Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Urban and Industrial Water Management'
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Fulkerson, Anthony L. "The Differences Between Industrial and Municipal Executives' Practices and Perceptions of an NPDES Water Pollution Control System in Tennessee." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1990. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2680.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the differences between industrial and municipal executives' practices and perceptions toward the administrative requirements of a water pollution control system as set forth in a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit. This was a descriptive study that utilized a two-part attitudinal survey designed to obtain the perceptions of the executives (N = 171) of all major industries and all major municipalities in the State of Tennessee who had direct responsibility for the administrative requirements of an NPDES permitted water pollution control system. Descriptive statistics were used for the analysis of data with the chi-square formula used for the analysis of the study's three hypotheses. The descriptive analysis of the three hypotheses resulted in the following findings and conclusions: (1) There was no significant difference in what principal executives perceived was the most important administrative requirement of the NPDES permitted water pollution control system ($\chi\sp2$ = 1.44, df = 2). Both categories defined operational problems as the most important administrative requirement. (2) There was a significant difference in what principal executives perceived were the important water quality designated uses achieved by the facility water pollution control system ($\chi\sp2$ = 12.80, df = 6). Industrial respondents perceived "protection of fish and aquatic life" as most important, while municipal executives perceived "domestic and industrial water supply" as most important. (3) There was no significant difference in what principal executives perceived was the direct motivation for the water pollution control system installation, operation, and maintenance ($\chi\sp2$ = 1.65, df = 2). Both categories perceived environmental motivation as the most important reason for the NPDES permit administrative requirements. These findings supported the Clean Water Act regulatory program national objective to "restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters" (Arbuckle, Frick, Hall, Miller, Sullivan, & Vanderver, 1983, p. 83). The major municipal and industrial facility executives in Tennessee were in agreement that their systems were effective in achieving compliance with the administrative requirements of the permit. The researcher recommended future research to identify specific problems resulting from the administrative requirements of the NPDES permit and replications of the study nationally.
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Maxter, Melissa. "Sustainable Urban Development : Development Option Using Nature-based Solutions." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekoteknik och hållbart byggande, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-33925.
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The paper evaluates nature-based solutions for a retrofitting proposal for the combined regeneration, climate adaptation, and green space management of the industrial area Gåsebäck in Helsingborg, Sweden. The objective of this study was to evaluate options for how Gåsebäck could be sustainably regenerated and developed, while providing additional security against future negative effects of climate change, through the implementation of nature-based solutions. The methods used were unstructured interviews, literature study, thematic data analysis, and scoping review. Some urban societal challenges the area is facing were identified as Urban regeneration, Climate adaptation, and Green space management. The suggested NBSs to address these challenges are phytoremediation, mycoremediation, street trees and bushes, green walls, green roofs, flower beds, permeable surfaces, roadside greenery, rain gardens, de-culvertation and pocket parks. Examples of how the identified nature-based solutions can be retrofitted to block Italien are installing green walls on the old fire station for noise and pollution abatement, biodiversity increase, climate regulation, and enhancement of green elements; green roofs on various buildings for e.g. water management, increased biodiversity and green elements; street trees and bushes along the streets Södergatan and Malmöleden/Gåsebäcksvägen for noise and pollution abatement, water management, biodiversity increase, and enhancement of green elements; site specific installation or pocket park with phyto- or mycoremediation; flower beds and roadside traffic to increase attractiveness; and rain gardens and permeable surfaces for water management.20180620
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Livingston, Daniel John Civil & Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Institutions and decentralised urban water management." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Civil & Environmental Engineering, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41336.
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Physically decentralised water management systems may contribute to improving the sustainability of urban water management. Any shift toward decentralised systems needs to consider not just physical system design but also social values, knowledge frames, and organisations, and their interconnections to the physical technology. Four cases of recent Australian urban water management improvement projects were researched using qualitative methods. Three cases were of decentralised water management innovation. The other was of a centralised system, although decentralised options had been considered. These cases were studied to identify institutional barriers and enablers for the uptake of decentralised systems, and to better understand how emerging environmental engineering knowledge might be applied to overcome an implementation gap for decentralised urban water technologies. Analysis of each case focused on the institutional elements of urban water management, namely: the values, knowledge frames and organisational structures. These elements were identified through in-depth interviews, document review, and an on-line survey. The alignment of these elements was identified as being a significant contributor to the stability of centralised systems, or to change toward decentralised systems. A new organisational home for innovative knowledge was found to be common to each case where decentralised innovation occurred. ??Institutional entrepreneurs??, strong stakeholder engagement, and inter-organisational networks were all found to be linked to the creation of shared meaning and legitimacy for organisational and technological change. Existing planning frameworks focus on expert justification for change rather than institutional support for change. Institutional factors include shared understandings, values and organisational frameworks, and the alignment of each factor. Principles for, and examples of, appropriate organisational design for enabling and managing decentralised technological innovation for urban water management are proposed. This research contributes to the understanding of the institutional basis and dynamics of urban water management, particularly in relation to physical centralisation and decentralisation of urban water management technologies and, to a lesser extent, in relation to user involvement in urban water management. Understanding of factors that contribute to enabling and constraining decentralised technologies is extended to include institutional and organisational factors. New and practical pathways for change for the implementation of decentralised urban water systems are provided.
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Hall, Sandra. "The contribution of heavy industry and commercial activity at Canning Vale to the loads of nitrogen and phosphorus released in the Bannister Creek catchment area." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2007. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/307.
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Stormwater is recognised as a transport mechanism for pollutants. Pollutants enter stormwater drains via surface washoff, subsurface flow or direct discharge. Landuse is reported to affect the quantity of pollutants released into stormwater drains. In Australia, the contribution of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and surfactants from industrial areas to surface drainage is poorly understood. Previous research has mainly focused on the quality of water leaving residential and agricultural areas. In Western Australia, there is growing concern over the health of the Swan-Canning River system, which is seeing signs of eutrophication. Runoff and discharge from residential, commercial, and industrial areas influence the quality of water in the Swan-Canning River system.
A study of nutrient release was undertaken for the eastern sector of the Canning Vale Industrial Area, to determine the contribution of industry to nutrient loads received by the Canning River system, between August 2001 and 2002. Data was collected three times a week using a point sampling regime. Diurnal and storm event variability were also tested. Data collected from the eastern sector of the industrial area was compared to that released from the entire Bannister Creek Catchment area.
Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations downstream of industrial areas have been reported at 45mg L-1 and 15mg L-1 respectively (Thomas et al, 1997; John, 2000). In this study, the median concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus downstream of industry in Bannister Creek, at the Tom Bateman Reserve Detention Basin, were 1.32mg L-1 and 0.11mg L-1 respectively. Concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus were not indicative of point source discharge. Nutrient concentrations reported in Bannister Creek in this study, have been consistent with data collected and reported in other studies i.e. Donohue et al, 1992 and Jakowyna, 2002.
Nitrogen and phosphorus loads released from the entire Bannister Creek Catchment area, exceeded loads previously reported in other studies i.e. Donohue et al ( 1994); Donohue et al, 1992 and Jakowyna, 2002. An estimated 32890kg of nitrogen and 2085kg of phosphorus was released from Bannister Creek Catchment during the study. Rainfall during the study period was reflective of the drying climate Perth has been experiencing over the last ten years. Nitrogen and phosphorus released from Bannister Creek during the study period are likely to be underestimated, as they do not include the data collected for a significant storm event recorded at Hybanthus Road on the 16.4.02. During this 1- 2/1-5 ARI storm event 1586kg of nitrogen and 185kg of phosphorus were exported from Bannister Creek, producing loads ten times greater than that estimated during the point sampling regime. The later values were used in the calculation of annual loads to maintain consistency between the study sites. Despite the significant load of nutrients released from the catchment on 16.4.02, rainfall was not the main transport mechanism for nitrogen and phosphorus, indicated by the weak correlation e.g. R2 > 0.1. Base flow was determined to be the most significant pathway of nutrient export.
The concentrations and loads of nitrogen and phosphorus released from the industrial area were low, but the contribution to catchment loading was important. The rate of nutrient release per unit of area was higher from the eastern sector of the Canning Vale Industrial Area than the entire Bannister Creek Catchment Area. Nitrogen was released at a rate of 4163kg km2 yr from the industrial area and 134 2. 86kg km2 yr for the entire catchment. Phosphorus was the same. From the industrial area it was released at a rate of 397kg km2 yr compared to a rate of 94.2kg km2 yr from the entire Bannister Creek Catchment Area.
The study revealed the need to retain nutrients within the catchment. Studies on stormwater management suggest that this can be achieved through Water Sensitive Urban Design and Best Management Practices. Both strategies work on the principle of retaining and recycling nutrients within the catchment area. Work is currently been undertaken to meet the objectives of these two management strategies in Bannister Creek. Work has included the removal of the southwestern bank of the Tom Bateman reserve detention basin to create a meandering wetland, and the downgrading of the banks along Bywood Way, Lynwood to create a Living Stream. Further studies should focus on the effectiveness of these strategies.
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Makropoulos, Christos K. "Spatial decision support for urban water management." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11385.
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Peng, Yang Amy, and 彭阳. "Living with water: decentralized storm water management in urban village." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B50707048.
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Strand, Anders. "Urban Rain Water Harvesting and Water Management in Sri Lanka." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-20589.
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Denna fältstudie kommer att undersöka betydelsen av regnvattenanvändning som vattenförsörjnings alternativ. Hur kan hållbara innovativa lösningar tas fram för att lösa vattenförsörjningen på Sri Lanka? Efter lidandet av mer än 30 års inbördeskrig och efter de omfattande skadorna från tsunamin 2004, står nu Sri Lanka inför många utmaningar rörande landets återuppbyggnad. Tillgången till vatten är den viktigaste grundläggande förutsättningen för ett fungerande samhälle. I landets torra zon är det långa perioder av torka då vattenkällor sinar och inget naturligt vatten finns att tillgå. Detta trots att det under monsunen kommer tillräckligt med regn för att täcka vattenbehovet om det skulle samlas på ett optimalt sätt. Avrinningskoefficienten är här mer än 60% outnyttjat regnvatten. I ett flertal lyckade projekt har man samlat regnvatten i RWH system för senare användning. Människor i dessa områden saknar kranvatten eftersom detta område ej är täckt av vattenförsörjningsnätet. Detta gör att dessa människor har en positiv inställning till att ha RWH system..I den våta zonen, och då speciellt i Colombos stadsmiljö som denna studie handlar om, är situationen annorlunda. Här har de flesta invånare kranvatten. Det kommunala kranvattnet är högt subventionerat av regeringen vilket gör att kostnaden är låg för användarna samt ökar vattenkonsumtionen. Invånarna känner inget ansvar för vattenresurserna eftersom den gemena uppfattningen är att det är en evig källa. Majoriteten av hushållen ser inget skäl till att installera RWH på grund av den låga lönsamheten. Trots att det finns ett förordnande att det ska ingå ett RWH system, så följs inte detta. Saknande av uppföljningsplikt anges som orsak av vatten styrelsen. Kostnaden för att behandla och leverera vatten till invånarna är väldigt hög och är mycket energi krävande. Det finns ett behov av enorma investeringar för att rusta upp och bygga ut både vattenverken och vattennätet för att klara av att möta det växande invånarantalet i Colombo området. Ett annat problem är att 40% av hushållen i Colombo saknar avloppsanslutning. De leder sitt avloppsvatten direkt eller efter en septi-tank ut i jorden eller havet.Om medvetenheten kring dessa frågor ökar, samt att förhållandet mellan kranvattnets kostnad och RWH justeras med ändringar i subventionerna, kunde en hållbar lösning på vattensituationen med såväl ekonomiska som miljövinster ske.Resultatet av denna studie är att RWH får ses som ett komplement när det gäller vattenförsörjningen för hushållens del. Fokus bör istället ligga på industrier, sjukhus, skolor, kommunala byggnader och andra byggnader med stora vattenbehov och med de största möjligheterna att uppnå optimalt resultat.Studien visar också på en hållbar lösning på avloppshanteringen. Den visar DWWT och dess fördelar.The field study will investigate the importance of Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) as a water supply option. How can sustainable innovative solutions be developed to solve the water problem of Sri Lanka? Suffering from more than 30 years of civil war and damages after being struck by the tsunami 2004, Sri Lanka faces many challenges to recover and rebuilt the country. The access to water is the most important need for a civilization´s existence. In the dry zones of the island people suffer from long drought periods with dried up wells and no natural sources for water. However the rainfall during the monsoon, even in these areas, is more than enough to provide the water needs if properly collected, thus the run-off coefficient is more than 60%. Several projects with rain water harvesting in so called RWH systems have been implemented with success. Because these areas are not covered by the water supply net and therefore have no tap water, the people are very positive to having the RWH system. In the wet zones and especially in the urban environment of Colombo the situation is different. Here most of the people have treated pipe-borne tap water. The metered tap water is highly subsidized by the government which makes the cost low for the users and increases the water consumption. The citizens do not feel a responsibility to be careful with resources since the common opinion is that water is a never ending source. The majority of the households find no reasons for installing a RWH system because it´s low economic profits. Even if there is a legislation that demands all new buildings should have a RWH system not many households have installed these systems. However the cost to deliver and treat this water is very expensive for the government and demands a lot of energy. Huge investments need to be done in both the treatment plants and the pipe-line net to meet the growing population in Colombo area. Another problem is that 40% of the households today in Colombo have no sewage connection but lead their wastewater directly or after a septic tank into the ground or the sea. If the awareness regarding these concerns could be improved and the conditions between tap water costs and RWH be adjusted with changes in the subsidized system, a sustainable solution to the water situation in Colombo with both economic and environmental benefits could be found. The result from the case study is a recommendation about installing RWH as a complimentary source of water for the households. And investments in RWH systems should be focused to industries, hospitals, schools, municipal buildings and other public buildings with a high water demand and with the best possibilities for optimal results. Further the case study treats a sustainable solution to the sewage situation. It shows the Decentralized waste water treatment plant (DWWT) and its advantages.
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Vo, Le Phu. "Urban stormwater management in Vietnam." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envl595.pdf.
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Zhang, Changyu. "A Study on Urban Water Reuse Management Modeling." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/795.
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This research deals with urban water reuse planning and management modeling in the context of sustainable development. Rapid urbanization and population growth have presented a great challenge to urban water resources management. As water reuse may alleviate pollution loads and enhance water supply sources, water reuse is being recognized as a sustainable urban water management strategy and is becoming increasingly attractive in urban water resources management. An efficient water reuse planning and management model is of significance in promoting water reuse practices.
This thesis introduces an urban water reuse management and planning model using optimization methods with an emphasis on modeling uncertainty issues associated with water demand and water quality. The model is developed in conjunction with the overall urban water system with considerations over water supply, water demand, water distribution, water quality, and wastewater treatment and discharge. The objective of the model is to minimize the overall cost of the system subject to technological, societal and environmental constraints. Uncertainty issues associated with water demand and treatment quality are modeled by introducing stochastic programming methods, namely, two-stage stochastic recourse programming and chance-constraint programming.
The model is capable of identifying and evaluating water reuse in urban water systems to optimize the allocation of urban water resources with regard to uncertainties. It thus provides essential information in planning and managing urban water reuse systems towards a more sustainable urban water resources management. An application was presented in order to demonstrate the modeling process and to analyze the impact of uncertainties.
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Creese, Edward E. "Urban water systems, demand management and sustainable development." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0024/NQ51186.pdf.
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Stefan, Catalin, Hoang Mai Phan, Van Bo Pham, and Peter Werner. "Capacity development platform for promoting efficient urban water management." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-88517.
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The present paper summarizes the results of an application initiated within the framework of 35 years celebration of diplomatic relations between Germany and Vietnam. Within this context, the Technische Universität Dresden (TUD) and the Academy of Managers for Construction and Cities (AMC) jointly organized in 2010 a series of four thematic workshops. The one-day events have had similar structures and focused on main subjects of interest in the water sectors of both countries. In Vietnam, the workshops took place in Ha Noi, Hai Phong, Nha Trang and Vung Tau. Best practice examples about conceptualization, operation and maintenance of municipal water works provided an insight view into the challenges currently faced by the water service providers. TUD and AMC, together with their German and Vietnamese partners, addressed these issues by organizing the consecutive workshops under the umbrella of Vietnamese Water Supply and Sewerage Association (VWSA) and in coordination with the German Water Partnership (GWP)Bài báo trình bày tóm tắt các kết quả của một đề xuất trong khuôn khổ kỷ niệm 35 năm quan hệ ngoại giao giữa CHLB Đức và Việt Nam. Theo đó, Trường Đại học Tổng hợp Kỹ Thuật Dresden (TUD) và Học viện Quản lý Xây dựng và Đô thị (AMC) đã phối hợp tổ chức một chuỗi bốn hội thảo chuyên đề trong năm 2010. Mỗi hội thảo thực hiện trong một ngày chương trình giống nhau và tập trung vào các chủ đề chính mà cả hai quốc gia đều quan tâm trong lĩnh vực nước. Phía Việt Nam, các hội thảo được tổ chức ở các thành phố Hà Nội, Hải Phòng, Nha Trang và Vũng Tàu. Nhiều bài thuyết trình về khái niệm hóa, vận hành và bảo dưỡng các công trình cấp nước đô thị đã thảo luận sâu về những thách thức mà các dịch vụ cấp nước đang gặp phải. TUD và AMC, kết hợp với các đối tác CHLB Đức và Việt Nam, đã ghi nhận các vấn đề phát sinh thông qua việc tổ chức nhiều hội thảo liên tục dưới sự bảo trợ của Hiệp hội Cấp thoát nước Việt Nam (VWSA) và Hiệp hội nước CHLB Đức (GWP)
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Rivera, José Pablo (Rivera De la Mora) 1967. "Site design for urban water management in Mexico City." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70342.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2001.Includes bibliographical references (p. 78-80).
As the world becomes aware of the scarcity of water resources and cities struggle to meet a growing demand, we face the challenge of finding more efficient ways to manage this vital resource. Cities in developing countries face an even greater challenge as rapid population growth and demographic migration concentrate demand in already exhausted areas. Meeting this deficit has meant the expansion of hydraulic infrastructure to ever distant areas at ever increasing costs. Water supply and disposal in the last decades has been dealt with exclusively by hydraulic engineers. They are once again attracting the interest of architects, landscape architects and planners as the effects of urban development on water resources becomes more evident. In an age of shrinking public budgets, site design can offer a competitive decentralized alternative to the massive engineering projects that would otherwise be needed to meet such demand. This work deals with a set of tools that architects and planners can use to contribute to improving the hydraulic capacity of our cities and to restoring some of the fundamental processes of the natural environment on which they are set. It evaluates their performance in a specific context in Mexico City and explores the feasibility of their application.
by Jose Pablo Rivera.
S.M.
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Abiwu, Napoleon. "Private sector involvement in urban water supply management, Ghana." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2013. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/9882.
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The performance of public utilities in low-income countries with respect to service to all customers, and particularly lower-income urban consumers, is understood to be limited in many cases. The Government of Ghana chose to implement a private sector management contract in order to deliver significant change in service delivery and financial viability. The five year management contract with Aqua Vitens Rand Limited ran from 2006 to 2011 and was not renewed. This study investigates the public utility outcomes, both as a state owned corporation and a state owned limited liability Company, and compares those outcomes with the achievements of the private operator through a Management Contract. The latter two management models operated under the oversight of the newly formed economic regulator, the Public Utility Regulatory Commission in 1999 and any effect of that regulation is considered. The hypothesis of the study developed in 2008 was that “a management contract would not provide the necessary level of empowerment, incentives and commitment and access to resources for a private operator to adequately and efficiently perform even where there is an established economic regulator with a clear mandate”. The case study approach was employed for the study data was gathered on the operations, activities, regulation and management of the urban water utility through documentary review, key-informant interviews, household surveys, public hearing meetings and user observations. However, three major cities including Accra, Kumasi and Tamale were used for the household survey. These three cities were carefully picked out taking into account the political, economic, geographical, social and cultural significance that each of the them represents and commands in Ghana.
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Last, Ewan W. "City water balance : a new scoping tool for integrated urban water management options." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1757/.
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Urban water scoping modelling packages are used as tools to inform decision makers of the sustainability of different water management options for a city. Previous scoping models have not taken sufficient account of natural systems in the urban environment and are often limited in terms of the range of indicators used to measure sustainability and the choice of water management options offered. A new modelling package, named City Water Balance, has been developed to address these limitations. It has the capability to assess the sustainability of a variety of water management options, including the sustainable urban drainage systems, in terms of water flow, water quality, whole life cost and life cycle energy for alternative scenarios of future urban land use, population and climate. Application of the modelling package to the City of Birmingham has demonstrated that the modelled components can describe adequately the existing system, giving confidence that it can be used for scoping strategic options for future water supply and wastewater management. The further application of the package to model alternative scenarios through to 2055 for Birmingham has also been undertaken to illustrate its application. The results from the different analyses have shown that medium scale rainwater harvesting and borehole abstraction are predicted to be more sustainable than the conventional centralised supply and that medium scale wastewater recycling would be more cost effective but less energy efficient. The most sustainable strategy was installation of water efficient appliances as there is the potential for large energy savings from reduced indoor usage and consequent water heating requirements.
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Van, Rensburg Francois. "Urban water security in the city of Windhoek." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50671.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2006.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Urbanisation is a complex phenomenon and is a trend witnessed across the globe. Africa particularly has been experiencing the world’s most rapid rate of urbanization and cities are faced with the resulting pressure on natural resources. Water is one of the resources under pressure and the provision thereof is complicated by the deteriorating quality and quantity thereof. This study takes a brief look at the water situation in a water scarce region in Africa and concentrates on the urban water supply sector. It takes an in depth look at the measures used to secure water supply to a city in this very dry part of the world. The area under study is Windhoek, the capital of Namibia, situated in the southwestern corner of Africa. Namibia is the driest country in Sub-Saharan Africa and is characterised by a semi-arid nature, which results in a very hot and dry climate with erratic rainfall patterns. Windhoek has a low average rainfall associated with very high evaporation rates. No permanent water bodies exist near the city and the bulk of Windhoek’s water supply comes from storage dams quite a distance from the capital. Most of these sources of supply have been developed and are nearing the limit of their potential. A desperate need therefore exists to develop reliable additional water resources to secure the water supply especially during periods of prolonged drought. The case study gives examples of the initiatives taken by water authorities to improve the security of supply and keep up with the growing demand in the city. These initiatives include a dual pipe system for the distribution of semi-purified sewage for irrigation, reclamation of domestic sewerage, aquifer recharge and the implementation of Water Demand Management principles. An analysis of the most efficient and cost-effective means of supply augmentation namely aquifer recharge, have been balanced against the potential water savings of Water Demand Management in the city. The study also takes a brief look at the principles of Integrated Water Resource Management and how it is incorporated in the strategies used to augment supply to the city. The research found aquifer recharge as the most efficient and cost-effective means to augment supply to the city and together with Water Demand Management creates an approach complying with the goals of Integrated Water Resource management. The study concludes by identifying gaps in demand management in the city. It also suggests relevant recommendations on how to increase the effectiveness of Water Demand management.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verstedeliking is ‘n komplekse verskynsel en ‘n tendens wat regoor die wêreld voorkom. Die hoogste voorkoms van verstedeliking vind in Afrika plaas wat groot druk plaas op die natuurlike hulpbronne van stede. Water is een van die hulpbronne onder druk en die voorsiening daarvan word bemoeilik deur die verswakking van die kwaliteit en die beskikbaarheid daarvan. Hierdie studie konsentreer op die watersituasie in ‘n waterskaars streek in Afrika en die stedelike watervoorsieningssektor. Dit behels ‘n in diepte ondersoek na metodes wat gebruik word om die watervoorraad van die stad te verseker in hierdie droogte gesteisterd deel van die wêreld. Die gebied onder bespreking is Windhoek, die hoofstad van Namibië, wat geleë is in die Suidwestelike deel van Afrika. Namibië is die droogste land in die Sub-Saharastreek en word gekenmerk deur gereelde droogtes met ‘n gepaardgaande warm droë klimaat en onreëlmatige reënvalpatrone. Windhoek word gekenmerk deur ‘n lae gemiddelde reënval met ‘n baie hoë verdampingstempo. Geen permanente waterbronne kom in die nabyheid van die stad voor nie en die watervoorraad word gestoor in opgaardamme wat redelik ver van die hoofstad geleë is. Hierdie voorsieningsbronne is voortdurend in gebruik en die voorraad is beperk. Daar onstaan dus ‘n dringende behoefte aan betroubare bykomende waterbronne om voortdurende voorsiening aan die stad te verseker veral gedurende aanhoudende droogtes. Die gevallestudie konsentreer op voorbeelde en inisiatiewe wat deur die Water Owerhede geneem word om die voorsiening van water, aan die immergroeiende behoeftes van die stad te verbeter en te verseker. Hierdie pogings sluit in,‘n dubbele pyplynsisteem vir die verspreiding van halfgesuiwerde rioolwater vir besproeiingsdoeleindes, herwinning van huishoudelike rioolwater, herlaai van ondergrondse watervoorraad en die implimentering van wateraanvraag bestuursmaatreëls. Die geskiktste en mees koste-effektiewe metode van verhoogde watervoorsiening naamlik die herlaai van ondergrondse waterbronne, is ontleed, en die voordele opgeweeg teen die potensiële waterbesparing deur die Bestuur van Wateraanvraag in die stad. Daar is ook kortliks gekyk na die beginsels van Geintigreerde Water Bronne Bestuur en hoe dit by bestaande strategieë ingelyf is om uitbreiding van voorsiening aan die stad te verseker. Die navorsing het bevind dat die herlaai van ondergrondse waterbronne as die geskikste en mees koste-effektiewe metode beskou kan word om die verhoogde aanvraag van die stad die hoof te bied. Die studie word afgesluit deur die tekortkominge in die Water Aanvraagbestuur van die stad te identifiseer. Relevante aanbevelings word gemaak van hoe om die effektiwiteit van hierdie betrokke strategie te verbeter.
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Guerrero, Garcia Rojas Hilda. "Industrial water demand in Mexico : Econometric analysis and implications for "water management policy"." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences Sociales - Toulouse I, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00008624.
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En essayant de trouver le meilleur moyen d'allouer les réserves d'eau existantes et de persuader les usagers à adopter des pratiques de préservation, cette recherche se base sur les effets de la réforme des prix de l'eau à Mexico à travers le secteur productif mexicain et propose des perspectives de régulation d'utilisation de l'eau
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Tsegaye, Seneshaw Amare. "Flexible Urban Water Distribution Systems." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4597.
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With increasing global change pressures such as urbanization and climate change, cities of the future will experience difficulties in efficiently managing scarcer and less reliable water resources. However, projections of future global change pressures are plagued with uncertainties. This increases the difficulty in developing urban water systems that are adaptable to future uncertainty.
A major component of an urban water system is the distribution system, which constitutes approximately 80-85% of the total cost of the water supply system (Swamee and Sharma, 2008). Traditionally, water distribution systems (WDS) are designed using deterministic assumptions of main model input variables such as water availability and water demand. However, these deterministic assumptions are no longer valid due to the inherent uncertainties associated with them. Hence, a new design approach is required, one that recognizes these inherent uncertainties and develops more adaptable and flexible systems capable of using their active capacity to act or respond to future alterations in a timely, performance-efficient, and cost-effective manner.
This study develops a framework for the design of flexible WDS that are adaptable to new, different, or changing requirements. The framework consists of two main parts.
The first part consists of several components that are important in the pre and post--processing of the least-cost design methodology of a flexible WDS. These components include: the description of uncertainties affecting WDS design, identification of potential flexibility options for WDS, generation of flexibility through optimization, and a method for assessing of flexibility. For assessment a suite of performance metrics is developed that reflect the degree of flexibility of a distribution system. These metrics focus on the capability of the WDS to respond and react to future changes. The uncertainties description focuses on the spatial and temporal variation of future demand.
The second part consists of two optimization models for the design of centralized and decentralized WDS respectively. The first model generates flexible, staged development plans for the incremental growth of a centralized WDS. The second model supports the development of clustered/decentralized WDS. It is argued that these clustered systems promote flexibility as they provide internal degrees of freedom, allowing many different combinations of distribution systems to be considered. For both models a unique genetic algorithm based flexibility optimization (GAFO) model was developed that maximizes the flexibility of a WDS at the least cost.
The efficacy of the developed framework and tools are demonstrated through two case study applications on real networks in Uganda. The first application looks at the design of a centralized WDS in Mbale, a small town in Eastern Uganda. Results from this application indicate that the flexibility framework is able to generate a more flexible design of the centralized system that is 4% - 50% less expensive than a conventionally designed system when compared against several future scenarios. In addition, this application highlights that the flexible design has a lower regret under different scenarios when compared to the conventionally designed system (a difference of 11.2m3/US$). The second application analyzes the design of a decentralized network in the town of Aura, a small town in Northern Uganda. A comparison of a decentralized system to a centralized system is performed, and the results indicate that the decentralized system is 24% - 34% less expensive and that these cost savings are associated with the ability of the decentralized system to be staged in a way that traces the urban growth trajectory more closely. The decentralized clustered WDS also has a lower regret (a difference of 17.7m3/US$) associated with the potential future conditions in comparison with the conventionally centralized system and hence is more flexible.
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Mthethwa, Nkosinathi I. "Evaluating water conservation and water demand management in an industrialised city: a case study of the City of uMhlathuze in Richards Bay." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27976.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate water conservation and water demand management in an industrialised City of uMhlathuze in Richards Bay. The City of uMhlathuze Local Municipality is the third-largest municipality in KwaZulu Natal (KZN) and is strategically placed to continue attracting investment as an aspirant metropolis due to the newly established Industrial Development Zone (IDZ) and the country's largest deep-water port. As an industrialised city, uMhlathuze's demand for water is already increasing and with the establishment of the IDZ, it is expected that water demand will escalate even further once the IDZ is fully operational. In line with the research question, this study has, therefore, sought to understand whether the industrialised City of uMhlathuze has developed and effectively implemented a water conservation and water demand management strategy and interventions in order to sustain water supply in anticipation of growing demand due to industrialisation and population growth. This objective was achieved by evaluating the city's current interventions and measures using a range of water conservation and water demand management solutions and guidelines. During this study, it was evident that the greatest threat facing South Africa's ambitious future economic growth, poverty alleviation and government's transformation agenda was the inefficient and unbalanced use of available and limited water resources. Thus, in order to avoid this imminent threat, the country as a whole must continuously reduce water consumption and demand from various sectors. This goal can be achieved through sustainable and improved water conservation and water demand management interventions. The study found that, in recent years, the issue of water scarcity had escalated in KZN. The province was in the grip of a drought, which was taking its toll on water supply in various municipalities around the province. The sparse rainfall in most parts of the province had caused the levels of rivers and dams to decrease to a point of crisis. Consequently, the KZN Provincial Government declared the province a disaster area in 2015. During the study, there was very little improvement as the City of uMhlathuze was still subjected to level 4 water restrictions. Evidently, the drought was intensifying the water problem in a municipality already grappling with poor and inadequate water infrastructure. A review of international and local literature was undertaken to theoretically position the objective of the research. An evaluation of the City of uMhlathuze water conservation and water demand management strategy and interventions was conducted using a questionnaire completed by city officials and part of the study included documentation review. This study investigated key elements of water conservation and demand management as well as interventions that were pertinent to achieving the desired outcome of efficient use of water. Respondents were required to answer questions focusing on several water conservation and water demand management related approaches and solutions. During the study, it was identified that there were inconsistencies in the implementation of water conservation and water demand management interventions even though the City of uMhlathuze had already taken the important step of developing a water conservation and water demand management strategy. It was recognised, however, that water conservation and water demand management remained relatively new for most municipalities. Consequently, it would take time for municipalities, together with communities, to implement effective interventions. The focus needs to be on the establishment of a combined team of staff and stakeholders, set up to finding solutions and interventions designed to maximise the most sustainable and efficient use of water. The conclusions drawn from this study and proposed recommendations indicated that wastewater reuse; pipe replacement; water pressure management; rainwater and stormwater harvesting; water sensitive urban design; leak detection and repair; joint planning and research team with the Industrial Development Zone; groundwater and aquifer recharge; stakeholder engagement, education and citizen awareness are feasible options for the City of uMhlathuze to consider in relation to water conservation and water demand management. These solutions should constitute the foundation of a revised and updated water conservation and water demand management strategy to be implemented incrementally with broad-based participation.
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Zhang, Weini. "Water Network Design and Management via Stochastic Programming." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/311556.
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Water is an essential natural resource for life and economic activities. Water resources management is facing major challenges due to increasing demands caused by population growth, increased industrial and agricultural use, and depletion of fresh water sources around the world. In addition to putting stress on our civilization, factors such as water supply availability, spatial population changes, industrial growth, etc. are all sources of major uncertainty in water resources management. There are also uncertainties regarding climate variability and how it affects both water demands and supplies. Stochastic programming is a mathematical tool to help make decisions under uncertainty that models the uncertain parameters using probability distributions and incorporates probabilistic statements in mathematical optimization. This dissertation applies stochastic programming to water resources management. In particular, we focus on reclaimed water distribution network design to effectively reuse water in a municipal system and a water allocation problem in an integrated water system under uncertainty. We first present a two-stage stochastic integer program with recourse for cost- effective reclaimed water network design. Unlike other formulations, uncertain demands, temporal, and spatial population changes are explicitly considered in our model. Selection of pipe and pump sizes are modeled using binary variables in order to linearize the nonlinear hydraulic equations and objective function terms. We then develop preprocessing methods to significantly reduce the problem dimension by exploiting the problem characteristics and network structure. We analyze the sensitivity of the network design under varying model parameters, present computational results, and discuss when the stochastic solution is most valuable. Next, we investigate the use of risk-averse approach in water resources management using the so-called conditional value-at-risk as a risk measure. We develop a multistage risk-averse stochastic program with recourse for long-term water allocation under uncertain demands and water supply variability. We propose a specialized decomposition-based algorithm to solve multistage risk-averse stochastic programs, and present both the single-cut and the multicut version of the algorithm. We then compare the solution methodologies with different ways of decomposing the resulting problem. We solve the multistage risk-averse water allocation problem with different risk aversion levels and model assumptions, present computational results to demonstrate the potential benefits of risk-averse approach, and provide a guideline for risk aversion level selection.
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Sjöholm, Pia. "Water strategies for Swedish sustainable urban planning : A comparison between certification systems and urban water research." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-213400.
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Sustainable development is gaining more focus than ever, and sustainable urban water management is increasingly being incorporated in urban planning worldwide. Internationally, certification systems for sustainable urban planning have gained popularity, and a Swedish version of the British certification system BREEAM Communities is on its way. In this degree project the technical water related aspects of the certification system BREEAMCommunities are analyzed and compared with the corresponding aspects of the American certification system LEED for Neighborhood Development. Water related aspects of both systems are discussed on basis of research in sustainable urban water management. Difficult questions raised in managing the urban water of the future are e.g. climate changes and new technical solutions for storm water management.
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Sahtout, Nadia. "L'eau et la ville en climat semi-aride : vers la gestion intégrée de la ressource. Exemple du Grand Sousse en Tunisie littorale." Thesis, Paris 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA040062.
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Le Grand Sousse, partie orientale du gouvernorat de Sousse, abrite l'une des plus importantes métropoles régionales du pays, avec une concentration sur la frange littorale des activités humaines et économiques. L'explosion démographique et la généralisation de la desserte en eau potable en font un important foyer de consommation d'eau. Or cette région est aussi très marquée par l'aridité, cause principale de faibles ressources locales. Dépendante des régions voisines pour son approvisionnement en eau, le Grand Sousse mène depuis toujours une course au captage pour satisfaire des besoins grandissants. La stratégie politique traditionnelle de mobilisation et de transferts des ressources s'achevant, la gestion future préconise le recours intensif aux ressources non conventionnelles, telles les eaux usées traitées et les eaux dessalées. Il s'agit là d'un des principaux leviers d'intervention que le Grand Sousse peut promouvoir pour une "gestion intégrée" du système hydraulique, en plus d'une gestion de la demande axée sur les économies d'eau. La thèse a mobilisé des enquêtes directes sur un échantillon représentatif de ménages, d'unités industrielles et d'hôtels ; elles ont permis de dresser le bilan des actions menées dans le sens de cette nouvelle orientation, et de mieux comprendre les contraintes et obstacles rencontrés. La cartographique a été un outil indispensable à la représentation de cette inadéquation entre offre et demande en eau, du réseau d'approvisionnement et de distribution, et des composantes de la gestion future de l'eau. La démarche prospective permet de tirer la sirène d'alarme sur la menace que fait peser l'évolution tendancielle de la demande sur les équilibres socio-spatiaux, et se propose des solutions alternatives à cette évolutionGrand Sousse, oriental part of Sousse governorate, shelters one of the most important regional metropolises of the country, with a concentration on the littoral fringe of the human and economic activities. The demographic explosion and the generalization of the sideboard in drinking water make an important home of water consumption. Now this region is also very marked by the aridity, the main cause of low local resources. Dependent on nearby regions for its water supply, Grand Sousse leads for a long time a running to the harnessing to satisfy growing needs. The traditional political strategy of mobilization and transfers of the resources ending, the future management recommends the extensive appeal to the not conventional resources, some treated waste water and desalinated waters. It is about one of the main control levers of intervention there which Grand Sousse can promote for an "integrated management" of the hydraulic system, besides a management of the demand centred on the savings of water. The thesis mobilized direct inquiries on a representative sample of households, industrial units and hotels; they allowed to draw up balance sheet actions led in the sense of this new orientation, and to understand better the constraints and the met obstacles. The cartographic was a tool indispensable to the representation of this inadequacy between supply and demand in water, the network of supply and distribution, and constituents of the future management of the water. The forward-looking approach allows pulling the air-raid siren at the threat that makes weigh the trend-setting evolution of the demand on the socio-spatial balances, and proposes alternative solutions of this evolution
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Brighu, Urmila. "Asset management in urban water utilities : case study in India." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2008. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/4420.
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Access to safe and sufficient drinking water and adequate sanitation are now recognized as basic human rights. One Millennium Development Goal is to reduce by half the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015. However, ensuring sustainability of existing and new services is considered to be one of the major challenges for the water sector in the years to come. In India, in addition to service expansion, existing water service quality has been observed to be deteriorating over recent years. There is therefore an equally urgent need to address sustainability and improvement of service quality to the presently served population. In this low-income country, where water utilities are unable to recover even the service costs of operations and minor maintenance through user charges, there is a need to determine ways and means to be able to maintain a cost-effective service to consumers. For such a capital intensive service these ways have to include not only the introduction of efficiency measures but also the long-term planning of capital maintenance, that is the maintenance of the fixed assets upon which services depend. Water utilities in high-income countries have been using various fixed asset management techniques to improve asset operational efficiency, to plan capital maintenance and to demonstrate their ability to maintain and improve service to their customers. This study explores the viability of the application of asset management techniques and their potential contribution towards improving water service provision in urban centres in India. Following a literature review, a generic asset management model for a low-income country water utility was developed and then applied in the water utility serving Jaipur, Rajasthan to assess the viability of this adaptation. Having identified strengths and weaknesses during this fieldwork a revised model was proposed, including distinct phases of asset management/data intensity, which could be used as a generic approach in large urban centres in India. Following consultations with prospective users in six States, the study showed that it is feasible to take a first step towards asset management at low cost but this will require a change in the management approach. The study identified lack of relevant data as a key factor influencing an effective and comprehensive application of a generic asset management model. The study concludes that the proposed phased asset management models can contribute to improving serviceability for customers; however the concern that remains is the willingness of the organisation to adapt to the necessary changes.
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Blignault, Samantha Paige. "Feasibility of groundwater abstraction and treatment for urban water supply." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32466.
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Water is one of Earth's most valuable resources and one of Earth's most threatened resources. Continuously increasing population growth coupled with changing climate has resulted in the depletion of water sources. As a result, investigations into alternative water sources are being conducted worldwide. One such alternative water source is groundwater abstraction. Groundwater abstraction involves the abstraction of water from an underground source. The volume of water that can be sustainably abstracted is governed by legislation. Groundwater typically requires treatment before it can be distributed to the general population for use, and thus the implementation of large-scale groundwater abstraction projects involves large capital outlays, as well as monthly operational outlays. The feasibility into the implementation of large-scale groundwater abstraction projects is therefore of interest to stakeholders involved in the water supply industry. The lifecycle of a recently implemented large-scale groundwater abstraction project was analysed in order to determine its feasibility. The project was implemented by Drakenstein Municipality in the Western Cape in 2017. The project involved identifying groundwater abstraction points that could provide sustainable volumes of water. The water quality of each groundwater abstraction point was then investigated for any outlying parameters according to SANS 241-1:2015 guidelines for potable water. Groundwater abstraction water treatment plants were then designed in order to treat the combined sustainable flow rates of water at their specific water qualities. The treated water from each groundwater abstraction water treatment plant was then analysed in order to confirm compliance with the SANS 241- 1:2015 guidelines, before the booster pumps were commissioned and commenced with their continuous supply of potable water into the network. The capital expenditure associated with each of the groundwater abstraction water treatment plants was obtained from the Engineer, Aurecon. In addition, the estimated monthly operational expenditure was computed. These expenditures were used to determine the feasibility of the large-scale groundwater abstraction project by computing the payback period and comparing this period to the design life of each of the groundwater abstraction water treatment plants. In addition, the monthly savings applicable to the municipality as a result of the project's implementation was computed. Finally, the feasibility into varying flow rates of groundwater abstraction water treatment plants, and varying water quality of groundwater abstraction points was investigated. Two sites were identified within the municipal area, each with four groundwater abstraction points capable of delivering a combined 5.18 ML/day and 1.62 ML/day. These sites were identified as Boy Louw Sportsgrounds and Parys Sportsgrounds respectively. Although the sites were only 2.60 kilometres apart, the water quality of the combined flow rates indicated that the groundwater abstraction points were accessing two different water sources. The combined sustainable flow rate at Boy Louw Sportsgrounds required turbidity, iron and manganese removal, as well as disinfection. The combined sustainable flow rate at Parys Sportsgrounds required turbidity removal and disinfection. Groundwater abstraction water treatment plants were then designed to treat the water at Boy Louw Sportsgrounds and Parys Sportsgrounds. Boy Louw Sportsgrounds involved the distribution of equipment across seven shipping containers, whilst Parys Sportsgrounds involved the distribution of equipment across three shipping containers. It was found that the groundwater abstraction project was feasible with a payback period of three years. This payback period fell well within the 10-year design life of each groundwater abstraction water treatment plant. In addition, it was found that the municipality would be subject to a 72% monthly saving in water costs as a result of utilising the groundwater abstraction water treatment plants, as opposed to purchasing water in bulk from the City of Cape Town. It was found that the payback periods of Boy Louw Sportsgrounds and Parys Sportsgrounds were two and five years respectively. Although Boy Louw Sportsgrounds delivered almost three times the potable water flow rate than that of Parys Sportsgrounds, its payback period was three years sooner. In addition, it was found that the municipal savings as a result of Boy Louw Sportsgrounds was 8% more than that of Parys Sportsgrounds. It was therefore concluded that the larger the flow rate of water to be treated, the more financially feasible the project. In addition, it was determined that the more water quality parameters lying above the upper limits of SANS 241-1:2015 guidelines for potable water, the more treatment processes would need to be implemented resulting in additional capital and operational expenditure. It was therefore concluded that the more water quality parameters requiring treatment, the less financially feasible the project. Finally, it was determined that the feasibility of the large-scale groundwater abstraction project is limited by the rate at which the municipality purchases water in bulk from the City of Cape Town. As long as the bulk water purchase tariff remains above R 2.85/m³, the project will remain feasible. Should the bulk water purchase tariff fall below this value, the project no longer remains feasible as the payback period of the project exceeds the design life of the groundwater abstraction water treatment plants.
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Kam, Kwok-hang Dave. "Review on the industrial wastewater management in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19945437.
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Jose, Roshni. "Ecosystem services and urban water : an assessment of the goods and benefits accruing from sustainable approaches to urban water management." Thesis, Abertay University, 2017. https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/99e879e7-626b-47db-b840-1c611499e5f4.
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This research creates a linkage between Ecosystem Services (ES) and Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) in urban residential areas. The findings suggest that optimisation of ecosystem service goods and benefits, particularly cultural service and regulating service benefits, can be delivered through SUDS within urban greenspace settings. Previous studies have indicated that SUDS can help to manage water quality, water quantity and provide amenity. Additionally, the UK National Ecosystem Assessment (2011) has concluded that nature provides many ES benefits. Within this context, SUDS in urban greenspace areas have a high potential to provide opportunities to enhance urban ES provision beyond ‘simply’ water management. Within this thesis, an integrated methodology (consisting of physical and social science methods) is used to assess cultural and regulating services provided by SUDS. The results are collated to consolidate the data on different SUDS types and to develop and test a communication tool, to confirm the multiple benefits provided by SUDS. The work contributes to existing knowledge in this field of study, particularly as there is a very limited information available on delivery of cultural ecosystem services from SUDS. Two case study sites, in Dundee and Dunfermline (both in Scotland, UK), with well-established SUDS features, were selected for the field assessment of ES and SUDS linkages. A third case study location, at Waterlooville (England, UK) was used to test the communication tool. The methodologies used in this research include visual inspection, public perception survey, Public Participatory Geographical Information Systems (PPGIS) and a pond and wetland survey. The results confirm that SUDS provide multiple ES benefits, particularly cultural and regulating services. Public perception results showed a statistical link between SUDS and ES provision in terms of biodiversity, aesthetics and educational benefits. The PPGIS results show the most favoured and least favoured places, based on participants opinion. Additionally, a willingness to pay assessment was conducted; this indicates that respondents value greenspace and SUDS near their homes. The thesis concludes with the presentation of a communication tool which has been developed to assist in the identification of ES associated with SUDS. The three stages of the tool include preliminary stage, decision stage and final stage. The tool allows the communication of results based on physical science and social science and testing of the tool provided feedback on the reliability and usefulness of the tool. The outcome of this research will be of use to stakeholders such as landscape architects, engineers, planners, policy makers etc. An evidence base is created to assess the cultural and regulating services in the context of urban environments. The links between SUDS and ES are established, acknowledging the importance of non-monetary valuation of ES with respect to cultural services.
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O'Connor, Catherine L. (Catherine Leber). "Decentralized water treatment in urban India, and the potential impacts of reverse osmosis water purifiers." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/106259.
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Thesis: S.M. in Engineering and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, System Design and Management Program, Engineering and Management Program, 2016.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 185-191).
The degrading water quality in India combined with reduced groundwater supplies and insufficient municipal water distribution has led to the adoption of household water purifiers across the country. These water purifiers are used to treat water for potable consumption (drinking and cooking), and include a range of technologies capable of treating contaminants found in municipal water, groundwater, or other supplemental sources. The purifiers vary in cost, and have varying levels of accessibility to different socio-economic groups. As of 2010, market studies estimated that water purifiers, and more specifically reverse osmosis (RO) units, had not yet achieved a high level of diffusion across India, though sales were projected to greatly increase. More recent studies found levels of adoption for RO purifiers in certain urban areas growing above 50%, much higher than the 10% or less of households relying primarily on groundwater. Interviews conducted in January 2016 confirmed that households with a municipal supply were treating their water with RO purifiers, so RO adoption has spread beyond homes with only groundwater as a source. Though increased RO system diffusion may increase access to improved water quality, the purifiers require a reject line that discards 30 to 80% of the input water. The waste generated can be substantial, and for an average RO recovery of 20% treating 5.0 liters per capita per day drinking water, total up to 100 liters per household per day, 82.2 megaliters per day (MLD) within the city of Delhi, or even 2,340 MLD across all major urban areas of India if complete adoption occurs within the top two socio-economic groups. These volumes can amount to a measurable fraction of the volume of groundwater that a city extracts to supplement its surface water supply, and the volume of wastewater that goes untreated due to insufficient infrastructure. Policy and technology-based alternatives such as a water efficiency ranking program and the replacement of RO with electrodialysis, a more efficient desalination technology, align with government initiatives calling for higher efficiency and public participation, though a combined program is likely needed to make household water treatment sustainable in the long-term.
by Catherine L. O'Connor.
S.M. in Engineering and Management
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Chacha, Juan Diego Godoy. "Urban Water : Harvesting Rainwater at household level to improve the current water metabolism in Cuenca – Ecuador." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-177570.
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With a global population about 7 billion people and their continued growth are pressuring global natural resources, in freshwater matter this pressure is altering both the river flows; timing season of water flows; and spatial patterns in order to meet human demands both in urban as rural areas. However, water stress in urban areas are increasing and expectations by 2050 are grim with a global urban development by 70 percent moreover urbanization rate expected by 2030 in Latin America is 80 percent, thus the water concerns because of high average water consumption 220 lpd, and water leakage by 29 percent in the third largest city of Ecuador Cuenca have motivated to perform this analysis. The analysis is based on a metabolic perspective in order to determine anomalies in the urban water cycle at household level for then apply one of the tools of stormwater management in short term such as harvesting rainwater to find how feasible can be this system both individually as communally in Cuenca urban area based on criteria of rainfall, roof surface, roof material, water average consumption, and costs; in order to generate social, economic, and environmental benefits. Moreover, give recommendations and strategies in mid and long term to get an Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM) model that allow ensuring the enough natural resources, environmental health, and economic sustainability for current and future demands. The main problems in the urban water cycle are in a outdated urban water management because of water leakage in the delivery network and unsuitable water pricing as well as bad consumers habits; these are affecting economically the water enterprise; nonetheless these problems are not putting in risk freshwater resources, and infrastructure capacity to meet future demands but the implementation of harvesting rainwater systems both individual as community can allow water savings by 18 percent at household level, and by 11 percent in whole water production process at city level. Moreover, the implementation can generate 750.000 job positions both direct as indirect. Finally, the risk of floods can be mitigated due to, roughly 2.88 million m3 of runoff rainwater a year are not released on rivers. To conclude, economic losses are avoiding that this money can be used to improve and maintain the current infrastructures, and development socio-technical projects in order to get a more suitable water metabolism. In other hand, encourage a harvesting culture at household level is a good strategy in short term but its feasibility is related directly to five drivers of which four can be handled such as roof surface area, roof material, domestic water consumption, and costs; in order to get most efficient systems. Finally, there are more tools and strategies to get sustainable goals in short mid and long term through an Integrated Urban Water Management model, in order to urban dwellers can move from simply consumers to a status of suppliers and managers of resources.
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Friedman, Kenneth Ross. "Evaluation of indoor urban water use and water loss management as conservation options in Florida." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0025094.
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Park, Jangho. "Data-Driven Stochastic Optimization with Application to Water Resources Management." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1555623442635498.
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Faragher, Tamsin. "Sustainable water governance: An incremental approach towards a decentralised, hybrid water system." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29658.
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Cape Town is experiencing its worst drought in recorded history. Notwithstanding that the Western Cape has always been a water scarce region, it is this current drought that has brought home the area’s inherent vulnerability and highlighted the governance issues. The world wherein South Africa’s water governance was created is very different to the world we find ourselves in today. It is a world of uncertainty and unpredictability not contemplated in water governance comprised of legislation, policy, guidelines and practice. The current water governance constructs a conventional approach based upon predictability and certainty and is no longer appropriate to meet today’s new challenges. Consistent with this conventional approach, Cape Town’s municipal water supply is almost completely dependent upon surface water which makes it even more vulnerable to drought than if its supply was comprised of a variety of water supply options. With surface water sources fully exploited and storage opportunities within the urban edge limited alternative water supply options must be more seriously considered and the water governance reformed to accommodate its use. Water governance is the focus of reform because it is the framework for infrastructure planning and therefore controls the resultant system, infrastructure and management. This thesis interrogates the current water governance as the starting point before firstly discussing the proposed incremental approach towards a decentralised, hybrid system for water infrastructure and secondly, identifying specific areas where intervention is necessary for implementation.
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De, Almeida Palmira Ndeshihala. "Green infrastructure: urban water management framework for Paarden Eiland, Cape Town." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/18200.
Full textAbstract:
Includes bibliographical referencesCities in South Africa are currently experiencing rapid urbanisation, especially Cape Town. Infrastructure development has long been a critical component with a large amount of money invested in the development of hard infrastructure. However, in light of excessive stormwater runoff, the increased deterioration of surface water resources, degraded water quality, and the rapid progression of climate change around the global, many cities including Cape Town have progressed towards more sustainable forms of infrastructure development. Discourse surrounding sustainable development often encourages the improvement of the quality of urban areas without compromising the carrying capacity of ecosystems. This is a fairly new model in South Africa, which challenges the underlying principles of conventional infrastructural design and management. There is particularly an enthusiastic interest in the promotion of green infrastructure as a water sensitive design strategy in the management of stormwater and surface water. Presently, drainage systems for urban areas in Cape Town are constructed using principles of hard infrastructure, which often consist of complex man-made networks of underground tunnels and pipes that gather and direct stormwater runoff towards a surface waterbody. However, the extensive development of drainage infrastructure has led to increased stormwater runoff volumes, flooding, and flows. Urban stormwater runoff is known to be one of main sources of pollution and degradation of waterbodies, which has in turn resulted in the degradation of other environmental assets. Therefore, the planning, design, and implementation of infrastructural solutions there is a need to move towards a more sustainable and water sensitive model, in order to remediate these problems. Green infrastructure in this respect offers an opportunity to better manage both stormwater and surface water in a more holistic, cost-effective, efficient and ecological sound manner. The main objective of green infrastructure urban water management is to mimicking the natural hydrological cycle through various stormwater management interventions, in order to achieve what conventional drainage systems currently do and beyond their existing capacity. This dissertation uses Paarden Eiland as a case study and experimental project site in order to assess and investigate how green infrastructure can be utilised to effectively manage stormwater runoff and surface water within a heavily developed urban area. It explores the potential benefits this method of management provides in comparison to a conventional infrastructural approach of management. This study also highlights some of the critical issues and barriers that urban practitioners need to take into account when implementing such systems. A green infrastructure urban water management framework and conceptual layout are presented in order to demonstrate potential green infrastructure tools and strategies that may be used in retrofitting heavily developed areas, as well as provide guidance on how spatial planning can be utilised as a tool in the planning, design, and implementation of green infrastructure as well as in overcoming identified financial, technical, and institutional barriers.
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De, Carvalho Sheilla. "Sustainability index for integrated urban water management (IUWM) in southern African cities : case study applications : Greater Hermanus region and Maputo City." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/18413.
Full textAbstract:
The critical situation in the water sector continues to jeopardize developmental principles and undermine strategies for poverty eradication. On the assumption that the failure in service provision can be largely attributed to an inability to holistically address all aspects of urban water management, a systems approach was used to develop a relevant and robust sustainability index which assesses the capacity of a city or a portion thereof to be sustainable. This thesis details the process of developing the Sustainability Index (SI) for a multidimensional assessment of urban water systems. In this research, an analysis of the current problems facing developing cities, particularly in Sub-Saharan countries, was undertaken. This was done so as to provide some insight into the current developmental issues hindering sustainable development. An examination of the urban water cycle was also carried out to illustrate the links within the cycle and between the various water uses and services. A process model was developed which addresses the multi-dimensionality of sustainability and the dynamism of urban water systems. This model combines aspects of the iterative procedure for assessing environmental sustainability introduced by Lundin et al. (2002) with the step-wise process proposed by Nardo et al. (2005).
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Robertson, Abby Jane. "Quantifying stormwater pollutants and the efficacy of sustainable drainage systems on the R300 highway, Cape Town." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25514.
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Stormwater provides a direct link between urban infrastructure and the urbanised natural environment. In particular, highway drainage presents a high risk of pollution when compared to other urban land use areas (Ellis et al., 2012); introducing heavy metals, suspended solids and hydrocarbons to urban waterways. This research investigated runoff from the R300 highway, located in the greater Cape Town area. The City of Cape Town Management of Urban Stormwater Impacts Policy requires the treatment and attenuation of stormwater from developments within the city, and proposes Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) as a means to achieve this (CSRM, 2009b). SuDS are structural and process controls that attenuate surface drainage, improve runoff water quality, provide amenity and deliver ecosystem services. This study characterized the R300 runoff through a sampling program and modelling exercise in order to provide an indication of the ability of SuDS to manage highway runoff in South Africa. Sediment and runoff samples were collected from the road surface and an undeveloped parcel of land adjacent to the highway. The sampling results showed that heavy metals, suspended solids and phosphorus are present in significantly greater concentrations in road runoff compared to rainwater from the same area. The concentration of aluminium, copper, lead, zinc and phosphorus exceed the Department of Water and Sanitation's water quality guidelines for aquatic ecosystems in excess of 1000%. The concentration of heavy metals, phosphorus and fats, oils and greases was significantly greater in road sediment compared to sediment from the surrounding area. Barring copper, all contaminant concentrations in the road surface sediment are less than the maximum concentration required to protect ecosystem health. The R300 rainfall-runoff response was modelled in PCSWMM to evaluate the performance of SuDS such as infiltration trenches, bioretention areas and swales for managing highway runoff in terms of quantity and quality. The modelling exercise showed SuDS to be a viable means to attain the City of Cape Town's stormwater objectives, provided that SuDS are implemented in treatment trains along the entire road length.
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Danti, Ntomboxolo. "Critical assessment of right to safe water and sanitation in a South African informal settlement: a case study of Marikana, Cape Town." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27876.
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The Bill of Rights in the Constitution of South Africa mandates the promotion of human dignity, equality, and freedom. To attain these three mentioned aspects, the Bill of Rights stipulates that every person has the right to safe water and sanitation and this is done to improve the welfare of every citizen. South Africa has approximately 13% (7.27 million) of its population staying in informal settlements. Most of these informal settlements were formulated during the land invasion and so on and has since been increasing throughout South Africa. This study sought to assess whether informal dwellers have access to safe water and sanitation, what is the state of the water and sanitation facilities. The assessment was conducted in terms of the Bill of Rights in the Constitution of South Africa and WHO. Marikana informal settlement in Cape Town was used as a case study. Safe water and sanitation to all remain a challenge in South Africa, notwithstanding the commendable efforts since 1994, to provide access to safe water and sanitation as a right to all people. Based on empirical findings and analysis of relevant documents, the study views the water and sanitation in SA informal settlements as unsafe. The sanitation facilities are inadequate thus contributing to existing open defecation. The coverage of the water and sanitation facilities is not enough, therefore, compromising the right to access safe water and sanitation. The findings show evidence of non-operational water supply infrastructure. The uncleanliness of the existing sanitation facilities contributes to health issues like water-borne diseases. The sanitation facilities lack the human right factor, for an example, facilities are not designed to accommodate the elderly and physical disable people. Though South Africa made commendable progress in providing access to water and sanitation nationally, the inequality in the provision of safe water and sanitation exists; there is lack of freedom due to the poor safety of public facilities and overcrowded settlements, and the protection of human dignity is still an issue in informal settlements. In general, while the study identifies the existence of comprehensive national legislative and policy frameworks in support of providing safe water and sanitation in informal settlements, there are various challenges such as availability of land, inadequate housing, policy implementation, infrastructure maintenance and so on, that hinder the right to safe water and sanitation and has a possibility to hinder the fulfillment of South Africa's vision 2030 goal to provide access to piped water and flush toilets by all people.
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De, Carvalho Sheilla. "Sustainability index for integrated urban water management (IUWM) in southern African cities : case study applications : Greater Hermanus region and Maputo City." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/18413.
Full textAbstract:
The critical situation in the water sector continues to jeopardize developmental principles and undermine strategies for poverty eradication. On the assumption that the failure in service provision can be largely attributed to an inability to holistically address all aspects of urban water management, a systems approach was used to develop a relevant and robust sustainability index which assesses the capacity of a city or a portion thereof to be sustainable. This thesis details the process of developing the Sustainability Index (SI) for a multidimensional assessment of urban water systems. In this research, an analysis of the current problems facing developing cities, particularly in Sub-Saharan countries, was undertaken. This was done so as to provide some insight into the current developmental issues hindering sustainable development. An examination of the urban water cycle was also carried out to illustrate the links within the cycle and between the various water uses and services. A process model was developed which addresses the multi-dimensionality of sustainability and the dynamism of urban water systems. This model combines aspects of the iterative procedure for assessing environmental sustainability introduced by Lundin et al. (2002) with the step-wise process proposed by Nardo et al. (2005).
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Flower, David Jonathan Mark. "An integrated approach to modelling urban water systems." Monash University. Faculty of Engineering. Department of Civil Engineering, 2009. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/73160.
Full textAbstract:
The energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with urban water systems have come under scrutiny in recent times, as a result of increasing interest in climate change, to which urban water systems are particularly vulnerable. The approach most commonly taken previously to modelling these results has been to consider various urban water system components in great detail, but in isolation from the rest of the system. This piecewise approach is suboptimal, since it systematically fails to reveal the relative importance of the energy consumption and GHG emissions associated with each system component in the context of the entire urban water system. Hence, it was determined that a new approach to modelling the energy consumption and GHG emissions associated with urban water systems was necessary. It was further determined that the value derived from such a model would be greatly enhanced if it could also model the water consumption and wastewater generation associated with each system component, such that integrated policies could be developed, aimed at minimising water consumption, wastewater generation, energy consumption and GHG emissions concurrently. Hence, the following research question was posed: How should the relationships between the water consumption, wastewater generation, energy consumption and GHG emissions associated with the operation of urban water systems be modelled such that the impact of various changes to the system configuration made at different spatial scales can be determined within the context of the entire system? In this research project, life cycle assessment ideas were employed to develop such a new modelling methodology. Initially, the approach was developed at the building-scale, such that the end uses of water present in a selected building and any associated appliances could be modelled, along with the fraction of the citywide water supply and wastewater systems directly associated with providing services to that building. This vast breadth of scope was delivered by considering only the operational life cycle stage of each urban water system component, excluding both the pre- and post-operational life cycle stages of the associated infrastructure. The value of this pilot model was illustrated by several case studies, focused on residential buildings connected to the centralised water supply and wastewater systems in Melbourne, Australia. Later, the approach was extended to the city-scale by using probabilistic distributions of each input parameter, such that all of the end uses of water present in a city, and all of the associated building-scale appliances could be modelled, along with the associated complete water supply and wastewater systems. The value of this city-scale model was illustrated by applying it to model a hypothetical case study city, resembling Melbourne, Australia in many ways. Due to a lack of data, this application was limited to the residential sector of the case study city, along with the fraction of the citywide water supply and wastewater systems directly associated with providing services to that sector. The results generated by the pilot and city-scale models showed that the new modelling methodology could be employed at a wide range of scales to assess the relative importance of each modelled urban water system component in terms of the specified results. Importantly, the high resolution of those results enabled the identification of the underlying causes of the relative importance of each urban water system component, such that efficient and effective approaches to reducing each result for each system component could be developed. Interestingly, for the specific case studies investigated, it was revealed that some commonly neglected system components were actually extremely important, such as domestic hot water services, a trend found to be largely driven by hot water consumption in showers.
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Mallett, Gregory David. "An investigation into how value is created through water sensitive urban design." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27277.
Full textAbstract:
A key challenge facing developing countries is the rapid increases in urbanisation and the effect this has on their water systems. Water sensitive urban design (WSUD) is a process that considers the entire water system with the aim of achieving a water sensitive city (WSC). However, little is known about how value can be created through WSUD in terms of the sustainability of urban precincts in South Africa. The researcher therefore considered the well-established literature highlighting the relationship between WSUD and sustainable urban development. To understand the value derived from these concepts, two case studies were assessed, namely the Victoria & Alfred Waterfront (V&A Waterfront) and Century City. However, it should be highlighted that due to the uniqueness of these cases, no generalisations from the findings can be generated. The methodology implemented for the case studies was social constructivist in nature and to satisfy the research objectives, semi-structured interviews were conducted, documentary material was gathered, and photographic evidence was collected. Moreover, a diverse collection of data was assessed, which was extracted through various methods of data collection, thereby resulting in an in-depth understanding of the case studies. This research concludes there is a relationship between WSUD, sustainable urban development and value. It further argues that the underlying principles of facilities management (FM) and more specifically urban FM provide a managerial framework that can connect these concepts to achieve sustainability for urban precincts. Furthermore, the study uncovered the need for value capture mechanisms as a form of infrastructure financing and value creation for urban precincts. However, it was established that neither case study make use of such mechanisms, so future research is required in this regard.
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Ngabirano, Lillian. "Case study review of advanced water metering applications in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26893.
Full textAbstract:
Advanced water metering is part of a much larger movement towards smart networks and intelligent infrastructure. However, where advanced metering technology is focused more towards the need to obtain meter readings without human intervention in other parts of the world, in South Africa and other developing countries, advanced water metering (in the form of prepaid meters or water management devices) has been developing along a parallel path, driven by the need to provide services to previously unserved communities and deal with the problems caused by rapid urbanisation. In this report, conventional water metering is defined as systems using water meters that display their readings on the meters themselves and advanced water metering as systems that add additional components or functionality to a metering system. Advanced metering has the potential to provide substantial benefits if appropriately applied. However, compared with conventional metering, these systems are considerably more expensive and complicated, and often rely on technology that is still being developed. Advanced metering systems therefore carry a higher risk of failure, poor service delivery and financial losses unless the system is implemented with careful design and thorough planning. This report describes a number of case studies of the application of advanced metering in South Africa. The case studies were evaluated according to the evaluation framework described in Appendix A and their detailed evaluations are included in each relevant chapter. Evaluations were done in four areas: technical, environmental, social and economic. The technical evaluation is based on the systems complying with the relevant national metering standards and good metering practice, the environmental evaluations on battery disposal and water savings and the social evaluation on broad socio-economic indicators. It should be recognised that social issues are particularly complex and that no general evaluation framework can accurately predict whether an advanced metering system will be accepted by a particular community. The economic evaluations were based on reductions of the current system cost and not absolute values. Economic performance indicators included the effective surplus (income minus expenses over averaged over the meter service life) and capital repayment period. An overview of lessons learned and conclusions from the case studies are provided in Chapters 8 and 9 of the report.
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Husain, Salman Y. Y. "A study of urban residential water consumption behaviour : the case of Kuwait." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302676.
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au, mike mouritz@dpi wa gov, and Mike Mouritz. "Sustainable urban water systems : policy and professional praxis." Murdoch University, 1996. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20051109.95558.
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The provision of water, wastewater and stormwater infrastructure is an essential ingredient of cities. However, questions are being raised about the type and form of urban infrastructure, for economic and environmental reasons. Traditionally these techologies have offered linear solutions, drawing increasing volumes of water into cities and discharging waste at ever increasing levels, causing escalating stress on the
environment. In addition the costs of water infrastructure provision and replacement, both in the developing and developed world, is becoming prohibitive. In response, a new paradigm has been called for and new solutions are emerging that have been labelled as Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM). This concept can be considered to consist of both technical and philosophical dimensions, and represents a new form of professional praxis. However, the adoption of these techniques and concepts is constrained by the inertia of the existing urban water systems. It is therefore argued that the introduction of any change must occur across a number of dimensions of the technoeconomic system of the city. These dimensions-artefacts and technical systems (i.e. the technology and knowledge systems), professional praxis and socio-political context (i.e. institutions, culture and politics) and biophysical realities and world views (i.e. the environment and underlying values) - provide a framework for analysis of the change process - both how it is occurring and how it needs to occur. This framework is used to illustrate the link between environment values and the process of technological innovation, and points to the need for the emerging values and innovations to be institutionalised into the professional praxis and socio-political context of society. Specifically, it is argued that a new form of transdisciplinary professional praxis is emerging and needs to be cultivated. A broad review of the literature, an evaluation of selected emerging technologies and three case studies are used to illustrate and argue this position. These examples show the potential economic, social and environmental benefits of IUWM and provide some insight into the potential which this approach has to influence the form and structure of the city and at the same time highlighting the institutional arrangements required to manage urban water systems.
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Mushi, Catherine. "Urban Water Management in Dar es Salaam: A case for an Integrated Approach." Thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-171830.
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The main objective of this study was to determine water access and use characteristics of household in Dar es Salaam in order to determine how the integrated urban water management (IUWM) approach can be applied in solving the water crisis in the city as well as other challenges of urban water supply and sanitation. A limited household water access and use survey was carried out in all three districts of Dar es Salaam. It was found that some of the principles of IUWM such “fit for purpose use” are already being practiced informally at household level, although this is not recognized in planning by Water Authorities. The study also shows that practices geared at saving and efficient use of water are well entrenched in households; with even those with access to sufficient amounts of water practicing it. At the user level, there do not appear to be any obstacles to adoption of IUWM. The potential for IUWM application is therefore shown to exist and recommendations are made for immediate measures such as incorporation of the various water sources in use in households into the formal system as well as improvements to methods of water saving, ground water extraction and rain water harvesting. Recommendations are also provided for wider adaptation of the entire city water management system to IUWM with emphasis on context driven solutions.
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Ciccone, Brianne N. "Modeling of Evaporative Losses in Industrial Pasteurization." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1339587036.
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Kizito, Frank. "Water supply management in an urban utility a prototype decision support framework /." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Skolan för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-11900.
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Klein, Daniel Richard. "Supporting the implementation of effective urban water conservation and demand management strategies." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/62881.
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There is an urgent need to ensure the sustainability of urban water resources. In the face of growing challenges including urbanization, climate change, and increased competition for available resources, new and innovative water management strategies are required. The conventional approach to sustainable urban
water management typically focusses on the supply dimension; however, this has proven to be largely
inadequate and many are calling for a new approach to addressing this issue. The aim of this thesis is to
examine how the water meter data management and analysis systems might be improved to better support
water conservation efforts by exploring the literature and carrying out a case study of the City of
Vancouver. Literature covering the field of urban water demand modeling as well as conservation
interventions and their use in reducing potable water demand were reviewed within the context of the
changing understanding of urban water resource sustainability and its dimensions. A case study of the
City of Vancouver parks system then explored how existing water meter data could be leveraged to
support conservation efforts. The results found that while there have been substantial efforts undertaken
to characterize and understand the factors that influence water demand, behaviour and social factors
remain largely unaccounted for which are vital dimensions to include in the development of solutions.
The case study findings demonstrated that the analysis of existing data can be successful in understanding
conservation strategy options, which can be a useful entry point in addressing this highly complex
problem. Across the literature and case study the findings highlight the gap in knowledge around water use and behaviour that is evident when the focus is on sustainability. Future work is recommended to incorporate a wide range of influencing factors that go beyond the conventional supply oriented
paradigm.Science, Faculty of
Resources, Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Institute for
Graduate
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Creagh, Karen Kviberg. "Value and price: a transdisciplinary approach to ecologically sustainable urban water management." Thesis, University of Auckland, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/5886.
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This thesis puts forward the benefits of a transdisciplinary approach to environmental management, using urban New Zealand use and value of freshwater as a case in point. In New Zealand, the deficiencies of urban water management have become more evident over the last decades spurring a long process of water reform. Changing precipitation patterns are increasing the risk of flooding events and water shortages; there are regional and seasonal stresses on freshwater resources; and people's attitudes and expectations are poorly understood. Existing pricing structures are obscuring signals of both water shortages and wasteful practices. This research examined and mapped people's awareness, perceptions, attitudes and preferences in Auckland City and Christchurch City; two communities with different cultural, ecological and political systems of water management. A system-based contingent valuation method was developed to establish the level of acceptance for including ecosystem services as a part of the water infrastructure equation in the two communities. By eliciting a willingness to pay for water related ecosystem goods and services, values were coupled with price and consumption. It was found that the old mindset seeing water as a free gift from nature prevails in some communities even in the presence of higher environmental awareness, encouraging unsustainable consumption and potentially creating political inertia about water management reforms. It was found that there was a positive willingness to pay for ecosystem services in both cities, and that motivational factors were stronger predictors than socioeconomic variables for accepting the proposed pricing structure in Christchurch. The systems approach developed in this thesis identified cultural-ecological city identity constructs as having a strong potential for building community expectations for ecologically sustainable water management. It is recommended that local water authorities are established consisting of tangata whenua, stakeholders and experts from social, economic and ecological fields, and to be charged with developing local visions for water management and restoration programmes for water related ecosystems. It is recommended that pricing should include terms for full-cost recovery, resource rent, scarcity and investment in natural capital.
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Kizito, Frank. "Development of Decision Support Tools for Urban Water Supply Management in Uganda." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Mark- och vattenteknik, Land and Water Resource Engineering, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4803.
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Ekman, Mats. "Urban water management : Modelling, simulation and control of the activated sludge process." Licentiate thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för systemteknik, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-86143.
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During the last few decades, wastewater treatment processes in urban water management have become more and more efficient and complex. Several factors such as urbanization, stricter legislations on effluent quality, economics, increased knowledge of the involved biological, chemical and physical processes as well as technical achievements have been important incentives for the development of more efficient procedures for wastewater treatment plants. Future requirements on more sustainable urban water systems, in combination with increasing wastewater loads, will most probably further increase the need for optimization and control of both existing and emerging wastewater treatment processes. In this thesis estimation, modelling and control strategies are developed in order to improve the efficiency of the activated sludge process. The first part of the thesis presents a JAVA based simulator of the activated sludge process. An overview of its features, with some emphasis on implemented control strategies, is given. In particular, a new control strategy for the internal recycling flow rate is described. A summary of experiences from using the simulator as a teaching and training tool is also given. The second part of the thesis includes a derivation of reduced order models for the activated sludge process. The resulting models, a time-varying linear state-space model for the anoxic part and a time-varying bilinear state-space model for the aerobic part, are intended to be used for control applications. In the third part, an adaptive control strategy for control of the nitrate level using an external carbon source is presented. The controller adapts and compensates for changes in the system dynamics since important system parameters are estimated adaptively and incorporated on-line in the control design. The estimated system parameters and model states also give guidance about the state of the process and the characteristics of the wastewater. Several simulation examples are used to illustrate the control law. Finally, a new suboptimal control law for the bilinear quadratic regulator problem with infinite final time is presented. The control strategy is evaluated in a simulation study, where special concern is devoted to controlling the activated sludge process, using the bilinear model developed in the second part of this thesis.
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Díaz, Pacia. "Pursuing Resilience of Coastal Communities Through Sustainable and Integrated Urban Water Management." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7497.
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Reliability of water supply in the urban setting has become essential for communities to function and thrive. It is needed for more than mere human consumption and well-being. Although modern cities have water treatment and distribution systems, pressures from urbanization, population growth and the anticipated pressures of climate change are affecting the quality of water supply and the reliability of treatment and distribution systems. There is therefore an urgent need to take appropriate measures to improve the resilience of water supply systems before the impacts are irreversible.
Improving the resilience of water supply systems can be a challenge. In the United States, there is increased awareness of aging, overtaxed and under designed water infrastructure. To date, resilience planning has been principally focused on improving preparedness and the restoration of critical services in communities following extreme events, such as hurricanes, earthquakes or terrorism, and less so on the slow-moving consequences of climate change, perceived as a less urgent threat. All these issues – increased pressure of urbanization and population growth, deteriorating infrastructure, together with the consequences the impacts of climate change may have on water systems and the apathetic view of the need for action – are what make the development of a solution difficult.
This research proposes Integrated Urban Water Management as a new water management paradigm as one that can withstand contemporary issues as well as future climate threats, while increasing water supply resilience for communities. This research (1) focuses on analyzing the urban water cycle for potential vulnerabilities, (2) seeks to understand the benefits and challenges of integrating water infrastructure, (3) tests the level of sustainability in an IUWM system, (4) identifies critical thresholds ‘slow-moving’ climate change on water supply infrastructure, (5) performs a system-wide water and salt balance and (6) tests the system for resilience to salt water intrusion.
Since coastal communities are subject to higher population densities, demands on resources, and exposed to greater threats than inland communities, this project utilizes a coastal community with integrated water infrastructure as a basis to better understand the benefits as well as the potential challenges of the proposed future paradigm (IUWM).
The results of this research show that IUWM offers many options for sustainable practices as well as adaptability, a key aspect of resilience. The conclusions drawn from the scoping study, case study and modeling of water and salt flows within the urban water cycle offer relevant and transferable lessons for water management in coastal cities while they approach uncertain and alternative climate futures.
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Correa, Ibargüengoitia José Antonio. "Institutional innovation in water management : the case of Mexico City's recharge wells." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59734.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 108-125).
This thesis explores the difference in adoption patterns of water recharge well technology in Mexico City both by local entities and the central city government. The research finds that this technology, originally designed by the central city with the stated purpose of aiding aquifer recharge, was adopted by local entities driven by concerns over flood control. Geophysical realities, complemented by political and socioeconomic factors, are key in deciding the use and type of infiltration technology by local entities. Water policy priorities at the local level are a decidedly local affair, which makes coordination difficult and thus constitutes a challenge for sustainable water management in Mexico City as a whole. Ineffective formal coordination mechanisms among the three levels of government, and the incentives that explain the uneven adoption of recharge wells by local communities, suggest an alternative approach to metropolitan water governance. In addition to traditional solutions such as regulation and formal metropolitan cooperation bodies, a third path of sustainable water management would involve a division of tasks between high and lower local level governments. Levels of government with the resources and incentives to develop technologies with systemic impacts and that address immediate needs can then "market" or "scale down" these solutions to localities whose incentive structure would lead them to, in effect, implement these solutions. In this way, collective action problems could be sidelined at the metropolitan scale.
by José Antonio Correa Ibargüengoitia.
M.C.P.
50
Zhang, Wenxin. "Using integrated industrial waste management systems to develop and promote urban sustainable development." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.445959.
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