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1
Azman, Mohamed Nor Azhari, Mohd Sanusi S. Ahamad, Taksiah A. Majid, Ahmad Shukri Yahaya, and Mohd Hanizun Hanafi. "STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF PRE-SELECTION CRITERIA FOR INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDING SYSTEM (IBS)." Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 19, Supplement_1 (January 9, 2014): S131—S140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2013.801921.
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The Malaysian government has endorsed the use of an industrialized building system (IBS) in domestic projects. These have shifted the focus of the nation's construction industry towards mass production and modular products. A proper study on site selection criteria for new IBS precast manufacturing sites has now become essential. The preliminary study in this research determines the IBS precast manufacturing site selection criteria from literature reviews. Questionnaires pertaining to IBS acceptance and preference criteria were send to manufacturers, policymakers, academicians and contractors. The outcome analyses the respondents’ view towards 15 site selection criteria. The result from the ANOVA statistical test indicates that most respondents agreed with the selected criteria except political and regulation criteria, urban requirement criteria, and personal criteria. However, there is a significant difference within the opinions of the contractors and manufacturers sector. Likewise, the mean ranking analysis of criteria shows significant difference in their preferences. The ideal rank of criteria preferred by the correspondents are costs, transportation and optimum distance, land sites, resources and utilization, infrastructures, economy markets, labour, inter-industry linkage, environmental risk, competition, personal, population, capacity, political and regulatory, and urban criteria.
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Webb, Wilse B. "Sleep in Industrialized Settings in the Northern Hemisphere." Psychological Reports 57, no. 2 (October 1985): 591–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1985.57.2.591.
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Daily time-budget activity reports on more than 30,000 individuals in urban-industrial sites in 11 countries have been published. This is an analysis of the data on sleep patterns. The amount of sleep on weekdays by men and women did not differ. On days off the amount of sleep increased by about 90 minutes with the females obtaining significantly less sleep. About 2% of the employed men and women slept less than 5 hours and about 5% slept more than 10 hours on week days. There were significant country and site effects. These data indicate a common sleep demand averaging about 8 hours. This demand, however, shows wide individual differences and is responsive to site and employment conditions.
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Obadia, Lionel. "Urban Pareidolia." Bulletin for the Study of Religion 47, no. 1 (April 18, 2018): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/bsor.33670.
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Urban settings have long been considered by scholars in religion as one of the main sites of the weakening of religion in the past decades, if not the main one. Indeed, according to the master narrative of modernity, urban life and the social and cultural mixing it implies, the quick transformations of traditional institutions that used to rule entire societies, changes in the frames and in the forms of social relationships, cultural intermingling and métissages, the diffusion of lay and rationalistic ideals in the urban populations, among many other factors, are supposed to have played a crucial role in what was labelled the “fading away” of ancient religious traditions, or at least, in the “withdrawal” of religion from the so-called “public sphere” and its relocation in a “private sphere” where it is now subject to individualization processes . But the context has dramatically changed in the recent years. Almost unexpectedly, urban settings have become the main site for the return of religion, and have revealed the other side of modernity: the revival of religious beliefs and practices that modern and industrialized societies, from North to South, from the West to the East, have witnessed, has mainly taken place in urban settings – although rural areas, for different reasons, have also been concerned by the “return of the sacred” (the reinvention of rural and remote “sacred sites”, the installation of many new religious movements in the countryside, in a dual location, half urban – half rural).
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Marian-Potra, Alexandra-Camelia, Ramona Ișfănescu-Ivan, Sorin Pavel, and Cătălina Ancuța. "Temporary Uses of Urban Brownfields for Creative Activities in a Post-Socialist City. Case Study: Timișoara (Romania)." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (October 1, 2020): 8095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198095.
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The linking (in terms of functional use) of brownfield sites with creative spaces is a frequently encountered phenomenon in western European, post-communist, and industrialized countries in general and is viewed as a way of revitalizing, repurposing, or simply making temporary use of them. It may also be seen in the municipality of Timișoara in Romania, where 12 creative spaces, each involving one or more kinds of functionalities (coworking space, maker space, community space, event space, incubator), are operating on such sites. A content analysis of interviews with those in charge of these 12 creative spaces brought to light, on the one hand, the opportunities represented by the existence of derelict industrial spaces, as represented by their large size, low rents, and innate flexibility, but on the other the reality of a number of long-term constraints on the use of these spaces, given the financial instability of cultural operators, the limited numbers of the public who are interested in creative activities of this kind, and, most seriously, the development pressure exerted by some real-estate developers on derelict industrial spaces.
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Turko, Maxime, Marielle Gosset, Christophe Bouvier, Nanee Chahinian, Matias Alcoba, Modeste Kacou, and Apoline Yappi. "Rainfall measurement from mobile telecommunication network and potential benefit for urban hydrology in Africa: a simulation framework for uncertainty propagation analysis." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 383 (September 16, 2020): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-383-237-2020.
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Abstract. Urban floods due to intense precipitation is a major problem in many developing countries, especially in Africa. There are few available solutions for effective and yet affordable flood early warning systems for these regions. Weather radar is common in industrialized countries but too costly for most tropical cities. Satellite provides interesting information in real time but not yet quantitative enough at the space and time scales needed for urban flood monitoring. Rainfall measurement using commercial microwave links (CML) from cellular communication networks is a cost effective alternative to conventional methods. The method is based on measuring rain induced fluctuations between telecommunication antennas; if the operator provides this information rain maps can be produced and used for hydrological prediction. Many CML studies have been carried out in Europe and Israel. Recently IRD implemented pilot sites in Africa in order to test this rainfall estimation technique and quantify the uncertainties. After reviewing the method principles and providing an overview of the current research on CML, we present a simulation framework to analyse the propagation of CML rainfall uncertainties in an urban hydrological model.
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Andrade, Brunelle Ramos, Andreia Santos do Nascimento, Emanuella Lopes Franco, Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos, Rogério Marcos De Oliveira Alves, Maria Angélica Pereira de Carvalho Costa, and Carlos Alfredo Lopes de Carvalho. "Pollen Spectrum and Trophic Niche Width of Melipona scutellaris Latreille, 1811 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Highly Urbanized and Industrialized Sites." Sociobiology 66, no. 2 (August 20, 2019): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v66i2.3427.
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The floristic composition of an environment is important to ensure the trophic niche of bee species. Melipona scutellaris Latreille, is a typical stingless bee of Atlantic rainforest sites in northeastern Brazil, a region widely established in meliponaries for honey and pollen production. M. scutellaris is reared (meliponiculture) in rural and urban areas, where the species depends on the availability of different plants for nectar and pollen collection. In this study, we estimated food niche width, equitativity, and similarity between different colonies of M. scutellaris in highly urbanized and industrialized sites of the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil. We analyzed pollen spectrum of 58 honey samples from six meliponaries, during 12 months. We identified 111 pollen types distributed in 28 plant families. The Fabaceae family showed the highest diversity in pollen types (33.33% of the total) and Mimosa caesalpiniifolia was the most frequent pollen type, found in 100% of the samples. M. scutellaris concentrated its foraging activity on a few trophic resources (H’ = 2.69 and J’ = 0.01) indicating a few melittophilous plant species belonging to the genera Eucalyptus, Mimosa, Protium, Serjania and Tapirira, should be managed on a regional scale to favor meliponiculture with this native bee species.
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Palmisani, Jolanda, Alessia Di Gilio, Silvana Angela Franchini, Pietro Cotugno, Daniela Valeria Miniero, Paolo D’Ambruoso, and Gianluigi de Gennaro. "Particle-Bound PAHs and Elements in a Highly Industrialized City in Southern Italy: PM2.5 Chemical Characterization and Source Apportionment after the Implementation of Governmental Measures for Air Pollution Mitigation and Control." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 13 (July 5, 2020): 4843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134843.
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The present study was aimed at determining airborne concentrations of PAHs, Nitro-/Oxy-PAHs and elements in industrial and urban areas of Taranto, a site of environmental risk in Southern Italy, after the issue of strategic measures for air pollution mitigation and control by the Italian Environment Ministry in 2012. A PM2.5 sampling campaign was carried out from 9 to 28 December 2014 at eight receptor sites, two placed in the urban settlement and five included in the high spatial resolution fence monitoring network of the biggest European steel plant. The integration of collected data with meteorological parameters and source apportionment analysis by Positive Matrix Factorization and bivariate polar plots allowed to discriminate among emission sources and estimate their contributions. Evidence on the effect of distinct processes (homogenization, sintering) occurring inside the steel plant on airborne concentrations of PAHs and selected elements was provided. The impact of emissions from the steel plant “core” on the surrounding area was observed at receptor sites downwind to it. Moreover, the extent of the effectiveness of mitigation measures, partially applied at the moment of study’s beginning, was demonstrated by mean and peak pollutant concentrations at all receptor sites up to one order of magnitude lower than those documented prior to 2012.
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McCulligh and Fregoso. "Defiance from Down River: Deflection and Dispute in the Urban-Industrial Metabolism of Pollution in Guadalajara." Sustainability 11, no. 22 (November 8, 2019): 6294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226294.
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Research in urban political ecology has been important in recent decades in understanding the complex socionatural processes entailed in urbanization, exploring the local and global linkages of the production and consumption processes of urban metabolism. While these studies have explored diverse networks and artefacts in this metabolism, little attention has been paid to the flows of the pollution of water and air, particularly of the industrial emissions that are also key to the socionatures of urbanization in industrialized regions of the Global South. In this paper, we explore two interconnected nodes in the metabolism of the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area in Western Mexico. These are key sites for the flows of resources and emissions, with different levels of social discontent and conflict related particularly to the health impacts of water pollution. Here, government authorities tend to deflect attention from industrial- and city-level sources of pollution, focusing instead on proximate sources and household emissions. Organized social resistance, on the other hand, calls attention to powerful industrial actors and speculative urban development while taking action to imagine new socio-ecological configurations in the region. We focus on the role of the state in maintaining socio-ecological inequities, and the lessons that can be learned about urban metabolism by expanding the frame to include industrial processes in the shaping of urban socionatures.
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Vega, E., G. Sanchez, and L. Molina. "Non-methane hydrocarbons source apportionment at different sites in Mexico City during 2002–2003." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, no. 5 (September 17, 2007): 13561–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-13561-2007.
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Abstract. The atmospheric concentrations of a variety of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) collected at different sites, representing urban and rural environments within Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) during 1997, 2002 and 2003 field campaigns, were compared and used as an input for the Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) receptor model to determine the source contribution of NMHC to the atmosphere. A common feature at all the locations was the dominance of alkenes (59%), aromatics (16%) and olefins (9%) in the average NMHC burden. At the urban sites the interquartile range of NMHC concentrations showed stabilization over this period with a slight increase in the concentrations of propane and butanes in the southwest site of the MCMA in 2003 due to the increased use of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The receptor model CMB version 8.0 was used to apportion the NMHC sources at six locations within the MCMA, representing the heavily industrialized, commercial, residential and rural areas. For the 2003 field campaign, the contribution of vehicular emissions dominated the NMHC concentrations (19.7%±7.1% for gasoline vehicles and 35.4%±17.5% for diesel vehicles) followed by the emissions of marketing and handling of LPG (29.9%±8.0%). The NMHC concentrations showed a weekly cycle with the highest levels towards the end of the week and lowest at weekend and beginning of the week, suggesting that both emissions and accumulations process play a key role in building up NMHC levels. The toluene to benzene ratio was used to determine photochemical ageing of the air samples during the 2003 field campaign. The database was divided into periods with similar wind circulation pattern; the results suggest that ageing process within the MCMA is generally suppressed by the amount of fresh emissions.
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Monosson, Emily, and John J. Stegeman. "Induced Cytochrome P4501A in Winter Flounder, Pleuronectes americanus, from Offshore and Coastal Sites." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 933–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f94-092.
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Cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A), Aroclor 1254 (A1254), and 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) were measured in liver of winter flounder, Pleuronectes americanus, from Boston Harbor, Mass., Hempsted Harbor, N.Y., Niantic, Conn., and an offshore site, Georges Bank. We also measured CYP1A content and activity in flounder from Passamaquoddy Bay, N.B. Concentrations of A1254 and TCB were the least in fish from Georges Bank (0.46 and 0.002 μg∙g dry weight−1, respectively); concentrations in fish from Boston, Niantic, and Hempsted ranged from 7.6 to 11.3 μg∙g−1 and from 0.013 to 0.024 μg∙g−1. Immunodetected microsomal CYP1A contents (expressed as scup P450E equivalents) were 0.17 and 0.19 nmol∙mg−1 in fish from Georges Bank and Passamaquoddy and 0.25–0.41 nmol∙mg−1 in fish from Boston, Niantic, and Hempsted. Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase specific activities likewise were greater in fish from Boston, Niantic, and Hempsted (1.7–2.4 nmol∙min−1∙mg−1) than in fish from Georges Bank or Passamaquoddy (0.83 and 0.61 nmol∙min−1∙mg−1). CYP1A content and activity were correlated with hepatic concentrations of A1254 and TCB. These data, together with data reported in previous studies, indicate that strong induction of CYP1A protein occurs in winter flounder populations along most of the industrialized east coast and that induction of CYP1A is common, but less strong, at sites distant from the urban centers of the Northeast.
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Díaz-de-Alba, M., M. D. Granado-Castro, M. D. Galindo-Riaño, and M. J. Casanueva-Marenco. "Comprehensive Assessment and Potential Ecological Risk of Trace Element Pollution (As, Ni, Co and Cr) in Aquatic Environmental Samples from an Industrialized Area." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14 (July 9, 2021): 7348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147348.
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A global assessment of arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co) and chromium (Cr) was performed in environmental samples from an important industrial bay. Different fractions of water, sediments and tissues from four species of fish were analysed. Samples were collected from selected sampling sites during four consecutive samplings in spring and autumn seasons, in order to evaluate concentrations and their possible correlations among the aquatic compartments. While a higher availability of Cr and Ni was found in water, Co and As were the most available elements in sediments. In fish, the liver was the tissue with the highest proportion of As and Co, and gills showed the highest concentrations of Ni and Cr. Significance differences were observed among sites showing the pollution sources. In sediments, high correlations were found between total Co content and the most available fractions. Total Ni content highly correlated with the oxidisable fraction, while Cr total content tightly correlated with the least available fractions. Quality guideline values for sediments were frequently exceeded. In sediments and biota, concentrations were slightly higher than in other ecosystems, indicating that maritime, industrial and urban activities are affecting this type of ecosystem with great anthropogenic influence.
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Pawlikowska-Piechotka, Anna. "Child-Friendly Urban Environment and Playgrounds in Warsaw." Open House International 36, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 98–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-04-2011-b0009.
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In recent years worldwide interest has arisen in developing “child-friendly cities”, but research into this issue has so far not being carried out in Poland. Over the past decades one can observe a visible change which has taken place in the relationship between children and their living environment. In the many Polish cities (like in all industrialized countries) increased road traffic, pollution and crime, fragmentation of urban fabric, reduction of green public areas – resulted in rather ‘non child friendly’ environment. Although a child can play anywhere, carefully planned playgrounds are widely considered as an essential part of children's leisure and education. Today in Warsaw playgrounds could be found in a variety of settings as housing estates, recreation public areas, urban parks, schools, churches, community centres and commercial establishments as restaurants and hotels. But one can notice that demand for outdoor recreation shows signs of stopping, despite the efforts to supply much more sophisticated equipment. The aim of our research was to seek an answer for question how could we create an environment that meets a child's needs? Which factors determine child-friendly environment? In the course of our research project selected children's playgrounds in Warsaw were surveyed, undertaken on specific themes, such as: facilities, safety, pressures for change, popularity of sites, proposed strategy of renewal (with playground users interviewed). We were interested both in the children and their caregivers diversifying preferences, their expectations of outdoor recreation infrastructure and management improvements. As at present in Warsaw live as much as 5 528 disabled children therefore emphasis has been also placed on disabled children, their everyday access possibilities to public play space.
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Arola, A., G. Schuster, G. Myhre, S. Kazadzis, S. Dey, and S. N. Tripathi. "Inferring absorbing organic carbon content from AERONET data." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 8 (August 2, 2010): 18365–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-18365-2010.
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Abstract. Black carbon, light-absorbing organic carbon (often called "brown carbon") and mineral dust are the major light-absorbing aerosols. Currently the sources and formation of brown carbon aerosol in particular are not well understood. In this study we estimated globally the amount of light-absorbing organic carbon and black carbon from AERONET measurements. We find that the columnar absorbing organic carbon (brown carbon) levels in biomass burning regions of South-America and Africa are relatively high (about 15–20 mg/m2 during biomass burning season), while the concentrations are significantly lower in urban areas in US and Europe. However, we estimated significant absorbing organic carbon amounts from the data of megacities of newly industrialized countries, particularly in India and China, showing also clear seasonality with peak values up to 30–35 mg/m2 during the coldest season, likely caused by the coal and biofuel burning used for heating. We also compared our retrievals with the modeled organic carbon by global Oslo CTM for several sites. Model values are higher in biomass burning regions than AERONET-based retrievals, while opposite is true in urban areas in India and China.
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Arola, A., G. Schuster, G. Myhre, S. Kazadzis, S. Dey, and S. N. Tripathi. "Inferring absorbing organic carbon content from AERONET data." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 1 (January 11, 2011): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-215-2011.
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Abstract. Black carbon, light-absorbing organic carbon (often called "brown carbon") and mineral dust are the major light-absorbing aerosols. Currently the sources and formation of brown carbon aerosol in particular are not well understood. In this study we estimated the amount of light–absorbing organic carbon and black carbon from AERONET measurements. We find that the columnar absorbing organic carbon (brown carbon) levels in biomass burning regions of South America and Africa are relatively high (about 15–20 mg m−2 during biomass burning season), while the concentrations are significantly lower in urban areas in US and Europe. However, we estimated significant absorbing organic carbon amounts from the data of megacities of newly industrialized countries, particularly in India and China, showing also clear seasonality with peak values up to 30–35 mg m−2 during the coldest season, likely caused by the coal and biofuel burning used for heating. We also compared our retrievals with the modeled organic carbon by the global Oslo CTM for several sites. Model values are higher in biomass burning regions than AERONET-based retrievals, while the opposite is true in urban areas in India and China.
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Sene, Matar, Maurice Ndeye, and Abdou Diouf. "ESTIMATION OF THE FOSSIL FUEL FRACTION COMPONENTS DUE TO THE SUESS EFFECT IN URBAN AREA." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 01 (January 31, 2022): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/14005.
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Long used in the domain of archaeology, the C14 isotope has become an essential tracer in the evaluation of environmental fossil pollution. Since modern times, the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, natural gas, etc. in urban and/or industrialized areas releases a significant amount of fossil CO2 into the environment. Thisincrease the concentration of CO2, but also causes changes in the isotopic composition of carbon resulting in a deceased of the C14 concentration in the atmosphere and in other carbon reservoirs (terrestrial and marine biosphere).This phenomenon is the SUESS effect. The most favorable types of samples for such a study are leaves of trees or cernes. These reflect better the changes of the radiocarbon concentration in the atmosphere due to the biological assimilation of carbon from the air through photosynthesis. The evaluation of the Suess effect in polluted areas (Dakar region:UCAD Botanic Garden, Mbao Forest, SAR Factory, Beach)can be done using mass balance equations. From this model, we determined the fraction of fossil fuels .The values we found vary between 0.25% in UCAD Botanic Garden and 4.19% in Mbao Forest, and they are all positive, which effectively proves the existence of the Suess effect in our sites.
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Fan, Zhi Ping, Qiong Wang, Fa Yun Li, and Xue Kai Sun. "Absorption Ability of Different Tree Species to S, Cl and Heavy Metals in Urban Forest Ecosystem." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.48.
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Heavy metals and atmosphere pollutants that caused the soil pollution and low air quality are main environmental problems in cities which located in the industrialized regions. Different tree species in urban forest ecosystem have absorption ability to heavy metals in the soil and atmosphere pollutant and ameliorate environmental pollution. However, the influence of different tree species on the absorption ability of different pollutant is not yet clear, and this held up selection suitable tree species in urban forest plantations to improve urban environment. In the study we compered pollution absorption ability of 13 tree species in Shenyang, Northeast China. The results showed that, the adsorption capacity of different tree species on pollutants are different. The highest value of Cu was 9.32 mg kg-1 found in Berberisthumbergii cv. Atropurpurea, Zn was 51.461 mg kg-1 in Pinus bungeana, Pb was 7.459 mg kg-1 in Malus pumila Mill, Cr was 9.841 mg kg-1 in Buxus microphylla, S was 8916.07 mg kg-1 in Salix babylonica, Zn was 4678.388 mg kg-1 in Buxus microphylla. Pollutant concentrations in the same plant species are different in 3 different sample sites. This indicate the contaminated degree of 3 sample sites were different. In our study, Huigong square pollution degree is serious than the Beiling Park and Huishan ecological park. Significant correlation was found between Cu and Cr, Cu and Cl, S and Zn, Cr and Cl (P<0.01) and that between Cu and Zn, Cu and Pb at 0.05 level. The relationship between heavy metals and atmosphere pollutant (S and Cl) indicated that traffic activities could be one of the dominant roles of heavy metal and atmosphere pollution in Shenyang City.
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Yang, Wenwen, Shaodong Xie, Ziquan Zhang, Jian Hu, Lingyun Zhang, Xiong Lei, Lijian Zhong, Yufang Hao, and Fangtian Shi. "Characteristics and sources of carbonaceous aerosol across urban and rural sites in a rapidly urbanized but low-level industrialized city in the Sichuan Basin, China." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26, no. 26 (July 10, 2019): 26646–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05242-7.
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Wieczorek, Kinga, Anna Turek, Małgorzata Szczesio, and Wojciech M. Wolf. "Comprehensive Evaluation of Metal Pollution in Urban Soils of a Post-Industrial City—A Case of Łódź, Poland." Molecules 25, no. 18 (September 22, 2020): 4350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184350.
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The pollution of urban soils by metals is a global problem. Prolonged exposure of habitants who are in contact with metals retained in soil poses a health risk. This particularly applies to industrialized cities with developed transport networks. The aim of the study was to determine the content and spatial distribution of mobile metal fractions in soils of the city of Łódź and to identify their load and sources. Multivariate statistical analysis (principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis (CA)), combined with GIS, were used to make a comprehensive evaluation of the soil contamination. Hot-spots and differences between urban and suburban areas were also investigated. Metals were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) after soil extraction with 1 mol L−1 HCl. In most sites, the metal content changes in the following order: Zn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cd. About one-third of the samples are considerably (or very highly) contaminated, (contamination factor, CF > 3) with Cu, Pb, or Zn. In almost 40% of the samples, contaminated soils were found (pollution load index, PLI > 1). All metals have a strong influence on the first principal component (PC1), whereas second principal component (PC2) is related to pH. Polluted soils are located in the downtown, in the south and east part of the city. The distribution of contamination coincides with the urban layout, low emission sources and former industrial areas of Łódź.
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Lin, Kuan-Nan, Yee-Cheng Lim, Chiu-Wen Chen, Chih-Feng Chen, Chih-Ming Kao, and Cheng-Di Dong. "Spatiotemporal Variation and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Industrialized Urban River Sediments: Fengshan River in Southern Taiwan as a Case Study." Applied Sciences 12, no. 3 (January 19, 2022): 1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12031013.
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The sediment pollution index acts as a useful indicator for assessing anthropogenic pollution within river drainage basins. An industrialized urban river, Fengshan River in Kaohsiung City, southern Taiwan has been suffering heavy metal pollution from surrounding factories. In this study, spatial and seasonal variations in heavy metals in sediments from seven sampling sites of Fengshan River were determined to assess sediment pollution status and potential ecological risk using multiple sediment pollution indices. Results showed that the heavy metal concentrations displayed large spatial variations. Severe contamination of heavy metals, especially for Cr, Hg, and Zn in the lower reaches of Fengshan River, may attribute to wastewater discharges from leather processing and metal finishing factories along the river drainage basin. An increase in metal concentrations from upstream to downstream indicated that heavy metals tend to accumulate in tidal reaches, probably as a result of the flocculation effect. Frequent heavy rainfall in the wet season can enhance surface runoff to discharge metal pollutants from non-point sources (scattered factories) into the river. Assessment of multiple pollution indices showed moderately polluted (mCd = 3.9, PLI = 2.6) and considerable ecological risk (RI = 540, mERMQ = 0.55), indicating Fengshan River sediments, particularly in the lower reaches, are considered toxic and can cause adverse effects to benthic organisms. Organic matters showed a good correlation with heavy metals, which play an important role in the spatiotemporal variations in heavy metal pollutants in the Fengshan River sediments. This study can provide valuable information for river pollution remediation, and urban planning and management.
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Xueref-Remy, Irène, Elsa Dieudonné, Cyrille Vuillemin, Morgan Lopez, Christine Lac, Martina Schmidt, Marc Delmotte, et al. "Diurnal, synoptic and seasonal variability of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> in the Paris megacity area." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 5 (March 7, 2018): 3335–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3335-2018.
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Abstract. Most of the global fossil fuel CO2 emissions arise from urbanized and industrialized areas. Bottom-up inventories quantify them but with large uncertainties. In 2010–2011, the first atmospheric in situ CO2 measurement network for Paris, the capital of France, began operating with the aim of monitoring the regional atmospheric impact of the emissions coming from this megacity. Five stations sampled air along a northeast–southwest axis that corresponds to the direction of the dominant winds. Two stations are classified as rural (Traînou – TRN; Montgé-en-Goële – MON), two are peri-urban (Gonesse – GON; Gif-sur-Yvette – GIF) and one is urban (EIF, located on top of the Eiffel Tower). In this study, we analyze the diurnal, synoptic and seasonal variability of the in situ CO2 measurements over nearly 1 year (8 August 2010–13 July 2011). We compare these datasets with remote CO2 measurements made at Mace Head (MHD) on the Atlantic coast of Ireland and support our analysis with atmospheric boundary layer height (ABLH) observations made in the center of Paris and with both modeled and observed meteorological fields. The average hourly CO2 diurnal cycles observed at the regional stations are mostly driven by the CO2 biospheric cycle, the ABLH cycle and the proximity to urban CO2 emissions. Differences of several µmol mol−1 (ppm) can be observed from one regional site to the other. The more the site is surrounded by urban sources (mostly residential and commercial heating, and traffic), the more the CO2 concentration is elevated, as is the associated variability which reflects the variability of the urban sources. Furthermore, two sites with inlets high above ground level (EIF and TRN) show a phase shift of the CO2 diurnal cycle of a few hours compared to lower sites due to a strong coupling with the boundary layer diurnal cycle. As a consequence, the existence of a CO2 vertical gradient above Paris can be inferred, whose amplitude depends on the time of the day and on the season, ranging from a few tenths of ppm during daytime to several ppm during nighttime. The CO2 seasonal cycle inferred from monthly means at our regional sites is driven by the biospheric and anthropogenic CO2 flux seasonal cycles, the ABLH seasonal cycle and also synoptic variations. Enhancements of several ppm are observed at peri-urban stations compared to rural ones, mostly from the influence of urban emissions that are in the footprint of the peri-urban station. The seasonal cycle observed at the urban station (EIF) is specific and very sensitive to the ABLH cycle. At both the diurnal and the seasonal scales, noticeable differences of several ppm are observed between the measurements made at regional rural stations and the remote measurements made at MHD, that are shown not to define background concentrations appropriately for quantifying the regional (∼ 100 km) atmospheric impact of urban CO2 emissions. For wind speeds less than 3 m s−1, the accumulation of local CO2 emissions in the urban atmosphere forms a dome of several tens of ppm at the peri-urban stations, mostly under the influence of relatively local emissions including those from the Charles de Gaulle (CDG) Airport facility and from aircraft in flight. When wind speed increases, ventilation transforms the CO2 dome into a plume. Higher CO2 background concentrations of several ppm are advected from the remote Benelux–Ruhr and London regions, impacting concentrations at the five stations of the network even at wind speeds higher than 9 m s−1. For wind speeds ranging between 3 and 8 m s−1, the impact of Paris emissions can be detected in the peri-urban stations when they are downwind of the city, while the rural stations often seem disconnected from the city emission plume. As a conclusion, our study highlights a high sensitivity of the stations to wind speed and direction, to their distance from the city, but also to the ABLH cycle depending on their elevation. We learn some lessons regarding the design of an urban CO2 network: (1) careful attention should be paid to properly setting regional (∼ 100 km) background sites that will be representative of the different wind sectors; (2) the downwind stations should be positioned as symmetrically as possible in relation to the city center, at the peri-urban/rural border; (3) the stations should be installed at ventilated sites (away from strong local sources) and the air inlet set up above the building or biospheric canopy layer, whichever is the highest; and (4) high-resolution wind information should be available with the CO2 measurements.
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Borgulat, Jacek, Tomasz Staszewski, and Włodzimierz Łukasik. "Monitoring of PAHs in the natural protected areas in non-heating season using Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) needles." E3S Web of Conferences 28 (2018): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20182801004.
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This paper presents the results of the screening investigation of the environmental burden of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the natural protected areas in non-heating season. Current year spruce needles were used as a bioacummulative indicator. The total exposure at 15 PAHs (2-6 rings) and carcinogenic potential of these compounds were taken as parameters describing the hazard level. Sampling, in a uniform way, was made in the Silesian Voivodeship landscape parks and the selected Polish national parks as well as in the reference sites with characteristic pattern of PAHs emission, namely in industrialized urban areas and near the expressway. The presence of PAHs, including carcinogenic ones, was shown in all the localities; their content in needles sampled in the natural protective areas was slightly diversified and ranged from 145 to 339 ng/g- (d. w.). Higher differences were observed for carcinogenic potential index (CP) which varied from 2.2 to 18.2. The analysis of PAHs profiles has shown that despite the seasonal lack of intensive emissions from domestic heating, in the majority of natural protective areas pyrogenic sources have also been identified. Profiles of PAHs found in Karkonoski and Ojcowski NPs suggest their petrogenic origin probably due to the intensive tourism (emissions from car engines) in those areas.
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Zhang, Yuchao, Steven Loiselle, Yimo Zhang, Qian Wang, Xia Sun, Minqi Hu, Qiao Chu, and Yuanyuan Jing. "Comparing Wetland Ecosystems Service Provision under Different Management Approaches: Two Cases Study of Tianfu Wetland and Nansha Wetland in China." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 4, 2021): 8710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168710.
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The largest blue-green infrastructures in industrialized, urbanized and developed regions in China are often multiuse wetlands, located just outside growing urban centers. These areas have multiple development pressures while providing environmental, economic, and social benefits to the local and regional populations. Given the limited information available about the tradeoffs in ecosystem services with respect to competing wetland uses, wetland managers and provincial decision makers face challenges in regulating the use of these important landscapes. In the present study, measurements made by citizen scientists were used to support a comparative study of water quality and wetland functions in two large multiuse wetlands, comparing areas of natural wetland vegetation, tourism-based wetland management and wetland agriculture. The study sites, the Nansha and Tianfu wetlands, are located in two of the most urbanized areas of China: the lower Yangtze River and Pearl River catchments, respectively. Our results indicated that the capacity of wetlands to mitigate water quality is closely related to the quality of the surrounding waters and hydrological conditions. Agricultural areas in both wetlands provided the lowest sediment and nutrient retention. The results show that the delivery of supporting ecosystem services is strongly influenced by the location and use of the wetland. Furthermore, we show that citizen scientist-acquired data can provide fundamental information on quantifying these ecosystem services, providing needed information to wetland park managers and provincial wetland administrators.
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Centis, Ludovico, and Ezio Micelli. "Regenerating Places outside the Metropolis. A Reading of Three Global Art-Related Processes and Development Trajectories." Sustainability 13, no. 22 (November 9, 2021): 12359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212359.
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The aim of the paper is to reflect on the intersection of two relevant phenomena that unfolded in recent decades in all the most industrialized countries and economies—from the United States to Europe and Japan—as the shrinkage of vast urban and rural areas and the increasing role of culture as a driver for economic growth and social development. The attention is focused on the role of art as one of the main engines of territorial regeneration. Three case studies—Verzegnis in Italy, the Seto Islands in Japan, Marfa in the United States—have been selected to open a reflection on the relation between culture, art and regeneration on a global scale. To measure these effects, the research intertwined field explorations, access to primary and secondary texts, an original mapping of the sites and a series of targeted interviews through an extensive questionnaire. The research addresses the role played by art and culture both in the reuse of abandoned buildings and spaces and in the activation, involvement and self-empowerment of the inhabitants. The aim is not the definition of an immediately generalizable model but to reach the first synthesis, identifying general characters and opening future research paths that engage with the theoretical and practical implementation of politics related to heritage, culture and innovative regeneration processes.
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Wen, Liang, Likun Xue, Xinfeng Wang, Caihong Xu, Tianshu Chen, Lingxiao Yang, Tao Wang, Qingzhu Zhang, and Wenxing Wang. "Summertime fine particulate nitrate pollution in the North China Plain: increasing trends, formation mechanisms and implications for control policy." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 15 (August 13, 2018): 11261–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11261-2018.
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Abstract. Nitrate aerosol makes up a significant fraction of fine particles and plays a key role in regional air quality and climate. The North China Plain (NCP) is one of the most industrialized and polluted regions in China. To obtain a holistic understanding of the nitrate pollution and its formation mechanisms over the NCP region, intensive field observations were conducted at three sites during summertime in 2014–2015. The measurement sites include an urban site in downtown Jinan – the capital city of Shandong Province –, a rural site downwind of Jinan city, and a remote mountain site at Mt. Tai (1534 m a.s.l.). Elevated nitrate concentrations were observed at all three sites despite distinct temporal and spatial variations. Using historical observations, the nitrate ∕ PM2.5 and nitrate ∕ sulfate ratios have statistically significantly increased in Jinan (2005–2015) and at Mt. Tai (from 2007 to 2014), indicating the worsening situation of regional nitrate pollution. A multiphase chemical box model (RACM–CAPRAM) was deployed and constrained by observations to elucidate the nitrate formation mechanisms. The principal formation route is the partitioning of gaseous HNO3 to the aerosol phase during the day, whilst the nocturnal nitrate formation is dominated by the heterogeneous hydrolysis of N2O5. The daytime nitrate production in the NCP region is mainly limited by the availability of NO2 and to a lesser extent by O3 and NH3. In comparison, the nighttime formation is controlled by both NO2 and O3. The presence of NH3 contributes to the formation of nitrate aerosol during the day, while there is slightly decreasing nitrate formation at night. Our analyses suggest that controlling NOx and O3 is an efficient way, at the moment, to mitigate nitrate pollution in the NCP region, where NH3 is usually in excess in summer. This study provides observational evidence of a rising trend of nitrate aerosol as well as scientific support for formulating effective control strategies for regional haze in China.
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Yogui, Gilvan Takeshi, Satie Taniguchi, Josilene da Silva, Daniele de Almeida Miranda, and Rosalinda Carmela Montone. "The legacy of man-made organic compounds in surface sediments of Pina Sound and Suape Estuary, northeastern Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 66, no. 1 (March 2018): 58–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592018148206601.
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Abstract Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are man-made organic chemicals that have adverse effects on aquatic organisms, sometimes altering ecosystem functioning with potential consequences for the coastal carbon cycle. This study assessed PCBs and OCPs in surface sediments of two estuaries with distinct historical land use on the coast of Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil. OCPs such as HCB, aldrin, dieldrin, isodrin, mirex, methoxychlor, endosulfans (α- and β-isomers), HCHs (α-, β-, γ- and δ-isomers) and chlordane-related compounds were below their respective limits of detection in all samples. Mean levels of PCBs in Pina Sound and Suape Estuary were 4.37 and 0.94 ng g-1 dry weight (dw), respectively. Average concentrations of DDTs in those same estuaries were 5.24 and 0.42 ng g-1 dw, respectively. No significant correlations were found between mud and contaminants (either PCBs or DDTs) at Pina Sound. In contrast, PCBs were significantly associated with mud at Suape Estuary. The greater contamination found at Pina Sound is consistent with land use of the urban, densely populated city of Recife. Residues of DDTs found in sediments of both estuaries reflect past local usage. Occasional adverse biological effects may be expected due to the levels of DDTs at several sites in Pina Sound. Lower levels of chemicals such as PCBs in the newly industrialized Suape Estuary suggest that a similarly low impact of legacy pollutants may be expected for future industrial enterprises around the world.
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Dahmardeh Behrooz, Reza, Mahsa Tashakor, Reza Asvad, Abbas Esmaili-Sari, and Dimitris G. Kaskaoutis. "Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Mercury Exposure via Indoor and Outdoor Household Dust in Three Iranian Cities." Atmosphere 13, no. 4 (April 5, 2022): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13040583.
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This study aims to increase our current knowledge on the concentration of particulate-bound mercury (PBM) in urban environments of three Iranian cities, where high concentrations of dust particles can act as carriers for mercury transport and deposition. A total of 172 dust samples were collected from Ahvaz, Asaluyeh, and Zabol residential houses and in outdoor air and were analyzed for total mercury content. Ahvaz is a highly industrialized city with large metallurgical plants, refineries, and major oil-related activities, which were assumed to contribute to elevated contents of PBM in this city. Very high levels of Hg contamination in Ahvaz indoor dust samples were calculated (Contamination Factor: CF > 6). Sampling sites in Asaluyeh are influenced by Hg emissions from the South Pars Gas Field. However, the results revealed a relatively lower concentration of PBM in Asaluyeh, with a low-to-moderate level of Hg contamination. This is likely ascribed to the lower content of total mercury in hydrocarbon gases than crude oil, in addition to the absence of metal smelting plants in this city compared to Ahvaz. Zabol, as a city devoid of industrial activity, presented the lowest levels of PBM concentration and contamination. Indoor dust in Ahvaz showed considerable potential to cause a non-carcinogenic health risk for children, mainly through the inhalation of PBM, while the health risk for other cities was below safe limits. The trend of health risk was found in the order of indoor > outdoor and children > adults in all studied cities.
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Lucarelli, Franco, Giulia Calzolai, Massimo Chiari, Fabio Giardi, Caroline Czelusniak, and Silvia Nava. "Hourly Elemental Composition and Source Identification by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) of Fine and Coarse Particulate Matter in the High Polluted Industrial Area of Taranto (Italy)." Atmosphere 11, no. 4 (April 21, 2020): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11040419.
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In the framework of an extensive environmental investigation, promoted by the Italian Health Ministry, the ISPESL (Istituto Superiore per la Prevenzione e la Sicurezza del Lavoro) and the CNR (Consiglio Nazionale della Ricerca), aerosol samples were collected in Taranto (one of the most industrialized towns in southern Italy) with high time resolution and analyzed by PIXE. The samples were collected in two periods (February–March and June 2004) and in two different sites: an urban district close to the industrial area and a small town 7 km N-NW of Taranto. The use of ‘‘streaker’’ samplers (by PIXE International Corporation) allowed for the simultaneous collection of the fine (<2.5 μm) and coarse (2.5–10 μm) fractions of particulate matter. PIXE analyses were performed with a 3 MeV proton beam from the 3 MV Tandetron accelerator of the INFN-LABEC laboratory. Particulate emissions as well as their atmospheric transport and dilution processes change within a few hours, but most of the results in literature are limited to daily time resolution of the input samples that are not suitable for tracking these rapid changes. Furthermore, since source apportionment receptor models need a series of samples containing material from the same set of sources in different proportions, a higher variability between samples can be obtained by increasing the temporal resolution rather than with samples integrated over a longer time. In this study, the high time resolution of the adopted approach allowed us to follow in detail the changes in the aerosol elemental composition due to both the time evolution of the industrial emissions and the time changes in meteorological conditions, and thus, transport pathways. Moreover, the location of the sampling sites, along the prevalent wind direction and in opposite positions with respect to the industrial site, allowed us to follow the impact of the industrial plume as a function of wind direction. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis on the elemental hourly concentrations identified eight sources in the fine fraction and six sources in the coarse one.
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Nordin, Stacia Marie, and Kristof J. Nordin. "Food, the source of Nutrition." World Nutrition 8, no. 1 (August 6, 2017): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.26596/wn.20178187-94.
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Food is the source of Nutrition. When taken at face value, this wouldn’t appear to be a very controversial statement, especially when espoused within a journal dedicated to food and nutrition. However, when we take a closer look at current efforts being made in the fields of agriculture and nutrition, one often gets the impression that many food, nutrition, and agriculture experts have become convinced that food can no longer provide all of the nutrients which are essential to the optimal growth and development of the human body. Highly nutritious foods, entirely capable of fulfilling human nutritional requirements, still exist. However, due to an over-reliance on monocropped and industrialized agricultural systems, nutritional diversity is increasingly being marginalized. Instead of asking ‘What happened to our food,’ a more pertinent question would be ‘What happened to our food system’? Throughout the world, governments are now spending billions of dollars to subsidize monocropped agriculture, but as agriculture is failing nutritionally, these same governments are forced into spending billions of dollars to subsidize nutritional treatments (through fortification, supplementation, and medicinal programs). Many assessments of industrialized agriculture fail to take into consideration the negative effects on humans and the environment as a result of depleted nutrition, exposure to toxic chemicals such as pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides, the mismanagement of soil and water resources, and the depletion of biodiversity to make room for expanded monocropping. When we begin to learn how to embrace the nature-enhancing models of sustainable agriculture such as agroecology, we begin to realize that all the questions soon merge into one resounding answer: Yes, we can use every single available square inch of land and/or space to produce enough highly-nutritious food to feed the world, as well as to elevate the health, growth, and development of all people in all countries to their maximum potential. This can, should, and already is being implemented in people’s yards, gardens, farms, businesses, schools, churches, hospitals, public green spaces, urban areas, road sides, roof spaces, communities, and nations.
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Vorobjeva, Kseniya Yurjevna, and Nataliya Vladimirovna Prokhorova. "Lactose-positive intestinal protozoa in objects under construction soil cover of the Samara Region." Samara Journal of Science 6, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201762105.
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Samara Region is one of the largest industrial and agricultural centers of the Russian Federation. It is characterized by a high level of urbanization. Soil degradation, its chemical and bacteriological pollution as well as declining fertility are the result of versatile economic activity in the region. The rate and level of soil pollution are actively monitored however only very scarce data on its sanitary-epidemiological condition are available. At present Samara Region is facing a boost of residential, administrative and industrial constriction which requires sanitary-epidemiological testing of soil at construction sites. The paper deals with the above mentioned problem. It has been determined that the most reliable criteria in estimating the sanitary-epidemiological condition of soil are sanitary-significant microorganisms, a group of coliform bacillus in particular. The causes and effects of urban soil pollution by microbiological contaminants have been analyzed. The role of lactose-positive intestinal protozoa as sanitary-significant microorganisms has been studied. A quantitative evaluation of lactose-positive intestinal protozoa index has been carried out for the soils below residential buildings, administrative buildings, industrial constructions as well as the utility systems area. In particular, it has been measured that the level of soil pollution by lactose positive intestinal protozoa depends on the period they have been in human use. An aggravated level of soil pollution in certain areas can be observed due to uncontrolled littering as well as pet walking or an increasing number of stray animals. Industrialized areas (oil plants) are characterized by the lowest level of lactose positive protozoa contamination which is explained by the fact that those industries use modern technologies which are able to minimize ecological risks. However, such areas are polluted in a different way. Dangerous level of soil contamination by lactose positive protozoa is registered at several large automotive plants.
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Ciarelli, Giancarlo, Sebnem Aksoyoglu, Imad El Haddad, Emily A. Bruns, Monica Crippa, Laurent Poulain, Mikko Äijälä, et al. "Modelling winter organic aerosol at the European scale with CAMx: evaluation and source apportionment with a VBS parameterization based on novel wood burning smog chamber experiments." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 12 (June 23, 2017): 7653–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7653-2017.
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Abstract. We evaluated a modified VBS (volatility basis set) scheme to treat biomass-burning-like organic aerosol (BBOA) implemented in CAMx (Comprehensive Air Quality Model with extensions). The updated scheme was parameterized with novel wood combustion smog chamber experiments using a hybrid VBS framework which accounts for a mixture of wood burning organic aerosol precursors and their further functionalization and fragmentation in the atmosphere. The new scheme was evaluated for one of the winter EMEP intensive campaigns (February–March 2009) against aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) measurements performed at 11 sites in Europe. We found a considerable improvement for the modelled organic aerosol (OA) mass compared to our previous model application with the mean fractional bias (MFB) reduced from −61 to −29 %. We performed model-based source apportionment studies and compared results against positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis performed on OA AMS data. Both model and observations suggest that OA was mainly of secondary origin at almost all sites. Modelled secondary organic aerosol (SOA) contributions to total OA varied from 32 to 88 % (with an average contribution of 62 %) and absolute concentrations were generally under-predicted. Modelled primary hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA) and primary biomass-burning-like aerosol (BBPOA) fractions contributed to a lesser extent (HOA from 3 to 30 %, and BBPOA from 1 to 39 %) with average contributions of 13 and 25 %, respectively. Modelled BBPOA fractions were found to represent 12 to 64 % of the total residential-heating-related OA, with increasing contributions at stations located in the northern part of the domain. Source apportionment studies were performed to assess the contribution of residential and non-residential combustion precursors to the total SOA. Non-residential combustion and road transportation sector contributed about 30–40 % to SOA formation (with increasing contributions at urban and near industrialized sites), whereas residential combustion (mainly related to wood burning) contributed to a larger extent, around 60–70 %. Contributions to OA from residential combustion precursors in different volatility ranges were also assessed: our results indicate that residential combustion gas-phase precursors in the semivolatile range (SVOC) contributed from 6 to 30 %, with higher contributions predicted at stations located in the southern part of the domain. On the other hand, the oxidation products of higher-volatility precursors (the sum of intermediate-volatility compounds (IVOCs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)) contribute from 15 to 38 % with no specific gradient among the stations. Although the new parameterization leads to a better agreement between model results and observations, it still under-predicts the SOA fraction, suggesting that uncertainties in the new scheme and other sources and/or formation mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Moreover, a more detailed characterization of the semivolatile components of the emissions is needed.
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Barnaba, F., and G. P. Gobbi. "Aerosol seasonal variability over the Mediterranean region and relative impact of maritime, continental and Saharan dust particles over the basin from MODIS data in the year 2001." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 4, no. 9/10 (November 30, 2004): 2367–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-2367-2004.
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Abstract. The one-year (2001) record of aerosol data from the space borne Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is analyzed focusing on the Mediterranean region. The MODIS aerosol optical thickness standard product (AOT at 550nm) provided over both land and ocean is employed to evaluate the seasonal and spatial variability of the atmospheric particulate over the region. Expected accuracy of the MODIS AOT is (±0.05±0.2xAOT) over land and (±0.03±0.05xAOT) over ocean. The seasonal analysis reveals a significant AOT variability all over the region, with minimum values in Winter (AOT<0.15) and maximum in Summer (AOT>0.2). The spatial variability is also found to be considerable, particularly over land. The impact of some major urban sites and industrialized areas is detectable. For the sole Mediterranean basin, a method (aerosol mask) was implemented to separate the contribution of maritime, continental and desert dust aerosol to the total AOT. Input of both continental and desert dust particles is well captured, showing North-to-South and South-to-North AOT gradients, respectively. A quantitative summary of the AOT seasonal and regional variability is given for different sectors of the Mediterranean basin. Results of this summary were also used to test the aerosol mask assumptions and indicate the method adopted to be suitable for the aerosol type selection. Estimates of the atmospheric aerosol mass load were performed employing specifically-derived mass-to-extinction efficiencies (α). For each aerosol type, a reliable mean α value was determined on the basis of both lidar measurements of extinction and aerosol models. These estimates indicate a total of 43Mtons of desert dust suspended over the basin during 2001. A comparable value is derived for maritime aerosol. Opposite to the dust case, a minor seasonal variability (within 15%) of maritime aerosol mass is found. This latter result is considered a further check of the suitability of the methodology adopted to separate, on the basis of MODIS data, the three aerosol types which dominate the Mediterranean region.
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Barnaba, F., and G. P. Gobbi. "Aerosol seasonal variability over the Mediterranean region and relative impact of maritime, continental and Saharan dust particles over the basin from MODIS data in the year 2001." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 4, no. 4 (August 4, 2004): 4285–337. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-4-4285-2004.
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Abstract. The one-year (2001) record of aerosol data from the space borne Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) was analyzed focusing on the Mediterranean region. The MODIS aerosol optical thickness standard product (AOT at 550 nm) provided over both land and ocean was employed to evaluate the seasonal and spatial variability of the atmospheric particulate over the region. Expected accuracy of the MODIS AOT is (±0.05±0.2×AOT) over land and (±0.03±0.05×AOT) over ocean. The seasonal analysis revealed a significant AOT variability all over the region, with minimum values in Winter (AOT<0.15) and maximum in Summer (AOT>0.2). The spatial variability is also found to be considerable, particularly over land. The impact of some major urban sites and industrialized areas is detectable. For the sole Mediterranean basin, a method (aerosol mask) was implemented to separate the contribution of maritime, continental and desert dust aerosol to the total AOT. Input of both continental and desert dust particles is well captured, showing, respectively, a North-to-South and a South-to-North AOT gradient. A quantitative summary of the AOT seasonal and regional variability is given for different sectors of the Mediterranean basin. Results of this summary were also used to test the aerosol mask assumptions and indicate the method adopted to be suitable for the aerosol type selection. Estimates of the atmospheric aerosol mass load were performed employing specifically-derived mass-to-extinction efficiencies (α). For each aerosol type, a reliable mean α value was determined on the basis of lidar measurements of extinction and aerosol models. These estimates indicate a total of 43 Mtons of desert dust suspended over the basin during 2001. A comparable value is derived for maritime aerosol. Opposite to the dust case, a minor seasonal variability (within 15%) of maritime aerosol mass is found. This latter result is considered a further check of the suitability of the methodology adopted to separate, on the basis of MODIS data, the three aerosol types which dominate the Mediterranean region.
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Chang, Yunhua, Kan Huang, Mingjie Xie, Congrui Deng, Zhong Zou, Shoudong Liu, and Yanlin Zhang. "First long-term and near real-time measurement of trace elements in China's urban atmosphere: temporal variability, source apportionment and precipitation effect." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 16 (August 20, 2018): 11793–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11793-2018.
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Abstract. Atmospheric trace elements, especially metal species, are an emerging environmental and health concern with insufficient understanding of their levels and sources in Shanghai, the most important industrial megacity in China. Here we continuously performed a 1 year (from March 2016 to February 2017) and hourly resolved measurement of 18 elements in fine particles (PM2.5) at the Shanghai urban center with an Xact multi-metals monitor and several collocated instruments. Mass concentrations (mean ± 1σ; ng m−3) determined by Xact ranged from detection limits (nominally 0.1 to 20 ng m−3) to 15 µg m−3. Element-related oxidized species comprised an appreciable fraction of PM2.5 during all seasons, accounting for 8.3 % on average. As a comparison, the atmospheric elements concentration level in Shanghai was comparable with that in other industrialized cities in East Asia but 1 or 2 orders of magnitude higher than at sites in North America and Europe. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to identify and apportion the sources of the elements in the PM2.5 mass. Five different factors were resolved (notable elements and relative contribution in parentheses): traffic-related (Ca, Fe, Ba, Si; 46 %), shipping (V, Ni; 6 %), nonferrous metal smelting (Ag, Cd, Au; 15 %), coal combustion (As, Se, Hg, Pb; 18 %) and ferrous metal smelting (Cr, Mn, Zn; 15 %). The contribution from the exhaust and non-exhaust vehicle emissions, i.e., the traffic-related factor shows a strong bimodal diurnal profile with average concentration over 2 times higher during the rush hour than during nighttime. The shipping factor was firmly identified because V and Ni, two recognized tracers of shipping emissions, are almost exclusively transported from the East China Sea and their ratio (around 3.2) falls within the variation range of V ∕ Ni ratios in particles emitted from heavy oil combustion. Interestingly, nearly half of the K was derived from coal combustion with high mineral affinity (elements associated with aluminosilicates, carbonates and other minerals in coal ash). The contributions of nonferrous metal smelting to the trace elements are consistent with a newly developed emission inventory. Although the precipitation scavenging effect on the mass concentration of the trace elements varied among different species and sources, precipitation could effectively lower the concentration of the traffic- and coal combustion-related trace elements. Therefore, water spray to simulate natural types of precipitation could be one of the abatement strategies to facilitate the reduction of ambient PM2.5 trace elements in the urban atmosphere. Collectively, our findings in this study provide baseline levels and sources of trace elements with high detail, which are needed for developing effective control strategies to reduce the high risk of acute exposure to atmospheric trace elements in China's megacities.
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Medrado-Faria, Marcilia de Araujo, José Wilson Rodrigues de Almeida, and Dirce Maria Trevisan Zanetta. "Gastric and colorectal cancer mortality in an urban and industrialized area of Brazil." Revista do Hospital das Clínicas 56, no. 2 (April 2001): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0041-87812001000200003.
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PURPOSE: To study the gastric and colorectal cancer mortalities and their relation to the urban-industrialization in Baixada Santista, located in the southeastern region of Brazil. METHODS: Selected from the registries of the State System of Data Analysis Foundation (SEADE) were 1105 deaths due to gastric cancer (ICD 153--154) and 690 due to colorectal cancer (ICD 151) that occurred from 1980 to 1993 in males, above 10 years of age, residing in Baixada Santista. For each of these types of cancer, the standardized mortality rates, age-adjusted by world population in the 1960s, for 4 industrialized and 4 non-industrialized urban communities in that region were calculated. The ratios among those rates were calculated in order to compare the mortality in the periods 1980--93, 1980--1986, and 1987--1993. RESULTS: Standardized mortality rates for colorectal cancer were significantly higher in industrialized area, with ratios of 1.6 [95% CI 1.22 -- 2.29], 1.6 [95% CI 1.2 -- 2.0], and 1.6 [95% CI 1.3 -- 2.0] in the periods 1980--86, 1987--1993 and 1980--93, respectively. Gastric cancer did not show any statistical difference between the industrialized and non-industrialized areas, but there was a significant decrease in BS from the period 1980--1986 to 1987--1993. CONCLUSIONS: The significant elevation of colorectal cancer mortality in the industrialized area could be related to exposure to numerous carcinogens such as aromatic hydrocarbon, organic-chloride, metals, and industrial-port dust present in the region. Alternatively, the non-significant difference in gastric cancer between industrialized and non-industrialized areas and significant decrease in the last few years could be predominately reflecting the advances in the quality of life in urban areas. These results require further case-control studies that could help with the analysis of the associations among cancer and environmental factors (occupational, urban-industrial, habit, and life condition) and genetic susceptibility.
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Yusup, Yusri. "Aerodynamic drag coefficient over equatorial coastal industrialized and urban areas." Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 110 (November 2012): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2012.07.006.
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Marano, John J., Patricia A. Rawls, and Jeffrey Stewart. "ALLOCATION MODELING FOR METALS TMDLs IN AN URBAN INDUSTRIALIZED WATERSHED." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2005, no. 3 (January 1, 2005): 1571–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864705783966918.
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Farinha, M. M., M. C. Freitas, and S. M. Almeida. "Air quality control monitoring at an urban and industrialized area." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 259, no. 2 (2004): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:jrnc.0000017288.21685.85.
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Bacci, P., M. Del Monte, S. Cernuschi, M. Giugliano, P. Redaelli, G. Ravasini, A. Rolla, C. Sabbioni, and A. Ventura. "Aerosol emissions from combustion sources in urban and industrialized areas." Journal of Aerosol Science 19, no. 7 (January 1988): 1267–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(88)90151-6.
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Zhang, Xiaoling, Martin Skitmore, and Yi Peng. "Exploring the challenges to industrialized residential building in China." Habitat International 41 (January 2014): 176–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2013.08.005.
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Sheng, Yap Kioe. "Housing in a newly industrialized economy: the case of Korea." Habitat International 19, no. 4 (January 1995): 649–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-3975(95)90008-x.
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Grottker, Matthias, and Amar Khelil. "Urban Drainage Strategies for Small Communities in Developing Countries." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 3-4 (March 1, 1990): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0213.
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In this paper, the interactions of small waste water treatment plants within an urban drainage system are pointed out. Especially in developing countries, the characteristics of catchment areas differ very much from the ones in industrialized countries. Consequently, the plants have to be adapted to the local conditions of drainage, climate and location. Finally, an urban drainage strategy will give an idea how to sanitize drainage systems.
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Dayal, H. H., S. Khuder, R. Sharrar, and N. Trieff. "Passive Smoking in Obstructive Respiratory Diseases in an Industrialized Urban Population." Environmental Research 65, no. 2 (May 1994): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/enrs.1994.1029.
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Valente, Joana, Cláudia Pimentel, Richard Tavares, Joana Ferreira, Carlos Borrego, Pedro Carreiro-Martins, Iolanda Caires, Nuno Neuparth, and Myriam Lopes. "Individual Exposure to Air Pollutants in a Portuguese Urban Industrialized Area." Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 77, no. 14-16 (July 29, 2014): 888–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2014.910159.
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Krasnodębska-Ostręga, Beata, Hendrik Emons, and Jerzy Golimowski. "Element fractionation in soil from urban-industrialized areas using sequential extraction." Journal of Soils and Sediments 4, no. 1 (March 2004): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02990828.
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Han, Ji, Psyche Fontanos, Kensuke Fukushi, Srikantha Herath, Niko Heeren, Vincenzo Naso, Claudio Cecchi, Peter Edwards, and Kazuhiko Takeuchi. "Innovation for sustainability: toward a sustainable urban future in industrialized cities." Sustainability Science 7, S1 (January 18, 2012): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11625-011-0152-2.
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Clemente-Casares, Pilar, Jesus Rodriguez-Manzano, and Rosina Girones. "Hepatitis E virus genotype 3 and sporadically also genotype 1 circulate in the population of Catalonia, Spain." Journal of Water and Health 7, no. 4 (July 1, 2009): 664–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2009.120.
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Autochthonous hepatitis E virus (HEV) strains have been described infecting populations of industrialized countries, previously considered as non-endemic areas. The HEV strains circulating in one of those areas in south-western Europe (Barcelona, Spain) have been studied by analysing amplicons obtained from HEV genomes identified in wastewater, biosolids and sludge. Six sewage and two biosolid HEV positive samples from urban wastewater treatment plants and two positive HEV sludge samples with animal contamination were analysed by cloning and sequencing of 10–12 clones per sample. The results proved the presence of HEV strains belonging to genotype 3 and also sporadically to genotype 1 in urban sewage and biosolids, showing the simultaneous circulation of diverse HEV strains in the human population of the studied area. Only HEV genotype 3 was identified in slaughterhouse sludge samples. The circulation of genotype 1 in industrialized areas may have further health implications since this genotype has been associated with important epidemics in developing areas. Contamination of food and water through their contact with sewage not properly treated and biosolids presenting HEV may represent a significant risk for human populations in relation to HEV even in industrialized areas.
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Jovanovic, Miomir. "Critical sustainability and energy consumption in urban transport." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 90, no. 3 (2010): 153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd1003153j.
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Industrialized countries are exploiting the world energy resources very quickly (although they do not have enough of their own energy reserves). On the other hand, population of the Third world simply exploded during the last few decades. Hence, the real problem may occur if the Third world metropolises follow the example of the auto-dependent, low density suburban development of American cities. The effects will be disastrous: 14 times more energy consumption and 9 times higher emissions of CO2 (in the sphere of urban transportation).
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Długosz-Lisiecka, Magdalena. "Excess of polonium-210 activity in the surface urban atmosphere. Part 2: origin of 210Po excess." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 17, no. 2 (2015): 465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4em00390j.
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The presence of significant 210Po activity, unsupported by its grandparent radionuclide 210Pb, in the surface atmosphere of industrialized regions can originate from human technical activities.
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Sun, Qiu Yu, and Liu Yu. "Research on Low-Carbon Eco-City Construction in China from the Perspective of Ecological Ethics." Advanced Materials Research 573-574 (October 2012): 684–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.573-574.684.
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Low-carbon city development has become the inevitable choice for Chinese urban sustainable development. From the perspective of ecological ethics, by learning from the experience of developed countries, low-carbon urban construction, this paper proposes to slow down the speed of city expansion, to avoid the errors occurred in the process of the western industrialized urban development, and to change from external expansion to internal development so as to achieve harmony between city and nature.
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Trapp, Micah Marie. "Grocery Auction Games: Distribution and Value in the Industrialized Food System." Gastronomica 18, no. 1 (2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2018.18.1.1.
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Grocery auctions, as an outgrowth of the inefficiencies of the industrialized food system, repurpose unwanted, damaged, and overstock food that has been removed from the primary market. Based on ethnographic research conducted at grocery auctions in Maryland and Mississippi, this article examines how the spoils and waste of the capitalist industrialized food system are transformed into valued food. During the competitive play of bidding, the divergent needs and motivations of distributers and consumers intersect and collectively determine the value of food: distribution, rather than production, emerges as a central force in the creation of value. Focusing on the generative potential of value, I argue that the social dimensions of distribution enacted through bidding render the value-making process itself visible and expose the products of the industrialized food system as contested sites of engagement rather than hegemonic markers of value.