Journal articles on the topic 'Ur excavations'
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Salman Fahad, Sa’ad, and Raghad Abdul-Qadir Abbas. "Cuneiform Tablets from Shmet from the Excavation Season of 2001." Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 110, no. 1 (June 25, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/za-2020-0001.
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AbstractIn 2001–2002, the Iraqi State Board of Antiquities and Heritage undertook excavations at the site of Shmet in the Umma region, thereby uncovering a large residential quarter. This article presents the first six cuneiform tablets from the first excavation season at the site, dating to the Presargonic and Ur III periods. The god names mentioned support the identification of Shmet with the ancient city of Ki.anki.
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Molleson, Theya, and Dawn Hodgson. "The Human Remains from Woolley's Excavations at Ur." Iraq 65 (2003): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4200535.
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Cavigneaux, Antoine, and Emmert Clevenstine. "On the Periphery of the Clerical Community of Old Babylonian Ur." Altorientalische Forschungen 50, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2023-0005.
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Abstract We offer transliterations, translations, and autograph copies of three Old Babylonian tablets held by the Musée d’Art et d’Histoire (MAH) in Geneva. MAH 15899 adds a new name to the roster of temple administrators in Ur, and leads us to propose a new interpretation of the year-name Rīm-Sîn IIa. MAH 16042 concerns a second son of the Uqqû first recognized in MAH 15896. MAH 15953 extends the family tree of the well-known Balamunamḫe of Larsa and connects the family with the religious life of the city. It probably postdates Samsu-iluna’s reconquest of Ur (Si 10) but it is difficult to say by how long. The witness lists of the tablets are intertwined with each other and with tablets from scientific excavations. These interrelationships reflect a common origin in Ur, and permit speculation about the location of the site from which they were plundered for the antiquities market.
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Volpi, Luca. "THE ROYAL CEMETERY AT UR DURING THE SECOND HALF OF THE THIRD MILLENNIUM B.C.: POTTERY ANALYSIS THROUGH THE USE OF ARCHIVAL DATA, A CASE STUDY." Iraq 82 (September 24, 2020): 227–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/irq.2020.2.
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The Royal Cemetery at Ur, with its almost two thousand graves, is one of the most impressive archaeological settings in southern Mesopotamia. Although most of the graves have been assigned to the Early Dynastic Period, more than three hundred graves have been dated to a timeframe from the Late Akkadian Period to the end of the third millennium B.C. However, the precise dating of many of these graves is under debate because stratigraphic data are often lacking, and the material culture used for dating has mainly been cylinder seals and other small finds. Due to the poor quality of the data published by Woolley, pottery has rarely been used to establish chronological determinants that could be useful in dating the graves. Thanks to the Ur Digitization Project, the field records from the Ur excavations are now available online. Among them are the Field Notes, which often contain pottery drawings, reproduced to scale. This paper re-analyses some of the graves in the Royal Cemetery at Ur that have been dated to the final part of the third millennium B.C. This analysis is based on a typological approach to the pottery assemblages that allows revised chronological determinants for dating selected grave contexts.
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Charpin, Dominique. "Priests of Ur in the Old Babylonian Period: a Reappraisal in Light of the 2017 Discoveries at Ur/Tell Muqayyar." Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions 19, no. 1-2 (December 10, 2019): 18–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692124-12341302.
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Abstract Thirty-two years after the publication of Le Clergé d’Ur au siècle d’Hammurabi (1986), a reappraisal of the situation is made possible by collations of already known texts, and by new tablets provided by the resumption of excavations on the site of Tell Muqayyer. The question of the estate properties within the city of Ur will first be examined: generally, the members of the clergy owned the houses they inhabited, which were not the property of the temple of the Moon-god Nanna. Then the evidence about the specific situation of the purification priests devoted to the god Enki-of-Eridu will be studied: the older data are supplemented by new ones discovered in 2017 in a house occupied by a Babylonian general. Finally, the level of literacy of the clergy and the role they played in education will be examined; here again, the 2017 season provides new evidence thanks to the discovery of a house inhabited by an intendant of the temple of the goddess Ningal.
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Al-Mutawalli, Nawala, Walther Sallaberger, and Ali Ubeid Shalkham. "The Cuneiform Documents from the Iraqi Excavation at Drehem." Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 107, no. 2 (December 30, 2017): 151–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/za-2017-0101.
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Abstract: Drehem, ancient Puzriš-Dagān, is well known as the place of origin of more than 15,000 cuneiform tablets from the Ur III period that were sold on the antiquities markets from 1909 onwards. The State Board of Antiquities and Heritage of Iraq undertook the first controlled excavations at the site in 2007 under the direction of Ali Ubeid Shalkham. The cuneiform texts and fragments found there not only add to the well-known royal archives dealing with cattle, treasure or shoes, but they include many records on crafts and agriculture. With this evidence, the subsistence economy behind this important administrative center and royal palace of the Third Dynasty of Ur becomes more evident. We thank the Iraqi State Board of Antiquities and Heritage, the Iraq Museum Baghdad and Mr Ali Ubeid Shalkham for the permission to publish the tablets from the excavation season of 2007. The stays of Nawala Al-Mutawalli at LMU Munich in 2015 and 2016 in order to prepare this article were generously funded by the Gerda Henkel Stiftung. We are grateful to Margarete van Ess for the invitation to a first meeting in 2013 at the DAI Orientabteilung, Berlin. Thanks are owed to Manuel Molina for his careful reading of this article and his helpful remarks and Frans van Koppen for his editorial care. Walther Sallaberger’s work also contributes to his “Sumerisches Glossar” project. – All photos and plans of the excavation were made by Ali Ubeid Shalkham, the tablets in the Iraq Museum were photographed by Nawala Al-Mutawalli Mahmood. The abbreviations follow the Reallexikon für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie. The online digital resources CDLI (cdli.ucla.edu) and especially BDTNS (bdtns.filol.csic.es) have proven once more to be indispensable for our studies of lexicography and prosopography.
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Pollock, Susan. "Of Priestesses, Princes and Poor Relations: The Dead in the Royal Cemetery of Ur." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 1, no. 2 (October 1991): 171–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774300000342.
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Archaeological discoveries of dead individuals, usually in the form of burials, have frequently captured the imaginations of public and professional audiences alike. In addition to the allure of exotic artefacts and seemingly bizarre funeral rites, burials offer rich possibilities for investigating myriad aspects of past social, cultural and even individual life. This discussion focuses on one of the more renowned archaeological excavations of an ancient cemetery, the Royal Cemetery of Ur. Consideration of who was and who was not buried in the cemetery suggests that cemetery burial was the prerogative of those people who were closely attached to ‘public’ institutions. This leads to a number of observations on Sumerian treatment of the dead and attitudes toward death, as these can be approached from archaeological and textual sources.
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Müller, Uwe. "Die eisenzeitliche Stratigraphie von Lidar Höyük." Anatolian Studies 49 (December 1999): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3643067.
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Lidar Höyük was situated on the east bank of the Euphrates river, about 50km northwest of the provincial capital Şanlıurfa and within sight of the mound of Samsat on the opposite bank. Since 1988 these sites have been flooded by the waters of the Atatürk Dam Basin. Excavations at Lidar Höyük took place in the years from 1979 to 1987. They were conducted by the Institute für Ur- und Frühgeschichte und Vorderasiatische Archäologie of the University of Heidelberg under the direction of Hauptmann. The occupation levels reached from the Islamic down to the Chalcolithic Period. Iron Age structures were found mainly in a large trench called Q, R, S 44-45, where an unbroken stratigraphy from the 13th to the sixth century BC could be excavated.
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Jankowski, Alexei. "Pottery from Surveys and Excavations at Tell Dehaila-1 (2018–2021)." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 6 (2023): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080025585-0.
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Tell Dehaila-1 (EP-34 of Henry Wright’s survey) is located in Southern Iraq in the same natu-ral environment as the previously excavated sites of Eridu (26 km southeast), Ur (30 km east), and Tell Khaiber (17 km northeast), where it is one of the largest settlements of the Old Baby-lonian period (47 ha). Of the approximately 400 potsherds recorded during surveys and exca-vations at Tell Dehaila-1 by the Iraqi-Russian project in 2018–2021, the present study exam-ines only small and medium-sized forms, mainly bowls, cups and jugs, since these are the most chronologically and culturally diagnostic. The Tell Dehaila-1 assemblage generally corre-sponds to the Old Babylonian tradition, but has its own idiosyncrasies. It is not yet possible to determine whether these idiosyncrasies are chronologically driven or are the result of regional variation. The closest comparable assemblage is from Phase III (c. 1800–1600 BC) at Tell Yelkhi in the Hamrin. Stratigraphic and morphological considerations make us distinguish three periods of habitation in the excavated areas of Tell Dehaila-1: 1) the main Old Babyloni-an city; 2) a rather thin “tannur layer” with vessel forms that we tentatively interpret as post-crisis (early Sealand Period?); and 3) a 1st millennium BC presence (Neo-Babylonian), with-out any architectural remains within the excavated area, and apparently belonging to a non-urban settlement. Although the excavated areas in different parts of the tell are small, their ma-terial shows a unified picture, both morphologically and technologically, and surface finds do not contradict the conclusions drawn from the stratified ceramics.
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Campbell, Stuart, Jane Moon, Robert Killick, Daniel Calderbank, Eleanor Robson, Mary Shepperson, and Fay Slater. "TELL KHAIBER: AN ADMINISTRATIVE CENTRE OF THE SEALAND PERIOD." Iraq 79 (May 31, 2017): 21–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/irq.2017.1.
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Excavations at Tell Khaiber in southern Iraq by the Ur Region Archaeological Project have revealed a substantial building (hereafter the Public Building) dating to the mid-second millennium b.c. The results are significant for the light they shed on Babylonian provincial administration, particularly of food production, for revealing a previously unknown type of fortified monumental building, and for producing a dated archive, in context, of the little-understood Sealand Dynasty. The project also represents a return of British field archaeology to long-neglected Babylonia, in collaboration with Iraq's State Board for Antiquities and Heritage. Comments on the historical background and physical location of Tell Khaiber are followed by discussion of the form and function of the Public Building. Preliminary analysis of the associated archive provides insights into the social milieu of the time. Aspects of the material culture, including pottery, are also discussed.
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Koliński, Rafal. "Sir Max Mallowan's excavations at Tell Arbid in 1936." Iraq 69 (2007): 73–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900001078.
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In 1935 M. E. L. Mallowan was rightly considered to be one of the outstanding British archaeologists of his generation. Having served his apprenticeship under Sir Leonard Woolley at Ur and supervised the prehistoric sounding at Nineveh under R. Campbell Thompson, he had then directed a successful excavation of his own at Arpachiyah (McCall 2001: 41–4), followed by the immediate publication of the final report (Mallowan/Cruikshank 1935).As a result of a change in the Iraq Antiquities Law, the division of antiquities found during excavations ceased. Mallowan, like many other archaeologists whose fieldwork had been sponsored by museums, was obliged to abandon Iraq and look for new opportunities of research in neighbouring eastern Syria, which was virtually terra incognita at this time (Oates/Oates 2001: 121). No doubt, Mallowan's interest in this area has been stimulated by the discoveries of Max von Oppenheim at Tell Halaf, where pottery has been found similar to that excavated by Mallowan at Arpachiyah. Furthermore, in 1934 Poidebard's aerial survey was published, and it included photographs of numerous archaeological sites along the Khabur and its tributaries (Mallowan 1947: 1). In the fall of 1934 Mallowan, accompanied by his wife, Agatha Christie, and an architect, Mr R. H. Macartney, arrived in Syria to inspect a number of sites located along the Khabur and Jaghjagh rivers, as well as in the Khabur plain. After a winter spent in Egypt, Mallowan returned to the Khabur area in the Spring of 1935, not only to continue his survey, but first to excavate Tell Chagar Bazar. Sherds of the same so-called Halaf pottery had been found at the base of the mound, pointing to the possibility of obtaining at this site a long stratigraphical sequence, which would, in turn, serve as a chronological framework for research on other sites (Mallowan 1936: 7–11, Fig. 2). The season's work, however, was not limited to Tell Chagar Bazar. Small teams were detached from the main force for a few days to make trial soundings on some other principal sites, such as Tell Ailun and Tell Mozan (Oates/Oates 2001: 129).
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Clayden, T. "The date of the foundation deposit in the temple of Ningal at Ur." Iraq 57 (1995): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900002990.
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Ellis (1967) identified a discrete group of Mesopotamian foundation deposits, the central identifying feature in each being a clay figurine of Papsukkal = Ninshubur wearing a horned cap and long robe and holding a staff. The earliest example of such an assemblage noted by Ellis (1967, 52 Table I No. 1, 53) was the collection of objects found embedded in an altar in a construction phase of the Temple of Ningal at Ur dated by its excavator to the Kassite period (Woolley: 1939, 53–65, Pl. 73). Ellis (ibid.) accepted a Kassite date for the deposit, but did raise the possibility that a later date was equally acceptable. Similar doubts as to the Kassite date of the deposit were highlighted by Rittig (1977, 20–1, 41). As the earliest example of a ritual activity that saw its floruit in the eighth and seventh centuries B.C., it is important that the date of the Temple of Ningal group be correctly established. In this paper I attempt to demonstrate that the group post-dates the Kassite Period and is more probably eighth or seventh century B.C. in date.The Temple of Ningal (Fig. 1)Introducing his discussion of the results of his excavations on the Temple of Ningal Woolley (1939, 53) noted:It is probable that there had always been a temple of Ningal on the south-east of the Ziggurat terrace though, it must be admitted, the material evidence of an early building is very scanty. Between the time of the Third Dynasty and of the fourteenth century B.C. there had been no rise of ground level; the best foundation offered to a new builder was the solid bedding of mudbrick laid by Ur-Nammu, and it is natural enough that the Kassite architect should have made a clean sweep of any ruins of older work that might have encumbered his site, and the more so as the building he contemplated was, so far as we can judge, of a novel plan.
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Al - Mohammadi, Ziad Awaid Sweidan. "Commercial Centers in the Arabian Gulf Majan Amman In the light of archaeological excavations and cuneiform sources in Mesopotamia from the early ages to the end of the Ur era." Al-Anbar University Journal For Humanities 2017, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 171–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37653/juah.2017.172086.
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Симонян, Акоп, Арам Геворкян, and Арсен Бобохян. "Эталонные матрицы мерных гирь из Шенгавита." Bulletin of Armenian Studies, no. 9 (April 5, 2023): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.58226/2579-275x-2022.9-19.
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В музее округа Шенгавит, где представлены материалы из раскопок раннебронзового поселения Шенгавит (Ереван), есть два небольших артефакта из туфа на верхней поверхности которых имеются неболь- шие овальные выемки. Гипсовые отливки из этих выемок повторяют уменьшенную копию бронзовых слитков из поселений того же времени Джраовит и Карнут (Куро-аракская культура), они так же схожи с овальными мерными гирями из переднеазиатских и анатолийских цивилизационных центров III тыс. до н.э. (Эбла, Троя, Тарсус, Ур). Замеры точного объема этих миниатюрных слитков показали, что относительный вес меди в первой формочке мог составлять примерно 8.06 гр., а во второй около 16.13 гр. Учитывая что один месопотамский сикль равнялся в среднем примерно 8.4 гр., нетрудно заметить, что шенгавитские отливки соответствуют одной и двум сиклям. Туфовые формы шенгавитской мастерской по сути являлись эталонными матрицами с помощью которых можно было воспроизвести вышедшую из строя глиняную формочку для слитков в один и два сикля. The local museum in the Shengavit district in Yerevan, which exhibits the findings of the excavations of the Early Bronze Age settlement Shengavit (Yerevan), holds two small artifacts made of tuff stone, with oval recesses on the upper surface. Gypsum castings of those molds represent reduced copies of Акоп Симонян bronze ingots from the settlements of the same period, Jrahovit and Karnut (the Kura–Araxes culture), and, on the other hand, are similar to the oval weights of the Near Eastern and Anatolian centers of the 3rd millennium BC (Ebla, Troy, Tarsus, Ur). Measurements of the exact volume of these miniature ingots showed that the weight of copper in the first mold could be ca. 8.06 grams, and in the second ca. 16.13 grams. Knowing that 1 Mesopotamian shekel is approximately equal to 8.4 grams on average, it is not difficult to notice that the Shengavit ingots correspond to one and two shekels. The stone molds of the Shengavit workshop, in fact, were standard matrices which allowed to reproduce broken clay molds for ingots of 1 and 2 shekels.
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Niece, S. La. "Depletion gilding from Third Millennium BC Ur." Iraq 57 (1995): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900002977.
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Three chisels (Fig. 1), excavated by Woolley (1934) in the 1920s from an Early Dynastic III grave at Ur, and now in the British Museum, were believed to be made of solid gold. Recently, however, it was noticed that the gold surface was blistering in places, revealing coppery coloured metal beneath, suggesting that they were gilded.The chisels were from a very rich grave (PG 800), known as “the Queen's Grave”. It is attributed to Queen Pu-abi (in the original excavation report her name was mistakenly transcribed as Shub-ad) and dated to c. 2600 BC. Five chisels U. 10429–33 were found with a gold saw behind a large steatite bowl which contained various copper tools. Part of the material from this grave is now in the British Museum. Other items are in the University Museum, Philadelphia, including two of the gold chisels and the gold saw, and in the Iraq Museum, Baghdad. The purpose of these gold tools has never been fully explained; presumably they were symbolic rather than functional. The two small chisels in the British Museum appear to have had handles and the excavation report lists rings of gold binding (U. 10443) as “probably belonging to their [the gold tools] handles” (Woolley 1934, p. 81). Bitumen and wood handles were found on copper chisels from Ur. The larger chisel is burnished all over and appears not to have been hafted. A small chisel (U.9130) and spearhead (U.9122) from another grave (PG 580) were also examined (Figs. 2 and 4). The tools are here referred to by their Ur excavation numbers, as in Woolley's report. The British Museum Department of Western Asiatic Antiquities registration numbers are given in the concordance below.
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Attinger, P. "Ur Excavation Texts VI. Literary and Religious Texts, Third Part." Journal of Cuneiform Studies 60, no. 1 (January 2008): 124–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jcs25608627.
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Connan, J. "Use and trade of bitumen in antiquity and prehistory: molecular archaeology reveals secrets of past civilizations." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 354, no. 1379 (January 29, 1999): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1999.0358.
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Natural asphalt (or bitumen) deposits, oil seepage and liquid oil shows are widespread in the Middle East, especially in the Zagros mountains of Iran. Ancient people from northern Iraq, south–west Iran and the Dead Sea area extensively used this ubiquitous natural resource until the Neolithic period (7000 to 6000 BC). Evidence of earlier use has been recently documented in the Syrian desert near (Boëda et al. 1996) near El Kown, where bitumen–coated flint implements, dated to 40,000 BC (Mousterian period), have been unearthed. This discovery at least proves that bitumen was used by Neanderthal populations as hafting material to fix handles to their flint tools. Numerous testimonies, proving the importance of this petroleum–based material in Ancient civilizations, were brought to light by the excavations conducted in the Near East as of the beginning of the century. Bitumen remains show a wide range of uses that can be classified under several headings. First of all, bitumen was largely used in Mesopotamia and Elam as mortar in the construction of palaces (e.g. the Darius Palace in Susa), temples, ziggurats (e.g. the so–called ‘Tower of Babel’ in Babylon), terraces (e.g. the famous ‘Hanging Gardens of Babylon’) and exceptionally for roadway coating (e.g. the processional way of Babylon). Since the Neolithic, bitumen served to waterproof containers (baskets, earthenware jars, storage pits), wooden posts, palace grounds (e.g. in Mari and Haradum), reserves of lustral waters, bathrooms, palm roofs, etc. Mats, sarcophagi, coffins and jars, used for funeral practices, were often covered and sealed with bitumen. Reed and wood boats were also caulked with bitumen. Abundant lumps of bituminous mixtures used for that particular purpose have been found in storage rooms of houses at Ra's al–Junayz in Oman. Bitumen was also a widespread adhesive in antiquity and served to repair broken ceramics, fix eyes and horns on statues (e.g. at Tell al–Ubaid around 2500 BC). Beautiful decorations with stones, shells, mother of pearl, on palm trees, cups, ostrich eggs, musical instruments (e.g. the Queen's lyre) and other items, such as rings, jewellery and games, have been excavated from the Royal tombs in Ur. They are on view in the British Museum. With a special enigmatic material, commonly referred to as ‘bitumen mastic’, the inhabitants of Susa sculpted masterpieces of art which are today exhibited in the Louvre Museum in Paris. This unique collection is presented in a book by Connan and Deschesne (1996). Last, bitumen was also considered as a powerful remedy in medical practice, especially as a disinfectant and insecticide, and was used by the ancient Egyptians to prepare mixtures to embalm the corpses of their dead. Modern analytical techniques, currently applied in the field of petroleum geochemistry, have been adapted to the study of numerous archaeological bituminous mixtures found in excavations. More than 700 bituminous samples have been analysed during the last decade, using gas chromatography alone and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and isotopic chemistry (carbon and hydrogen mainly). These powerful tools, focused on the detailed analysis of biomarkers in hydrocarbon fractions, were calibrated on various well–known natural sources of bitumen in Iraq, Syria, Iran, Bahrain and Kuwait. These reference studies have made it possible to establish the origins of bitumen from numerous archaeological sites and to document the bitumen trade routes in the Middle East and the Arabo–Persian Gulf. Using a well–documented case history, Tell el ‘Oueili (5800 to 3500 BC) in South Mesopotamia, we will illustrate in this paper how these new molecular and isotopic tools can help us to recognize different sources of bitumen and to trace the ancient trade routes through time. These import routes were found to vary with major cultural and political changes in the area under study. A second example, referring to the prehistoric period, describes bitumen traces on flint implements, dated from Mousterian times. This discovery, from the Umm El Tlel excavations near El Kown in Syria, was reported in 1996 in Boëda et al . At that time, the origin of the bitumen had not been elucidated due to contamination problems. Last year, a ball of natural oil–stained sands, unearthed from the same archaeological layer, allowed us to determine the source of the bitumen used. This source is regional and located in the Jebel Bichri, nearly 40 km from the archaeological site. The last case history was selected to illustrate another aspect of the investigations carried out. Recent geochemical studies on more than 20 balms from Egyptian mummies from the Intermediate, Ptolemaic and Roman periods have revealed that these balms are composed of various mixtures of bitumen, conifer resins, grease and beeswax. Bitumen occurs with the other ingredients and the balms studied show a great variety of molecular compositions. Bitumen from the Dead Sea area is the most common source but some other sources (Hit in Iraq?) are also revealed by different molecular patterns. The absolute amount of bitumen in balms varies from almost zero to 30% per weight.
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Benati, Giacomo. "THE BEGINNING OF THE EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD AT UR." Iraq 76 (December 2014): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/irq.2014.5.
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This article presents a reconsideration of the architecture, stratigraphy and finds from Building Level H, excavated in Trial Pit F at Ur. Analysis of Woolley's original excavation records, kept at the British Museum, provides the basis for a contextual reconstruction. A new complete study of published and unpublished materials now housed at the British Museum and at the Penn Museum of Philadelphia is offered here. Distribution of in situ artefacts is examined here in order to provide insights on the function of the excavated loci. Finally, pottery and glyptic assemblages, considered from a regional perspective, are used to define the chronological horizon of Level H.
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LIPATOV, D. N., V. A. VARACHENKOV, D. V. MANAKHOV, G. I. AGAPKINA, and A. I. SHCHEGLOV. "PROPERTIES OF URBAN SOILS AFTER DECONTAMINATION MEASURES ON THE RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED TERRITORY OF THE CITY OF ELEKTROSTAL." Lomonosov Soil Science Journal 79, no. 2, 2024 (May 15, 2024): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.55959/msu0137-0944-17-2024-79-2-85-104.
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We studied morphological properties, pH, organic carbon content, and specific activity of 137Cs and natural radionuclides (40K, 226Ra, 232Th) in the upper horizons of soils in deactivated and slightly damaged areas of the city. The studies were carried out in the urban ecosystems of the city of Elektrostal (Moscow region) in 2019, i.e. 6 years after local precipitation of 137Cs due to a radiation incident. Morphological features of the upper horizons of urban soils were: brownish-gray color, light-loamy composition, small-lumpy and lumpy structure, inclusions of construction and household waste. In the upper horizons of urbiquasizems and urban soils, a low carbon content (less than 1%) with high coefficients of variation - were detected. In the studied urban soils, a wide range of water pH values was noted: from acidic (4,6-5,5) to highly alkaline (> 8,0) reaction. Correlation analysis showed that in the upper horizons of UR, the content of organic carbon was reduced and alkalinization of the soil environment was observed. The accumulative type of distribution of 137Cs was recorded for soil profiles of polluted urban ecosystems in which decontamination measures were not carried out. The profiles of urban soils that were subjected to decontamination revealed low values of the specific activity of 137Cs in surface bulk layers and maxima in buried contaminated horizons. In the bulk horizons of UR, which include a large amount of crushed stone, there is an increase in the specific activity of 226Ra. Some technogenic horizons UR and TCH, consisting mainly of quartz sand, are characterized by very low values of specific activities 226Ra and 40K. Correlations of chemical and radiation indicators in the profiles of urban soils reflect the different composition and properties of upper horizons formed as a result of excavation and decontamination work.
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Aparicio-Resco, Pablo, Alejandro García Álvarez-Busto, Iván Muñiz-López, and Noelia Fernández-Calderón. "Reconstrucción virtual en 3D del castillo de Gauzón (Castrillón, Principado de Asturias)." Virtual Archaeology Review 12, no. 25 (July 14, 2021): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2021.14940.
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<p class="VARKeywords">The virtual reconstruction of a site is the mirror in which the archaeological research process is reflected, with all its uncertainties and certainties, generating a space for reflection on the lost materiality while the vestige itself is reconfigured into a didactic and social resource. Here we present the result of the three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the archaeological structures preserved in the Peñón de Raíces, in Castrillón (Asturias), which correspond to the ruins of the castle of Gauzón, a famous fortification of the Asturian kings in which La Cruz de la Victoria was made in 908.</p><p>The article begins with an introduction and a first part (Section 2) dedicated to the explanation of the site itself from an archaeological and historical point of view. We believe that this analysis should be the basis of any scientific virtual reconstruction. The virtual reconstruction presented here is dated to the 9-10th centuries and corresponds to the fortification built in the time of the Asturian kings. We offer a detailed analysis of the morphological and architectural components that have been documented in this defensive settlement in the light of archaeological research, and that provide the main foundations for the infographic reconstruction.</p><p>In the second part of the article (Section 3), we analyse the specific sources of historical and archaeological information that support the reconstruction and serve as a reference for it. The historical-archaeological sources used for the representation, for example, of the walls and the palaeoenvironmental environment, are detailed. Likewise, we comment on the process of discussion of the different hypotheses that, finally, lead to the presented result. It is important to note that without this discussion process it is not possible to produce a sound and solid proposal over time.</p><p>In the third part (Section 4), we show the result of the virtual reconstruction with a series of images. To obtain the virtual reconstruction presented in this article, the Blender Geographic Information System (GIS) addon has been used, which allows us to have a digital terrain model (DTM) on our 3D desktop easily so that we can begin to carry out the work from it. The archaeological planimetries were arranged on it and, based on all this information, the modelling process began. In the first place, basic modelling of volumes was carried out that served to raise the first sketches and, on them, to continue discussing the reconstructive hypotheses. Little by little the geometry of the virtual reconstruction was detailed and the castle took shape. The next step was to carry out texturing in a photorealistic way, for which it was decided to use Substance Painter software. We continued with the texturing and addition of details of the surrounding terrain using particle systems, which has been one of the most complex phases to carry out given the level of realism that we set ourselves as a goal. Later, other types of minor details were added: objects, characters and animals, which help to better understand the context. Finally, the final renderings are carried out and their post-processing is developed in Adobe Photoshop, for which matte painting techniques were used that merge 3D images with photographs and digital drawing.</p><p>Our interest was to carry out scientific graphic work, for which we have emphasized the importance of using the scale depicting historical/archaeological evidence for virtual reconstructions, a tool that allows us to ensure the principles of authenticity and scientific transparency of any virtual reconstruction (Aparicio et al., 2016). In this case, thanks to this tool, it is clear that the highest level of evidence is found in the castle itself excavated in the acropolis, while the town and the surrounding palisade clearly show a lower level of evidence. We hope that subsequent excavations in this area will allow us to review the reconstruction and thus also reflect a higher level of evidence in this area.</p><p>We believe that the work presented here constitutes a good example of the use of virtual scientific reconstruction for the development and consolidation of new hypotheses not only reconstructive but also interpretive of an archaeological site. Furthermore, the result presented here demonstrates the power of this graphic resource for the dissemination of historical-archaeological knowledge, a fundamental objective when carrying out any scientific work.</p><p><strong>Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li><p>Reconstrucción infográfica de una de las principales fortificaciones del reino de Asturias (s. VIII-X), a partir de la evidencia material documentada en las campañas de excavación arqueológica realizadas en el yacimiento.</p></li><li><p>Desarrollo de hipótesis reconstructivas de arquitectura militar altomedieval arruinada mediante la interpretación de vestigios arqueológicos aplicando un enfoque multidisciplinar.</p></li><li><p>Ejemplo de uso de la escala de evidencia histórico-arqueológica y de las unidades reconstructivas (UR) como instrumentos que permiten garantizar los principios de autenticidad y transparencia científica.</p></li></ul>
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Brisch, Nicole. "Ur Excavation Texts VI. Literary and Religious Texts, Third Part. By A. Shaffer. With a Contribution by Marie-Christine Ludwig. London: The British Museum Press, 2006. Pp. 36 + 100 pls. £45 (cloth)." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 70, no. 1 (April 2011): 102–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/658838.
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Al-Hamdani, Abdulameer, and Annelies Van de Ven. "ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE SHADOW OF THE ZIGGURAT: INITIAL RESULTS OF A COLLABORATIVE PROGRAMME AT UR." Iraq, August 19, 2022, 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/irq.2022.1.
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The region of ancient Mesopotamia has long been a focal point for archaeological investigations. Since the early explorations of the nineteenth century, the discipline has been transformed along with the region, witnessing colonialism and independence, as well as coups and conflicts. At the end of the twentieth century, international archaeological investment experienced a significant decline in this region, due to ongoing war and embargoes. In the wake of the Iraq War, foreign archaeological teams have begun flooding back into the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and the southern governorates. However, the approach to excavations has changed a great deal since the fall of the Ba'ath government. Where once there was a strict policy of segregation between foreign and local archaeologists, collaborations are now encouraged. The difficulty now has become finding how to build and sustain these relationships, re-opening lines of exchange and learning. This article approaches this question with the case study of the 2017 excavations at Ur in the Dhi Qar governorate in the south of Iraq.
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Ma, Huanfa, Xin Hao, Yongpeng Yang, Hui Li, and Lixin Yi. "Study on Parameters of Modified Mohr–Coulomb Model for Water-rich Soft Soil in Tianjin, China." SN Applied Sciences 5, no. 7 (June 15, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05411-x.
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AbstractFoundation pit excavation through the soft layer has great technical challenges and potential safety risks, especially in soft soil area. In this study, we use a 3D numerical model of Foundation pit to simulate the excavation process. Based on the simulation, the sensitivity analysis of the three stiffness parameters ($${\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{ur}}^{\mathrm{ref}}$$ E ur ref ,$${\mathrm{E}}_{50}^{\mathrm{ref}}$$ E 50 ref and $${\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{oed}}^{\mathrm{ref}}$$ E oed ref ) of the Modified Mohr–Coulomb model was carried out by using the Latin hypercube-one factor at a time method. During the simulation, the three stiffness parameters are changed with the perturbation amplitude of (± 20%) and (± 40%). In addition, the sensitivity of three stiffness parameters was calculated by taking the horizontal displacement of diaphragm wall as the observation index. Furthermore, by comparing the results of simulation with the measured data, the stiffness ratio relationship suitable for foundation pit simulation in Tianjin water-rich soft soil area are obtained. Our findings present that $${\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{ur}}^{\mathrm{ref}}$$ E ur ref is the parameter that has the largest influence on the uncertainty in the MMC model, while $${\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{oed}}^{\mathrm{ref}}$$ E oed ref is the least sensitive to horizontal displacement of diaphragm wall. The proportion rates of $${\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{oed}}^{\mathrm{ref}}$$ E oed ref /$${\mathrm{E}}_{50}^{\mathrm{ref}}$$ E 50 ref and $${\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{ur}}^{\mathrm{ref}}{/\mathrm{E}}_{50}^{\mathrm{ref}}$$ E ur ref / E 50 ref provide a promising reference for simulating the foundation pit excavation in Tianjin water-rich soft soil area.
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Ковалев, А. А. "CHRONOLOGY OF WESTERN ASIAN AND TRANSCAUCASIAN ARTIFACTS SIMILAR TO THE FORE-CAUCASUS BRONZE ADORNMENTS OF THE FIRST HALF OF III MILLENNIUM BC." Краткие сообщения Института археологии (КСИА), no. 258 (March 2, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.0130-2620.258.75-94.
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В статье приведены данные об абсолютной хронологии комплексов Передней Азии и Закавказья, содержащих аналогии предкавказским бронзовым «украшениям» перв. пол. III тыс. до н. э. Наиболее ранние из них относятся к концу раннего – началу среднего Урука: это золотые кольцевидные и дисковидные медальоны без орнамента. Возможно, традиция изготовления этих ритуальных по своей сути предметов могла опосредованно повлиять на формирование традиции изготовления предкавказских кольцевидных и дисковидных медальонов. В комплексах позднего куро-аракса (около 2800–2600 гг. до н. э.) в Закавказье зафиксировано появление простейших стерженьковых подвесок, что может быть объяснено влиянием северных культур, где эти подвески получили широкое распространение с рубежа IV–III тыс. до н. э. О влиянии со стороны Предкавказья говорят и находки в закавказских комплексах второй трети III тыс. до н. э. ряда уникальных предметов «степных» форм (медальоны, костяные молоточковидные булавки, выпуклые пунсонные бляхи и т. п.). С середины III тыс. в Передней Азии распространяются подобия молоточковидных булавок, стерженьковых (грибовидных) подвесок, медальонов, пунсонных блях. В царских могилах Ура и других комплексах периода РДIII, а также Аккада найдены крупные медальоны из драгоценных металлов. Эти медальоны, как и другие престижные предметы, начинают украшать имитацией перевитого шнура. Мотив шнура в тот же период характеризует беденскую культуру в Закавказье. Все это свидетельствует об усилении северного влияния, возможно, вплоть до проникновения в Переднюю Азию групп населения из Предкавказья. The article presents data on the absolute chronology of the closed complexes and sites of Western Asia and the South Caucasus containing artifacts similar to North-Caucasian bronze adornments attributed to the East-European Steppe Middle Bronze period (first half of III mill. BC). The earliest analogies belong to the final Late – beginning of the Middle Uruk: gold ring-shaped and discoid tanged medallions without ornamentation. Possibly, the tradition of making these items could indirectly influence the formation of the tradition of manufacturing the Fore-Caucasian ring-shaped and discoid tanged medallions. Excavations of late Kura-Araxes (2800–2600 BC) sites in the Transcaucasia show the appearance of the simplest mushroom-shape pendants, which indicates a northern impact. Also about the influence from the North-Caucasus speak evidence in the Transcaucasian complexes of the second third of the 3rd mill. BC a number of unique artifacts of «steppe» forms (medallions, bone hammer-shaped pins, bulging punching badges, etc.). Beginning in the middle of III mill. BC, artifacts similar of hammer-shaped pins, rod-shaped (mushroom-shaped) pendants, tanged medallions, punching badges spread in the Western Asia. Large tanged medallions made from precious metals were found in Royal graves of Ur and other complexes belonged to the EDIII and Akkad periods. These medallions and other prestigious jewelery objects were beginning to be decorated with imitation of twisted «cord». The motif of the cord in the same period characterizes the Bedeni culture in the South Caucasus. This shows an increase in northern influence, perhaps even to the penetration of groups of people from North Caucasus into Western Asia.
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D'Agostino, Franco, Licia Romano, and Ali Kadhem Ghanim. "Abu Theirah, Nasiriyah (Southern Iraq): Preliminary report on the 2013 excavation campaign." ISIMU 13 (February 10, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.15366/isimu2011.13.012.
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In this paper the results of the third excavation campaign in Fall 2013 at Abu Tbeirah, Nasiriyah (Southern Iraq), a site whose remains can be chronologically ascribed so far to the second half of 3rd Millennium BC, are presented. The archeological activities in the South-Eastern and North-Eastern sectors of the tell are shown, with the aim of shedding a new light on the life of a big Sumerian city located only 16 km East from the great ancient site of Ur.Keywords: Southern Iraq, Southern Mesopotamia, Abu Tbeirah, Early Dynastic, Akkad. RiassuntoIn questo lavoro sono presentati i risultati della terza campagna di scavo dell’autunno 2013 ad Abu Tbeirah, Nasiriyah (Iraq meridionale), un sito i cui ritrovamenti possono essere attribuiti cronologicamente alla seconda metà del 3 ° millennio a.C. Sono presentate le attività archeologiche nel settore sud-orientale e nordorientale del tell, che possono gettare una nuova luce sulla vita di una grande città sumera situata a soli 16 km a est del grande sito di Ur (Tell al-Muqayyar).Parole chiave: Iraq meridionale, Mesopotamia meridionale, Abu Tbeirah, Proto-dinastico, Accadico.