Journal articles on the topic 'Urban and peri-urban woodland'
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Lambert, Kathryn Teare Ada, and Hugh Ford. "Habitat use by grey-crowned babbler, Pomatostomus temporalis, in urban and peri-urban environments." Pacific Conservation Biology 23, no. 1 (2017): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc16023.
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Habitat loss in the urban environment leads to a high rate of local extinction of native fauna. In contrast, where key habitat structures, such as woody debris, shrubs and trees, are maintained, urban landscapes can retain many native species. To manage urban habitats successfully for urban bird communities, it is, therefore, necessary to understand the habitat requirements of the species using them. We have previously shown that the grey-crowned babbler, Pomatostomus temporalis, exhibits similar mean weight, sex ratio and group size in natural and altered habitat in and around Dubbo, New South Wales. In the present study, we detail the movements and habitat use of the groups that inhabit urban areas. We found that groups behaved similarly in urban and peri-urban areas, but showed small differences in the frequency of behaviours, based on the habitat feature that was available. The results suggested that, despite the decline of the grey-crowned babbler in the southern parts of its range, this species is able to survive in altered habitats, if nesting habitat and ground cover remain available and neighbouring groups persist nearby. Because other woodland bird species have shown similar responses to urban environments, managers of urban parkland should provide foraging substrates for a variety of woodland bird species, including vulnerable species, to ameliorate threatening processes and protect key habitat requirements.
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Fors, Hanna, Märit Jansson, and Anders Nielsen. "The Impact of Resident Participation on Urban Woodland Quality—A Case Study of Sletten, Denmark." Forests 9, no. 11 (October 25, 2018): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9110670.
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Despite the potential of urban woodlands for recreational use and participatory management, citizens’ perception of urban woodland quality, as well as the impact of citizens’ co-management on urban woodland quality, have not been thoroughly studied to date. The present study investigated how residents in Holstebro, Denmark define urban woodland quality in their neighborhood named Sletten and how they perceive the quality impact of their participation in the management and maintenance of a transition from private gardens to public urban woodland—the so-called co-management zone. Field survey of participation for all housing units with a co-management zone (n = 201) informed strategic selection of residents for individual interviews (n = 16). It was found that social, experiential, functional, and ecological dimensions are all part of residents’ perception of urban woodland quality, whereby maintenance, accessibility, and nature are dominating aspects of these dimensions. While these aspects are already integrated in quality assessment schemes for other types of urban green space, our study revealed the importance of structural and species diversity between and within woodland stands as central for the perceived woodland quality—a quality aspect that distinguishes woodland from other types of urban green space. Participation in the management and maintenance positively influenced the perceived woodland quality. Residents found that their participation in the co-management zone created functional and ecological, physical qualities in the woodland. Moreover, the active participation provided the residents with a range of social and experiential benefits, many of which they themselves argue that they would have missed out on if they were only allowed to use the woodland “passively”. These findings suggest a large—but also largely untapped—potential of participatory urban woodland management to contribute physical qualities to urban woodlands and benefits to its users.
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Terada, Toru, Makoto Yokohari, Jay Bolthouse, and Nobuhiko Tanaka. "Refueling Satoyama Woodland Restoration in Japan: Enhancing Restoration Practice and Experiences through Woodfuel Utilization." Nature and Culture 5, no. 3 (December 1, 2010): 251–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/nc.2010.050303.
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Urban and peri-urban satoyama woodlands have become focal points of restoration throughout Japan. Prior to the abrupt shift to fossil fuels in the 1950-60s, villages coppiced these woods to produce a sustainable supply of wood fuel, a process that also sustained a dynamic woodland structure rich in biodiversity. Currently, amidst a “satoyama renaissance,” thousands of volunteer groups are restoring management to abandoned woods. Yet while volunteers are the main drivers of the satoyama renaissance, volunteer management tends to be limited in spatial extent and focused on the “parkification” of woodlands. Through a case study of four satoyama restoration scenarios we found that reintroduction of coppicing for wood fuel—“refueling”—can play a role in addressing climate change through fossil fuel substitution. We suggest that this literal refueling of satoyama restoration could, in a more metaphorical sense, help to refuel restoration efforts by strengthening both restoration practice and the authenticity of restoration experiences.
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Birks, Charlotte, Damien Féménias, and Charly Machemehl. "Citizen Participation in Urban Forests: Analysis of a Consultation Process in the Metropolitan Area of Rouen Normandy." Urban Planning 7, no. 2 (May 31, 2022): 174–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v7i2.4997.
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The article examines the results of a “citizen consultation” organised by local public officials through a questionnaire-based consultation approach to the management of urban and peri-urban forests. The study shows how forests are at the same time strong, complex, and ambivalent policy levers in a public consultation process. The article, first of all, specifies the economic context of the case study, namely that of a metropolis in the north of France with a population of 500,000 people. It then presents the methods and the occasionally divergent results of the metropolitan “dialogue” survey (dated 2020, n = 375) on the one hand, and a university survey (dated 2020, n = 774) on the other. The results obtained reveal the challenges, difficulties, and limits of a participatory approach, given the high degree of ambivalence and contrast in the way population groups relate to woodland and the representative/participatory systems. The article highlights the complexity involved in the management of woodlands and their use as part of a political process that is both participatory and sustainable.
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Obua, Joseph. "Urban Greenspace: A Woodland Study." Environmental Conservation 15, no. 2 (1988): 169–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689290002899x.
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Helliwell, Rodney. "COSTS OF URBAN WOODLAND MANAGEMENT." Arboricultural Journal 28, no. 1-2 (December 2004): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071375.2004.9747405.
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Zhou, Wen, Fuliang Cao, and Guibin Wang. "Effects of Spatial Pattern of Forest Vegetation on Urban Cooling in a Compact Megacity." Forests 10, no. 3 (March 22, 2019): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10030282.
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Urban forests can be an effective contributor to mitigate the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Understanding the factors that influence the cooling intensity of forest vegetation is essential for creating a more effective urban greenspace network to better counteract the urban warming. The aim of this study was to quantify the effects of spatial patterns of forest vegetation on urban cooling, in the Shanghai metropolitan area of China, using correlation analyses and regression models. Cooling intensity values were calculated based on the land surface temperature (LST) derived from remote sensing imagery and spatial patterns of forest vegetation were quantified by eight landscape metrics, using standard and moving-window approaches. The results suggested that 90 m × 90 m was the optimal spatial scale for studying the cooling effect of forest vegetation in Shanghai’s urban area. It also indicated that woodland performed better than grassland in urban cooling and the size, shape, and spatial distribution of woodland patches had significant impacts on the urban thermal environment. Specifically, the increase of size and the degree of compactness of the patch shape can effectively reduce the LST within the woodland. Areas with a higher percentage of vegetation coverage experienced a greater cooling effect. Moreover, when given a fixed amount of vegetation covers, aggregated distribution provided a stronger cooling effect than fragmented distribution and increasing overall shape complexity of woodlands can enhance the cooling effect on surrounding urban areas. This study provides insights for urban planners and landscape designers to create forest adaptive planning strategies to effectively alleviate the UHI effect.
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Knackmuhs, Eric, James Farmer, and Heather L. Reynolds. "Student Outcomes of Eco-Restoration Service-Learning Experiences in Urban Woodlands." Journal of Experiential Education 40, no. 1 (November 29, 2016): 24–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1053825916679182.
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Service learning with ecological restoration projects can positively affect participants’ attitudes, behaviors, and learning, but little is known about the longevity of these effects. Furthermore, urban green spaces are an understudied, yet increasingly important, context for eco-restoration service learning. This study examined the persistence of student outcomes of eco-restoration service-learning experiences in an urban woodland. Undergraduate courses from the Departments of Biology and Recreation, Park, and Tourism Studies at Indiana University partnered with the Bloomington Urban Woodlands Project (BUWP) to restore native woodland habitat and conduct public outreach. Phenomenological analysis of student interviews demonstrated that service-learning experiences improved learning outcomes and encouraged and reinforced pro-environmental attitudes up to 14 months later. Results also demonstrate the applicability of an environmental interpretation behavior change model to college-level instruction.
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Ode, Åsa K., and Gary L. A. Fry. "Visual aspects in urban woodland management." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 1, no. 1 (January 2002): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/1618-8667-00003.
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Fletcher, David H., Joanne K. Garrett, Amy Thomas, Alice Fitch, Phil Cryle, Simon Shilton, and Laurence Jones. "Location, Location, Location: Modelling of Noise Mitigation by Urban Woodland Shows the Benefit of Targeted Tree Planting in Cities." Sustainability 14, no. 12 (June 9, 2022): 7079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127079.
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Noise pollution from road traffic is ubiquitous in modern cities and is the second greatest environmental risk to health in Western Europe. Urban woodland can provide substantial noise mitigation if located properly, yet such considerations are often absent from the urban planning process. Current approaches for quantifying this important ecosystem service (ES) do not account adequately for important spatial factors and are unable to identify effectively the best locations to place new woodland for noise mitigation. We present new methods, in which we exploit the concept of least-cost-distance, to map and value the mitigating effect of urban woodland, and to identify optimal locations to place new woodland. Applying these methods, we show that urban woodland currently provides Birmingham City (UK) with over GBP 3.8 million in noise mitigation benefits, annually. We also show that our new ‘opportunity’ mapping methods effectively identify the best locations for new woodland, achieving close to a maximum service with less than a quarter of the additional woodland needed to achieve it. This has important implications for the design and implementation of urban tree planting for noise mitigation, and these methods can be adapted for other ES, allowing consideration of multiple service outcomes.
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Cahill, S., F. Llimona, L. Cabañeros, and F. Calomardo. "Characteristics of wild boar (Sus scrofa) habituation to urban areas in the Collserola Natural Park (Barcelona) and comparison with other locations." Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 35, no. 2 (December 2012): 221–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32800/abc.2012.35.0221.
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The parallel growth of urban areas and wild boar populations in recent years has increased the presence of this species around cities and in suburban areas, often leading to conflict with local people. In the Collserola Natural Park, situated within the metropolitan area of Barcelona, wild boar have become habituated to humans and urban settings because of direct feeding by local residents. Their attraction to these areas due to an abundance of anthropogenic food sources is especially strong during the warmer summer season when foraging conditions are poorer in their natural woodland habitat; the number of captures of habituated wild boar in peri–urban areas is significantly correlated with mean monthly temperatures. Habituated boar are primarily matriarchal groups, whereas adult and sub–adult (>1 year) males are significantly less represented than in non–habituated boars. In Collserola, habituated sub–adult and adult females are significantly heavier than their non–habituated counterparts and these weight differences increase with age; in the > 3 year–old age class they may be 35% heavier. Conflicts generated by the presence of wild boar in peri–urban areas are complex, and the responses by authorities are similarly diverse and often exacerbated by ambivalent public attitudes, both towards wild boar presence and applied mitigation measures. By 2010, at least 44 cities in 15 countries had reported problems of some kind relating to the presence of wild boar or feral pigs.
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Lupp, Gerd, Katharina Börtitz, Valerie Kantelberg, Marc Koch, and Stephan Pauleit. "Management urbaner Wälder zwischen Ansprüchen der Gesellschaft und Besitzerzielen." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 168, no. 5 (May 1, 2017): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2017.0261.
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Management of urban woodlands between demands of society and owner objectives Urban woodlands provide numerous ecosystem services for the society. However, they depend on the management goals, motivations and interests of the forest owners. In the Munich Metropolitan Region, it was examined how the population perceive the woodlands and which services of the woodlands are most important for them. On the other hand management goals, interests and motivation of forest owners were assessed by interviewing representatives of state, communal and private forest owners in urban area. It turned out that both population and forest owners had quite similar ideas about the services urban woodlands should deliver. For many forest owners, timber production was of little importance. The main objective was creating and maintaining stable and ecologically valuable mixed stands. In the everyday perception of the population, there is a deep fear of losing woodlands for urban development. Forest management actions are often associated with a general loss of forest. To avoid conflicts, communication and information should be improved. To provide attractive forest consultancy for urban woodland owners, forest authorities and forest associations should include topics such as forest aesthetics, nature conservation, pest control, legal duty to maintain safety, recreation and visitor management.
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Pauleit, Stephen, and Friedrich Duhme. "GIS Assessment of Munich's Urban Forest Structure for Urban Planning." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 26, no. 3 (May 1, 2000): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2000.016.
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A geographic information system (GIS) was developed and applied to assess the spatial pattern and environmental functions of the urban forest in the city of Munich. Urban land cover types were delineated as the underlying spatial units, characterized by physical and landuse attributes such as the percentage cover of built-on land and vegetation. The urban forest was described as the cover of trees and shrubs and the maximum age of trees. The survey was coupled with statistical databases and environmental data such as a habitat survey and thermal infrared photography. Trees and shrubs covered approximately 5,400 ha (13,300 ac) of land, or 18% of Munich's surface area. The spatial pattern of the urban forest was closely linked with the general zoning of different land use and building density. The relationship between cover, size, and age of woody vegetation and the incidence of woodland indicator birds was used to assess the role of the urban forest for urban nature conservation, and potential habitat links of closely neighboring woodlands were identified by means of the GIS. Furthermore, it was shown that the urban forest can effectively reduce air temperatures during hot summer days. Specific urban forestry programs and quantitative targets were proposed for urban zones. These would increase the forest cover to 22% of the city's surface area. An estimate for the overall costs for the establishment of the additional forest areas is given.
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Kirkpatrick, J. B. "Vegetation change in an urban grassy woodland 1974 - 2000." Australian Journal of Botany 52, no. 5 (2004): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt03100.
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Few temporal studies document vegetation change in Australian temperate grassy woodlands. Floristic and structural data were collected from 68 randomly located sites in the Queens Domain, an urban grassy woodland remnant, in 1974, 1984, 1994 and 2000 and a search made for rare species. Species of conservation significance were concentrated at highly disturbed sites, whereas vegetation types of conservation significance decreased in area as a result of increases in the numbers of Allocasuarina verticillata, which caused a change in many unmown areas from Eucalyptus viminalis grassy woodland to E. viminalis–A. verticillata woodland/forest or A. verticillata open/closed forest. Structural changes were associated with changes in species composition and an increase in native-species richness. Increases in tree cover occurred where fires were most frequent, possibly as a result of the lack of mammalian herbivores. The frequencies of herbs and annual grasses were strongly affected by precipitation in the month of sampling. Half of the species that showed a consistent rise or fall through time were woody plants, approximately twice the number expected. In the dataset as a whole, species-richness variables were largely explained by varying combinations of variables related to moisture availability, altitude and the incidence of mowing. The strongest influences on species composition were the same, although slope and time since the last fire also contributed to multiple regression and generalised linear models. Compositional stability was positively related to native-species richness, whereas high levels of exotic-species richness occurred at both low and high levels of native-species richness. The maintenance of native-plant biodiversity on the Domain requires such counterintuitive measures as the maintenance of exotic trees and the control of native trees, demonstrating the contingencies of conservation management in fragmented vegetation that consists of a mixture of native and exotic species.
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Toni, Sydney A., and Peter N. Duinker. "A framework for urban–woodland naturalization in Canada." Environmental Reviews 23, no. 3 (September 2015): 321–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2015-0003.
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Urban forest naturalization has gained momentum within municipal planning and non-governmental organizations. As the interest in naturalization increases, so does the impetus for exploring its conceptual and practical dimensions. Naturalization is a form of ecological restoration with prominent social dimensions. One motivation is reintegrating the urban forest to a greater extent into its surroundings, increasing the habitat available for native species. However, naturalization is not always desirable, as we may want to use and modify certain areas for cultural purposes, or feasible, as some species may be unable to establish in an urban setting. This paper examines the concepts underlying naturalization and how they influence naturalization decisions and goals. It then provides a framework for urban forest naturalness and explores potential applications of naturalness assessments in urban forest management. The framework outlines 37 different biotic and abiotic dimensions of naturalness that can help urban forest decision-makers visualize and manage the urban forest through understanding its individual parts and thus the whole. If a site is weak in particular dimensions, actions can be directed to increase the naturalness of these components. Similarly, some dimensions may be of more interest than others, such as increasing habitat suitability for a particular species. We then offer real and hypothetical examples of applying the framework to urban forest management. The benefits of a naturalized urban forest are many. It provides habitat for native species and has an important role as a biological teaching tool for urban residents. In developing this framework, we hope to expand the discussion on naturalization beyond simply planting native species and ceasing mowing to positioning urban forests in a broader landscape.
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Lintott, Paul R., Nils Bunnefeld, Elisa Fuentes-Montemayor, Jeroen Minderman, Rebekah J. Mayhew, Lena Olley, and Kirsty J. Park. "City life makes females fussy: sex differences in habitat use of temperate bats in urban areas." Royal Society Open Science 1, no. 3 (November 2014): 140200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.140200.
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Urbanization is a major driver of the global loss of biodiversity; to mitigate its adverse effects, it is essential to understand what drives species' patterns of habitat use within the urban matrix. While many animal species are known to exhibit sex differences in habitat use, adaptability to the urban landscape is commonly examined at the species level, without consideration of intraspecific differences. The high energetic demands of pregnancy and lactation in female mammals can lead to sexual differences in habitat use, but little is known of how this might affect their response to urbanization. We predicted that female Pipistrellus pygmaeus would show greater selectivity of forging locations within urban woodland in comparison to males at both a local and landscape scale. In line with these predictions, we found there was a lower probability of finding females within woodlands which were poorly connected, highly cluttered, with a higher edge : interior ratio and fewer mature trees. By contrast, habitat quality and the composition of the surrounding landscape were less of a limiting factor in determining male distributions. These results indicate strong sexual differences in the habitat use of fragmented urban woodland, and this has important implications for our understanding of the adaptability of bats and mammals more generally to urbanization.
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Brosnan, V., and C. J. Ellis. "EPIPHYTE RESPONSE TO WOODLAND HABITAT CONDITION ASSESSED USING COMMUNITY INDICATORS: A SIMPLIFIED METHOD FOR SCOTLAND’S TEMPERATE RAIN FOREST." Edinburgh Journal of Botany 77, no. 3 (June 9, 2020): 519–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096042862000013x.
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National vegetation classification (NVC) has been widely applied as a framework for mapping and conserving plant species and community types. However, a limited availability of expertise has prevented NVCs from being developed and used in cryptogam-dominated systems, such as for temperate and boreal epiphyte communities. This study simplified a recent systematically sampled NVC, trialled for epiphyte communities in Scotland, by reducing the original list of 82 community indicators to 34 easily recognisable species (lichens, mosses and liverworts). These were subsequently sampled from woodland sites positioned in Scotland’s temperate rain forest zone. Sites were positioned among localities in less intensively managed landscapes (northwest Scotland) through to peri-urban environments (southern Scotland), grouping sites for each locality based on a contrast in woodland temporal continuity (ancient or recent). The richness and diversity of epiphyte community indicators were compared with easily measured variables reflecting stand heterogeneity or ecological stability, and woodland temporal continuity, with air pollution as a covariable. Richness and diversity were significantly explained by the ecological stability of woodland stands, heterogeneity of the light environment, and nitrogen pollution. This demonstrates a tool that can be deployed by the non-specialist, with appropriate training, to quantify the condition of a woodland stand through consequences for its epiphytes in globally important temperate rain forest. The pattern of richness and diversity was consistent with the co-occurrence of particular indicator species, which represent the range of epiphyte community types supported by a woodland.
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Ma, Yuhe, Mudan Zhao, Jianbo Li, Jian Wang, and Lifa Hu. "Cooling Effect of Different Land Cover Types: A Case Study in Xi’an and Xianyang, China." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 21, 2021): 1099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031099.
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One of the climate problems caused by rapid urbanization is the urban heat island effect, which directly threatens the human survival environment. In general, some land cover types, such as vegetation and water, are generally considered to alleviate the urban heat island effect, because these landscapes can significantly reduce the temperature of the surrounding environment, known as the cold island effect. However, this phenomenon varies over different geographical locations, climates, and other environmental factors. Therefore, how to reasonably configure these land cover types with the cooling effect from the perspective of urban planning is a great challenge, and it is necessary to find the regularity of this effect by designing experiments in more cities. In this study, land cover (LC) classification and land surface temperature (LST) of Xi’an, Xianyang and its surrounding areas were obtained by Landsat-8 images. The land types with cooling effect were identified and their ideal configuration was discussed through grid analysis, distance analysis, landscape index analysis and correlation analysis. The results showed that an obvious cooling effect occurred in both woodland and water at different spatial scales. The cooling distance of woodland is 330 m, much more than that of water (180 m), but the land surface temperature around water decreased more than that around the woodland within the cooling distance. In the specific urban planning cases, woodland can be designed with a complex shape, high tree planting density and large planting areas while water bodies with large patch areas to cool the densely built-up areas. The results of this study have utility for researchers, urban planners and urban designers seeking how to efficiently and reasonably rearrange landscapes with cooling effect and in urban land design, which is of great significance to improve urban heat island problem.
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Balland, Jeff, Catherine A. Herbert, Justin A. Welbergen, and John M. Martin. "Habitat selection in a peri-urban area by a large mammal indicates a low potential for human–wildlife conflict." Wildlife Research 47, no. 5 (2020): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19234.
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Abstract ContextIn Australia, various species of macropods (family Macropodidae) are known to occur within peri-urban areas, where they can be a source of human–wildlife conflict. Some species, such as the eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus), have received considerable research attention over the past few years following demands from land managers for evidence-based management guidelines; however, the ecology of other macropod species found in peri-urban areas, such as the eastern wallaroo (Osphranter robustus robustus), remains poorly understood. AimsThe aims were to determine the home range of male and female eastern wallaroos and assess habitat selection in order to define whether wallaroos in a peri-urban environment should be viewed as thriving (‘matrix-occupying’), persisting (‘matrix-sensitive’) or struggling (‘urban-sensitive’). MethodsHome range and habitat use of six adult male, five adult female and one subadult male eastern wallaroo were investigated using GPS telemetry between October 2017 and May 2018 in the south-west of Sydney. Key resultsHome ranges (mean±s.e.) of males (63.1±10.2ha) were significantly larger than those of females (31.1±3.3ha). Every adult wallaroo had highly overlapping monthly home ranges, indicating strong site fidelity in all individuals. Eastern wallaroos selected habitats based on vegetation composition during the night and canopy cover during the day. Grassland and open native woodlands were preferred during foraging activities at night. By contrast, human-modified habitats, including hard surfaces and lawns, were avoided at all times by all individuals. ConclusionThe results indicate that eastern wallaroos avoid human-modified features in the landscape, so they could be viewed as persisting (‘matrix-sensitive’) in peri-urban areas. ImplicationsCompared with matrix-occupying macropods, such as the eastern grey kangaroo, the eastern wallaroo is less likely to cause human–wildlife conflicts – a result of its avoidance of human-modified habitat. Land-use planning, involving green corridors linking remnant vegetation, should be implemented as part of urban planning to enable the persistence of diverse mammal populations in urban areas, particularly matrix-sensitive species.
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Nitoslawski, Sophie A., Peter N. Duinker, and Peter G. Bush. "A review of drivers of tree diversity in suburban areas: Research needs for North American cities." Environmental Reviews 24, no. 4 (December 2016): 471–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2016-0027.
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Tree diversity is crucial to urban forest management. More diverse urban forests provide habitat for a wider range of organisms, increase resilience to pests and disease and, in cases where native tree species are well represented, contribute to local biodiversity protection. Studies have shown that tree diversity can peak in the low- to mid-density neighbourhoods found in suburban and peri-urban areas, emphasizing the potential for biodiversity enhancement during and after subdivision development. Most studies quantifying tree species composition in suburban areas focus on one or two major drivers of tree diversity, such as land use, socioeconomics and demographics, or the presence of natural features like parks or greenways. Furthermore, relatively little attention has been paid to the drivers of diversity for the variety of land types that make up the entire urban forest, which represent differences in tree planting and establishment practices, ownership, and maintenance. This paper presents an overview of drivers of tree species composition based on the literature, as well as factors that require further study because they play a role in determining the structure of the (sub)urban forest. These factors are examined in the context of four land types: street, residential property, park, and remnant woodland, and are organized under the following major themes: biophysical characteristics, community design, historical paradigms and influences, municipal management, and demographics and cultures. Based on what is known so far, a research agenda is also presented outlining major gaps in research on urban tree diversity in North America (USA and Canada). The information presented in this paper can thus serve as a guideline to inform urban forest management practices and strategically enhance tree diversity.
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Easterday, Kelly Jane, Patrick J. McIntyre, James H. Thorne, Maria J. Santos, and Maggi Kelly. "Assessing Threats and Conservation Status of Historical Centers of Oak Richness in California." Urban Planning 1, no. 4 (December 13, 2016): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v1i4.726.
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Oak trees are emblematic of California landscapes, they serve as keystone cultural and ecological species and as indicators of natural biological diversity. As historically undeveloped landscapes are increasingly converted to urban environments, endemic oak woodland extent is reduced, which underscores the importance of strategic placement and reintroduction of oaks and woodland landscape for the maintenance of biodiversity and reduction of habitat fragmentation. This paper investigated the effects of human urban development on oak species in California by first modeling historical patterns of richness for eight oak tree species using historical map and plot data from the California Vegetation Type Mapping (VTM) collection. We then examined spatial intersections between hot spots of historical oak richness and modern urban and conservation lands and found that impacts from development and conservation vary by both species and richness. Our findings suggest that the impact of urban development on oaks has been small within the areas of highest oak richness but that areas of highest oak richness are also poorly conserved. Third, we argue that current policy measures are inadequate to conserve oak woodlands and suggest regions to prioritize acquisition of conservation lands as well as examine urban regions where historic centers of oak richness were lost as potential frontiers for oak reintroduction. We argue that urban planning could benefit from the adoption of historical data and modern species distribution modelling techniques primarily used in natural resources and conservation fields to better locate hot spots of species richness, understand where habitats and species have been lost historically and use this evidence as incentive to recover what was lost and preserve what still exists. This adoption of historical data and modern techniques would then serve as a paradigm shift in the way Urban Planners recognize, quantify, and use landscape history in modern built environments.
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Anderson, Lyn, and Shelley Burgin. "Patterns of bird predation on reptiles in small woodland remnant edges in peri-urban north-western Sydney, Australia." Landscape Ecology 23, no. 9 (September 24, 2008): 1039–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-008-9252-5.
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Colantoni, Andrea, Gianluca Egidi, Giovanni Quaranta, Roberto D’Alessandro, Sabato Vinci, Rosario Turco, and Luca Salvati. "Sustainable Land Management, Wildfire Risk and the Role of Grazing in Mediterranean Urban-Rural Interfaces: A Regional Approach from Greece." Land 9, no. 1 (January 14, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9010021.
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Mediterranean regions are likely to be the most vulnerable areas to wildfires in Europe. In this context, land-use change has promoted land abandonment and the consequent accumulation of biomass (fuel) in (progressively less managed) forests and (non-forest) natural land, causing higher fire density and severity, economic damage, and land degradation. The expansion of Wildland-Urban Interfaces (WUIs) further affects fire density by negatively impacting peri-urban farming and livestock density. Assuming the role of grazing in controlling fuel accumulation in forests and non-forest natural land as an indirect measure of wildfire containment around large Mediterranean cities, our work focuses on the role of nomadic livestock, i.e., sheep and goats—the most abundant and traditional farm species in the area. The present study (i) investigates the relationship between fire frequency/extent and livestock decline at the regional level in Greece, (ii) explores changes over time in regional wildfire regimes, comparing Attica, a particularly vulnerable peri-urban region which includes Athens (the Greek capital city), with the rest of the country, and (iii) quantifies trends over time in livestock characteristics (population structure and dynamics) over a sufficiently long time interval (1961–2017) at the same spatial scale, with the aim to document the progressive reduction of nomadic livestock in peri-urban districts. A comprehensive analysis of statistical data, corroborated with a literature review, outlined the relationship between livestock decline over time and changes in specific wildfire characteristics at the regional scale, evidencing peculiar environmental conditions in Attica. In this region, a rapid decline of nomadic livestock was observed compared to in the rest of Greece, leading to a higher wildfire risk. The results of this study suggest that nomadic livestock contributes to sustainable management of peri-urban land, stimulating grazing that may prevent fuel accumulation in fringe woodlands.
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Bergmeier, Erwin, Jorge Capelo, Romeo Di Pietro, Riccardo Guarino, Ali Kavgacı, Javier Loidi, Ioannis Tsiripidis, and Fotios Xystrakis. "‘Back to the Future’—Oak wood-pasture for wildfire prevention in the Mediterranean." Plant Sociology 58, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/pls2021582/04.
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In the summer of 2021, enormous wildfires in the Mediterranean eliminated huge areas of mainly coniferous forest, destroyed adjacent settlements and claimed the lives of many people. The fires indicate effects of climate change and expose consequences of rural demographic changes, deficits in regional and touristic development planning and shortcomings in forest policy. This forum article highlights the dimensions of the problem, calls for a paradigm shift and shows solutions. Land abandonment, woody plant encroachment and non-reflective afforestation are leading to increasing amounts of combustible biomass. To prevent disastrous fires in future, fundamental changes in tree species composition, forest structure and management are essential. Plantations of reseeding pines are to be substituted by spacious or periodically open woodlands of long-lived trees with resprouting capacity such as Mediterranean oaks. Biomass-reducing practices including wood-pasture have to be revived in rural and peri-urban areas. Exemplary fire-resistant multifunctional oak woodlands occur throughout the Mediterranean. Urgent and medium-term measures in the burnt areas include promoting natural ecosystem regeneration, developing regionalized seed banks and nurseries to support native genetic resources, fostering vegetation mosaics of groves and multiple-use open and coppice woodland maintained by traditional practices, and in general forest management aiming at fuel biomass reduction and a policy counteracting land abandonment.
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Hu, Yunfeng, and Batunacun. "An Analysis of Land-Use and Land-Cover Change in the Zhujiang–Xijiang Economic Belt, China, from 1990 to 2017." Applied Sciences 8, no. 9 (September 1, 2018): 1524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8091524.
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Land-use and land-cover change (LUCC) are currently contested topics in the research of global environment change and sustainable change. Identifying the historic land-use change process is important for the new economic development belt (the Zhujiang–Xijiang Economic Belt, ZXEB). During this research, based on long-time-series land-use and land-cover data, while using a combination of a transition matrix method and Markov chain model, the authors derive the patterns, processes, and spatial autocorrelations of land-use and land-cover changes in the ZXEB for the periods 1990–2000 and 2000–2017. Additionally, the authors discuss the spatial autocorrelation of land-use in the ZXEB and the major drivers of urbanization. The results indicate the following: (1) The area of cropland reduces during the two periods, and woodland decreases after the year 2000. The woodland is the most stable land-use type in both periods. (2) Built-up land expansion is the most important land-use conversion process; the major drivers of built-up land expansion are policy intervention, GDP (gross domestic product), population growth, and rural population migration. (3) Transition possibilities indicate that after 2000, most land-use activities become stronger, the global and local Moran’s I of all land-use types show that the spatial autocorrelations have become more closely related, and the spatial autocorrelation of built-up land has become stronger. Policies focus on migration from rural to urban, and peri-urban development is crucial for future sustainable urbanization.
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Mavin, S., PC Hopkins, A. MacLennan, AWL Joss, and DO Ho-Yen. "Urban and Rural Risks of Lyme Disease in the Scottish Highlands." Scottish Medical Journal 54, no. 2 (May 2009): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/rsmsmj.54.2.24.
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Background This paper investigates the pattern of Lyme disease testing and infection within the Highland region of Scotland. Methods Data from all Highland samples tested during 2004-2006 were analysed according to result and patient's residence in relation to the eight fold Scottish Executive's urban/rural classification, and distance from woodland. Results In total, 1602 patients were tested for Lyme disease, 0.71% of the Highland population. From these, 104 (6.5%) were seropositive. There were more patients tested, and seropositive patients from rural than urban locations, 1113 vs 489, and 79 vs 25 respectively. There were also significantly more seropositive patients per patients tested from rural locations (χ2, p < 0.0001). The number of patients tested and seropositive patients increased as the rural areas become more remote. The likelihood of being tested for Lyme disease also increased as the distance between a patient's residence and woodland decreased. The relative risk of being tested elevated by 74% for those patients living within 200 metres of woodland. Conclusions Those living in the most rural areas of Highland and those living closest to woodland have an increased risk of being tested and having Lyme disease.
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Fearnside, Tony, Bill Kerruish, and Jim Shirley. "Developing a management plan for a small urban woodland." Australian Forestry 77, no. 3-4 (September 2, 2014): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2014.947546.
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Smith, Debra A., and Stanley D. Gehrt. "Bat Response to Woodland Restoration within Urban Forest Fragments." Restoration Ecology 18, no. 6 (June 17, 2009): 914–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100x.2009.00538.x.
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Huang, Peilin, Dulai Zheng, Yijing Yan, Weizhen Xu, Yujie Zhao, Ziluo Huang, Yinghong Ding, et al. "Effects of Landscape Features on Bird Community in Winter Urban Parks." Animals 12, no. 23 (December 6, 2022): 3442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12233442.
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Urban parks, as critical components of the urban green space, have practical significance in studying the influence of landscape characteristics on birds. Nine urban parks in Fuzhou, China, were used as study objects to explore the influence of landscape features (patch, landscape, and surrounding environment indices) on bird communities. The results showed that (1) from December 2021 to February 2022, we found a total of 2874 individuals belonging to 61 species of 9 orders, 32 families, which were dominated by the birds of Passeriformes (37 species of 24 families, accounting for 89.91% of the total number of individuals) and resident birds in Fuzhou urban parks (n = 30; 85.46%); (2) The park area, park perimeter, woodland area, grassland area, and the park shape index increased as the distance to the city center increases; (3) Bird diversity responds differently to different landscape features. The total abundance of birds, the abundance of winter migrant birds, and the richness of winter migrant birds increased with the park area. And the park shape index affects positively for the the α-diversity of birds and the abundance of resident birds. Woodland proportion and waterbody shape index affected positively on the richness and α-diversity of resident birds. To promote the diversity of regional birds, it is recommended that the construction and planning of urban parks should enlarge the park area as much as possible, increase the proportion of woodland, and make shorelines more irregular. Our study could serve as a reference for the construction of biodiversity enhancements in core green areas of urban parks.
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Lanzani, Arturo. "Spazi aperti periurbani e nuove agricolture in Brianza." TERRITORIO, no. 60 (March 2012): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/tr2012-060015.
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Brianza is a prototype of recurring situations in the relationship between residential spaces and agricultural spaces in contemporary towns and cities. Described in terms of their differences, these show the evolution of the historical landscape, the reasons for its deterioration and new planning possibilities. The simplifi ed fabric of the Vimercate countryside, the strings of woodland and built-up areas in the hills, the clearings in urban areas and the woodland and countryside of the Groane open up prospects for new and different types of urban agriculture linked to local specifi cities. The future proposed is plural and examines different relationships between agriculture, collective spaces, the redevelopment of existing settlements, choosing the path of a halt to urban growth and the reconstruction of infrastructure and landscape quality in the Brianza area.
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Graves, William R., and Michael N. Dana. "Root-zone Temperature Monitored at Urban Sites." HortScience 22, no. 4 (August 1987): 613–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.22.4.613.
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Abstract Root-zone temperature (RZT) of 15 landscape planting sites in a metropolitan area was monitored from 13 June to 5 Sept. 1985. RZT was highest at urban sites associated with city surface materials, such as asphalt and concrete. The RZT was significantly lower at suburban and woodland sites. Temperature was uniform throughout the root zone at sites along urban streets; it decreased with increasing depth at all other sites. High temperature extremes may contribute to the decline of landscape plants at urban sites.
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Ferreira, C. S. S., R. P. D. Walsh, R. A. Shakesby, J. J. Keizer, D. Soares, O. González-Pelayo, C. O. A. Coelho, and A. J. D. Ferreira. "Differences in overland flow, hydrophobicity and soil moisture dynamics between Mediterranean woodland types in a peri-urban catchment in Portugal." Journal of Hydrology 533 (February 2016): 473–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.12.040.
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Liu, Yang, Qiusheng Yang, and Lichao Duan. "ADJUSTING THE STRUCTURE COMBINATIONS OF PLANT COMMUNITIES IN URBAN GREENSPACE REDUCED THE MAINTENANCE ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND GHG EMISSIONS." Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 26, no. 4 (November 15, 2018): 261–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2018.6126.
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Maintaining urban greenspace results in energy use and GHG emissions. To understand the change of the annual maintenance energy consumption and GHG emissions in varying combinations of plant structures (plant density or proportion of area covered) in urban greenspace, this study investigated 34 urban plant communities as sample plots (20×20 m), and divided them into woodland, shrub, herbaceous and grassland layers. The average energy use and GHG emissions in the woodland layer were 18.64 MJ/tree/y–1 and 0.23 kg/CO2-e/tree/y–1, respectively. In the shrub, herbaceous, and grassland layers, the average energy consumption was 3.73, 2.27, 7.23 MJ/m2/y–1, and the average GHG emissions were 0.06, 0.02, 0.09 kg/CO2-e/m2/y–1, respectively. The energy use and GHG emission curves had parabolic trends as the plant density in the woodland layer increased and increasing curves with two peaks as the plant area proportions of the shrub, herbaceous, and grassland layers increased. The annual maintenance of urban greenspace can divide into low, average and high levels of energy consumption and GHG emissions due to the change in the plant structure combinations. Furthermore, city managers and landscape designers can refer to the energy consumption and GHG emissions trends to understand the environmental impact of maintenance tasks. The future plant structures in greenspace can be better designed to improve ecosystem services based on limiting the maintenance environmental impacts.
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Lane, C., and S. Raab. "Great River Greening: A Case Study in Urban Woodland Restoration." Ecological Restoration 20, no. 4 (December 1, 2002): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/er.20.4.243.
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OOISHI, Yoshitaka, and Yukihiro MORIMOTO. "Changes in the Bryophyte Flora in an Urban Afforested Woodland." Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture 71, no. 5 (2008): 577–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5632/jila.71.577.
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Buchholz, Sascha, Hedwig Tietze, Ingo Kowarik, and Jens Schirmel. "Effects of a Major Tree Invader on Urban Woodland Arthropods." PLOS ONE 10, no. 9 (September 11, 2015): e0137723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137723.
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Ode, Åsa, and Gary Fry. "A model for quantifying and predicting urban pressure on woodland." Landscape and Urban Planning 77, no. 1-2 (June 2006): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.01.003.
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Gundersen, Vegard, Lars Helge Frivold, Irja Löfström, Bruno Bilde Jørgensen, Jan Falck, and Bernt-Håvard Øyen. "Urban woodland management – The case of 13 major Nordic cities." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 3, no. 3-4 (June 2005): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2005.03.001.
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Aslanov, Ilhomjon, Uzbekkhon Mukhtorov, Rahimjon Mahsudov, Umida Makhmudova, Saida Alimova, Lobar Djurayeva, and Oyatillo Ibragimov. "Applying remote sensing techniques to monitor green areas in Tashkent Uzbekistan." E3S Web of Conferences 258 (2021): 04012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125804012.
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Land use and land cover (LULC) change are one of the most important signals of regional environmental monitoring and study. Recently, the pull of capital cities has snowballed, an increasing number of people moving to the cities, especially in developing countries. Consequently, as more people arrive at cities, the more pressure will be on land. Land price getting high and constructions try using open green areas. A wide variety of green areas of different sizes will be solve many urban diseases and ecological problems at the same time improve the quality and life of urban residents, as urban green area provides various ecosystem services. The green area includes parks, woodlands, nature reserves and bare lands. With the population increase and expansion of cities, an increasing amount of open area, woodland and bare land has been converted into construction land, buildings due to the increasing demands and residential land. For the accuracy assessment, we applied an automatically supervised classification using the software QGIS 3.18. The reference values were based on ground truth data and visual interpretation.
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Simpson, Greg D., Jackie Parker, Erin Gibbens, and Philip G. Ladd. "A Hybrid Method for Citizen Science Monitoring of Recreational Trampling in Urban Remnants: A Case Study from Perth, Western Australia." Urban Science 4, no. 4 (December 8, 2020): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci4040072.
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Vegetation trampling that arises from off-trail excursions by people walking for recreation can negatively impact the structure of understory plants in natural spaces that are an essential element of urban green infrastructure in a modern city. In addition to reducing the esthetic quality and environmental values of urban remnant and replanted native vegetation, such trampling reduces the habitat that supports wildlife populations within the urban fabric. This case study draws upon several disparate methods for measuring vegetation structure and trampling impacts to produce a hybrid method that community-based citizen scientists (and land managers and other researchers) could use to simply, rapidly, and reproducibly monitor how trampling associated with urban recreation trails impacts the structure of understory vegetation. Applying the novel hybrid method provided evidence that trampling had reduced the vegetation structure adjacent to a recreational walking trail in an urban woodland remnant in Perth, Western Australia. The hybrid method also detected ecological variability at the local ecosystem-scale at a second similar woodland remnant in Perth. The hybrid sampling method utilized in this case study provides an effective, efficient, and reproducible data collection method that can be applied to recreation ecology research into aspects of trampling associated with trail infrastructure.
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Lu, Zhao Peng, Xu Yin Yuan, Huan Wang, Hai Long Chen, and Wen Wen Xu. "Comparative Researches on the Provenances of Suspended Sediments in Different Reaches of Dongtiaoxi and Xitiaoxi Watershed." Advanced Materials Research 937 (May 2014): 597–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.937.597.
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Dongtiaoxi and Xitiaoxi river are the two main discharge rivers of Taihu Lake. It is important to research the provenances of suspended sediments (SS) and the difference of the provenances. This paper establishes the geochemical model to quantify the proportions of SS sources with geochemical parameters, and then analyzes the contribution differences of the sources to SS in the basins and its reasons. The results show that the contribution of woodland is highest in the upper reaches of both Dongtiaoxi and Xitiaoxi basin, but the contribution of arable land has more differences. Arable land becomes a major contributor to the midstream of Dongtiaoxi and Xitiaoxi basin, while the contributions of woodland and urban land are larger in Dongtiaoxi basin. The SS contribution of urban land is highest in the downstream of Dongtiaoxi and Xitiaoxi basin, while the contribution of arable land is larger in Dongtiaoxi basin. During wet season and dry season, the differences of the sources contribution variations in Dongtiaoxi basin are not obvious, while that in Xitiaoxi basin are significantly obvious, that is the SS contributions of woodland and urban land in wet season are significantly higher than in dry season, while the contributions of arable land and bank sediment are on the contrary.
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Attua, Emmanuel M., and Joshua B. Fisher. "Historical and Future Land-Cover Change in a Municipality of Ghana." Earth Interactions 15, no. 9 (February 1, 2011): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010ei304.1.
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Abstract Urban land-cover change is increasing dramatically in most developing nations. In Africa and in the New Juaben municipality of Ghana in particular, political stability and active socioeconomic progress has pushed the urban frontier into the countryside at the expense of the natural ecosystems at ever-increasing rates. Using Landsat satellite imagery from 1985 to 2003, the study found that the urban core expanded by 10% and the peri-urban areas expanded by 25% over the period. Projecting forward to 2015, it is expected that urban infrastructure will constitute 70% of the total land area in the municipality. Giving way to urban expansion were losses in open woodlands (19%), tree fallow (9%), croplands (4%), and grass fallow (3%), with further declines expected for 2015. Major drivers of land-cover changes are attributed to demographic changes and past microeconomic policies, particularly the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP); the Economic Recovery Programme (ERP); and, more recently, the Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy (GPRS). Pluralistic land administration, complications in the land tenure systems, institutional inefficiencies, and lack of capacity in land administration were also key drivers of land-cover changes in the New Juaben municipality. Policy recommendations are presented to address the associated challenges.
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Su, Kai, Qiang Yu, Yahui Hu, Zhili Liu, Pengchong Wang, Qibin Zhang, Jiyou Zhu, Teng Niu, and Depeng Yue. "Inversion and Effect Research on Dust Distribution of Urban Forests in Beijing." Forests 10, no. 5 (May 15, 2019): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10050418.
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Urban forests affect the filtration and absorption of airborne particulate matter, which can minimize the harmful effects to human health caused by airborne particulate pollution. Evergreen plants in urban forests play a major role in absorbing dust and purifying the air, especially in winter. Studying the spatial distribution of leaf dust and exploring the dust retention effect of evergreen shrubs are important for scientifically guiding urban forest construction and improving the living environment of cities in winter. The purpose of this study was to establish a dust inversion model by correlation analysis of spectral reflectance and the amount of dust absorption (ADA) of vegetation, using Sentinel-2 satellite remote-sensing images to obtain the dust distribution of the evergreen vegetation (mainly Euonymus japonicus Thunb.) in the Beijing urban area, and to determine the effect of the spatial pattern of E. japonicus woodland on ADA intensity. The result showed that the red band and near-infrared band are most sensitive to dust. The normalized difference phenology index (NDPI) is more suitable for building an inversion model, where the determination coefficient (R2) of the inversion model constructed by the ratio of the NDPI (RNDPI) was 0.879. The inversion results show that the mean ADA in the enclosed area is smaller than that in semi-enclosed and open areas, and the regional distribution of high ADA in the urban area of Beijing was higher in the south with a tendency of the ADA to decrease from city center to the surrounding area. The size, shape, and percentage of landscape (PLAND) of E. japonicus woodland have a significant effect on ADA intensity. We found that, in the study area, when the PLAND of E. japonicus woodland is higher than 40%, its ADA intensity remains basically unchanged. When the vegetation coverage is fixed, the landscape shape index is negatively correlated with ADA intensity, and reduction of the overall shape complexity of forestland can enhance its dust retention effect and improve the air environment of the surrounding areas. The results of this study can be used as a reference for urban planners and landscape architects when building urban forests, providing a scientific basis for controlling and reducing air particulate pollution in Beijing’s winter and improving the living environment.
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Hodgson, P., K. French, and R. E. Major. "Comparison of foraging behaviour of small, urban-sensitive insectivores in continuous woodland and woodland remnants in a suburban landscape." Wildlife Research 33, no. 7 (2006): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr05017.
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Small patches of remnant vegetation are often considered to have low conservation value. In urban landscapes their value may potentially be higher than in other landscapes because they can be the only representatives of original native vegetation. Despite this potential, many small insectivorous birds that rely on native vegetation demonstrate sensitivities within urban landscapes through reduced numbers or total absence. One reason for this sensitivity may be that remnants are of suboptimal quality, which may be reflected in behavioural changes. Using five insectivorous species that were present (in low numbers) in remnants surrounded by high-density housing, foraging behaviour was examined in relation to vegetation. The proportion of time birds spent on different foraging substrates and plant species was compared with that of conspecifics in continuous vegetation. Canopy and shrub foragers showed minimal behavioural changes. Ground foragers in remnants tended to forage at lower heights than those in continuous vegetation; however, these changes did not appear to reflect a negative effect. These changes were partially explained by structural differences between vegetation in remnants and continuous sites. The number of times a bird attacked prey items was significantly higher in continuous habitat for only two species. Overall, the foraging behaviour of small insectivorous birds in remnants surrounded by high-density housing was not adversely affected by urbanisation and it appears that remnants have potential value as habitat and foraging sources in an urban landscape. Despite this, small insectivores are still sensitive to urbanisation, suggesting that other factors, probably in the matrix, are important.
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Hill, Nichola J., Elizabeth M. Deane, and Michelle L. Power. "Prevalence and Genetic Characterization of Cryptosporidium Isolates from Common Brushtail Possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) Adapted to Urban Settings." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 17 (July 18, 2008): 5549–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00809-08.
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ABSTRACT The common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) is one of the most abundant native marsupials in urban Australia, having successfully adapted to utilize anthropogenic resources. The habituation of possums to food and shelter available in human settlements has facilitated interaction with people, pets, and zoo animals, increasing the potential for transmission of zoonotic Cryptosporidium pathogens. This study sought to examine the identity and prevalence of Cryptosporidium species occurring in possums adapted to urban settings compared to possums inhabiting remote woodlands far from urban areas and to characterize the health of the host in response to oocyst shedding. Findings indicated that both populations were shedding oocysts of the same genotype (brushtail possum 1 [BTP1]) that were genetically and morphologically distinct from zoonotic species and genotypes and most closely related to Cryptosporidium species from marsupials. The urban population was shedding an additional five Cryptosporidium isolates that were genetically distinct from BTP1 and formed a sister clade with Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis. Possums that were shedding oocysts showed no evidence of pathogenic changes, including elevated levels of white blood cells, diminished body condition (body mass divided by skeletal body length), or reduced nutritional state, suggesting a stable host-parasite relationship typical of Cryptosporidium species that are adapted to the host. Overall, Cryptosporidium occurred with a higher prevalence in possums from urban habitat (11.3%) than in possums from woodland habitat (5.6%); however, the host-specific nature of the genotypes may limit spillover infection in the urban setting. This study determined that the coexistence of possums with sympatric populations of humans, pets, and zoo animals in the urban Australian environment is unlikely to present a threat to public health safety.
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Li, Donghe, Huigang Mu, Yelin Gao, Min Lu, and Chunlu Liu. "A GIS-Based Analysis of the Carbon-Oxygen Balance of Urban Forests in the Southern Mountainous Area of Jinan, China." Sustainability 14, no. 23 (December 2, 2022): 16135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142316135.
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The urban forest is a vital carbon sink base in a city. The carbon-oxygen balance capacity of urban forests affects the urban carbon cycle and urban sustainable development. The forests maintain the carbon-oxygen balance through carbon sequestration and oxygen release (CSOR) processes. The carbon-oxygen balance of urban forests is formed by offsetting the carbon release and oxygen consumption (CROC) process of urban social activities through the CSOR process of forestland. Based on GIS technology, this research used the carbon-oxygen balance model to analyze the CROC and CSOR and study the carbon-oxygen balance of urban forests in the southern mountainous area of Jinan, China. The results of the increase in the carbon-oxygen balance coefficients showed that the carbon-oxygen balance capacity of urban forests showed a decreasing trend, with the decrease in forest area and the increase in fossil energy consumption from 2000 to 2019 in the southern mountainous area of Jinan. To increase the urban carbon-oxygen balance capacity, the city should expand its woodland area to improve the urban forest’s CSOR capacity and adjust the urban energy consumption structure to reduce the CROC of urban social activities.
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Chen, Liang, Xuelei Wang, Xiaobin Cai, Chao Yang, and Xiaorong Lu. "Seasonal Variations of Daytime Land Surface Temperature and Their Underlying Drivers over Wuhan, China." Remote Sensing 13, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13020323.
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Rapid urbanization greatly alters land surface vegetation cover and heat distribution, leading to the development of the urban heat island (UHI) effect and seriously affecting the healthy development of cities and the comfort of living. As an indicator of urban health and livability, monitoring the distribution of land surface temperature (LST) and discovering its main impacting factors are receiving increasing attention in the effort to develop cities more sustainably. In this study, we analyzed the spatial distribution patterns of LST of the city of Wuhan, China, from 2013 to 2019. We detected hot and cold poles in four seasons through clustering and outlier analysis (based on Anselin local Moran’s I) of LST. Furthermore, we introduced the geographical detector model to quantify the impact of six physical and socio-economic factors, including the digital elevation model (DEM), index-based built-up index (IBI), modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), population, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on the LST distribution of Wuhan. Finally, to identify the influence of land cover on temperature, the LST of croplands, woodlands, grasslands, and built-up areas was analyzed. The results showed that low temperatures are mainly distributed over water and woodland areas, followed by grasslands; high temperatures are mainly concentrated over built-up areas. The maximum temperature difference between land covers occurs in spring and summer, while this difference can be ignored in winter. MNDWI, IBI, and NDVI are the key driving factors of the thermal values change in Wuhan, especially of their interaction. We found that the temperature of water area and urban green space (woodlands and grasslands) tends to be 5.4 °C and 2.6 °C lower than that of built-up areas. Our research results can contribute to the urban planning and urban greening of Wuhan and promote the healthy and sustainable development of the city.
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Chen, Xin, Xinyi He, and Siyuan Wang. "Simulated Validation and Prediction of Land Use under Multiple Scenarios in Daxing District, Beijing, China, Based on GeoSOS-FLUS Model." Sustainability 14, no. 18 (September 12, 2022): 11428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811428.
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Land-use changes in urban fringe areas are dramatic, and modelling and predicting land-use changes under different scenarios can provide a basis for urban development regulation and control. As an important part of Beijing’s urban fringe, Daxing District is representative of its land-use changes. Taking the Daxing District of Beijing as an example, this study selected two periods of land-use data in 2008 and 2018 and predicted land-use changes in 2028 and 2038 using the GeoSOS-FLUS model (geographical simulation and optimisation system–future land-use simulation) and Markov chain model, based on the simulation and validation of land use in Daxing District from 2008 to 2018. Meanwhile, three types of scenario simulations were carried out. The results in the future predictions show that: (1) under the natural development scenario, the area of construction land and grassland gradually increased, and the area of cultivated land, woodland and water bodies gradually decreased; (2) under the cultivated land protection scenario, the area of cultivated land remained largely unchanged, the area of grassland decreased before increasing, the expansion of construction land was curbed, and the area of woodland and water bodies increased slowly; and (3) under the ecological control scenario, the area of cultivated land, grassland, woodland and water bodies showed slowly increasing trends, with a small amount of cultivated land being converted to construction land. These results indicate that the setting of cultivated land protection and ecological control can limit the expansion of construction land to a certain extent. This study can provide a basis for the regulation of urban development in the Daxing District in the future.
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Chen, Xinyi, Yuyang Wang, Tao Huang, and Zhengsong Lin. "Research on Digital Experience and Satisfaction Preference of Plant Community Design in Urban Green Space." Land 11, no. 9 (August 27, 2022): 1411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11091411.
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In the context of carbon neutrality, it is increasingly important to reduce carbon and increase sinks, and urban green spaces play an important role in carbon sinks. In this paper, we used virtual reality (VR) and photoplethysmographic (PPG) technology to evaluate subject satisfaction regarding urban green space plant community landscape scenes using physiological eye movement and heart rate variability (HRV) data and psychological data obtained according to positive and negative emotional adjectives (PANA). The results of the study showed the following. (1) The physiological data showed the highest visual interest in single-layer grassland. The compound layer of tree-shrub-grass composite woodland communities resulted in the strongest comfort level. (2) The psychological subjective satisfaction evaluation scores were, in descending order: tree-shrub-grass composite woodland (T-S-G) > single-layer grassland (G) > tree-grass composite woodland (T-G) > single-layer woodland (T). (3) The correlation between interest, comfort, and subjective satisfaction was significant, which verified the feasibility of the model of “interest + comfort + subjective evaluation = comprehensive satisfaction”. The results of the study provide theoretical guidance for landscape design based on human perception preferences in the context of carbon neutrality as well as for the implementation of sustainable landscapes to achieve a win–win situation in which carbon sequestration and oxygen release benefits and aesthetics can coexist. The combined physiological and psychological evaluation model can also be applied to other landscapes.
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Kim, Keun-Ho. "Characteristics of woodland changes in an urban fringe in Gwangju city." CNU Journal of Agricultural Science 39, no. 2 (June 30, 2012): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7744/cnujas.2012.39.2.177.
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