Journal articles on the topic 'Upward support'
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Yang, Jaewan. "Ramping-Up Team Innovation Support with Supervisor’s Upward Relationship." Academy of Management Proceedings 2016, no. 1 (January 2016): 16172. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2016.16172abstract.
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DePalma Christopher, L., J. Pope Peter, A. Sargeant Sean, Wiacek Marian, and A. Yoppolo Robert. "5532081 Upward deflecting support disk for electrochemical cell seal." Journal of Power Sources 67, no. 1-2 (July 1997): 350–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7753(97)82173-8.
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Herachwati, Nuri, Jovi Sulistiawan, Zainiyah Alfirdaus, and Mario Gonzales B. N. "The effects of perceived organizational support and social comparison on work attitudes." Problems and Perspectives in Management 16, no. 1 (January 17, 2018): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.16(1).2018.02.
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This study is based on the results of a survey research conducted by JobStreet Indonesia on its members, which has surprisingly found that more than 70% of employees lack clarity on the goals of their career. Drawing from the social exchange theory, employees tend to show positive work attitudes when they perceive that their organization paid attention to them. The objective of this study is to assess how significant the influence of Perceived Organizational Support (POS) is on career satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intention. Besides organizational perspective, as stated by the social comparison theory, the way individuals perform both upward and downward comparisons could be expected to affect career satisfaction. Also, this research uses career commitment as a moderator variable that can strengthen or weaken the influence among variables, which is the employee’s commitment towards their organization and competitiveness within their respective work group. The research has found some interesting results. It was shown that there is no significant relationship between POS and career satisfaction, career satisfaction and turnover intention, organizational support and turnover intention, and both upward and downward social comparison and turnover intention. The moderating effects of career commitment were not proven. In comparison, all of the moderating effects of a competitive work group were proven together with the relationship between upward social comparison and turnover intention.
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Shu, Zhan, Jinguang Xiao, Xianhua Dai, Yu Han, and Yingli Liu. "Effect of family "upward" intergenerational support on the health of rural elderly in China: Evidence from Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 18, 2021): e0253131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253131.
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As health challenging rural elderly in an aging population, more attention is being paid on impact of family intergenerational support on the health of the elderly. This paper investigates the effects of children’s intergenerational economic support and non-economic support on physical, mental, and functional health of rural elderly in China in the mean while. This paper applies the 2014 Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS), in particular, applying exploratory factor analysis to ascertain latent variables and Structural Equation Model (SEM), and analyzes the impacts of "Upward" intergenerational support on health of rural elderly. As resulted, after controlling the socioeconomic status of the rural elderly, the family “upward” intergenerational support influences the elderly’s physical health at a percentage of 11.7%, mental health 29.8%, and physiological function 12.6%. Moreover, "Upward" economic support has a positive effect on physiological function (P<0.05). "Upward" non-economic support has negative effects on physiological function and mental health (P<0.05), while it has a positive effect on physical health. In addition, economically independent rural elderly are more likely to benefit from the health of "upward" intergenerational support, especially mental health. In particular, those results are robust. "Upward" intergenerational support plays an important role for the health of rural elderly. For the rural elderly of economic independence, to improve the quality of care and spiritual support, it is important to solve the health problems. In addition, it is necessary to build a comprehensive old-age security and support system for family, community, and society jointly to improve the health of the rural elderly.
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SUGIURA, Takumi, Kohei ITO, Ryojun IKEURA, Soichiro HAYAKAWA, and Toshiaki SHINOHARA. "126 Development of the upward work support device in shipbuilding." Proceedings of Conference of Tokai Branch 2013.62 (2013): 51–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmetokai.2013.62.51.
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Legewie, Nicolas M. "Upward Mobility in Education: The Role of Personal Networks Across the Life Course." Social Inclusion 9, no. 4 (October 13, 2021): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v9i4.4612.
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How do individuals achieve upward mobility in education despite the well‐documented mechanisms that foster reproduction of inequalities? This question presents a fundamental puzzle for social science researchers and has generated an increasing body of research. The present article tackles the puzzle using a life course and personal network lens. Studying educational trajectories in Germany of students whose parents have low educational degrees, it asks: What paths did students take through the education system, what personal network factors were important for their educational attainment, and how did these factors change over students’ life courses? In contrast to most studies that zoom in on a specific transition or time period, the article uses data from 36 retrospective in‐depth interviews that allow a sweeping view of respondents’ educational careers. Thanks to a systematic case selection scheme, the data also enables comparisons between students who became upwardly mobile and those who replicated their parents’ low educational degrees. Findings suggest four types of trajectories: direct upward mobility, indirect upward mobility, direct non‐mobility, and indirect non‐mobility. I discuss four personal network factors that seem to drive these trajectories: support with academic efforts, encouragement, support with solving problems, and role models. Upwardly mobile students showed combinations of two or more of these four factors that established higher education as the students’ goal, and provided them with tools and support to reach that goal. With these findings, the article contributes to literature on inclusion in education, social inequality and mobility, personal networks, and the life course.
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Kaushik, Sameeksha. "A Study on Relationship Between Subordinates’ Perceptions of Destructive Leadership and Upward Bullying." Shanlax International Journal of Management 8, S1-Feb (February 26, 2021): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/management.v8is1-feb.3764.
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Many studies have been conducted to understand the existence of workplace bullying in subordinate-supervisor relationship in relation with leadership. However, not many studies have focused on the study of bullying caused by subordinates to the managers (upward bullying) and which behavior of the leader or subordinates leads to this bullying. Upward bullying includes bullying behaviors such as threats or malicious accusations shown by subordinates to their supervisor and destructive leadership includes behavior that undermines motivation or work-related satisfaction of subordinates. The purpose of this study is to explore a significant relationship between subordinate perceptions of destructive leadership and upward bullying. A questionnaire of scales consisting of 34 items was used where upward bullying was found out by using Negative Acts Questionnaire Revised (NAQ-R) scale and to measure destructive leadership, rater form of Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) was used. One hundred and ninety-three software engineers who are employed in digital (IT) firms have completed an on-line questionnaire of their perceptions of the leadership style and behavior of their immediate supervisor, and the frequency with which they are engaged in specific bullying behaviours targeting their supervisor. The results of the study helped to explore the lacked evidences of upwards bullying and to know the subordinates’ perceptions due to destructive leadership at work environment. The findings revealed that subordinates’ perceptions of destructive supervisory leadership were moderately correlated with an increased incidence of upward bullying. This paper offers support for prevalence of upwards bullying which can be a response to destructive leadership, and as this research is done with a specific sector, it further enhances need of future researches. Few recommendations like educating employees about workplace behaviours at organisations are discussed. Practical implications to be taken by the managers such as self-assessment of managers to improve leadership skills are discussed.
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Wang, Jinpeng, Gérard Chalhoub, and Michel Misson. "Adaptive Downward/Upward Routing Protocol for Mobile-Sensor Networks." Future Internet 11, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi11010018.
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Recently, mobility support has become an important requirement in various Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Low-power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) are a special type of WSNs that tolerate a certain degree of packet loss. However, due to the strict resource constraints in the computation, energy, and memory of LLNs, most routing protocols only support static network topologies. Data collection and data dissemination are two basic traffic modes in LLNs. Unlike data collection, data dissemination is less investigated in LLNs. There are two sorts of data-dissemination methods: point-to-multipoint and point-to-point. In this paper, we focus on the point-to-point method, which requires the source node to build routes to reach the destination node. We propose an adaptive routing protocol that integrates together point-to-point traffic and data-collection traffic, and supports highly mobile scenarios. This protocol quickly reacts to the movement of nodes to make faster decisions for the next-hop selection in data collection and dynamically build routes for point-to-point traffic. Results obtained through simulation show that our work outperforms two generic ad hoc routing protocols AODV and flooding on different performance metrics. Results also show the efficiency of our work in highly mobile scenarios with multiple traffic patterns.
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Frans, Willem Winkel, and Monique R. Renssen. "A Pessimistic Outlook on Victims and an ‘Upward Bias’ in Social Comparison Expectations of Victim Support Workers Regarding their Clients." International Review of Victimology 5, no. 3-4 (May 1998): 203–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975809800500401.
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Social psychological studies have documented various biases and misperceptions held by helpers that can seriously undermine the therapeutic value of client oriented interventions. In the context of support given to victims of crime and of traffic accidents the present study focused on one bias in particular, namely the support worker' upward bias. This misperception refers to an incorrect expectation on the part of support workers — volunteers working for the Netherlands Victim Support (NVS) in this study — regarding the direction of victims' social comparison processes: they tended to expect victims to engage in upward comparisons (on a comparison-dimension the victim is saying ‘I'm worse off’ than the comparison-target), while these victims actually engaged in downward comparison processes (‘I'm better off’). Downward sensitivity constitutes the opposite of this bias, and thus refers to the correct expectation that victims tend to engage in downward comparisons. Analyses revealed a highly prevalent ‘upward bias’ and a fundamental mislocation-error among victim support workers, with regard to both types of clients. The upward bias emerged consistently across a series of possible comparison-dimensions, related to the Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL 90). Moreover our findings suggested a rather specific risk profile. Some workers appeared to be more at risk of engaging in upward biases, workers exhibiting a more pessimistic motivation for participating in victim support, and in workers experiencing burnout. Downward sensitivity moreover appeared to be associated with more beneficial (perceived as strain-free) client-helper-interactions. Some applied implications for victim support organisations, inter alia in terms of the huge need for downward sensitivity training and the necessity of developing worker' selection standards, and of designing internal quality-control policies, are discussed. More generally, victim support organisations should counteract the formation of overly pessimistic outlooks on clients and their psychological problems. An overly pessimistic perspective might facilitate the opposite of what support is supposed to stand for, namely a continuation of ‘victim status’ instead of ‘de-victimization’.
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Zhang, Li, Yanjie Hou, Hao Wang, and Jun Yao. "Self-Rated Health and Life Satisfaction among Elderly Migrants in China: A Moderated Mediation Model of Resilience and Upward Intergenerational Support." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 24 (December 18, 2022): 17009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192417009.
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Objective: This study aimed to test whether resilience mediates the association between self-rated health and life satisfaction and the moderated effect of upward intergenerational support among elderly migrants in China. Method: We used self-reported data collected from 654 elderly migrants in Nanjing. The regression analysis using bootstrapping methods was conducted to explore the mediating and moderating effects. Results: Resilience mediated the relationship between self-rated health and life satisfaction among elderly migrants in China. The moderated mediation analysis indicated that the upward intergenerational support moderated the path between self-rated health and resilience. Specifically, compared with those with a low level of emotional support, the self-rated health of elderly migrants with a high level of emotional support has a stronger effect on resilience. Moreover, the self-rated health of elderly migrants with a low level of financial support has a stronger effect on resilience than those with a higher level of financial support. Conclusion: Resilience could partially mediate the effect of self-rated health on life satisfaction among elderly migrants in China, and upward intergenerational support moderated the indirect relationship between self-rated health and life satisfaction via resilience.
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PESANDO, LUCA MARIA. "Childlessness and upward intergenerational support: cross-national evidence from 11 European countries." Ageing and Society 39, no. 06 (January 11, 2018): 1219–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x17001519.
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ABSTRACTChildless individuals are often depicted as ‘selfish’ as they opt out of raising children in favour of investing resources in themselves. Yet no research has investigated whether this claim holds in domains of social life such as intergenerational family support. Using data from the Generations and Gender Survey for 11 European countries, this article examines differences between childless and non-childless individuals in the provision of financial, practical and emotional transfers to their elderly parents. Results support the idea that the childless are more prone to provide upward support than individuals with children. Specifically, estimates from multivariate logistic regression and propensity score specifications suggest that, ceteris paribus, childless adults are about 20–40 per cent more likely to provide support to their parents, with the association driven by transfers to elderly mothers. These findings enrich the literature on childlessness and ageing, and support the view that researchers and policy makers should take into more consideration not only what childless people receive or need in old age, but also what they provide as middle-aged adults.
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Shiri, M., and R. Berangi. "WLAN bandwidth support for relay-based upward handover in WLAN/cellular systems." AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 116 (March 2020): 153067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2020.153067.
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Lamude, Kevin G. "Supervisors' Influence Tactics for Handling Managers' Resistance." Psychological Reports 75, no. 1 (August 1994): 371–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1994.75.1.371.
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This study examined perceptions of superiors' upward-influence tactics in response to managers' resistance attempts described in 1980 by McLaughlin, Cody, and Robey. Based on influence tactics identified by several researchers, a questionnaire was developed to investigate supervisors' use of “hard” and “soft” upward-influence tactics in response to descriptions of perceived resistance from target managers. Responses were obtained from 167 supervisors involved in the management of technical and support staff personnel of four health-care organizations and submitted to stepwise regression. Soft upward-influence tactics were positively associated with attempts to justify resistance. Hard upward-influence tactics were negatively related to resistant negotiation.
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Fredrickson, Barbara L., and Thomas Joiner. "Reflections on Positive Emotions and Upward Spirals." Perspectives on Psychological Science 13, no. 2 (March 2018): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691617692106.
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We reflect on our 2002 article and the impact this research report has had both within and beyond psychological science. This article was both one of the first publications to provide empirical support for hypotheses based on the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions and a product of the genesis of positive psychology. We highlight empirical and theoretical advancements in the scientific understanding of upward spiral dynamics associated with positive emotions, with particular focus on the new upward spiral theory of lifestyle change. We conclude by encouraging deeper and more rigorous tests of the prospective and reciprocal relations associated with positive emotions. Such progress is needed to better inform translations and applications to improve people’s health and well-being.
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Usubamatov, Ryspek. "Physics of Gyroscope’s “Antigravity Effect”." Advances in Mathematical Physics 2019 (December 20, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4197863.
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The physics of gyroscopic effects are more complex than presented in existing mathematical models. The effects presented by these models do not match the real forces acting on gyroscopic devices. New research in this area has demonstrated that a system of inertial torques, which are generated by the rotating mass of spinning objects, acts upon a gyroscope. The actions of the system of inertial forces are validated by practical tests of the motions of a gyroscope with one side support. The action of external load torque on a gyroscope with one side support demonstrates that the gyroscope’s upward motion is wrongly called an “antigravity” effect. The upward motion of a gyroscope is the result of precession torque around its horizontal axis. The novelty of the present work is related to the mathematical models for the upward and downward motions of gyroscopes influenced by external torque around the vertical axis. This analytical research describes the physics of gyroscopes’ upward motion and validates that gyroscopes do not possess an antigravity property.
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Silverson, Oliver, Nicole Cascia, Carolyn M. Hettrich, Matt Hoch, and Tim Uhl. "Reliability of Clinical Assessment Methods to Measure Scapular Upward Rotation: A Critically Appraised Topic." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 28, no. 6 (August 1, 2019): 650–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2018-0012.
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Clinical Scenario: Assessing movement of the scapula is an important component in the evaluation and treatment of the shoulder complex. Currently, gold-standard methods to quantify scapular movement include invasive technique, radiation, and 3D motion systems. This critically appraised topic focuses on several clinical assessment methods of quantifying scapular upward rotation with respect to their reliability and clinical utility. Clinical Question: Is there evidence for noninvasive methods that reliably assess clinical measures of scapular upward rotation in subjects with or without shoulder pathologies? Summary of Key Findings: Four studies were selected to be critically appraised. The quality appraisal of diagnostic reliability checklist was used to score the articles on methodology and consistency. Three of the 4 studies demonstrated support for the clinical question. Clinical Bottom Line: There is moderate evidence to support reliable clinical methods for measuring scapular upward rotation in subjects with or without shoulder pathology. Strength of Recommendation: There is moderate evidence to suggest there are reliable clinical measures to quantify scapular upward rotation in patients with or without shoulder pathology.
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Masciantonio, Alexandra, David Bourguignon, Pierre Bouchat, Manon Balty, and Bernard Rimé. "Don’t put all social network sites in one basket: Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, TikTok, and their relations with well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 11, 2021): e0248384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248384.
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Prior studies indicated that actively using social network sites (SNSs) is positively associated with well-being by enhancing social support and feelings of connectedness. Conversely, passively using SNSs is negatively associated with well-being by fostering upward social comparison and envy. However, the majority of these studies has focused on Facebook. The present research examined the relationships between well-being—satisfaction with life, negative affect, positive affect—and using actively or passively various SNSs—Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, TikTok—during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, two mediators were tested: social support and upward social comparison. One thousand four persons completed an online survey during the quarantine measures; the analyses employed structural equation modeling. Results showed that passive usage of Facebook is negatively related to well-being through upward social comparison, whereas active usage of Instagram is positively related to satisfaction with life and negative affect through social support. Furthermore, active usage of Twitter was positively related to satisfaction with life through social support; while passive usage was negatively related to upward social comparison, which, in turn, was associated with more negative affect. Finally, TikTok use was not associated with well-being. Results are discussed in line with SNSs’ architectures and users’ motivations. Future research is required to go beyond methodological and statistical limitations and allow generalization. This study concludes that SNSs must be differentiated to truly understand how they shape human interactions.
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Kim, Kyungmin, Kathrin Boerner, Yijung Kim, and Daniela Jopp. "Support Exchanges Among Very Old Parents and Their Children: Findings From the Boston Aging Together Study." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2912.
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Abstract Very old parents and their “old” children are a growing group in industrialized countries worldwide. Care needs of very old parents can be substantial, while children may also face their own age-related issues. However, little is known about support exchanges within very-old parent-child dyads. This study aimed to identify patterns of support exchanges occurring in these dyads, as well as to ascertain individual and relationship factors associated with these patterns. Participants were 114 very old parents (age ≥ 90) and their children (age ≥ 65) from the Boston Aging Together Study. Data were collected using comprehensive, semistructured in-person interviews with both dyad members, including standardized assessments of support exchanges, relationship quality, health, and perceptions of family norms. Actor-Partner Interdependence Models (APIM) were used to predict upward and downward support reported by children and parents. Both dyad members not only reported substantial upward support (given to parents by children) in all domains but also notable amounts of downward support (given to children by parents) in the domains of emotional support, listening, and socializing. Findings showed significant associations of parent functional impairment, parent and child relationship quality, and child perceptions of family obligation with upward support, and of relationship quality with downward support. Continued support exchanges among very old parents and their children indicated that intergenerational theories still hold up in very late life relationships. Healthcare professionals should be aware that attention to relationship quality and family norms might be vital to ensure that support needs are met.
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Zhang, Hong, Jian Tao Dong, and Jun Zhao. "The Static Properties of Prestressed Arch Support Single / Double-Layer Reticulated Shells." Advanced Materials Research 179-180 (January 2011): 1288–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.179-180.1288.
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Following an analysis of static performance of the prestressed arch supported by a single / double-layer reticulated shells ,Single/double -layer of shell bearing surface structure of the node center point displacement, upward displacement of the structure, the structure raised some pressure, sunken part of the tension.
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Tan, Qin Liang, Tian Liu, Da Long Jiang, Xiao Ying Hu, and Chang Qing Dong. "Numerical Simulation of Dual-Support Leg Fluidized Bed." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 627–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.627.
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A numerical study on a gas-solid model to predict the particle flow structures of dual support-leg fluidized bed has been conducted. Due to the symmetry motion trajectory of the particles in the dual support-leg fluidized bed, unilateral furnace was taken into account in the model to simplify calculation. The results indicate that, without buffer set on the wall, three different zones can be distinguished in terms of granular flow mechanisms. The velocities of the upward flow without buffer set on the wall are much higher than that with buffer set.
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Bárcena-Martín, Elena, Natalia Martín-Fuentes, and Salvador Pérez-Moreno. "Effects of monetary policy shocks on income mobility in the Euro area countries." Panoeconomicus 66, no. 3 (2019): 307–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan1903307b.
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This paper examines the impacts of monetary policy shocks on income mobility in the Euro area, relying on earnings heterogeneity and income composition channels through which monetary policy affects income distribution. From a relative mobility perspective, upward and downward mobility are estimated over the period 2004-2014 for the EMU countries that originated the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU 1999). By using a vector error correction model (VECM) approach, overall we find that an expansionary monetary policy seems to encourage upward mobility and discourage downward mobility. By income groups, a loose monetary policy appears to reduce downward mobility for the upper class, while no empirical evidence can be provided to support that monetary policy shocks alter upward mobility for the lower class. Monetary policy shocks are especially favourable for the middle class as an expansionary monetary policy seems to boost upward mobility. A detailed analysis of the middle class shows that an expansionary monetary policy may propel the upward mobility and hinder the downward mobility of the lower-middle class, particularly favouring this income group.
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Kong, Dexia, Peiyi Lu, and Merril Silverstein. "TYPOLOGIES OF PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIPS AND ASSOCIATED HEALTH OUTCOMES: A CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.911.
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Abstract Background This study investigates types of parent-child relationships and associated health outcomes among older adults of U.S. and China. Method: Cross-sectional data from Health and Retirement Study in the U.S. and Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study in China were used (N_(U.S.)=3918, N_China=4058). Relationship indicators included co-residence, living nearby, having weekly contacts, receiving assistance with daily activities, providing grandchild care, and having financial transfer from/to children. Latent class and regression analyses were conducted. Results Four classes were identified for older Americans, including (1) distant and uninvolved (6.58%); (2) geographically proximate with frequent contacts and downward support (47.04%); (3) co-resident with frequent contacts and upward support (13.1%); and (4) geographically proximate with frequent contacts (33.28%). By contrast, three classes were identified among older Chinese, including (1) co-resident with frequent contacts and upward support (37.46%); (2) coresident/interdependent (25.65%); (3) geographically proximate with frequent contacts and upward financial support (36.89%). For both countries, providing downward support was associated with fewer functional limitations and better cognitive function. Receiving instrumental support from children was associated with more depressive symptoms and functional limitations, and poorer cognitive function among Chinese older adults only. Conclusions Cultural contrasts were evident in parent-adult child relationship types and their associations with health outcomes. Overall, child-parent relationships in China tend to be more tight-knit than that of the U.S. Receiving financial support from children and co-residence are unique features of child-parent relationships in China. Cultural differences in child-parent relationships call for culturally-relevant strategies to address needs of older adults from various cultures.
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Kang, Minhyung, and Byoungsoo Kim. "Understanding different motivational mechanisms for downward, lateral, and upward knowledge transfer." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 47, no. 10 (October 22, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.8561.
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We applied the theory of planned behavior to examine the relative effects of expected reciprocity, self-efficacy, and subjective norms as antecedents enhancing employees’ downward, lateral, and upward knowledge transfer. Structural equation modeling with partial least squares analysis was used to examine the hypothesized relationships with data gathered through a social network survey from 385 employees in research and development groups in South Korea. Results indicated that self-efficacy was the strongest antecedent of downward knowledge transfer. In lateral knowledge transfer, expected reciprocity showed a significant negative effect. Last, upward knowledge transfer was mainly influenced by self-efficacy and subjective norms. However, subjective norms were positively related to upward knowledge transfer, whereas the relationship between self-efficacy and upward knowledge transfer was negative. These results support the usefulness of the relational approach in understanding the different motivational mechanisms for each of the types of knowledge transfer.
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Walker, Mark F., and David S. Zee. "Cerebellar Disease Alters the Axis of the High-Acceleration Vestibuloocular Reflex." Journal of Neurophysiology 94, no. 5 (November 2005): 3417–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00375.2005.
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L. W. Schultheis and D. A. Robinson showed that the axis of the rotational vestibuloocular reflex (RVOR) cannot be altered by visual-vestibular mismatch (“cross-axis adaptation”) when the vestibulocerebellum is lesioned. This suggests that the cerebellum may calibrate the axis of eye velocity of the RVOR under natural conditions. Thus we asked whether patients with cerebellar disease have alterations in the RVOR axis and, if so, what might be the mechanism. We used three-axis scleral coils to record head and eye movements during yaw, pitch, and roll head impulses in 18 patients with cerebellar disease and in a comparison group of eight subjects without neurologic disease. We found distinct shifts of the eye-velocity axis in patients. The characteristic finding was a disconjugate upward eye velocity during yaw. Measured at 70 ms after the onset of head rotation, the median upward gaze velocity was 15% of yaw head velocity for patients and <1% for normal subjects ( P < 0.001). Upward eye velocity was greater in the contralateral (abducting) eye during yaw and in the ipsilateral eye during roll. Patients had a higher gain (eye speed/head speed) for downward than for upward pitch (median ratio of downward to upward gain: 1.3). In patients, upward gaze velocities during both yaw and roll correlated with the difference in anterior (AC) and posterior canal excitations, scaled by the respective pitch gains. Our findings support the hypothesis that upward eye velocity during yaw results from AC excitation, which must normally be suppressed by the intact cerebellum.
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Mugabe, C., P. Brug, and J. C. Catling. "Cross–cultural difference in academic motivation, academic self–esteem, and upward social mobility within a student cohort." Psychology Teaching Review 22, no. 2 (2016): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsptr.2016.22.2.53.
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The relationship between academic motivation, support structures, self–esteem, and social mobility was assessed between three culturally distinct Higher Education student cohorts. Two–undred–and–sixty–seven students took part in the study: 64 American undergraduates; 100 British undergraduates; and 103 Ugandan undergraduates. Using a number of appropriate, validated questionnaires, intergenerational upward social mobility was found to be academically motivating, both intrinsically and extrinsically. Intergenerational upward mobility was significantly positively correlated with academic self–esteem. Cultural differences were found primarily in intrinsic, extrinsic and intergenerational upward mobility scores, with Ugandan students endorsing these variables significantly more than the American students, and American students endorsing them significantly more than the British students. These findings are discussed in relation to the potential impact on student social mobility both here and abroad.
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Hitchcock, William, Julia Safron, Elizabeth Wiese, and Diana J. Schwerha. "The Effect of Support Level and Arm Angle on Passive Arm Support Exoskeleton Perceived Weight Reduction." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 66, no. 1 (September 2022): 268–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181322661208.
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This study tested 10 engineering students at Liberty University to determine the effect of various shoulder angles and support level settings on the perceived weight reduction of upper extremity exoskeletons (EXOs). It also examined the impact of support levels and the choice of two different EXOs. Effectiveness was determined by finding the minimum discrete value of a variable weight in a participant’s EXO supported arm at which the participant would assert that they could hold a control weight in their other, unsupported arm for an equal or longer duration. Results indicated that shoulder angle and support level setting were significant factors in determining the perceived weight of equivalence. Arm tested and choice of EXO did not prove significant. Findings indicate that arm support EXOs are more effective when the user’s upper arm is perpendicular to their body and when oriented 120º upward from resting position, and that higher support levels provide the highest reduction in perceived weight.
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Weiler, Jeffrey, Paul L. Gribble, and J. Andrew Pruszynski. "Rapid feedback responses are flexibly coordinated across arm muscles to support goal-directed reaching." Journal of Neurophysiology 119, no. 2 (February 1, 2018): 537–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00664.2017.
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A transcortical pathway helps support goal-directed reaching by processing somatosensory information to produce rapid feedback responses across multiple joints and muscles. Here, we tested whether such feedback responses can account for changes in arm configuration and for arbitrary visuomotor transformations—two manipulations that alter how muscles at the elbow and wrist need to be coordinated to achieve task success. Participants used a planar three degree-of-freedom exoskeleton robot to move a cursor to a target following a mechanical perturbation that flexed the elbow. In our first experiment, the cursor was mapped to the veridical position of the robot handle, but participants grasped the handle with two different hand orientations (thumb pointing upward or thumb pointing downward). We found that large rapid feedback responses were evoked in wrist extensor muscles when wrist extension helped move the cursor to the target (i.e., thumb upward), and in wrist flexor muscles when wrist flexion helped move the cursor to the target (i.e., thumb downward). In our second experiment, participants grasped the robot handle with their thumb pointing upward, but the cursor’s movement was either veridical or was mirrored such that flexing the wrist moved the cursor as if the participant extended their wrist, and vice versa. After extensive practice, we found that rapid feedback responses were appropriately tuned to the wrist muscles that supported moving the cursor to the target when the cursor was mapped to the mirrored movement of the wrist, but were not tuned to the appropriate wrist muscles when the cursor was remapped to the wrist’s veridical movement. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that rapid feedback responses were evoked in different wrist muscles depending on the arm’s orientation, and this muscle activity was appropriate to generate the wrist motion that supported a reaching action. Notably, we also show that these rapid feedback responses can be evoked in wrist muscles that are detrimental to a reaching action if a nonveridical mapping between wrist and hand motion is extensively learned.
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Fredrickson, Barbara L., and Thomas Joiner. "Positive Emotions Trigger Upward Spirals Toward Emotional Well-Being." Psychological Science 13, no. 2 (March 2002): 172–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00431.
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The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions predicts that positive emotions broaden the scopes of attention and cognition, and, by consequence, initiate upward spirals toward increasing emotional well-being. The present study assessed this prediction by testing whether positive affect and broad-minded coping reciprocally and prospectively predict one another. One hundred thirty-eight college students completed self-report measures of affect and coping at two assessment periods 5 weeks apart. As hypothesized, regression analyses showed that initial positive affect, but not negative affect, predicted improved broad-minded coping, and initial broad-minded coping predicted increased positive affect, but not reductions in negative affect. Further mediational analyses showed that positive affect and broad-minded coping serially enhanced one another. These findings provide prospective evidence to support the prediction that positive emotions initiate upward spirals toward enhanced emotional well-being. Implications for clinical practice and health promotion are discussed.
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Silla, Inmaculada, Francisco J. Gracia, and José M. Peiró. "Upward Voice: Participative Decision Making, Trust in Leadership and Safety Climate Matter." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (May 1, 2020): 3672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093672.
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A supportive upward voice environment is critical in nuclear power plants in order to provide energy in a sustainable manner. In high–reliability organizations, front–line employees’ suggestions and concerns enable the early identification of potential problems that might have catastrophic consequences (e.g., a nuclear accident). Despite this, previous research has mostly focused on person–centered antecedents of upward voice and, to a lesser extent, the influence of the supervisor–subordinate relationship, while neglecting the importance of the organizational context. This study responds to the aforementioned research lacuna. It examined the relationship between participative decision making and upward voice, and the mediating role of trust in leadership in this relationship. Moreover, it further extends previous research by examining the role of safety climate, which is expected to moderate both the direct and the indirect effect of participative decision making on upward voice. The sample was composed of 495 workers from two nuclear power plants from the same organization. Findings supported the hypothesized moderated mediation model: the indirect effect of participative decision making (PDM) on upward voice via trust in leadership was contingent upon the level of the safety climate. The indirect effect became weaker as the safety climate increased. These findings support the relevance of the organizational context.
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Walker, Loni M., and Fred D. Sack. "Recovery of gravitropism after basipetal centrifugation in protonemata of the moss Ceratodon purpureus." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 8 (August 1, 1991): 1737–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-221.
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Apical cells of 5-day-old dark-grown protonemata of the moss Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid. are negatively gravitropic and appear to utilize amyloplasts as statoliths. These cells exhibit a characteristic plastid zonation (five zones) with one zone (No. 3) specialized for the lateral sedimentation of amyloplasts. Basipetal centrifugation displaces all amyloplasts in the apical cell to the end wall. In basipetally centrifuged protonemata observed using infrared videomicroscopy, tip extension occurred with or without amyloplasts present in the apical dome. The initial return of upward curvature was always correlated with the return and sedimentation of amyloplasts in zone 3. Subsequent vigorous upward curvature was correlated with distinct amyloplast zonation and further sedimentation in zone 3. Initial downward (“wrong way”) curvature, which often preceded upward curvature, correlated with the presence of amyloplasts in the apical dome (zone 1). These data support the hypotheses that nonsedimenting amyloplasts in zone 1 are necessary for initial downward curvature and that amyloplast sedimentation in zone 3 is necessary for upward curvature. Key words: gravitropism, moss, protonema, amyloplast, statolith, centrifugation.
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Muller, Dominique, Thierry Atzeni, and Fabrizio Butera. "Coaction and upward social comparison reduce the illusory conjunction effect: Support for distraction–conflict theory." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 40, no. 5 (September 2004): 659–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2003.12.003.
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Legg, Melissa, S. Occhipinti, M. Ferguson, J. Dunn, and S. K. Chambers. "When peer support may be most beneficial: the relationship between upward comparison and perceived threat." Psycho-Oncology 20, no. 12 (October 20, 2010): 1358–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pon.1862.
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Michinov, Nicolas, and Jean-Marc Monteil. "UPWARD OR DOWNWARD COMPARISON AFTER FAILURE. THE ROLE OF DIAGNOSTIC INFORMATION." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 25, no. 4 (January 1, 1997): 389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1997.25.4.389.
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What leads people to select an upward or a downward social comparison after a threat? This experiment examines a basic interpretation proposed in the literature according to which, in a threatening situation, the choice of direction for a social comparison, upward or downward, depends on the self-improvement or self-enhancement goals pursued by the subjects. The results provide empirical support for this interpretation and show that diagnostic information about the target can change the direction of social comparison. Indeed, when the diagnostic information allows subjects to hold out some hope of improvement, they prefer an upward rather than a downward comparison. Conversely, when no improvement is possible, a downward comparison is preferred. This study suggests that the role of diagnostic information should be more closely examined when studying variations in the choices of direction of comparison as a function of the subjects' comparison goals.
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GRAHAM, JOHN R., MICHEAL L. SHIER, and MARILYN EISENSTAT. "Young Adult Social Networks and Labour Market Attachment: Interpersonal Dynamics that Shape Perspectives on Job Attainment." Journal of Social Policy 44, no. 4 (June 17, 2015): 769–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279415000276.
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AbstractFollowing a qualitative study design with young adults (aged seventeen to twenty-nine) of a racialised minority status (n= 36) in a low-income community in Toronto, Canada, we found that social relationships and dynamics greatly influenced perspectives towards labour market success. Respondents identified that interpersonal relationships with employers, family members and neighbourhood/community members influenced their perseverance and motivation for upward social mobility through securing and maintaining employment. The findings highlight the fundamental relationship between perceptions of upward social mobility and individual social capital. In particular, the wide array of social networks that can influence the perspectives of racial minority young adults – both positively and negatively. The findings extend contemporary discussions about the relationship between social capital and career aspirations among racial minority young adults, to include a spectrum of interrelated social networks that collectively aid in improving personal development. While contemporary discussions focus on the utility of informal knowledge sharing about career development and post-secondary attainment, the findings here demonstrate the importance of policy and programme solutions that support the mobilisation of a wider array of embedded social resources, within the social networks of racial minority young adults, that help support positive perceptions towards upward social mobility.
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Toth, Cory, and Andrew Kirk. "A Normal Bias Toward a Pictorially Defined Top in Line Bisection." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 23, no. 2 (May 1996): 110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100038816.
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ABSTRACT:Background: We set out to determine whether separable visual and representational components underlie normal subjects’ upward and distal biases in bisecting vertical and radial lines under visual guidance. Methods: Thirty-four normal subjects were asked to bisect lines oriented horizontally, vertically, and radially. Human silhouette figures were placed at either end of each line. These figures were presented upright or upside down in order to pictorially define a “top” to each line independent of the actual top of the visual field. Results: Although subjects erred toward the top of the visual field, they also demonstrated a significant bias toward the heads of the figures for lines in all spatial orientations. Conclusions: This result supports the existence of two biases: one toward the upper visual field, and another toward an internally represented “top” as suggested pictorially. These findings provide further support for the hypothesis that normal subjects’ upward and distal biases on bisection of vertical and radial lines under visual guidance have both representational and visual-based components.
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Wang, Chao, Xiaoyi Chen, Jiandong Zhang, and Yongping Wu. "Stability Mechanism and Repair Method of U-Shaped Steel Reverse Arch Support in Soft Floor Roadway." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (September 15, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8814365.
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This paper is aimed at the inverted arch support instability of track roadway with mining level +1100 m in Liuyuanzi Coal Mine. By means of field investigation, theoretical analysis, numerical calculation, and engineering practice, the instability reasons of inverted arch structure are expounded, the mechanical mechanism of instability of inverted arch structure is revealed, and the “sliding-rotating beam” for the instability of inverted arch structure is put forward. Based on Fenner’s formula and mechanics principle, the equilibrium equation of “sliding-rotating beam” is given. The results show the following: Firstly, the insufficient stiffness at the joint of the inverted arch structure and the U-shaped steel support on the floor is the key reason for the floor instability. Secondly, when the action stress of the “sliding-rotating beam” is less than the critical value, three kinds of instability modes of the inverted arch structure may occur, that is, sliding upward, rotating upward, or sliding-rotating upward. Each instability criterion and critical value are also different. Considering the axisymmetric condition, the critical value calculation formula of the three modes can be simplified into one formula. Thirdly, the equivalent friction factor restricts the stability of the “sliding-rotating beam,” and there is a “breaking point.” The relationship between the equivalent friction factor and the action stress of the “sliding-rotating beam” is “class hyperbola.” When the equivalent friction factor is greater than the “breaking point value,” the “sliding-rotating beam” may remain stable. Moreover, with the increase of equivalent friction factor, the action stress required for the stability of the “sliding-rotating beam” is smaller, and it tends to be more stable. The breaking point value of equivalent friction factor is 18.6. Finally, 36U-shaped steel round frame with bolt-mesh-shotcrete-combined support is applied to improve the equivalent friction factor and the foot stiffness of U-shaped support in roadway. After two months of on-site implementation, the floor heave was reduced by 69.1%. In conclusion, the theoretical analysis is correct and the control method is effective.
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Bloom, Nicholas, Steven J. Davis, and Yulia Zhestkova. "COVID-19 Shifted Patent Applications toward Technologies That Support Working from Home." AEA Papers and Proceedings 111 (May 1, 2021): 263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20211057.
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We examine the text content of US patent applications, identifying those that advance technologies in support of video conferencing, telecommuting, remote interactivity, and working from home (collectively, WFH). The share of new patent applications that advance WFH technologies more than doubles from January to September of 2020, greatly surpassing its previous peak and following an upward trajectory since the onset of the pandemic. This evidence suggests that (re)directed technical change in reaction to COVID-19 will raise the quality and efficiency of remote work, thereby reinforcing a shift to working from home even after the pandemic ends.
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Dumas, F., J. Fagot, K. Davranche, and N. Claidière. "Other better versus self better in baboons: an evolutionary approach of social comparison." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1855 (May 24, 2017): 20170248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0248.
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Comparing oneself with others is an important characteristic of human social life, but the link between human and non-human forms of social comparison remains largely unknown. The present study used a computerized task presented in a social context to explore psychological mechanisms supporting social comparison in baboons and compare major findings with those usually observed in humans. We found that the effects of social comparison on subject's performance were guided both by similarity (same versus different sex) and by task complexity. Comparing oneself with a better-off other (upward comparison) increased performance when the other was similar rather than dissimilar, and a reverse effect was obtained when the self was better (downward comparison). Furthermore, when the other was similar, upward comparison led to a better performance than downward comparison. Interestingly, the beneficial effect of upward comparison on baboons' performance was only observed during simple task. Our results support the hypothesis of shared social comparison mechanisms in human and non-human primates.
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Foley, Sharon, Hang-yue Ngo, and Raymond Loi. "Antecedents and consequences of upward and downward social comparisons." International Journal of Organizational Analysis 24, no. 1 (March 14, 2016): 145–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoa-02-2014-0743.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to extend and test a theory of uncertainty and directional social comparisons. Prior studies have posited that uncertainty leads to increased upward and downward social comparisons. The authors ' view is that uncertainty affects upward and downward comparisons differentially. They test their theory in the Chinese workplace, and focus specifically on employees’ comparisons of career progress. Workplace consequences of social comparisons are also investigated. Design/methodology/approach – The authors achieve their objectives by collecting data from respondents in China that measure uncertainty, directional social comparisons, organizational commitment and job satisfaction. They use a longitudinal design to assess causality. Findings – This paper found that perceived organizational support, an antecedent that lowers uncertainty in the workplace, is related to upward social comparison, whereas psychological entitlement, an uncertainty-raising antecedent, is related to downward social comparison. Upward social comparison positively affected organizational commitment, whereas downward social comparison positively impacted job satisfaction. Research limitations/implications – The data collection relied on self-reports and hence the findings may be adversely affected by common method bias. Another limitation involves the generalizability of results, given that the respondents were drawn from three large firms in China. Originality/value – This paper indicates that directional social comparison processes serve as an important mechanism for understanding how employees’ work attitudes are developed. It also demonstrates the applicability of social comparison theory to the study of organizational behavior in China.
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IKEURA, Ryojun, Takumi SUGIURA, Kohei ITO, Soichiro HAYAKAWA, and Toshiaki SHINOHARA. "2A1-H02 Development of the upward work support device in shipbuilding(Sense, Motion and Measurement (1))." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2013 (2013): _2A1—H02_1—_2A1—H02_3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2013._2a1-h02_1.
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Van Laar, Colette, Dennis Bleeker, Naomi Ellemers, and Eline Meijer. "Ingroup and outgroup support for upward mobility: Divergent responses to ingroup identification in low status groups." European Journal of Social Psychology 44, no. 6 (July 1, 2014): 563–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2046.
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Hou, Tony Chieh-Tse, Phillip McKnight, and Charlie Weir. "Returns to buying upward revision and selling downward revision stocks." Managerial Finance 42, no. 11 (November 14, 2016): 1110–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-10-2015-0282.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of earnings forecast revisions by equity analysts in predicting Canadian stock returns Design/methodology/approach The sample covers 420 Canadian firms over the period 1998-2009. It analyses investors’ reactions to 27,271 upward revisions and 32,005 downward revisions of analysts’ forecasts for Canadian quoted companies. To test whether analysts’ earnings forecast revisions affect stock return continuation, forecast revision portfolios similar to Jegadeesh and Titman (2001) are constructed. The paper analyses the returns gained from a trading strategy based on buying the strong upward revisions portfolio and short selling the strong downward revisions portfolio. It also separates the sample into upward and downward revisions. Findings The authors find that new information in the form of analyst forecast revisions is not impounded efficiently into stock prices. Significant returns persist for a trading strategy that buys stocks with recent upward revisions and short sells stocks with recent downward revisions. Good news is impounded into stock prices more slowly than bad news. Post-earnings forecast revisions drift is negatively related to analyst coverage. The effect is strongest for stocks with greatest number of upward revisions. The introduction of the better disclosure standards has made the Canadian stock market more efficient. Originality/value The paper adds to the limited evidence on the effect of analyst forecast revisions on the returns of Canadian stocks. It sheds light on the importance of analysts’ earnings forecast information and offers support for the investor conservatism and information diffusion hypotheses. It also shows how policy can improve market efficiency.
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Farwick, Andreas, Heike Hanhörster, Isabel Ramos Lobato, and Wiebke Striemer. "Neighbourhood-based social integration. The importance of the local context for different forms of resource transfer." Raumforschung und Raumordnung Spatial Research and Planning 77, no. 4 (August 30, 2019): 417–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rara-2019-0046.
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AbstractDue to their lack of financial resources, poor residents of deprived neighbourhoods are very much reliant on support and assistance from their personal networks. Studies refer to the key importance of neighbourhood contacts transcending social boundaries to promote upward social mobility. Based on a mix of quantitative and qualitative findings, this paper looks at the importance of social mix within a person’s neighbourhood and immediate surroundings for transferring different kinds of resources. The results show that even residents of deprived neighbourhoods can call on a well-developed support network to deal with everyday problems. The contribution also shows that network contacts to people endowed with more resources are no guarantee for the upward social mobility of the less well endowed. Indeed, it would seem that ‘getting-ahead’ resources are also accessible via their homogeneous networks. Much more to the point, the immediate surroundings turn out to be an important spatial context for contacts and resource transfers, especially for families with children.
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Bereményi, Bálint Ábel, and Judit Durst. "Meaning making and resilience among academically high-achieving Roma women." Szociológiai szemle 31, no. 3 (2021): 103–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.51624/szocszemle.2021.3.5.
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This paper investigates the self-narratives of academically high-achieving, first generation college educated, and highly resilient Roma women. We place their meaning making and social navigation processes at the centre of our inquiry, understanding it as an important element of the resilience process of upward mobility (Ungar 2012). Self-narratives describing their changing social class and the corresponding dilemmas offers us the opportunity to understand their strategies, and how to accomplish a resilient minority mobility trajectory, by mitigating the tension and the emotional cost that unavoidably comes with the large social distance they travel between their community of origin and the newly attained class (Naudet 2018). The article draws on two research projects; the first conducted in Spain (2015-17) among 35 Roma university graduates, and the second in Hungary, (2018-20), between 150 Roma and non-Roma university graduates. We have selected one ‘resilient minority mobility trajectory’ as an ideal type from each database for the purposes of this comparison. In this category, upwardly mobile Roma graduates achieve their aspired self- development with the minimal ‘emotional cost’ possible. Our main argument is that a ‘minority path of social ascension’, in itself, is not enough to mitigate the high emotional costs of changing social class. It also requires negotiation, meaning making or reframing work. In this thesis, we support Michael Ungar’s proposal that resilience during upward mobility is a process in one’s ecological context and not an individual asset, and that meaning making work is a crucial part of it. We expand this thesis, however, by demonstrating how navigation among the available resources, and the negotiation of what a ‘proper Roma woman’ and a ‘successful life’ means, in the community of origin, plays a crucial part in accomplishing a resilient upward mobility process.
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Owens, Michael A., and Bob L. Johnson. "Cultivating Trust Among Urban Youth at Risk." Journal of School Public Relations 29, no. 2 (March 1, 2008): 143–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jspr.29.2.143.
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By examining data from interviews with students in the Upward Bound program (a federally sponsored program that provides academic support to students at risk who are preparing for college entrance), this study seeks to strengthen an understanding of the role of trust among urban youth at risk in the educational organizations that serve them. This work makes a unique contribution to the work of school public relations by highlighting the perspectives of urban students at risk on the role of trust in their educational organization. This qualitative piece uses data from a study of student participation in leadership, and it uses interviews, observations, and document analysis of participants and informants to build an understanding of the role of trust among urban youth at risk in educational organizations. Participants included 20 recent high school graduates enrolled in the summer Bridge Program of Upward Bound at a university in a midsize city. Students provided important insights into the role of trust. Some facets of trust (e.g., benevolence, honesty, openness, reliability, and competence) emerged from the interviews providing empirical support for recent theoretical work on the concept. For students, establishing and maintaining trust with each other, with faculty, and especially with staff members contributed to their decisions to help the Upward Bound program meet its purpose of motivating students to graduate from high school and enter college. Educational administrators in academic support programs and schools whose students benefit from these programs serving urban youth at risk will benefit from making efforts to forge trusting personal relationships with the students, parents, and other community members within students’ spheres of influence. Findings from this study suggest that urban students at risk may already view themselves as being capable of working with educational organizations that are willing to share power and flatten hierarchies.
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García-Castro, Juan Diego, Efraín García-Sánchez, Guillermo B. Willis, Juan Carlos Castillo, and Rosa Rodríguez-Bailón. "Perceived Economic Inequality Measures and Their Association With Objective Inequality and Redistributive Preferences." Social Psychology 53, no. 5 (September 2022): 277–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000498.
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Abstract. Perceptions of economic inequality (PEI) play a central role in people’s responses to inequality. We aim to examine the consistency between different PEI measures (income gaps, diagrammatic figures, experienced downward and upward disparities), their relationship with objective inequality, and their association with redistributive preferences. Using data from the International Social Survey Programme 2019 ( N = 34,387, 22 countries), we performed multilevel regression analyses and found that PEI indicators were weakly and positively correlated, suggesting that they represent different dimensions of the same construct. Furthermore, objective inequality was not related to PEI measures. Finally, all PEI measures were positively associated with support for redistribution, except for experienced upward inequality. We discuss the multidimensional nature of PEI and its implications on redistributive preferences.
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Glasheen, J., and T. Mcmahon. "Size-dependence of water-running ability in basilisk lizards (Basiliscus basiliscus)." Journal of Experimental Biology 199, no. 12 (December 1, 1996): 2611–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.12.2611.
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In the past, it has been proposed that basilisk lizards (Basiliscus basiliscus) are able to reach high population densities because the juveniles and adults have differing water-running abilities and therefore live in different habitats. However, there is no a priori reason to expect juveniles to be better able to run on water than adults. To determine the causal relationship between body size and water-running ability, we made three types of measurements: (1) direct morphological measurements on preserved specimens; (2) hydrodynamic measurements on physical models of the lizards' feet; and (3) kinematic measurements on basilisk lizards running on water. The information gathered from these investigations was used to develop an allometric model which predicted the maximum upward force impulses that the lizards could generate. We find that small lizards have a capacity to generate large force surpluses. A 2 g lizard can generate a maximum upward impulse that is more than twice that needed to support its body weight (225 %). In contrast, a 200 g lizard, under optimal conditions, can just barely support its body weight (111 %).
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Carsten, Melissa K., Mary Uhl-Bien, and Lei Huang. "Leader perceptions and motivation as outcomes of followership role orientation and behavior." Leadership 14, no. 6 (July 26, 2017): 731–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1742715017720306.
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Followership research posits that followers differ in the way they define and enact the followership role, which can have varying effects in relation to how leaders experience their own roles and responsibilities. Drawing from the role orientation literature and newly emerging research on followership, our study examines the indirect effects of followers’ co-production (co-producing leadership outcomes) and passive (deferring to leadership influence) role orientations on leader-rated outcomes of perceived follower support, leader motivation, and follower contribution to goal attainment via followers’ voice and upward delegation behaviors. Using data from 306 dyads in a Chinese organization, our results show that follower voice and upward delegation mediate the relationships linking followers’ co-production and passive role orientations with leader-rated outcomes. Our study provides evidence that followership role orientations and behaviors differentially influence leader perceptions regarding their followers’ support, contribution to goal attainment, and leader motivation. Implications are drawn for further research on followership and the importance of considering leader outcomes as critical variables in leadership and followership literatures.
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Weng, Qingxiong, Kashmala Latif, Abdul Karim Khan, Hussain Tariq, Hirra Pervez Butt, Asfia Obaid, and Naukhez Sarwar. "Loaded with knowledge, yet green with envy: leader–member exchange comparison and coworkers-directed knowledge hiding behavior." Journal of Knowledge Management 24, no. 7 (July 9, 2020): 1653–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jkm-10-2019-0534.
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Purpose This study aims to explore an interpersonal predictor of coworkers-directed knowledge hiding behavior – the leader–member exchange social comparison (LMXSC). This study integrates leader–member exchange literature with social comparison theory to hypothesize that an individual’s upward LMXSC is positively correlated with coworkers-directed knowledge hiding and that an individual’s feelings of envy are mediated by the relationship between upward LMXSC and coworkers-directed knowledge hiding behavior. Also, this study proposes two-way and three-way interaction patterns of goal interdependence, which can influence LMXSC–envy relationships. Design/methodology/approach Two independent studies are conducted to test the hypothesized relationships. In Study 1, the authors collected multi-wave data from a large public sector university in China (N = 1,131). The authors then replicated the Study 1 findings by collecting multi-source and multi-wave data from a telecom company based in China (n = 379). Findings The authors found support across both studies for the idea that upward LMXSC is a possible interpersonal predictor of coworkers-directed knowledge hiding behavior. More specifically, it was found that feelings of envy ensue from upward LMXSC, resulting in further coworkers-directed knowledge hiding behavior. Further, this study shows that the influence of upward LMXSC on knowledge hiding behavior via feelings of envy was weaker (stronger) when employees have high (low) cooperative goal interdependence with coworkers, respectively, and when employees have low (high) competitive goal interdependence with the coworkers, respectively. Originality/value This study extends current knowledge management literature by introducing LMXSC as an interpersonal predictor of coworkers-directed knowledge hiding behavior. This will help practitioners to curb such counterproductive behavior.
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Winkel, Frans Willem, Tamar Wohlfarth, and Eric Blaauw. "Police Referral to Victim Support." Crisis 25, no. 3 (May 2004): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.25.3.118.
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One of the basic rights of crime victims granted under victim-orientated legislation introduced during the last 20 years in more than 100 countries worldwide is the right to be referred to victim support by the police. The under-utilization of psychological services by crime victims who are objectively in need of external support is substantial. Current legal procedures tend to perpetuate this unwanted condition. Programs aimed at the early detection and prevention of persistent postvictimization distress are more in line with the ideals of therapeutic jurisprudence. The RISK (10) screening instrument, which was specifically developed to be administered by police officers, may provide a basis for early detection. RISK (10) consists of a selection of 10 Risk factors with prior empirical evidence and theoretical significance. The focus of the present study was to examine the predictive and diagnostic power of RISK (10) components to detect persistent future psychological distress, among other things, in terms of Adjustment Disorder. Analyses were based on a sample of 93 crime victims who participated in the police and (3 months) follow-up parts of the study. Findings provided initial validation for the predictive accuracy of most RISK (10) components, and confirm the diagnostic value (in terms of specificity, sensitivity, positive and negative predictive power) of risk factors, such as engaging in character attributions, upward comparison processes, fatalistic appraisals of the episode, and the initial reporting of expected deficiencies in social support. The clinical utility of RISK (10) for early detection in police stations is confirmed.