 2010, we find evidence to support the explanations that a sharp increase in demand from Millennials drawn to urban cores and retiring Baby Boomers are contributing to the growth in multiunit housing starts. The results provide weak evidence of a negative relationship between depressed economic conditions and demand for multiunit housing starts. Over the long term, demand for multiunit housing can be expected to moderate as a result of the projected aging of the population.
37
Šobot, Ankica. "Gender roles and education as elements for the explanation of fertility by the type of settlement in Serbia." Demografija, no. 17 (2020): 29–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/demografija2017029s.
Full textAbstract:
This text is aimed at the consideraton of differences related to fertility of urban and non-urban settlements in Serbia, from the point of view of differentiation concerning education and gender roles. The discussion framework consists of the results of relevant empirical researches that consider gender equality, as well as the presented data about level of education for both types of settlements. In terms of fertility, we used census data and presented two indicators. These are the cumulative live birth rates and the shares of women who have not given birth. The focus is on the generations born in the second half of the 20th century, observing the cohorts that are in the reproductive period, as well as those that came out. Differences between urban and non-urban settlements are not only observed for Serbia as a whole, but are also placed within the framework of statical regional areas. The decline in cumulative fertility, the postponement of parenthood and the shares of women without children both in the optimal reproductive period and in the cohorts at the end of reproductive period are more pronounced in the urban population. However, these tendencies also have existed in non-urban settlements, despite the fact that the observed fertility indicators do not reflect the difficulty of regulating low fertility in this type of settlement. Very low cumulative fertility rates in the urban settlements are the result of insufficient adjustment of the institutional framework to emancipatory processes in the sphere of gender roles. The negative effects of traditional patriarchy in non-urban settlements are more visible through some other demographic indicators that are closely related to the issue of low fertility. Hence, the importance of the gender aspect cannot be neglected when it comes to non-urban settlements.
38
Tischer, Christina, Lidia Casas, Inge M. Wouters, Gert Doekes, Raquel Garcia-Esteban, Ulrike Gehring, Anne Hyvärinen, et al. "Early exposure to bio-contaminants and asthma up to 10 years of age: results of the HITEA study." European Respiratory Journal 45, no. 2 (September 3, 2014): 328–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00060214.
Full textAbstract:
Inverse associations have been found between exposure to bio-contaminants and asthma and allergies. The aim of this study was to prospectively assess whether early exposure to bio-contaminants in dust is associated with asthma and allergy later in childhood among children from (sub)-urban areas.In subsets of three European birth cohorts (PIAMA: n=553; INMA: n=481; and LISAplus: n=395), endotoxin, (1,3,)-β-d-glucan and extracellular polysaccharide were measured in dust from living rooms shortly after birth. Current asthma at 6 years and 10 years of age and ever asthma up to 10 years of age were assessed by parental questionnaires. Specific IgE levels at 8 years (PIAMA) and 10 years (LISAplus) were available. Adjusted, cohort-specific logistic regression analyses were performed.Higher endotoxin concentrations were positively associated with current asthma at 6 years of age in PIAMA (adjusted OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.07–3.58), but were inversely related with ever asthma up to 10 years of age in INMA (adjusted OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.16–0.94). No associations with asthma were found for LISAplus. No associations were observed with atopic sensitisation in all cohorts. All associations with (1,3)-β-d-glucan and extracellular polysaccharide were statistically nonsignificant.The suggested immunological mechanisms of early exposure to bio-contaminants with regards to asthma and allergy might be different for children growing up in (sub)-urban environments.
39
Hosier, Gregory W., and Naji J. Touma. "Attitudes of graduating Canadian urology residents on the job market: Is it getting better or are we just spinning our wheels?" Canadian Urological Association Journal 12, no. 4 (December 16, 2017): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.4765.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: There has been increasing awareness of employment difficulties for physicians, especially surgeons, in Canada over the past few years. Our objective was to elucidate the attitudes and experiences of graduating Canadian urology residents in obtaining employment.Methods: We surveyed four separate cohorts of graduating urology residents in 2010, 2011, 2016, and 2017. Responses from the 2010 and 2011 cohorts were combined and compared to the combined results of the 2016 and 2017 cohorts. Mean Likert responses were compared using unpaired t-tests. An agreement score was created for those responding with “strongly agree” and “agree” on the Likert scale.Results: A total of 126 surveys were administered with a 100% response rate. The job market was rated as poor or very poor by 64.9% and 58.4% of graduates in 2010/2011 and 2016/2017, respectively (p=0.67). Lack of resources was identified as the biggest barrier to improved employment in both cohorts. Networking at meetings and staff urologists at their institution were the most important factors aiding employment identified by both cohorts. The ideal practice was academic or academically associated community practices in a large urban area, with 5‒10 partners for both cohorts.Conclusions: The majority of graduating urology residents viewed the job market as poor or very poor and this did not change over a six-year period. It is unclear how much personal preference for location and practice type drove the somewhat negative outlook of employment opportunities, as the majority of residents were seeking large urban, academic, or academically associated community practices in competitive locations.
40
Okado, Izumi, Michelle Liu-Duerr, Tracey Hewitt, Carry Elhajj, Skyler Nishiyama, and Randall F. Holcombe. "Perceptions of cancer care coordination among rural patients in Hawaii." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2022): e18553-e18553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.e18553.
Full textAbstract:
e18553 Background: Rural residents experience disproportionate burdens of cancer including higher incidence and mortality than urban residents. Disparities in rural cancer health outcomes are partially attributed to limited access to specialty care and care coordination challenges in rural areas. To date, little is known about rural cancer patients’ perceptions of care coordination (CC). In this study, we examined rural patients’ perceptions of cancer CC and compared rural and urban patients’ perceptions of cancer CC using the Care Coordination Instrument (CCI), a validated patient-report measure of CC. Methods: 80 rural patients receiving active treatment for any cancer residing in rural areas of Hawaii (Hawaii Island, Kauai) completed the CCI from Sept. 2020 to Dec. 2021. These rural areas are on separate islands from Oahu (urban) where tertiary care hospitals in Hawaii are located. Data for the urban cohorts ( n = 220) were derived from our archival data. The CCI assesses overall patients’ perceptions of CC (Total) and includes subscales that evaluate CC across three domains (Communication, Navigation, Operational). We used descriptive statistics to describe rural patients’ CC details and linear regression models to compare CCI scores between rural and urban patients. Results: Among 300 patients, demographic and clinical characteristics were similar between the rural and urban cohorts (mean age = 63.6, 56% female, most common cancer type: 28% breast and 25% GI). Patients were racially diverse, with 25% White/Caucasian, 24% Japanese, 16% Native Hawaiian, and 24% two or more race. Among rural patients, 43% indicated having traveled by air to another island (Oahu; urban) for cancer treatment (50% surgery). Of these patients, 38% indicated having paid out-of-pocket for cancer care-related travel costs. 65% of these patients reported travel costs as a burden, with 6% of patients having canceled or delayed treatment due to costs. Overall, there were no differences on the Total CCI scores between rural and urban patients ( p = 0.73). However, significant differences were found for Communication and Navigation ( p = 0.02 and p = 0.04, respectively), with rural patients reporting lower scores on these domains. No differences were found for the Operational domain scores. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that that while rural patients’ overall perceptions of CC were similar to their urban cohorts, rural patients perceived greater CC challenges related to the communication and navigation aspects of CC. Off-island cancer care-related travel costs were reported as a significant burden for rural patients who must travel to another island for their cancer treatment. These findings highlight the need for interventions to address financial, communication and navigation challenges for rural patients in order to improve the quality of cancer care delivery in rural areas.
41
Mena Lora, Alfredo J., Rita Rojas Fermin, Anel Guzman, Scott Borgetti, and Susan C. Bleasdale. "1199. Epidemiology of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: A Comparative Study Between Facilities in the United States and the Dominican Republic." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 5, suppl_1 (November 2018): S363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy210.1032.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background The prevalence of multi-drug-resistant organisms (MDRO) is on the rise globally. MDRO infections carry high morbidity and mortality. There is a paucity of data on Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKp) in the Dominican Republic (DR). Evaluating CRKp in various settings will provide data on contrasting epidemiologic risk factors. We evaluated the epidemiology of CKRp in three contrasting settings, a 495-bed urban academic center (AC), a 151-bed urban community hospital (CH) and a 200 bed teaching hospital in the DR (DRH). Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients with CRKp cultures from 2014 to 2016 from AC, CH and DRH. A comparative evaluation of the epidemiology of CRKp between the cohorts was performed. Demographics, co-morbid conditions, antibiotic sensitivity, and outcomes were compared between hospital cohorts. Results Cohort AC had 64 patients, compared with eight from CH and eight from DRH. AC (59%) and CH (62%) cohorts included more men than the DRH cohort (25%). Average age was 62, 66, and 51, respectively. History of MDRO, antibiotic use in the past 6 months and hospitalization within the past year were common risk factors (Figure 1). Diabetes and end-stage renal disease were common comorbidities at all facilities (Figure 2). Charleston Comorbidity Index (CCI) score was highest at AC (6.6) and DRH (6.4) compared with CH (4). Mortality was highest in DRH (63%, 6/8) and AC (11%, 7/64) while CH had no deaths. Urine was the most common source at AC (67%) and CH (75%) while blood was most common at DRH (62.5%). CRKp isolates were susceptible to colistin at varying rates (AC=85%, CH = 63%, DRH = 80%). Conclusion Prior antibiotic use and hospitalization were common risk factors in all settings. Mortality and CCI scores for CRKp was highest at AC and DRH, which are tertiary referral centers. CH had less overall mortality and higher rates of colistin resistance. Further studies are needed to understand these risk factors. Strengthening antimicrobial stewardship and infection control practices in the United States and abroad may help curb the spread of resistance in different clinical settings. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
42
Burrows, Holly, Benoit Talbot, Roman McKay, Andreea Slatculescu, James Logan, Charles Thickstun, L. Robbin Lindsay, et al. "A multi-year assessment of blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) population establishment and Lyme disease risk areas in Ottawa, Canada, 2017-2019." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 4, 2021): e0246484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246484.
Full textAbstract:
Canadians face an emerging threat of Lyme disease due to the northward expansion of the tick vector,Ixodes scapularis. We evaluated the degree ofI.scapularispopulation establishment andBorrelia burgdorferioccurrence in the city of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada from 2017–2019 using active surveillance at 28 sites. We used a field indicator tool developed by Clow et al. to determine the risk ofI.scapularisestablishment for each tick cohort at each site using the results of drag sampling. Based on results obtained with the field indicator tool, we assigned each site an ecological classification describing the pattern of tick colonization over two successive cohorts (cohort 1 was comprised of ticks collected in fall 2017 and spring 2018, and cohort 2 was collected in fall 2018 and spring 2019). Total annual site-specificI.scapularisdensity ranged from 0 to 16.3 ticks per person-hour. Sites with the highest density were located within the Greenbelt zone, in the suburban/rural areas in the western portion of the city of Ottawa, and along the Ottawa River; the lowest densities occurred at sites in the suburban/urban core.B.burgdorferiinfection rates exhibited a similar spatial distribution pattern. Of the 23 sites for which data for two tick cohorts were available, 11 sites were classified as “high-stable”, 4 were classified as “emerging”, 2 were classified as “low-stable”, and 6 were classified as “non-zero”.B.burgdorferi-infected ticks were found at all high-stable sites, and at one emerging site. These findings suggest that high-stable sites pose a risk of Lyme disease exposure to the community as they have reproducing tick populations with consistent levels ofB.burgdorferiinfection. Continued surveillance forI.scapularis,B.burgdorferi, and range expansion of other tick species and emerging tick-borne pathogens is important to identify areas posing a high risk for human exposure to tick-borne pathogens in the face of ongoing climate change and urban expansion.
43
Maguire, Donogh, Conor Richards, Marylynne Woods, Ross Dolan, Jesse Wilson Veitch, Wei M. J. Sim, Olivia E. H. Kemmett, et al. "The systemic inflammatory response and clinicopathological characteristics in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 infection: Comparison of 2 consecutive cohorts." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 27, 2021): e0251924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251924.
Full textAbstract:
Background In order to manage the COVID-19 systemic inflammatory response, it is important to identify clinicopathological characteristics across multiple cohorts. Methods The aim of the present study was to compare the 4C mortality score, other measures of the systemic inflammatory response and clinicopathological characteristics in two consecutive cohorts of patients on admission with COVID-19. Electronic patient records for 2 consecutive cohorts of patients admitted to two urban teaching hospitals with COVID-19 during two 7-week periods of the COVID-19 pandemic in Glasgow, U.K. (cohort 1: 17/3/2020–1/5/2020) and (cohort 2: 18/5/2020–6/7/2020) were examined for routine clinical, laboratory and clinical outcome data. Results Compared with cohort 1, cohort 2 were older (p<0.001), more likely to be female (p<0.05) and have less independent living circumstances (p<0.001). More patients in cohort 2 were PCR positive, CXR negative (both p<0.001) and had low serum albumin concentrations (p<0.001). 30-day mortality was similar between both cohorts (23% and 22%). In cohort 2, age >70 (p<0.05), male gender (p<0.05), COPD (p<0.05), cognitive impairment (p<0.05), frailty (p<0.001), delirium (p = 0.001), CRP>150mg/L (p<0.05), albumin <30 g/L (p<0.01), elevated perioperative Glasgow Prognostic Score (p<0.05), elevated neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (p<0.001), low haematocrit (p<0.01), elevated PT (p<0.05), sodium <133 mmol/L (p<0.01) elevated urea (p<0.001), creatinine (p<0.001), glucose (p<0.05) and lactate (p<0.001) and the 4C score (p<0.001) were associated with 30-day mortality. In multivariate analysis, greater frailty (CFS>3) (OR 11.3, 95% C.I. 2.3–96.7, p<0.05), low albumin (<30g/L) (OR 2.5, 95% C.I. 1.0–6.2, p<0.05), high NLR (≥3) (OR 2.2, 95% C.I. 1.5–4.5, p<0.05) and the 4C score (OR 2.4, 95% C.I. 1.0–5.6, p<0.05) remained independently associated with 30-day mortality. Conclusion In addition to the 4C mortality score, frailty score and a low albumin were strongly independently associated with 30-day mortality in two consecutive cohorts of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Trial registration clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04484545.
44
Hendrie, Hugh C., Valerie Smith-Gamble, Kathleen A. Lane, Christianna Purnell, Daniel O. Clark, and Sujuan Gao. "The Association of Early Life Factors and Declining Incidence Rates of Dementia in an Elderly Population of African Americans." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 73, suppl_1 (April 16, 2018): S82—S89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbx143.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Objectives To explore the possible association of childhood residence, education levels, and occupation with declining incidence rates of dementia in 2 cohorts of elderly African Americans. Methods African Americans residing in Indianapolis without dementia were enrolled in 1992 and 2001 and evaluated every 2–3 years. The cohorts consist of 1,440 participants in 1992 and 1,835 participants in 2001 aged 70 years and older. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to compare cohort differences in dementia and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk. Results The 2001 cohort had significantly decreased risk of both incident dementia and AD (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.62/0.57 for dementia/AD). Years of education was associated with decreased risk of dementia (HR = 0.93; p = .0011). A significant interaction (p = .0477) between education and childhood rural residence was found for the risk of AD that higher education level is significantly associated with reduced AD risk (HR = 0.87) in participants with childhood rural residence, but no association in those with urban upbringing. The cohort difference for dementia rates were attenuated by adjusting for the 3 risk factors but remained significant (HR = 0.75; p = .04). Discussion These results emphasize the importance of early life factors including rural residence and education for the risk for dementia later in life.
45
He, Ping, Gong Chen, Chao Guo, Xu Wen, Xinming Song, and Xiaoying Zheng. "Long-term effect of prenatal exposure to malnutrition on risk of schizophrenia in adulthood: Evidence from the Chinese famine of 1959–1961." European Psychiatry 51 (June 2018): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.01.003.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractBackground:Schizophrenia is a common major mental disorder and prenatal nutritional deficiency may increase its risk. We aimed to investigate long-term impact of prenatal exposure to malnutrition on risk of schizophrenia in adulthood using the Chinese famine of 1959–1961 as a natural experiment.Methods:We obtained data from the Second National Sample Survey on Disability implemented in 31 provinces in 2006, and restricted our analysis to 387,093 individuals born from 1956 to 1965. Schizophrenia was ascertained by psychiatrists based on the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision. Famine severity was defined as cohort size shrinkage index. The famine effect on adult schizophrenia was estimated by difference-in-difference models, established by examining the variations of famine exposure across birth cohorts.Results:Compared with the reference cohort of 1965, famine cohorts (1959–1962) had significantly higher odds (OR: 1.84; 95% CI: 1.13, 3.00; P = 0.014) of schizophrenia in the rural population. After adjusting for multiple covariates, this association remained significant (OR: 1.82; 95% CI: 1.11, 2.98; P = 0.018). We did not observe statistically significant differences in odds of schizophrenia among famine cohorts compared with the reference cohort in the urban population.Conclusions:Prenatal malnutrition exposure has a detrimental impact on risk of schizophrenia in adulthood in the rural population. Further studies were needed to investigate corresponding mechanisms on this topic.
46
Estiri, Hossein, and Andy Krause. "A Cohort Location Model of household sorting in US metropolitan regions." Urban Studies 55, no. 1 (September 20, 2016): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098016668783.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper we propose a household sorting model for the 50 largest US metropolitan regions and evaluate the model using 2010 Census data. To approximate residential locations for household cohorts, we specify a Cohort Location Model (CLM) built upon two principle assumptions about housing consumption and metropolitan development/land use patterns. According to our model, the expected distance from the household’s residential location to the city centre(s) increases with the age of the householder (as a proxy for changes in housing career over life span). The CLM provides a flexible housing-based explanation for household sorting patterns in US metropolitan regions. Results from our analysis on US metropolitan regions show that households headed by individuals under the age of 35 are the most common cohort in centrally located areas. We also found that households over 35 are most prevalent in peripheral locations, but their sorting was not statistically different across space.
47
Ahlawat, Kapur S., and Elias Baydoun. "Influence of Rural and Urban Environments on the Health Outlook of Twelfth Grade Students in Jordan." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 9, no. 2 (July 1988): 151–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/297h-92c7-efln-bvbb.
Full textAbstract:
Using a sample of 312 grade twelve male and female students from rural and urban area schools in Jordan, the influence of rural and urban sociological environments on their health outlook was explored. The concept HEALTH was evaluatd on sixteen Semantic Differential scales. MANOVA and univariate F-tests revealed different effects of rural and urban environments on each gender. There were statistically significant ( p < .00) sex differences in the urban school students but not in the rural school students. Also there were statistically significant ( p < .03) environmental effects on the female students but not on the male students. In general urban female students held brighter perspectives of health than did urban male as well as rural female students. Between the males, rural students tended to show sunnier outlook toward health than did their urban cohorts but the differences were not statistically significant at alfa = .05 level. Implications for the development of health education curricula and public health programs were discussed.
48
Stark, Ernie, and Paul Poppler. "Considering heterogeneity within assumed homogenous generational cohorts." Management Research Review 41, no. 1 (January 15, 2018): 74–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-06-2017-0193.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose This study aims to address demographic variables believed likely to restrain or modify homogeneous attitudes and values purported as inherent in each generational cohort and associated with divergence of workplace preferences and expectations. Design/methodology/approach Using a subsample of data collected from a larger study conducted as part of the General Social Survey and supported by the National Science Foundation, this study contributes to the emerging generational differences in literature by using Kruskal–Wallis tests in the analysis of five generational research questions. Findings In one sense, the results of this study appear to reflect the mixed and confusing disarray of evidence regarding the influence of generational differences on job preferences and workplace behaviors. On only two of the five job characteristics in this study did generational cohort membership demonstrate beyond random chance divergence in generational preference. However, the analysis of the interaction of cohort membership and demographic covariates on these two job characteristics points toward merit in further examination of relationship of subgroup differences relative to overarching assumptions about generational attitudes and norms of behavior. Research limitations/implications A number of limitations to the interpretation of this study merit reflection. First, given that the data for this study were cross-sectional in nature, the relationships in our study may be subject to temporal change. Second, the data were secured by self-report and is subject to all the limitations of self-reported data. Third, some of the demographic variables in this study were the result of aggregation in an attempt to secure adequate observations in each cell, and as such, important variance may have been concealed. Fourth, the study did not control for the confounding influence of age difference on cohort preferences. Practical implications In a rush to adapt and develop different approaches to human resource management in hope of meeting the needs of successive generational cohorts, it behooves scholars and practitioners alike to acknowledge the confused state of research on generational cohorts and to question the assumed monolithic model of generational cohort job-related likes and dislikes. Social implications This study would suggest that the assumed homogeneity of generational values and attitudes and their influence on the US workplace frequently fails to consider the heterogeneity evolving from the rural/urban characteristics where cohort members experienced adolescence. Originality/value Scholars will appreciate the broad perspective presented in this study and the potential new avenues for research. For practitioners, the study provides valuable insights into the three dominant generational cohorts currently in the workplace, thus enabling practitioners to understand the underpinnings of performance and work climate with greater depth and breadth of perspective.
49
Bungard, Tammy J., Bruce Ritchie, Jennifer Bolt, and William M. Semchuk. "Anticoagulant therapies for acute venous thromboembolism: a comparison between those discharged directly from the emergency department versus hospital in two Canadian cities." BMJ Open 8, no. 10 (October 31, 2018): e022063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022063.
Full textAbstract:
ObjectiveTo compare the characteristics/management of acute venous thromboembolism (VTE) for patients either discharged directly from the emergency department (ED) or hospitalised throughout a year within two urban cities in Canada.DesignRetrospective medical record review.SettingHospitals in Edmonton, Alberta (n=4) and Regina, Saskatchewan (n=2) from April 2014 to March 2015.ParticipantsAll patients discharged from the ED or hospital with acute deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism (PE). Those having another indication for anticoagulant therapy, pregnant/breast feeding or anticipated lifespan <3 months were excluded.Primary and secondary outcomesPrimarily, to compare proportion of patients receiving traditional therapy (parenteral anticoagulant±warfarin) relative to a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) between the two cohorts. Secondarily, to assess differences with therapy selected based on clot burden and follow-up plans postdischarge.Results387 (25.2%) and 665 (72.5%) patients from the ED and hospital cohorts, respectively, were included. Compared with the ED cohort, those hospitalised were older (57.3 and 64.5 years; p<0.0001), more likely to have PE (35.7% vs 83.8%) with a simplified Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (sPESI) ≥1 (31.2% vs 65.2%), cancer (14.7% and 22.3%; p=0.003) and pulmonary disease (10.1% and 20.6%; p<0.0001). For the ED and hospital cohorts, similar proportions of patients were prescribed traditional therapies (72.6% and 71.1%) and a DOAC (25.8% and 27.4%, respectively). For the ED cohort, DOAC use was similar between those with a sPESI score of 0 and ≥1 (35.1% and 34.9%, p=0.98) whereas for those hospitalised lower risk patients were more likely to receive a DOAC (31.4% and 23.8%, p<0.055). Follow-up was most common with family physicians for those hospitalised (51.5%), while specialists/VTE clinic was most common for those directly discharged from the ED (50.6%).ConclusionsTraditional and DOAC therapies were proportionately similar between the ED and hospitalised cohorts, despite clear differences in patient populations and follow-up patterns in the community.
50
Wu, Kaize. "Research on urban residents’ acquisitions of second sets of housing from a life-course perspective." Chinese Journal of Sociology 4, no. 3 (July 2018): 359–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057150x18781056.
Full textAbstract:
This study examines how macro-social and micro-social and economic factors at different life stages affect people’s decisions about purchasing secondary residential property. I suggest several possible explanations, such as cohort opportunity, property market opportunity, elite advantage, family resource investment, and rational choice. Using discrete-time event history analysis, I look into the data collected from investigation of the housing conditions of urban residents of Guangzhou in 2010 and find that factors such as elite advantage and family resource investment become much more significant in purchasing a second property, while the impact of cohort opportunity and work unit subsidies diminishes. Housing marketization has changed property wealth accumulation in China from institutional resource distribution to market resource accumulation. It has changed housing purchase means from relying on work unit support to depending on personal and family financial capability. The early stage of market-oriented reform was able to offer property ownership opportunities to different social strata; however, deepening marketization and wealth redistribution have worsened housing inequality among different social groups as well as within the younger cohorts. Any future housing reform should endeavor to prevent further housing polarization between the rich and the poor.