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Journal articles on the topic "Urban cohorts"
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HAUKKA, J., J. SUVISAARI, T. VARILO, and J. LÖNNQVIST. "Regional variation in the incidence of schizophrenia in Finland: a study of birth cohorts born from 1950 to 1969." Psychological Medicine 31, no. 6 (July 31, 2001): 1045–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291701004299.
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Background. We investigated whether there is regional variation in the incidence of schizophrenia and if so, whether it is caused by urban–rural differences, larger spatial clustering, or both. To control for the effect of migration, we examined regional variation in the incidence according to place of birth.Methods. Finnish birth cohorts born from 1950 to 1969 were followed in the National Hospital Discharge Register from 1969 until 1991, and all cases of schizophrenia (ICD-8 or ICD-9 295) were identified (N = 14828). Forty-eight of the 559 municipalities were classified as urban and 25% of the Finnish population lived in these municipalities in 1960. For the analysis of spatial clustering, municipalities were grouped into 57 functional small-areas. We used Poisson regression model with the number of births of individuals who later developed schizophrenia as a response variable, and place of birth (urban/rural), birth cohort (1950–54, 1955–9, 1960–64, and 1965–9), functional small-area units, and sex as response variables.Results. The incidence was slightly higher among the rural-born in the oldest birth cohort. In the other cohorts, it was higher among the urban-born, and the difference between urban and rural born increased in the youngest cohorts. Significant spatial clustering of schizophrenia was observed in eastern Finland.Conclusions. Urban birth is a risk factor for schizophrenia in Finland in cohorts born since 1955. However, genuine spatial clustering of schizophrenia in eastern Finland was also observed, possibly caused by genetic isolation.
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Sun, Yilin, E. Owen D. Waygood, and Zhiyi Huang. "Do Automobility Cohorts Exist in Urban Travel?" Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2323, no. 1 (January 2012): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2323-03.
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Čipin, Ivan. "Razlike u kohortnom fertilitetu prema migracijskom obilježju: slučaj Grada Zagreba." Migracijske i etničke teme / Migration and Ethnic Themes 38, no. 1 (2022): 7–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.11567/met.38.1.1.
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The impact of migration on fertility is becoming an increasingly common research theme within the framework of population studies. Numerous demographic and geographical studies have found lower fertility in urban than in rural areas, both in developing and developed countries. Structural and contextual factors most often explain this difference. Structural factors refer to people of dissimilar socio-economic characteristics living in different areas, while contextual factors cover the current living conditions in the broadest sense. However, when explaining the urban–rural fertility differences, the selectivity of migration should also be considered, as people who (currently) have no fertility plans prefer to move to large cities. Most studies that measured fertility levels by migrant characteristics have relied on period fertility rates, while only a few have investigated cohort fertility. This study explores the cohort fertility of females by migrant status in the City of Zagreb, the largest urban centre in Croatia. Therefore, the aim is to better understand the relationship between completed fertility and migration in an urban context. Within a country, areas with the lowest fertility are often capital cities with highly educated and highly mobile populations. Although the fertility of international mi¬grants attracts more attention than internal migration, studying the association between fertility and both types of migration is especially important in a capital city with relatively high rates of inward migration. How much is known about the repro¬ductive behaviour of inward migrants in Zagreb? Are there significant differences between their fertility patterns and the patterns of native women? This paper fills this gap in the Croatian demographic literature by comparing fertility differences by migrant status across cohorts. The analysis is based on the 2011 Census data for the City of Zagreb. The Central Bureau of Statistics created a multidimensional table based on the data from this census, which includes the following variables for the female population of the City of Zagreb aged 15 or over: year of birth, number of liveborn children, highest completed education and place of birth. For analytical purposes, the data were aggre¬gated into eight five-year cohorts, with the oldest cohort born in 1930–1934 and the youngest in 1965–1969. Fertility is measured as the completed number of liveborn children per woman, which corresponds to the cohort fertility rate (CFR). The calculations are based on the standard analytical procedures used in cohort fertility analysis with census data or reproductive histories from surveys. Women are classified into four categories by migrant type: born in the City of Zagreb (native population), born in another city or another municipality in the Republic of Croatia (internal migrants), born in Bosnia and Herzegovina (external migrants – B&H), born abroad other than Bosnia and Herzegovina (external migrants – others). The 2011 census data on the number of live births are retrospective and based on the census question asking for the number of children a woman has ever had, including children who were no longer alive at the time of the census. The analysis is restricted to women born from 1930 (aged 80–81 at the time of the census) to 1969 (aged 41–42 at the time of the census), as younger women may have (more) children, while the fertility of women over 80 may be biased due to mortality and non-reporting of de¬ceased children. The analysis has shown significant differences in cohort fertility in the City of Zagreb by women’s place of birth. In all cohorts, the lowest completed fertility was achieved by women who were born in the City of Zagreb and (most likely) had no migration experience. In older cohorts, the highest fertility was recorded among women born in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In younger cohorts, fertility was highest for women born in other countries abroad. The substantial difference in completed fertility between older cohorts born in Bosnia and Herzegovina and those born in the City of Zagreb is not surprising, given that considerable differences in cohort fertility were observed between the equivalent cohorts in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The comparison between cohort fertility rates in the City of Zagreb and Croatia shows that the cohort fertility rate in the City of Zagreb is about 0.25 (in younger co¬horts) and about 0.5 (in older cohorts) lower than in Croatia as a whole. The completed fertility of Zagreb-born women and those born elsewhere in Croatia slowly grew from older to younger cohorts (except for the youngest one). A similar trend, with some fluctuations, was observed for cohort fertility of women born abroad other than Bosnia and Herzegovina. On the other hand, completed fertility for the cohorts born in Bosnia and Herzegovina shows the opposite intercohort trend, with a notice¬able decline from the oldest to the youngest cohorts. Nevertheless, the overall cohort fertility trend is equal to that for the cohorts born in the City of Zagreb and the cohort of in-migrants from other cities/municipalities in Croatia. The share of childless women in the analysed City of Zagreb cohorts ranged from 11% to 15%, except for the youngest cohort (19%). The proportion of women who had only one child decreased from a relatively high 38% in the oldest cohort to 22– 23% in the cohorts born during the 1960s. The share of women of low parity (parities 0 and 1) decreased over time. While they represented a clear majority in the cohorts born in the 1930s, they account for below 40% in those born from 1945 to 1964. In these cohorts, in the City of Zagreb, the model of two-children families was prevalent, which is not surprising as in most post-socialist countries, having two children was a standard at the time. Women born in Bosnia and Herzegovina had lower childlessness rates than the other three categories. Women from the native cohort, especially older ones, have a rela¬tively high proportion of parity 1, while among women born in Bosnia and Herze¬govina, parity 1 is relatively low. There were no major differences in parity 2 among the analysed cohorts, with a slightly higher proportion of the two-children norm among women born in Croatia and somewhat lower in cohorts born abroad. This is expected because approximately half of the women born in the City of Zagreb in older cohorts no longer participated in reproduction after the first birth. On the other hand, women with higher parities (3 and 4+) dominate among women born in Bosnia and Herzegovina in older cohorts and among women born elsewhere abroad in the youngest cohorts. This is due to their relatively high progression to the third child (parity progression ratio 2→3 rose from 0.45 to 0.6). Interestingly, younger cohorts of women born in the City of Zagreb and the rest of Croatia are more represented in higher parities than the older cohorts. A possible explanation lies in the potentially disproportionately more significant impact of the second generation of the immigrant population whose parents were born abroad, but we should not ig¬nore numerous other economic, institutional and cultural factors of migrant fertility. In the City of Zagreb, the number and share of women with primary education has decreased, while the number and share of women with secondary and higher levels of education has increased. However, cohort fertility for all three educational groups has increased over time, with a slight decline in the youngest cohort among women with medium and high education. Probably due to the previous selectivity among the highly educated, the oldest cohort recorded a very low rate of completed fertility (about 1.1). The analysis has shown that the reproductive behaviour of in-migrants in the City of Zagreb differs from that of the native female population, depending on the place of origin. The difference between internal migrant women is minor – on average less than 0.1 children, with a convergence in the cohort fertility of younger cohorts. At the same time, the cohort fertility of women born abroad is significantly higher than of women born in Zagreb, on average by one child in older cohorts of women born in Bosnia and Herzegovina and by 0.5 children in younger cohorts born in other countries. Moving to the largest city in the country is apparently associated with lower fertility due to adaptation to high competition in the sphere of economic life on the one hand, and low urban reproductive norms on the other. The role of selective migration and the fact that individuals and couples who do not plan to have children disproportionately move to the largest urban centres should not be ignored either.
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Li, Jingjing, Boyang Li, Fengfan Zhang, and Yang Sun. "Urban and rural stroke mortality rates in China between 1988 and 2013: An age-period-cohort analysis." Journal of International Medical Research 45, no. 2 (March 24, 2017): 680–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060516664241.
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Objective To evaluate effects attributable to age, time period and birth cohort, on stroke mortality data from urban and rural regions in China between 1988 and 2013. Methods Mortality data were obtained from the Chinese Health Statistics Annual Report (1987–2001) and Chinese Health Statistics Yearbooks (2003–2014). Population data were obtained from population censuses (i.e. 1982, 1990, 2000 and 2010). Data were analysed using an age-period-cohort (APC) model and intrinsic estimation (IE) method. Results The age effect suggested that all older residents had higher stroke mortality risk than younger residents. Period effect showed that compared with figures for 1988, stroke mortality in 2013 was 1.8 times higher for urban regions and 2.4 times higher for rural regions. After controlling for age and period effects, cohorts born before the Chinese economic reform had a steady decline in stroke mortality. However, mortality rates increased and fluctuated in post-reform cohorts. Conclusions This APC-IE analysis identified a modest period effect with large age and cohort contributions to both the overall mortality and the disparity between urban and rural stroke mortality. Identifying early life and cumulative risk factors for stroke, improving equality in stroke prevention and care are needed to reduce the stroke mortality in China.
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Ford, A. B., M. R. Haug, A. W. Roy, P. K. Jones, and S. J. Folmar. "New Cohorts of Urban Elders: Are They in Trouble?" Journal of Gerontology 47, no. 6 (November 1, 1992): S297—S303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronj/47.6.s297.
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Gu, Xiaorong. "Four decades of transition to first marriage in China: Economic reform and persisting marriage norms." International Journal of Population Studies 4, no. 1 (December 10, 2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18063/ijps.v4i1.669.
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This study draws on three waves (2012; 2013; 2015) of pooled data from the China General Social Survey to examine two major dimensions of the transition to first marriage among four cohorts of youths, i.e. the transition tempos and the homogamy patterns. Key findings include: 1) there is no evidence of systematic delays in family formation among cohorts coming of age after reform, albeit moderate cross-cohort heterogeneity. Two cohorts are identified for their unique trajectories: The Cultural Revolution cohort with a relatively protracted transition process and the Late Reform cohort with a rather condensed marriage formation pattern; 2) respondents who belong to older cohorts, are men, have received higher education and hold urban hukou have low hazards in entering first marriage by a certain age; 3)I record steady growing strengths of homogamy over cohorts, with the Ф parameters rising from 0.42 for the Cultural Revolution cohort to 0.56 for the Late Reform cohort. The overall message is that four decades of rapid economic development in post-reform China has failed to weaken persisting marriage norms and practices among young people, contrary to well-documented empirical evidence from many other national contexts. I ruminate on potential institutional and cultural mechanisms underlying such an intriguing phenomenon.
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Schafer, Markus H., and Soyoung Kwon. "Cohorts and Emerging Health Disparities." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 53, no. 4 (October 5, 2012): 515–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022146512459961.
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Despite the recent and rapid worldwide rise in body mass index (BMI), little empirical research outside the developed world has systematically considered the role of cohorts in inaugurating emergent biomorphic disparities. This study integrates aspects of the life course perspective (attention to age- and cohort-level influences) with fundamental cause theory to investigate how BMI differences have unfurled in the Chinese population. We analyze growth-curve models of adults in the China Health and Nutrition Survey. The results indicate that more recent cohorts have higher levels of BMI and, among women, experience a steeper rate of age-related BMI growth. Moreover, biomorphic change has unfolded in complex ways related to social conditions across successive cohorts. The most pronounced changes are observed among women, who demonstrate an emerging disparity in BMI levels on the basis of education and urban versus rural residence.
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Kurth, Maria, Soyoung Choun, Dylan Lee, David Rothwell, and Carolyn aldwin. "PTSD SYMPTOMS AMONG VIETNAM, PERSIAN GULF, AND OEF/OIF/OND VETERANS: A RURAL/URBAN COMPARISON." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S388—S389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1427.
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Abstract There are mixed results in studies examining rural/urban differences in PTSD symptoms among veterans; however, many of these studies failed to consider possible confounds with geographic location. This study examined rural/urban differences in PTSD symptoms by combat exposure, war cohort, and gender. The VALOR (Veterans Aging: Longitudinal studies in Oregon) pilot study sampled Vietnam, Persian Gulf, and OEF/OIF/OND war cohorts using an online survey. The sample (N=237, Mage=57.84, SD=12.68) was mainly male (65%), White (85%), and urban (75.95%); most reported combat exposure (71%). Participants completed measures of PTSD, combat exposure, and demographics. Results indicate no effect of cohort or rural/urban status on PTSD symptoms. There was a significant effect of combat exposure, F(1,224)=4.58, p=.03, and gender, F(1,224)=4.13, p =.04, with males reporting higher levels of PTSD symptoms and combat exposure. Contrary to our expectations, there were no effects of cohort or geographic location on PTSD symptoms.
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Su, Binbin, Panliang Zhong, Yundong Xuan, Junqing Xie, Yu Wu, Chen Chen, Yihao Zhao, Xinran Shen, and Xiaoying Zheng. "Changing Patterns in Cancer Mortality from 1987 to 2020 in China." Cancers 15, no. 2 (January 12, 2023): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers15020476.
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Background: China has the highest number of new cancer cases and deaths worldwide, posing huge health and economic burdens to society and affected families. This study comprehensively analyzed secular trends of national cancer mortality statistics to inform future prevention and intervention programs in China. Methods: The annual estimate of overall cancer mortality and its major subtypes were derived from the National Health Commission (NHC). Joinpoint analysis was used to detect changes in trends, and we used age-period-cohort modeling to estimate cohort and period effects in Cancers between 1987 and 2020. Net drift (overall annual percentage change), local drift (annual percentage change in each age group), longitudinal age curves (expected longitudinal age-specific rate), and period (cohort) relative risks were calculated. Results: The age-standardized cancer mortality in urban China has shown a steady downward trend but has not decreased significantly in rural areas. Almost all cancer deaths in urban areas have shown a downward trend, except for colorectal cancer in men. Decreasing mortality from cancers in rural of the stomach, esophagus, liver, leukemia, and nasopharynx was observed, while lung, colorectal cancer female breast, and cervical cancer mortality increased. Birth cohort risks peaked in the cohorts born around 1920–1930 and tended to decline in successive cohorts for most cancers except for leukemia, lung cancer in rural, and breast and cervical cancer in females, whose relative risks were rising in the very recent cohorts. In addition, mortality rates for almost all types of cancer in older Chinese show an upward trend. Conclusions: Although the age-standardized overall cancer mortality rate has declined, and the urban-rural gap narrowed, the absolute cancer cases kept increasing due to the growing elderly population in China. The rising mortality related to lung, colorectal, female breast, and cervical cancer should receive higher priority in managing cancer burden and calls for targeted public health actions to reverse the trend.
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Casari, Silene, Monica Di Paola, Elena Banci, Salou Diallo, Luca Scarallo, Sara Renzo, Agnese Gori, et al. "Changing Dietary Habits: The Impact of Urbanization and Rising Socio-Economic Status in Families from Burkina Faso in Sub-Saharan Africa." Nutrients 14, no. 9 (April 24, 2022): 1782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14091782.
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(1) Background: Sub-Saharan Africa is experiencing the fastest urbanization worldwide. People in rural areas still have a traditional and rural lifestyle, whereas the Westernization of diet and lifestyle is already evident in urban areas. This study describes dietary habits of families in Burkina Faso living at different levels of urbanization. (2) Methods: Data on lifestyle, socio-economic conditions, health status and anthropometry were collected from 30 families living in rural villages, a small town and the capital city. A food frequency questionnaire and a 24 h recall diary were used to estimate dietary habits and macronutrients intake. (3) Results: The urban cohort showed a more diversified diet, with a higher intake of animal protein and, especially in children, a higher consumption of simple sugars. Fiber intake was significantly higher in the rural and semi-urbanized cohorts. As expected, overweight and obesity gradually increased with the level of urbanization. In semi-urbanized and urban families, we observed coexistence of under- and over-nutrition, whereas in rural families, a portion of children were wasted and stunted, and adults were underweight. (4) Conclusions: These three cohorts represent a model of the effect on diet of rural-to-urban migration. Rural diet and traditional habits are replaced by a Western-oriented diet when families move to urbanized areas. This dietary transition and increased socio-economic status in newly developing urban areas have a major impact on disease epidemiology, resembling the past evolution in Western countries.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Urban cohorts"
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Ng, Michael Kwok Keung. "The Urban Cohorts." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.504816.
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This thesis examines the Urban cohorts, part of the Rome garrison under the Roman Empire, and explores the genesis of the corps as well as their history and role throughout successive dynasties. Chapter 1 describes the Urban prefecture and the creation of the permanent Urban prefecture, as one of the Augustan reforms related to the Urban cohorts. As a whole, this work will encompass the history of the Urban cohorts from their inception under Augustus to their disappearance/probable demise in the early 4th century under Constantine the Great in chapters 2 and 4-7. Chapter 3, follows chapter 2 (the Augustan and Tiberian Urban cohorts) with a discussion on the organisation ofthe corps. Chapter 8 examines the creation and deployment of two Urban cohorts from Rome to the provinces (Gaul and Africa). A discussion of the recruitment patterns and role of the Urban cohorts follows this chapter and examines the recruitment of the Urban cohorts before and after the Severan period when major changes took place in the Rome garrison during the 3rd century. Throughout the thesis, 'there will be a re-examination of previous arguments about the corps as well as are-appraisal of their role within the city of Rome and the role they may have played within Imperial politics. The evidence comprises both epigraphic and literary materials and have been used to elucidate matters of organisation and the role ofthe Urban cohorts. The thesis will contain an epigraphic commentary that updates the existing corpus of epigraphic material and a short section on the equipment of the Urban cohorts.
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Ikehara, Elizabeth Slack. "A Comparison of Socio-Political Attitudes of Older Urban Women: The 1910-1924 Cohorts." PDXScholar, 1991. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1342.
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The central theme of this study is that because of the changing life styles and the macro-events which occurred after World War I these years were a watershed. The women born in the three five-year cohorts from 1910 through 1924 were at different stages of maturity and awareness as particular economic and political events occurred. The social and political climates were different for each of these cohorts of women. Therefore there would be discernible differences in attitudes and opinions among the cohorts. A literature review indicated three models for the formation of social attitudes and political opinions. The "Personality Types" is based on the premise that attitudes formed early in life remain fixed. The "Aging/Conservative" model considers that attitudes become increasingly conservative as the person ages. This study, however, was based on the "Historical Change" model. Beliefs and attitudes may change in response to personal experiences throughout the life course. Four research questions were developed. 1. How have macro-events affected the life experiences of women in these cohorts? 2. How have social pressures affected their experiencing of employment, matrimony, and motherhood? 3. How do the opinions of women in these three cohorts with regard to social and political issues differ and change? 4. Can differences of opinions among the women of the three cohorts be traced to dissimilarities in life experiences? Census data literature was researched to provide background documentation on technological and demographic changes in the United States during the 20th century. Questions for cohort comparisons were selected from the National Opinion Research Council Surveys of 1972 through 1989. These considered individual and family demographics, labor force participation, social attitudes, and political orientation. For the 2,814 respondents analysis was done by five-year cohorts to determine differences and by six-year periods to point out trends. Both ANOVA and Chi-square were used to verify statistical significance. Focus group sessions, with 41 participants, met at senior centers and housing units in the Portland metropolitan area. A questionnaire completed by each participant confirmed that the focus group demographics corresponded to those of the national sample. Individual life experience time lines provided material for opening the discussion. Other discussion topics were based on differences noted among the three cohorts in the NORC data analysis. These were in the areas of education, work experience, family life patterns, political orientation, and attitudes toward societal changes. A brief finding for each research question follows. 1. NORC data indicated that each successive cohort held increasingly liberal sociopolitical opinions, and that women of all three cohorts became less conservative over the years. The focus group participants related these changes to specific macro-events in their life experiences. 2. Focus group discussions disclosed that the 1910-1914 cohort realized later in life that societal pressure had limited their educational achievement. Women of the 1915-19 cohort came to understand that their acceptance of the homemaker role was somewhat based on societal expectations. The 1920-24 cohort were aware that discrimination in the work arena was based on societal norms of the time. 3. Analysis of both NORC data and opinions expressed in the focus groups indicated that each successive cohort was increasingly broadminded and tolerant. 4. The women participating in the focus groups exhibited an awareness of the differential effects of life experiences. They specified the effects of macro-events (chiefly the Great Depression), education, mobility, and workforce participation. This research has tentatively confirmed that a generational watershed occurred for women born before World War I and those born after. As the women of the 1910 through 1924 cohorts matured they experienced differing social and political climates. This resulted in cohort differences. Further investigation may reveal more precise cohort boundaries for the 1910 through 1924 years. It should be remembered also that cohort boundaries for men may not coincide with those of women.
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Sun, Yilin. "Lifecycle Stage, Automobility Cohort and Travel: Probing into Structural Change in Urban Travel." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/85387.
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The mobility of urban residents has been expanding over time. Kitamura and susilo (2005) have shown that this expansion stems more from structural change (i.e. change in the relationship between travel behavior and demographic factors), than from change in demographic and socio-economic characteristics (for example, attributes of the individuals and households, such as, more women employed, the household size shrinking, and the resident population aging) of urban residents. Urry (2005) went to conjecture that this structural change is due to increasingly prevailing automobility, i.e., conversion of social and economic system and way of life to adapt to the ownership and use of the automobile. In this study, this conjecture is explored by examining automobility characteristics across lifecycle stages and across automobility cohorts over time. The level of automobility is operationally defined in this study in terms of: automobile ownership, total auto travel time, modal split, and the fraction of trip attraction in traditional central city in the study area. The Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe (Keihanshin) metropolitan area of Japan is the study area of this effort. Intra-household interaction has dominant influences on household members' activity and travel, and also it is closely associated with lifecycle stage. Lifecycle stage factor is introduced into the analytical scope of this study and regarded as a main factor through this research. Nine stages of household lifecycle are formulated according to the classification scheme of the family lifecycle stage. The classification scheme utilizes the criteria, which generally are age and marital status of household head, presence and age of children of head, presence of other relatives and non-relatives. On the other side, changing the built environment affects urban residents' travel behavior to a large extent. This study explores how automobility characteristics and travel activity behavior changed across lifecycle stages within different residential areas over time using statistical analyses. The results confirm that the residence area rather than lifecycle stage is a significant explainer for automobile ownership and automobile use. It further suggests that even within each lifecycle stage, change in the automobile use over time is suppressed in commercial and mixed commercial/residential areas. However, the fraction of automobile trips for suburbs, unurbanized areas, and autonomous areas increased over time in the range of 0 to 4 times depending on the lifecycle stage. Younger childless couple stage and all adults' stage are more auto-oriented in suburbs, unurbanized area, and autonomous areas, and this trend becomes stronger as automobility progresses. No significant differences were observed in the numbers of trips for households of the same lifecycle stage across different residential areas, suggesting that similarly active lifestyles exist. The results suggest that household members' age is also a strong explainer for the fraction of auto trips and total auto travel time, through a four variable ANOVA analysis, including lifecycle stage, residence area, time, and age effect. It has been pointed out that the elderly of these days behave differently than the elderly grew up with the automobile and have been using it ever since their habit forming ages. Thus another important factor introduced into this research is automobility cohort which is defined by grouping individuals who turn 20 years old during the time period indicated. Each time period is chosen with respect to the level of automobility. The following five cohorts are developed for the study area and used in the analysis: pre-war (up to 1945), pre-motorization (1946-1960), initial growth (1961-1970), mass-ownership (1971-1980), and multi-car ownership (1980-). Using the repeated cross-sectional data of Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe metropolitan area in 1970, 1980, 1990, and 2000, this study has attempted to offer a possible explanation of the increases in automobility characteristics by examining automobility characteristics of automobility cohorts. In addition, time effects and age effects are introduced into the analysis as in standard cohort analysis. It focused on statistical age-period-cohort analysis using the popular multiple classification APC model. The identifiability problem attendant with the use of APC model was discussed with repeated cross-sectional data. An interesting finding is shown that pre-war and pre-motorization cohorts show little, roughly 6%, increase on the fraction of auto trips and nearly unchanged on total auto travel time over 1970 through 2000, although their household automobile ownership has increased more than 2 times. Initial growth, mass-ownership, and multi-car ownership cohorts show a great growth of automobile ownership, the fraction of auto trips, and auto travel time from 1970 to 2000, but a little surprising result is that mass-ownership cohorts, not multi-car ownership cohorts, show the largest increases to rely on auto use over 1970 through 2000. The above results confirm that each cohort having certain automobility traits that are unique, especially in terms of auto use. The standard age-period-cohort analysis confirms that automobility cohort effect do exist, unfortunately, automobility cohort effect is not an important explainer for automobility characteristics, while time effect plays an important part in automobile ownership choice, and age effect mainly determines automobile use. An attempt at APC-RA model illustrate that residence area rather than time effect have the strongest impact on automobile ownership, and age effect is still a significant explainer for the fraction of auto trips and auto travel time. This result is different with the results of age-period-cohort analysis, which further emphasize that residence area is a significant explainer for household automobile ownership in the Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe metropolitan area from 1970 to 2000. Significant changes in demographic and socio-economic characteristics of urban resident have taken place over the past several decades. Most notable are: aging of the population and resulting increases in retired, non-employed individuals; decreasing household size caused by increasing fractions of single individuals and couples with fewer children; increased labor force participation by women; general increased in income; and increasing auto ownership and auto dependence. The overall effects on travel of these changes are complex and future trends are not immediately obvious, partly because some of the changes have opposite, cancelling effects on travel, and partly because these changes themselves are not independent but closely linked to each other. Prevailing tendencies in travel, however, have been expansion—urban residents' travel has continuously expanded over time in terms of total travel time (or distance), auto use, energy consumption, and the spatial extension of their action space. Will these trends continue into the future? Or will the trend change due to the aging of the urban population? Or are there other factors at work? If so, what are the magnitudes of demographic effects relative to theirs? The focus of this study is on auto travel. The analysis examines how auto travel has changed over time with changing demographics, residential location, and metropolitan structure. Simultaneous equations model systems are developed at the household level, with auto ownership, fraction of auto trips and total auto travel time as its dependent (or endogenous) variables. Their automobility characteristics are characterized and behavioral distinction identified through examination of the models' coefficient estimates. Using the repeated household travel survey results, the stability over time of the simultaneous equation system is statistically examined, and thereby the effects of demographics changes are separated from those of structural change. Using the results, it is shown how much of the change in urban auto travel is due to changes in demographics and how much is due to structural change. The statistical analyses have offered strong evidence that urban residents' auto use have been expanding. The results have further indicated that this expansion has been caused primarily by changes in the structural relationships even mixed changes in demographic factors have had opposite, cancelling effects on auto travel. In addition, the resultant model system is applied in a scenario analysis to forecast possible changes in future auto travel that will follow hypothetical demographic changes in the metropolitan area. To face the coming global energy crisis and air pollution issues, the above results with the findings of this study would suggest that significantly more sustainable behavior for society would be possible with more compact built environments that facilitate non-motorized and public transit travel. Unfortunately, it takes time, money, resources, and the political will to change the built environment and initial steps that educate the public such as voluntary travel behavior change may be necessary first steps on the move to more sustainable travel. As a suggestion for future works, more statistical analysis on interaction effects of three variables or four variables ANOVA analysis, including lifecycle stage, residence area, time, and age effects, need to be considered. Also, the interaction effects of age-period-cohort analysis need us to pay more attention on the future work. The simultaneous equations model system is developed as an attempt to explore how much of the change in urban travel is due to changes in demographics and how much is due to structural change, more endogenous variable could be considered in the future research, such as, residential location, commute distance, and commute trip mode choice.Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(工学)
甲第14925号
工博第3152号
新制||工||1473(附属図書館)
27363
UT51-2009-M839
京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻
(主査)教授 藤井 聡, 准教授 吉井 稔雄, 准教授 宇野 伸宏
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Ampleman, Matthew D. "Inhalation and dietary exposure to PCBS in urban and rural cohorts via congener-specific airborne PCB measurements." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1532.
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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of 209 persistent organic pollutants, whose documented carcinogenic, neurological and respiratory toxicities are expansive and growing. Existing inhalation estimates demonstrate ubiquitous exposure to World Health Organization (WHO) indicator PCBs and limited other PCB congeners in North America and Europe. However, inhalation exposure estimates of most lower-chlorinated congeners are lacking, and continuing release of PCBs from urban areas demands location-specific assessments of PCB exposure in ambient air and contaminated environments. Using paired indoor and outdoor airborne PCB measurements and activity questionnaires from the AESOP Study, we assess congener-specific exposure rates for adolescent children and their mothers in East Chicago, Indiana and Columbus Junction, Iowa. Our cohorts of 129 (EC) and 135 (CJ) and our detection of 202 individual congeners and coelutions allows unprecedented quantification of congener-specific inhalation exposure, which we compare to dietary exposure using Total Diet Survey PCB concentrations. ∑PCB inhalation is greater for children than for their mothers in both locations, and is greater for East Chicago mothers and children than for Columbus Junction mothers and children, respectively. Schools attended by AESOP Study children have higher indoor PCB concentrations than do homes, and contribute to more than half of children's inhalation PCB exposure. Inhalation of the potentially neurotoxic congeners PCB 11, 40/41/71, and 51 was apparent among individuals at each location. Additional, congener-specific and biological inferences are possible via comparison with sera-based PCB concentrations for these cohorts.
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Koh, Wen Xin. "Polychlorinated biphenyls and their hydroxylated metabolites in human serum from urban and rural cohorts in the United States." Diss., University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/5793.
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In this dissertation, concentrations of 209 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners and 64 hydroxylated PCB (OH-PCB) congeners were determined in 97 adolescents and 86 mothers living in East Chicago, Indiana and Columbus Junction, Iowa. Sera of the participants were collected between April 2010 and March 2011. PCBs and OH-PCBs in human sera were extracted, separated and quantified using gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). A quality control protocol was established to ensure data quality during extraction and analysis processes and to affirm the data were representative, accurate, reproducible and precise.
Total PCB concentrations in 164 participants’ sera ranged from 0.021 – 4.683 ng/g fresh weight (f.w.). Associations between the concentration of total 209 PCBs, along with the concentration of an additional 30 individual PCB congeners, and socio-demographic characteristics (age, gender, ethnicity and community of residence), body mass index and breastfeeding history were examined. Total PCB concentrations were significantly higher in older mothers and significantly lower in mothers who experienced longer breastfeeding duration. Columbus Junction adolescents had significantly higher total PCB concentrations than East Chicago adolescents. Associations were also found to be congener-specific. Lower-chlorinated congeners were significantly associated with environmental factors such as community of residence. Host factors such as age, gender, body mass index and breastfeeding history were significantly associated with higher-chlorinated PCBs.
Non-Aroclor PCBs, PCBs that were not found in Aroclor commercial mixtures, were measured in sera of the participants. Concentration of total non-Aroclor PCBs among 175 participants ranged from none-detected to 0.288 ng/g f.w. Their concentrations were found to account for an average of 10% (up to 50%) of the overall concentration of total 209 PCBs in human serum. Moreover, an average of 50% of these concentrations may be due to exposure of paint pigments. PCBs 11, 14, 35 and 209 were the major dominating and most frequently detected non-Aroclor PCB congeners in the samples. Adolescents had significantly lower concentrations of total non-Aroclor PCBs than mothers regardless of their community of residence. In addition, total non-Aroclor PCBs were significantly higher in Columbus Junction community.
Among the 64 OH-PCB congeners, 58 of them were detected in serum of 159 participants and ranged from 0.017 – 0.324 ng/g f.w. Total OH-PCB concentrations were significantly lower in adolescents in both communities. Lower-chlorinated OH-PCBs were found to be less frequently detected in serum. Besides that, a few rarely reported OH-PCBs (4, 4’-diOH-PCB 202, 4’-OH-PCB 208, 4-OH-PCB 163, and 3’-OH-PCB 65) were measured an highly detected in the samples. Apart from that, 3’-OH-PCB 65 was discovered for the first time in human serum. Evidence showed possible direct environmental exposure of this congener instead be the result of regular PCB metabolism. Furthermore, concentrations of 4-OH-PCB 107 and 4-OH-PCB 187 in human serum changed significantly over 3-year evaluations.
The research findings of this dissertation indicate the importance of congener-specific PCB analysis to examine their association with different host and environmental factors. Results of these studies further emphasize the importance of assessing potential toxicity of non-Aroclor PCBs and their adverse health effects to the general population. Thus, studies have significant implications for future human risk assessment.
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Redaelli, Davide. "I veterani delle milizie urbane in Italia e nelle province di lingua latina. Indagine storico-epigrafica." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/11103.
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2013/2014Le coorti pretorie, le coorti urbane e gli equites singulares Augusti costituivano i corpi d'élite dell'esercito romano per via di un reclutamento selezionato e di un trattamento privilegiato rispetto alle altre unità. Lo studio si propone di indagare il fenomeno del veteranato di queste tre formazioni in un arco di tempo che va da Augusto all'ascesa di Diocleziano e in uno spazio che copre l'Italia, con l'esclusione di Roma e del suo suburbio fino al X miglio, e le province di lingua latina. L'indagine si basa sull'esame della documentazione epigrafica nella quale lo status di veterano di uno o più personaggi menzionati nel testo è sicuro e l'appartenenza ad uno dei tre corpi analizzati è certa o molto probabile. Il lavoro si divide in due parti: nella prima vi è un commento ad ogni singola testimonianza, nella seconda vengono svolte considerazioni di carattere generale sui veterani delle milizie urbane. Tali considerazioni scaturiscono da una visione complessiva della documentazione. Si vuole tentare in questo modo di rispondere a interrogativi riguardanti i rapporti sociali e l'integrazione di questi veterani nelle comunità scelte come residenza dopo il congedo, la loro partecipazione alla vita civica e le attività economiche cui si dedicavano. Una particolare attenzione è rivolta a riconoscere quanti veterani decidevano di rientrare in patria o di stabilirsi in località diverse da quelle natie e le motivazioni che guidavano tale scelta, la loro provenienza e la loro estrazione sociale.
Due to a preferential treatment and special recruitment among the military units, praetorian guard, urban cohorts and equites singulares Augusti were the élite troops of ancient roman army. This research aims to investigate the social and material life of the veterans of this élite troops, in a period of time included between Augustan age and Diocletian rise. It also considers a territory including Italy, except Rome and its suburbs until the tenth mile, and latin speaking provinces. This work is based on an epigraphic documentation in wich the veteran status of one or more subjects is proven and the belonging to one of the three élite corps is certain or probable. The research is divided into two parts. In the first part an analysis and a description is made for each documentary source. In the second part, general considerations are expressed about the veterans of urban militias. These considerations stem from an accurate documentation overview. The purpose is to answer questions regarding the integration and social relations between veterans and the community chosen to live with after the disbandment or, for example, the activities and the role of a veteran in civic and economical life. Specific attention is also paid to the territorial origin, social background and about the choice, made by a veteran, to return home or settle elsewhere after the service.
XXVII Ciclo
1986
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Murray, Elaina, Kate E. Beatty, Louise H. Flick, Michael Elliot, Lisa V. John, Vetta Thompson-Sanders, Allison King, et al. "Maximizing Retention in an Urban Prospective Cohort Study." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6857.
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BACKGROUND: Retaining participants in multi-year prospective cohort studies presents challenges, especially in urban settings. Early identification of participants at risk for attrition may enhance retention. We examine the validity of two risk for loss-to-follow-up assessments and early retention efforts in one Primary Sampling Unit during the National Children’s Study pilot. Our goal was to identify cases requiring additional attention. Retention challenges included high poverty, frequent moves, lack of spousal support, and mistrust of research.
METHODS: Recruitment ended in 2012 and research activities shifted to retention. Data collectors (DC) completed subjective risk assignments (low, medium, high) based on knowledge of participants. Descriptive statistics compared risk assessments to socio-demographic characteristics, responses regarding participation, and missed appointments 11 months after risk assessment.
RESULTS: We recruited approximately 100 participants. Higher perceived risk was associated with greater likelihood for mothers to be minorities, younger, and have lower education and income (X2=15.362, p<.01; X2=12.118, p<.05; X2=9.947. p<.01; and X2= 7.720, p<.05 respectively). Participants with income below federal poverty placed higher values on receiving incentives (X2= 6.011 p<.05). African American or “other” race participants placed a higher value on feeling comfortable with the interviewers than White respondents (X2=12.539 p<.01). Risk assignment and race were associated with number of missed appointments (X2=8.698 p<.01; X2 =4.307, p<.05).
CONCLUSION: Results suggest DCs’ subjective assessment of risk predicts number of missed appointments. Future research might consider strategies to improve African American and “other” race participants’ comfort with interviewers. The ethics of dollar amounts for incentives among low-income participants remain a concern.
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Jones, Laura Louise. "Determinants of pubertal development in an urban South African cohort." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2008. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/11602.
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Age at the initiation of puberty and at menarche are key maturational indicators. They reflect health both within and between populations; in that a declining average age is associated with improving health, nutrition, and socio-economic conditions. Knowledge of the timing of pubertal development and menarche is important as earlier development within a population, in particular, has been linked with an increased risk of negative sequelae including overweight and obesity, development of risk factors for non-communicable diseases such as hypertension and insulin resistance, and engagement in risk behaviours such as early sexual debut and substance abuse. The main aims of this study were to investigate the timing of, and the early life factors (such as body composition and growth velocities) associated with pubertal development and age at menarche in Black and White urban South African adolescents. Mixed-longitudinal data (n = 401) from the Birth to Twenty (Bt20) birth-cohort study, initiated in 1990 and set in SowetoJohannesburg, South Africa were used. Median age at the initation of puberty and at menarche was derived by fitting logistic curves to cumulative frequency plots. Logistic regression models were constructed to examine the early life predictors of the timing of puberty and menarche. Data were also collected from adolescents and Bt20 staff (n = 72) using focus groups to explore views on the pubertal development questionnaire used in the Bt20 study. Median age at the initiation of genitalia development was 10.4 years (95% Cl = 8.4, 12.4) for Black boys and 9.8 years (95% Cl = 9.4, 10.2) for White boys. Median age for the initiation of pubic hair development for Black males was 10.8 years (95% Cl = 9.6, 12.0) compared to White males, which was 10.2 years (95% Cl = 8.4, 12.0). Median age at the initiation of breast development in Black females was 10.1 years (95% Cl = 9.3, 10.9) compared to White females which was 10.2 years (95% Cl = 8.2, 12.2). Median age for the initiation of pubic hair was 10.3 years (95% Cl = 9.3, 11.3) and 10.5 years (95% Cl = 8.7, 12.3) for Black and White girls, respectively. Results from logistic regression showed that a greater weight and height velocity in late childhood significantly increased the odds of achieving early breasU genitalia development. Furthermore, a low socio-economic status (SES) index at 9/10 years significantly reduced the odds of achieving early breasUgenitalia development. A greater weight, height, body mass index (BM I), and growth rate during infancy and childhood significantly increased the odds of achieving early pubic hair development. Median age at menarche for Black females was 12.4 years (95% Cl = 12.2, 12.6) and 12.5 . years (95% Cl = 11.7,13.3) for White females. Average menarcheal age for Black girls has declined by 0.56 years per decade and 0.32 years for White girls in South Africa, when comparing the current study findings with those from previous studies. Results from logistic regression showed that being taller, fatter and heavier in late childhood significantly increased the odds of achieving earlier menarche. The focus groups provided a range of opinions relating to the Bt20 pubertal development questionnaire and procedure. The majority of views were positive and included the ease of understanding and completion of the tool. Negative views revolved around the language used and privacy issues. These qualitative results provided a unique insight into the way in which pubertal development data are assessed and how these methods can potentially be improved to enhance the reliability and accuracy of pubertal development data collection. The results from this study provide the most recent estimates of age at the. initiation of puberty and age at menarche for urban Black and White South African adolescents. This is particularly important given the social, nutritional, and economic transition currently occurring in this country as these key maturity indicators reflect population health. This study has also added to our knowledge of the factors that are associated with pubertal development, showing that proximate rather than distal factors are the most sensitive indicators in this urban transitioning environment. In addition, the results from the focus groups provided a unique insight into how pubertal development data are assessed and how these methods could be improved. The negative health outcomes which have been associated with earlier pubertal development and age at menarche are major public health concerns, particularly in the South African context given the HIV/AIDS epidemic and rising levels of obesity. This study highlights the need for renewed research and resources for intervention strategies and policy programmes which target appropriate sex and obesity education in urban South African children.
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Tapia, Villarreal Irving. "Urban form, demography and daily mobility forecasts : comparative analysis France-Mexico." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010040/document.
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Dans le cadre du protocole de Kyoto, la France s’est engagée à diviser par quatre ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) de 1990 à l'horizon 2050. Le Mexique a pour objectif d’atteindre une réduction de 50% en 2050 par rapport à l’année 2000. En vue du poids croissant du secteur des transport dans les villes d’environ 1 million d’habitants dans le total des émissions de CO2, nous souhaitons vérifier dans quelles mesures les expériences observées dans le Nord (plafonnement de la mobilité, diffusion de nouvelles technologies sur les véhicules) peuvent se répéter dans le Sud. Nous nous sommes pour cela appuyé sur des études de cas en France (Paris et Lille) et au Mexique (Juarez et Puebla). Le premier objectif de cette thèse a été d’identifier les déterminants de la mobilité urbaine. Le deuxième objectif a été d’appliquer le modèle âge-cohorte pour la prévision de la demande de transport, afin de prendre en compte l’évolution de la structure de la population (vieillissement) et les changements de comportement. Finalement, nous avons développé des diagnostics des émissions de GES. En France, nous avons observé des tendances vers une réduction des émissions de GES due à la baisse de la mobilité et aux nouvelles technologies, mais qui est encore loin d'être suffisante pour atteindre les objectifs fixés. Les études de cas du Mexique montrent l’incapacité à inverser la tendance à l'augmentation des émissions de GES ; par conséquent les objectifs de réduction seront difficilement atteints. Le cas du Mexique peut nous donner un aperçu des tendances dans les pays émergents, qui sont très loin d'atteindre un développement durable et resteront face à un grand défi dans le futurIn the context of the Kyoto Protocol, France has set Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission reduction targets of 75% below 1990 levels by 2050. More recently, Mexico has set the objective to achieve a 50% reduction by 2050 with respect to the base year 2000. Since the transport sector in urban areas with approximately 1 million inhabitants accounts for most CO2 emissions and will continue to increase its share, we wanted to determine to what extent the experiences observed in cities from developed countries (peak travel, dissemination of new vehicle technologies) may be repeated in urban areas from developing nations. For this purpose, we focus on case studies in France (Paris and Lille) and Mexico (Juarez and Puebla). The first objective of this thesis was to identify the determinants of mobility on each urban region. The second objective was to apply the age-cohort model for the development of long-term travel demand forecasts in order to take into account changes in the population structure (ageing) and in travel behaviour. The last objective was to develop GHG emissions assessments from observed travel demand. The decline in mobility and the dissemination of new vehicle technologies in France led to a reduction in GHG emissions. However, these changes are not sufficient to achieve the GHG reduction targets. The case studies in Mexico show the inability to reverse the trend towards the increase of GHG emissions; therefore the reduction targets will be hardly achieved. The case of Mexico give us an overview of trends in emerging countries, which are very far from achieving sustainable development and will face a major challenge in the coming decades
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Zhang, Zhe. "Cohort Differences in the Gender Division of Household Labor in Urban China." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1376916003.
Full textBooks on the topic "Urban cohorts"
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Michalopoulos, Charles. Assessing the impact of welfare reform on urban communities: The Urban Change Project and methodological considerations. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corp., 2000.
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Chipimo-Mbizule, Clare. Lusaka longitudinal livelihood cohort study: Results of baseline study in peri-urban Lusaka. [Lusaka: Study Fund Committee of the World Bank Social Recovery Project, 1997.
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Bank, World, ed. Discovering the real world: Health workers' career choices and early work experience in Ethiopia. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2010.
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Dorsey, Tekemia, Beloved Joshua Simons, and Halee Simons. Urban Market Magazine Issue 2: Education, Business, 2022 Teen Writer's Cohort, Plus More.. The Creative GRP, LLC, 2022.
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Floyd, Samuel A. The Negro Renaissance. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037023.003.0002.
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This chapter argues that the “Negro Renaissance” in Harlem and Chicago was spawned by Pan-Africanism, which suggests the belief that black people all over the world share an origin and a heritage, that the welfare of black people everywhere is inexorably linked, and that the cultural products of blacks everywhere should express their particular fundamental beliefs. The chapter describes the quandary of renaissance artists, intellectuals, and entertainers who drew inspiration from the vernacular yet professed allegiance to the styles and tone of high or modern culture. It also notes that the black arts manifesto of poet Hughes' generational cohort exemplifies the refusal of these artists and intellectuals to accept the hierarchical oppositional distinction between high (middle class, northern, urban) and low (folk, spiritual, rural).
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Fernández, Johanna. The Young Lords. University of North Carolina Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653440.001.0001.
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Against the backdrop of America’s urban rebellions in the 1960s, an unexpected cohort of New York radicals unleashed a series of urban guerrilla actions against the city’s racist policies and contempt for the poor. They occupied a hospital, took over a church, paralyzed traffic with uncollected garbage, tested children for lead poisoning, defended prisoners, fought the military police, and fed breakfast to poor children. Their dramatic flair, uncompromising vision for a new society, and skill in linking local problems to international crises riveted the media, alarmed New York’s political class, and challenged nationwide perceptions of civil rights and black power protest. The group called itself the Young Lords. Utilizing oral histories, archival records, and an enormous cache of police records released only after a decade-long Freedom of Information Law request and subsequent court battle, Johanna Fernández has written the definitive history of the Young Lords, from its roots as a Chicago street gang to its rise and fall as a political organization in New York. Led by working-class Puerto Rican youth and modelled after the Black Panther Party, the Young Lords confronted race and class inequality and questioned U.S. foreign policy. Their imaginative protests and media savvy tactics won reforms, popularized socialism, and exposed America’s imperial project in Puerto Rico. Fernández challenges what we think we know about the sixties. In riveting style, she demonstrates how the Young Lords redefined the character of protest, the color of politics, and the cadence of urban culture in the age of great dreams.
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Klestinec, Cynthia. Touch, Trust and Compliance in Early Modern Medical Practice. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474400046.003.0011.
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There are references to poxes and bloodletting elsewhere in The Alchemist, but Jonson uses the ordinary experience of barbering, and the familiar relationship between barber and patient, to ponder the dangers of the razor. By way of that razor, the scene highlights the problem of trust between these tricksters. Note that Face needs a shave but that he acknowledges the potential dangers of his cohort’s touch. Can he trust Subtle? Specifically, can he trust Subtle’s touch and his use of the blade? Or, in Face’s words, ‘And not cut my throat, but trim me?’ Although the play conducts us through urban marketplaces, alchemical fantasies, the laboratory and vice, Jonson evokes a medical setting and the familiar encounter between barber and patient (client) to present a highly charged moment of estrangement and negotiation. Barbering was ordinary, a part of hygiene and a means for securing health.2 But in this newly competitive environment of the marketplace, both the relation between barber and patient and the activities of the barber are potentially transformed.
Book chapters on the topic "Urban cohorts"
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Sánchez-García, Elena, Barry Bogin, José Manuel Terán, José Miguel Martínez-Carrión, and Carlos Varea. "Secular trends in height in Madrid (cohorts 1915–1953). An approach to urban stratification and SEPE factors differences in Spain during the twentieth century1." In Inequality and Nutritional Transition in Economic History, 122–43. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003267485-6.
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Marois, Guillaume, and Samir KC. "Converting a Cohort Component Model into a Microsimulation Model." In SpringerBriefs in Population Studies, 25–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79111-7_3.
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AbstractIn this chapter, we show and explain the code that reproduces the multistate projection of India described in Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-79111-7_2 into a microsimulation model. The microsimulation code is divided into modules for each demographic event, namely the mortality, the education, the fertility, the domestic migration, and the reclassification of rural to urban areas. Section by section, we explain the code for the simulation and the production of outputs. We also a basic validation of the mode. The code file “Chapter 3—Replicating multistate.sas” contains the final complete code that generates the simulation for 2010–2060, including the setting up of the workspace (see Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-79111-7_2).
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Li, Yaojun. "Social Mobility in China." In Social Mobility in Developing Countries, 221–46. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192896858.003.0010.
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This chapter analyses intergenerational class mobility in China as a case study of a quantitative sociological approach to social mobility research in the Global South. Drawing on national representative surveys collected between 2010 and 2015 in China, the analysis focuses on absolute and relative mobility rates for men and women across four birth cohorts. With regard to absolute mobility, we find rising levels of mobility, with upward mobility prevailing over downward mobility. With regard to relative mobility, we find constancy for the older cohorts but a growing rigidity for the youngest cohort of men. The urban–rural divide is increasingly blurred, but class differences are becoming more salient, especially between the professional-managerial salariat and the rest of society in occupational and educational attainment.
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Berzina-Pitcher, Inese, Akesha Horton, Leigh Graves Wolf, Christopher D. Seals, and Punya Mishra. "Embracing the Inherent Messiness in Urban Education." In Handbook of Research on Educator Preparation and Professional Learning, 60–83. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8583-1.ch005.
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This chapter discusses the philosophies and practices that drive the MSUrbanSTEM Leadership & Teaching Fellowship Program. This multi-year project offered a professional development program to three cohorts of K-12 STEM educators from Chicago Public Schools, one of the largest urban districts in the U.S. This chapter provides a holistic view of the program, focuses on the strategically developed curriculum and the theoretical bases for the chosen pedagogy. In addition, because the sustainability was an integral part of the program, the chapter describes the role of sustainability fellows. Finally, the authors provide some findings about the teachers' growth and development.
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Rosenberg, Mark W. "Conclusion." In Aging People, Aging Places, 247–54. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447352563.003.0022.
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This chapter provides a portrait of what the older population looks like in the second decade of the twenty-first century cross-sectionally in aggregate, in time and place. It recounts life stories of today's older population and reflects the cumulative life stories of older people who were born between 1915 and 1955. It also talks about the older population from the beginning of the twentieth century until the 1950s that lived in a world of relative poverty in small towns and rural Canada, where paying for healthcare was a private transaction. The chapter cites the older population who rewrote the political stories of the 1950s and 1960s that resulted in a social insurance and public pension system. It explains how Canada went from being a country that was mainly made up of small towns and rural communities, to a country that quickly became urban and suburban where today's newer cohorts of the older population grew up.
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Verma, Ira. "Aging Neighborhood and Social Inclusion – A Case Study." In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti220839.
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Currently, in Finland approximately one fifth of the population live in the neighborhoods built in the 1960s and 1970s. The built environment is aging, and at the same time the share of the oldest resident cohorts is growing. The neighborhood built environment and social cohesion become important for vulnerable groups, such as older people, who spend a lot of their time at home and in the surroundings. Urban densification and renewal of the old neighborhoods need to take into consideration the local population structure, their needs for the physical and social environment. This paper presents an ongoing case study. The objective was to recognize the meaningful spaces for inclusive social activities in the neighborhood, focusing on aging residents. Qualitative and mixed methods were used to study older people’s lived experiences and their relation to the neighborhood. The case study neighborhood is undergoing an important urban development process. A new service hub, with commercial and public services as well as a new metro station, is attracting seniors to move to the area. As most activities are concentrated in the new service hub, access to local services become more difficult for vulnerable groups. The spaces for informal social encounters within the neighborhood are getting fewer and more people of all ages are living in one-person households than previously. To build socially sustainable communities, the integration of all resident groups is important. Successful urban transformation benefits new residents, but also include current residents. The densification and renovation taking into account Universal Design principles can support the vitality, social cohesion, and attractiveness of a neighborhood.
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Sellars, Maura. "INTEGRATING STUDENTS WITH REFUGEE AND ASYLUM SEEKER BACKGROUNDS INTO SCHOOL: TEACHERS’ PERSPECTIVES." In Advances in Education and Educational Trends Series, 291–300. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021ead23.
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The critical aspect of refugee and asylum seeker education has become almost a worldwide phenomenon. The difficulties of language, culture, acceptance and resettlement all impact on a school’s capacity to support these students and ensure that they access to best educational opportunities possible in many countries which are dominated by neoliberalized education systems. Neoliberalized education systems are dominated by the five Cs (Competitiveness, Conformity, Conservatism, Convention and Commerce) and are the antithesis of the European educational child-centred traditions conceived by Pestalozzi, Froebel, Steiner and others. This writing draws on a research project designed to establish the perspectives of members of a school community about belonging. It was conducted in a primary school in urban Australia which has a reputation for developing inclusive practices and an ethos of belonging for its diverse homeland population and its refugee and asylum seeker population which comprised 40% of the school enrolment at the time of the investigation. The research indicated the importance of the teacher perspectives, values and beliefs and has implications for teachers of refugee and asylum seeker students everywhere. It also has implications for preservice teacher education and the importance of preparation to specifically support these cohorts of students and their communities in addition to being flexible and open to change.
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Arnoldi, Emsie, Vanessa Cooper, Cathy Greenfield, Rachelle Bosua, and Huck Ying Ch'ng. "Entrepreneurial Needs for Outer Urban Co-Working Hubs." In Anywhere Working and the Future of Work, 190–219. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4159-3.ch008.
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Workspaces and workplaces have changed significantly over the last decade. Facilitated by networking and collaboration tools, there has been a steady concentration of inner-city coworking spaces providing many opportunities for new flexible work arrangements. Driven by sustainability and creative entrepreneurship, coworking spaces are ideal hosting and meeting places to connect creative minds. Despite the growth in inner city coworking spaces, little is known of entrepreneurial needs for coworking models in outer urban city areas, particularly areas that experience rapid population growth. The authors conducted an exploratory study to identify entrepreneurs' coworking needs in a fast-growing outer urban city area in Melbourne, Australia. Drawing on activity theory (AT) as a lens to analyse the data, the study confirms that entrepreneurs in fast-growing outer urban areas have unique coworking needs compared to those in inner-city areas. The study identifies three key requirements that an outer urban coworking model needs to address to support a growing cohort of outer-urban anywhere workers.
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Kulz, Christy. "Research frameworks: historical representations and formations of race and class meet neoliberal governance." In Factories for Learning. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526116178.003.0002.
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Dreamfields describes how its disciplinarian structures liberate and transform its cohort of ‘urban children’. These children are assumed to come from unstructured, unhappy homes, where working class parenting, not ethnicity, is described as the problem. However this ‘urban child’ is inherently racialised due to the majority of students coming from ethnic minority backgrounds. The chapter shows how race and class were mutually created through historical representations rooted in the development of industrial capitalism, classificatory mechanisms and empire before showing how these historical trajectories are evident within Dreamfields’ current approach. Theoretically, the chapter discusses how processes of subjectification work to cultivate docile bodies so that ‘appropriate’ capitals can be grafted on.
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Payne, Will. "Crowdsourcing Before the Smartphone." In The Performance Complex, 144–66. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198861669.003.0007.
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Created by New York lawyers Tim and Nina Zagat in 1979, the Zagat Restaurant Survey brought computer-powered statistical methods and an avowedly egalitarian ideology to restaurant criticism. The Zagats synthesized numerical ratings and narrative reviews from amateur food lovers into paragraph-length listings, eventually selling millions of slim burgundy guidebooks annually for cities around the Global North. The Survey allowed a classed cohort of power users to shape urban environments with their collective judgments, meeting a widespread desire for more extensive information on upscale consumption spaces as the rhythms of professional and social life were changing drastically for highly educated workers. The Zagat Survey was both a class strategy by an emerging professional cohort to assert their dominance over the cultural and built environment in New York City, and a prototypical location-based service (LBS), pioneering many of the features assumed to be inherent to Web 2.0 networked applications.
Conference papers on the topic "Urban cohorts"
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Uvarov, S. "Literacy of the Population in Udmurtia According to the Census of 1926 in the Period from 1934 to 1937." In XIII Ural Demographic Forum. Global challenges to demographic development. Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of RAS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/udf-2022-1-19.
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The article examines the literacy of the population of the Votyak Autonomous Region in 1926 in a later period (at the beginning of 1934 and until the end of 1937). Based on new scientific data, a comparative analysis of the literacy of the population by sex, place of residence (urban settlements and rural areas) and age cohorts was conducted in a comparable territory over a longer period of time. This study is especially relevant for Udmurtia, whose administrative-territorial boundaries in the 1920s–1930s often changed. In particular, the comparison revealed that during 1926–1933, a rural territory became a part of Udmurtia, in which in 1926 a more literate population lived than in the region itself.
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Digney, Bruce L. "Cohort: UxV teams in support of urban and complex operations." In Defense and Security Symposium, edited by Grant R. Gerhart, Charles M. Shoemaker, and Douglas W. Gage. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.669499.
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Bryant-Stephens, T., Y. Williams, N. Minto, A. J. Apter, R. Localio, J. Shults, Y. Stewart, and C. Kenyon. "Adaptation of School Based Asthma Therapy in a Large Urban Cohort." In American Thoracic Society 2020 International Conference, May 15-20, 2020 - Philadelphia, PA. American Thoracic Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a4481.
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Yilin Sun, Zhiyi Huang, and Ryuichi Kitamura. "The automobility cohort as a tool in the study of urban travel." In 2011 International Conference on Electric Technology and Civil Engineering (ICETCE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icetce.2011.5776231.
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Shao, Yongzhao, Mengling Liu, Qinyi Cheng, Angeliki Kazeros, Paru Patrawalla, Meng Qian, Linda Rogers, Maria Elena Fernandez-Beros, and Joan Reibman. "Association Of SNPs In IL7R With Derived Asthma Phenotypes In An Urban Admixed Cohort." In American Thoracic Society 2011 International Conference, May 13-18, 2011 • Denver Colorado. American Thoracic Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2011.183.1_meetingabstracts.a6188.
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Timm, Signe, Cecilie Svanes, Christer Janson, Torben Sigsgaard, Ane Johannesen, Thorarinn Gislason, Rain Jogi, et al. "LATE-BREAKING ABSTRACT: The urban-rural gradient in asthma: A population-based cohort study in Northern Europe." In Annual Congress 2015. European Respiratory Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2015.pa4048.
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Lewis, Toby C., Thomas Robins, Stuart Batterman, Bhramar Mukherjee, Graciela B. Mentz, Sonya Grant, Wilma Brakefield-Caldwell, Edith Parker, and Community Action Against Asthma Ste. "Baseline Demographic And Health Characteristics Of A Cohort Of Urban Asthmatic Children By Proximity Of Residence To Highways." In American Thoracic Society 2011 International Conference, May 13-18, 2011 • Denver Colorado. American Thoracic Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2011.183.1_meetingabstracts.a5427.
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Gao, Yujie, and Dae-Sik Kim. "Development of a process model for urban growth simulation using cohort component method, cellular automata model and GIS/RS." In 2011 International Conference on Multimedia Technology (ICMT). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmt.2011.6003164.
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Wood, RA, C. Visness, P. Gergen, GR Bloomberg, M. Kattan, M. Sandel, K. Conroy, A. Dresen, and JE Gern. "Effect of Immune Development and Clinical Predictors on Atopic Outcomes at Age 12 Months in an Urban Birth Cohort Study." In American Thoracic Society 2009 International Conference, May 15-20, 2009 • San Diego, California. American Thoracic Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2009.179.1_meetingabstracts.a6223.
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Lovasi, Gina S., Jarlath O'Neil, Jacqueline Lu, Daniel Sheehan, Matthew Perzanowski, Sean MacFaden, Kristen King, et al. "Urban Tree Canopy And The Development Of Asthma, Wheeze, Rhinitis, And Allergic Sensitization To Tree Pollen In A Birth Cohort Study." In American Thoracic Society 2012 International Conference, May 18-23, 2012 • San Francisco, California. American Thoracic Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2012.185.1_meetingabstracts.a6756.
Full textReports on the topic "Urban cohorts"
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Ikehara, Elizabeth. A Comparison of Socio-Political Attitudes of Older Urban Women: The 1910-1924 Cohorts. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1341.
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Lerch, Mathias. Urban and rural fertility transitions in the developing world: a cohort perspective. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, May 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2017-011.
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Araya, Mesele, Pauline Rose, Ricardo Sabates, Dawit Tibebu Tiruneh, and Tassew Woldehanna. Learning Losses during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ethiopia: Comparing Student Achievement in Early Primary Grades before School Closures, and After They Reopened. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-ri_2022/049.
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The outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the education sector in unprecedented ways. As with many other countries around the world, the Ethiopian government closed schools following the first identified case in the capital city, Addis Ababa, on the 16th of March 2020. Across the country, these closures resulted in more than 26 million learners staying at home for almost eight months (UNESCO, 2021). In addition to this hiatus in their education, pupils were promoted automatically to the next grade with only 45 days of catch-up classes (Ministry of Education, 2020). In other words, those attending a specific school grade in March 2020 were then promoted to the next grade when school resumed in October 2020. For a significant proportion of Ethiopian pupils, learning during school closures was extremely limited despite the government’s efforts to create educational programmes via national television and radio stations (Kim et al., 2021a; Yorke et al., 2020). School closures, combined with barriers to accessing remote educational resources, meant potential learning losses for a significant number of pupils. Several studies have already indicated that COVID-19 resulted in learning losses, especially among the poorest and most disadvantaged groups. A study in Indonesia found that pupils lost 11 points on the PISA3 reading scale due to the four-month school closure from March to July 2020 (Yarrow, Masood & Afkar, 2020). It was also estimated that Grade 4 pupils in South Africa experienced losses equivalent to more than 60 percent of an academic year (Ardington, Wills & Kotze, 2021), while pupils in the UK lost a third of their expected learning during pandemic-related school closures (Major, Eyles & Machin, 2021). It is anticipated that school closures in Ethiopia could similarly result in learning losses and challenges for pupils to catch up with their learning, particularly for those from disadvantaged backgrounds. Our related emerging findings in Ethiopia have indicated that school closures exacerbated pre-existing inequalities in education, where progress was much lower for rural students compared to those in urban areas who were tracked from Grade 4 to Grade 6 (Kim et al., 2021b; Bayley et al., 2021). Building on this work in Ethiopia, this Insight Note provides a new perspective on numeracy achievements of Grade 1 and Grade 4 pupils by comparing learning at the start of each academic year and the gains over the course of the year across two academic years: 2018-19 and 2020-21. During the 2018-19 academic year, the Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE) Ethiopia programme collected data on students’ numeracy achievement from 168 schools. After schools reopened in October 2020, and with additional support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, data on students’ numeracy achievements were collected for two new cohorts of pupils in Grades 1 and 4 in the same schools using the same instruments. This has enabled us to compare learning patterns between two cohorts in the same grades and schools before and during the pandemic. More specifically, in this Insight Note, we aim to: -Compare foundational numeracy levels of pupils entering Grade 1 in the 2020-21 academic year relative to those in 2018-19. -Compare progress in foundational numeracy for Grade 1 pupils over the course of the 2020-21 academic year relative to that seen during the 2018-19 academic year. -Compare numeracy levels of pupils entering Grade 4 in the 2020-21 academic year relative to those entering the same grade in 2018-19. -Compare progress in numeracy for Grade 4 pupils over the course of the 2020-21 academic year relative to the progress seen during the 2018-19 academic year. -Estimate the magnitude of learning loss attributable to the pandemic by calculating the difference in numeracy levels and progress between the two cohorts.