Journal articles: 'UPSTREEM LENGHT'

1

Baskaran, Kabilan, and K. Srinivasan. "Effects of upstream pipe length on pipe-cavity jet noise." Physics of Fluids 31, no. 10 (October 1, 2019): 106103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5120460.

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2

Kozak, M. "Effects of intercistronic length on the efficiency of reinitiation by eucaryotic ribosomes." Molecular and Cellular Biology 7, no. 10 (October 1987): 3438–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.7.10.3438-3445.1987.

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Simian virus 40-based plasmids that direct the synthesis of preproinsulin during short-term transfection of COS cells have been used to probe the mechanism of reinitiation by eucaryotic ribosomes. Earlier studies from several laboratories had established that the ability of ribosomes to reinitiate translation at an internal AUG codon depends on having a terminator codon in frame with the preceding AUG triplet and upstream from the intended restart site. In the present studies, the position of the upstream terminator codon relative to the preproinsulin restart site has been systematically varied. The efficiency of reinitiation progressively improved as the intercistronic sequence was lengthened. When the upstream "minicistron" terminated 79 nucleotides before the preproinsulin start site, the synthesis of proinsulin was as efficient as if there were no upstream AUG codons. A mechanism is postulated that might account for this result, which is somewhat surprising inasmuch as bacterial ribosomes reinitiate less efficiently as the intercistronic gap is widened.

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Kozak, M. "Effects of intercistronic length on the efficiency of reinitiation by eucaryotic ribosomes." Molecular and Cellular Biology 7, no. 10 (October 1987): 3438–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.7.10.3438.

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Simian virus 40-based plasmids that direct the synthesis of preproinsulin during short-term transfection of COS cells have been used to probe the mechanism of reinitiation by eucaryotic ribosomes. Earlier studies from several laboratories had established that the ability of ribosomes to reinitiate translation at an internal AUG codon depends on having a terminator codon in frame with the preceding AUG triplet and upstream from the intended restart site. In the present studies, the position of the upstream terminator codon relative to the preproinsulin restart site has been systematically varied. The efficiency of reinitiation progressively improved as the intercistronic sequence was lengthened. When the upstream "minicistron" terminated 79 nucleotides before the preproinsulin start site, the synthesis of proinsulin was as efficient as if there were no upstream AUG codons. A mechanism is postulated that might account for this result, which is somewhat surprising inasmuch as bacterial ribosomes reinitiate less efficiently as the intercistronic gap is widened.

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4

El-Molla, Mohamed A., Naveen Y. Saad, and Gada S. Ezizah. "Evaluation of Actual Creep Length Under Heading up Structures Aprons." Journal of Engineering Research [TJER] 13, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/tjer.vol13iss1pp14-23.

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In this paper a 2D finite element model (SEEP2D) is implemented to study the actual head loss along the sheet piles fixed at the ends of an apron of a heading up structure. Different scenarios for the thickness of the pervious layer under the apron, the length of the apron and the depths of the upstream and downstream sheet piles are studied. Results show that assuming the outer and inner faces of the sheet piles have the same weight for estimating the creep length while designing aprons of hydraulic structures is weak. Design equations for the actual head loss along the outer and inner faces for both the upstream and downstream sheet piles are driven. These equations can be used as a tool in the practical design for aprons of heading up structures formed on pervious soil and provided with upstream and downstream sheet piles at its ends.

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El-Molla, Mohamed, Naveen Y. Saad, and Gada S. Ezizah. "Evaluation of Actual Creep Length Under Heading up Structures Aprons." Journal of Engineering Research [TJER] 15, no. 2 (November 7, 2018): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/tjer.vol15iss2pp114-123.

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In this paper a 2D finite element model (SEEP2D) is implemented to study the actual head loss along the sheet piles fixed at the ends of an apron of a heading up structure. Different scenarios for the thickness of the pervious layer under the apron, the length of the apron and the depths of the upstream and downstream sheet piles are studied. Results show that assuming the outer and inner faces of the sheet piles have the same weight for estimating the creep length while designing aprons of hydraulic structures is weak. Design equations for the actual head loss along the outer and inner faces for both the upstream and downstream sheet piles are driven. These equations can be used as a tool in the practical design for aprons of heading up structures formed on pervious soil and provided with upstream and downstream sheet piles at its ends.

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6

El-Molla, Mohamed, Naveen Y. Saad, and Gada S. Ezizah. "Evaluation of Actual Creep Length Under Heading up Structures Aprons." Journal of Engineering Research [TJER] 15, no. 2 (November 7, 2018): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/tjer.vol15iss2pp14-23.

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In this paper a 2D finite element model (SEEP2D) is implemented to study the actual head loss along the sheet piles fixed at the ends of an apron of a heading up structure. Different scenarios for the thickness of the pervious layer under the apron, the length of the apron and the depths of the upstream and downstream sheet piles are studied. Results show that assuming the outer and inner faces of the sheet piles have the same weight for estimating the creep length while designing aprons of hydraulic structures is weak. Design equations for the actual head loss along the outer and inner faces for both the upstream and downstream sheet piles are driven. These equations can be used as a tool in the practical design for aprons of heading up structures formed on pervious soil and provided with upstream and downstream sheet piles at its ends.

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7

Wilkinson, John C., Enrique Cepero, Lawrence H. Boise, and Colin S. Duckett. "Upstream Regulatory Role for XIAP in Receptor-Mediated Apoptosis." Molecular and Cellular Biology 24, no. 16 (August 15, 2004): 7003–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.24.16.7003-7014.2004.

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ABSTRACT X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) is an endogenous inhibitor of cell death that functions by suppressing caspases 3, 7, and 9. Here we describe the establishment of Jurkat-derived cell lines stably overexpressing either full-length XIAP or a truncation mutant of XIAP that can only inhibit caspase 9. Characterization of these cell lines revealed that following CD95 activation full-length XIAP supported both short- and long-term survival as well as proliferative capacity, in contrast to the truncation mutant but similar to Bcl-xL. Full-length XIAP was also able to inhibit CD95-mediated caspase 3 processing and activation, the mitochondrial release of cytochrome c and Smac/DIABLO, and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, whereas the XIAP truncation mutant failed to prevent any of these cell death events. Finally, suppression of XIAP levels by RNA interference sensitized Bcl-xL-overexpressing cells to death receptor-induced apoptosis. These data demonstrate for the first time that full-length XIAP inhibits caspase activation required for mitochondrial amplification of death receptor signals and that, by acting upstream of mitochondrial activation, XIAP supports the long-term proliferative capacity of cells following CD95 stimulation.

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8

Yoon, J. Y., N. W. Sung, and C. H. Lee. "Effect of distance between 90° elbow close to upstream of orifice plate and the orifice plate on discharge coefficient." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 223, no. 2 (April 22, 2009): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544089jpme197.

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The effect of distance between 90° elbow close to the upstream face of an orifice plate and the orifice plate on discharge coefficient was investigated. The distribution of discharge coefficient and differential pressure caused by elbow and short upstream straight length were examined and a modified discharge coefficient was introduced. The results presented in this study could be useful when the orifice plate is installed under the condition of simple flow disturbance element and short upstream straight length.

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9

Yang, Shanshan, Quanyuan Zeng, Xiaohua Zhang, Chunzhu Dong, and Ling Guan. "Numerical Simulation of Single Droplet Impingement upon Dynamic Liquid Film Obliquely." Mathematics 10, no. 17 (September 4, 2022): 3193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10173193.

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To better understand the application of droplet impingement in industry and agriculture, in this paper, the coupled level set and volume of fluid (CLSVOF) method is applied to study droplet oblique impact on a dynamic liquid film. The conclusions are the following: the downstream crown height increases and then decreases as the impact angle increases, whereas upstream crown height and spreading length decrease significantly; moreover, the spreading length and upstream crown height increase with the increase of film velocity, while the downstream crown height decreases instead. The increase of gas density inhibits both upstream and downstream crowns. When the fluid viscosity decreases or the impact velocity increases, the crown height increases significantly, which easily leads to crown rupture or droplet splash. The increase in impact velocity leads to an increase in spreading length; however, viscosity has almost no effect on the spreading length.

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10

Susanta, B., P. R. Suresh, K. Srinivasan, and S. K. Das. "Effect of upstream developing length on the flow field of twin pipe jets." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 222, no. 6 (June 2008): 773–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544100jaero325.

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11

Azimi, Amir Hossein, Nallamuthu Rajaratnam, and David Z. Zhu. "Discharge Characteristics of Weirs of Finite Crest Length with Upstream and Downstream Ramps." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 139, no. 1 (January 2013): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ir.1943-4774.0000519.

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12

Cornejo, Ivan, Gonzalo Cornejo, Petr Nikrityuk, and Robert E. Hayes. "Entry length convective heat transfer in a monolith: The effect of upstream turbulence." International Journal of Thermal Sciences 138 (April 2019): 235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2018.12.044.

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13

Ksouri, N., J. A. Castro-Mondragón, F. Montardit-Tarda, J. van Helden, B. Contreras-Moreira, and Y. Gogorcena. "Motif discovery within upstream regions of variable length reveals regulatory signatures in peach." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1352 (December 2022): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2022.1352.36.

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14

Zitouni, A. H., A. Arabi, Y. Salhi, Y. Zenati, E. K. Si-Ahmed, and J. Legrand. "Slug length and frequency upstream a sudden expansion in gas-liquid intermittent flow." Experimental and Computational Multiphase Flow 3, no. 2 (May 23, 2020): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42757-020-0068-0.

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15

Xian, Xu, and J. M. Floryan. "FLOW ABOUND TWO-DIMENSIONAL ROUGHNESS ELEMENTS." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 17, no. 1 (March 1993): 67–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-1993-0005.

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Flow around two-dimensional roughness elements in the form of rectangular blocks has been analyzed for reynolds number 0 ≤Re≤40 and blocks of aspect ratio 0.01 ≤W/h≤∞. A very good agreement exists between numerical and experimental results. The size of the upstream separation zone weakly depends on the length of the block but decreases rapidly with an increase of the Reynolds number. In contrast, the length of the downstream separation zone increases almost linearly as Re increases. While this length depends weakly on the aspect ratio of the block, the velocity magnitude inside the separation zone considerably increases with a decrease of the length of the block. The coupling between the upstream and downstream separation zones rapidly disappears when W/h increases and both zones can be considered independent and identical to those at the upstream and downstream facing steps with W/h≥6.

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16

Yang, Guangchuan, Rui Yue, Zong Tian, and Hao Xu. "Modeling the Impacts of Traffic Flow Arrival Profiles on Ramp Metering Queues." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 15 (June 30, 2018): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118782253.

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An adequate queue storage length is critical for a metered on-ramp to prevent ramp queue spillback to the upstream signalized intersection. Previous research on queue length estimation or queue storage length design at metered ramps has not taken into account the potential impact of various on-ramp traffic flow arrival profiles on ramp queue lengths. This paper depicts the traffic flow arrival profiles and queue generation processes at three different metered ramp categories. Based on a large number of microscopic simulation runs, it is found that, under a given demand-to-capacity scenario, the queue at a metered ramp with two on-ramp feeding movements is more likely to be cleared in a cycle than at a metered ramp with three on-ramp feeding movements. Also, the platoon dispersion effect significantly reduces the ramp queue length, and hence the queue storage needs at a metered ramp. In addition, this paper reveals that ramp queue length tends to increase linearly with upstream signal cycle length. The design of queue storage length for a metered on-ramp hence needs to fully consider the various ramp configurations and upstream signal timing settings.

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17

Mahapatra, Jagannath, Rajaraman Ganesh, and Abhijit Sen. "Scaling of reconnection parameters in magnetic island coalescence: Role of in-plane shear flow." Physics of Plasmas 29, no. 11 (November 2022): 112107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0116269.

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A 2D incompressible viscoresistive-MHD model [Mahapatra et al., Phys. Plasmas 28, 072103 (2021)] is used to study the scaling of reconnection parameters in the magnetic island coalescence problem under two interesting scenarios. First, the effect of changing island half-width at a fixed system size is investigated. As the island half-width increases, the total magnetic flux content of the islands increases, resulting in an increase in upstream magnetic field, upstream velocity field, and unnormalized reconnection rate. However, the downstream magnetic field, current sheet length and normalized reconnection rate (normalized to the upstream magnetic field and upstream Alfvénic velocity) remain independent of it. Interestingly, the reconnection rate is found to be different from the upstream to downstream velocity ratio as well as from the aspect ratio of the current sheet, as opposed to the findings of the Sweet–Parker model. Second, the in-plane shear flow effects are studied, keeping the island width and system size fixed. Here, thickness and length of the current sheet, the upstream magnetic and velocity field components, reconnection rate and time, current sheet inclination angle with shear flow length scale, and amplitude are calculated. Interestingly, the inclination angle of the current sheet and the diffusion region are found to be different, and the differences are more in stronger shear flows. These results are significantly different from the Harris sheet setup with shear flow.

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18

Li, Weipeng. "Suppression of Supersonic Cavity Oscillations Using Pulsed Upstream Mass Injection." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6702385.

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Pulsed upstream mass injection is examined to suppress supersonic cavity oscillations. The efficiency and physics of the noise control are investigated by large-eddy simulations of a turbulent flow (M∞=2.0,ReD=105) past a rectangular cavity with a length-to-depth ratio of 2. Results show that the pulsed mass injection behaves less effectively in reducing the cavity oscillations than the steady one. The primary reason is that the pulsed mass injection is ineffective in lifting up the cavity shear layer and in suppressing the turbulent fluctuations in the shear layer. It concluded that breakup of the large-scale vorticial structures into a smaller length scale reveals direct links existing between the large-scale vortices and the radiation of the cavity resonances.

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19

Yuan, Xun Feng, and Yan Yang. "Flow Velocity Affecting Dendrite Growth of Fe-C Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 785-786 (September 2013): 1009–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.785-786.1009.

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The phase field model coupling with the concentration field and flow field is used to simulate the dendrite growth during isothermal solidification of Fe-C alloy in a forced flow. The effects of flow velocity on the dendrite growth are studied. The results indicate that with introducing the forced flow, the upstream secondary dendrite arm space decreases, the downstream secondary dendrite arm space increases. As flow velocity increases, the side branch at the upstream regions become bulky and tilt, the side branch at the downstream regions degenerated and even disappear, the length of upstream dendrite arm increases linearly, the length of downstream dendrite arm decreases parabolically. Meanwhile, the solute concentration of upstream dendrite tip increases slowly first, then decreases, the solute concentration of downstream dendrite tip increases monotonously.

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20

Lalonde, Janick D., François Chapleau, Anik Brind'Amour, and Lara Louise Ridgway. "Les métaux (Mn, Cu, Cd, Zn et Hg) des meuniers noirs (Catostomus commersoni) et des grands brochets (Esox lucius) de l'amont et de l'aval du barrage Moses-Saunders sur le fleuve Saint-Laurent près de Cornwall (Ontario) et Massena (New York)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56, no. 12 (December 1, 1999): 2240–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f99-137.

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We examined the effect of a dam on concentrations of metals (Mn, Cu, Cd, Zn, and Hg) in white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) and in northern pike (Esox lucius). Fish were caught upstream and downstream of the Moses-Saunders Power dam on the St. Lawrence River near Cornwall, Ontario, and Massena, New York. Upstream of the dam, Lake St. Lawrence is a 136-km2 reservoir resulting from the flooding of 90 km2 of agricultural land in 1958, and downstream is Lake St. Francis. In northern pike, no difference in the mean concentrations of metals was found between upstream and downstream fish. Hg concentrations increased with length in upstream and downstream pike, whereas Zn showed an inverse relationship with length downstream. For a particular length, Hg concentration was higher in downstream northern pike. On average, white sucker were five times more contaminated by Hg upstream than downstream. The levels of Mn and Cu were also found to be higher upstream. No bioaccumulation of metals was observed in white sucker. Based on the results obtained for the northern pike, after 37 years, it seems that the high metal concentrations observed in Lake St. Lawrence after the creation of the reservoir have now disappeared. We believe that the high level of contamination of the white suckers in this lake is linked with this species' habit of being in constant contact with the sediments, which could be locally highly contaminated.

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Pickett, L. M., and D. L. Siebers. "Soot Formation in Diesel Fuel Jets Near the Lift-Off Length." International Journal of Engine Research 7, no. 2 (April 1, 2006): 103–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/146808705x57793.

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Soot formation in the region downstream of the lift-off length of diesel fuel jets was investigated in an optically accessible constant-volume combustion vessel under quiescent-type diesel engine conditions. Planar laser-induced incandescence and line-of-sight laser extinction were used to determine the location of the first soot formation during mixing-controlled combustion. OH chemiluminescence imaging was used to determine the location of high-heat-release reactions relative to the soot-forming region. The primary parameters varied in the experiments were the sooting propensity of the fuel and the amount of fuel-air premixing that occurs upstream of the lift-off length. The fuels considered in order of increasing sooting propensity were: an oxygenated fuel blend (T70), a blend of diesel cetane-number reference fuels (CN80), and a #2 diesel fuel (D2). Fuel-air mixing upstream of the lift-off length was varied by changing ambient gas and injector conditions, which varied either the lift-off length or the air entrainment rate into the fuel jet relative to the fuel injection rate. Results show that soot formation starts at a finite distance downstream of the lift-off length and that the spatial location of soot formation depends on the fuel type and operating conditions. The distance from the lift-off length to the location of the first soot formation increases as the fuel sooting propensity decreases (i.e. in the order D2 < CN80 < T70). At the baseline operating conditions, the most upstream soot formation occurs at the edges of the jet for D2 and CN80, while for T70 the soot formation is confined to the jet central region. When conditions are varied to produce enhanced fuel-air mixing upstream of the lift-off length in D2 fuel jets, the initial soot formation shifts towards the fuel jet centre and eventually no soot is formed. For all experimental conditions, the observed location of soot formation relative to the heat-release location (lift-off) suggests that soot formation occurs in a mixture of combustion products originating from partially premixed reactions and a diffusion flame. The results also imply that soot precursor formation rates depend strongly on fuel type in the region between the lift-off length and the first soot formation.

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22

Mahmood, Raghad Samir. "Preparation of Design Charts for Estimation of the Length of an Upstream Impervious Blanket in a Homogenous Earth Dam." Journal of Engineering 18, no. 07 (July 21, 2023): 859–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2012.07.08.

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Earth dams are constructed mainly from soil. A homogenous earth dam is composed of only one material. The seepage through such dams is quite high. Upstream impervious blanket is one of the methods used to control seepage through the dam foundations. Bennet's method is one of the commonly used methods to design an impervious upstream blanket. Design charts are developed relating the length of blanket, total reservoir head, total base width of the dam (excluding downstream drainage), the coefficient of permeability of the blanket material, blanket thickness, foundation thickness, and coefficient of permeability of the foundation soil, based on the equations governing the Bennet's method for a homogenous earth dam with a blanket of uniform thickness. The length of the upstream impervious blanket can be determined by using the developed charts. The length of the blanket is inversely proportional to the coefficient of permeability of the blanket material. The length of blanket is directly proportional to the total reservoir head, total base width of the dam (excluding downstream drainage), blanket thickness, foundation thickness, and coefficient of permeability of the foundation soil.

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23

Yadav, R. J., and A. S. Padalkar. "CFD Analysis for Heat Transfer Enhancement inside a Circular Tube with Half-Length Upstream and Half-Length Downstream Twisted Tape." Journal of Thermodynamics 2012 (December 11, 2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/580593.

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CFD investigation was carried out to study the heat transfer enhancement characteristics of air flow inside a circular tube with a partially decaying and partly swirl flow. Four combinations of tube with twisted-tape inserts, the half-length upstream twisted-tape condition (HLUTT), the half-length downstream twisted-tape condition (HLDTT), the full-length twisted tape (FLTT), and the plain tube (PT) with three different twist parameters (, 0.27, and 0.38) have been investigated. 3D numerical simulation was performed for an analysis of heat transfer enhancement and fluid flow for turbulent regime. The results of CFD investigations of heat transfer and friction characteristics are presented for the FLTT, HLUTT, and the HLDTT in comparison with the PT case.

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24

Tang, Yu. "Establish the Queue Length Function Model." Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (June 2014): 2691–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.2691.

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A queue length function mapping model is built through the neural network, and can be optimized based on the white noise principle. Thus, a nonlinear mapping, which the input and output nodes are considered as independent variable and the dependent variable respectively, is obtained. After training the learning samples, which can be got from counting the data of the accident duration, traffic upstream, the passed coefficient, and the vehicles queue length, we can acquired the weights and thresholds, which are used to represent the mapping between the nodes. Also, through the optimization based on the white noise principle, the impact caused by the error can be reduced and a more accurate model is obtained as a predicting measuring tool of the queue length.

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STJÄRNE, L., M. MSGHINA, and E. STJÄRNE. "Is ‘upstream’ control of sympathetic transmitter release dependent on the length of varicosity strings?" Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 137, no. 2 (October 1989): 313–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.1989.tb08754.x.

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26

He, M. F., D. Q. Yuan, W. Xiong, and Y. F. Chen. "Length-weight relationships for four fish species upstream in the Minjiang River, southeastern China." Journal of Applied Ichthyology 32, no. 6 (August 19, 2016): 1316–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jai.13156.

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He, M. F., D. Q. Yuan, W. Xiong, and Y. F. Chen. "Length-weight relationships for four fish species upstream in the Minjiang River, southeastern China." Journal of Applied Ichthyology 32, no. 6 (September 1, 2016): 1292–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jai.13178.

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Qi, Jun Xiong. "Research on the Vehicles Queuing Based on Traffic Accidents." Advanced Materials Research 915-916 (April 2014): 464–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.915-916.464.

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In order to study the vehicles queuing under traffic accidents, we put the traffic wave analogy into fluid wave, and build traffic wave model, getting the relationship equation: vehicles queue length and the actual capacity of cross-section, accidents duration, section of the upstream traffic. According to analyzing the equation, we get: the maximum queue length increase with upstream traffic as category Index, however, inversely proportional to the actual capacity, and it is positively correlated with the duration of the accident.

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Asavanant, J., and J. M. Vanden-Broeck. "Free-surface flows past a surface-piercing object of finite length." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 273 (August 25, 1994): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112094001862.

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Steady two-dimensional flows past a parabolic obstacle lying on the free surface in water of finite depth are considered. The fluid is treated as inviscid and incompressible and the flow is assumed to be irrotational. Gravity is included in the free-surface condition. The problem is solved numerically by using boundary integral equation techniques. It is shown that there are solutions for which the flow is supercritical both upstream and downstream and others for which the flow is subcritical both upstream and downstream. These flows have continuous tangents at both ends of the obstacle at which separation occurs. For supercritical flows, there are up to three solutions corresponding to the same value of the Froude number when the obstacle is concave and up to two solutions when the obstacle is convex. For subcritical flows, there are solutions with waves behind the obstacle. As the Froude number decreases, these waves become steeper and the numerical calculations suggest that they, ultimately, reach limiting configurations with a sharp crest forming a 120° angle.

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Gedalin, M., Y. Kushinsky, and M. Balikhin. "Profile of a low-Mach-number shock in two-fluid plasma theory." Annales Geophysicae 33, no. 8 (August 18, 2015): 1011–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-1011-2015.

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Abstract. Magnetic profiles of low-Mach-number collisionless shocks in space plasmas are studied within the two-fluid plasma theory. Particular attention is given to the upstream magnetic oscillations generated at the ramp. By including weak resistive dissipation in the equations of motion for electrons and protons, the dependence of the upstream wave train features on the ratio of the dispersion length to the dissipative length is established quantitatively. The dependence of the oscillation amplitude and spatial damping scale on the shock normal angle θ is found.

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Cai, Tengfei, Yan Pan, Fei Ma, and Pingping Xu. "Effects of Organ-Pipe Chamber Geometry on the Frequency and Erosion Characteristics of the Self-Excited Cavitating Waterjet." Energies 13, no. 4 (February 21, 2020): 978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13040978.

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Erosion experiments were performed to uncover the impact of organ-pipe chamber geometry on the frequency and erosion characteristics of self-excited cavitating waterjets. Jets emanating from self-excited nozzles with various organ-pipe geometries were investigated. The upstream and downstream contraction ratios of the organ-pipe resonator were changed respectively from 1.5 to 6 and 2 to 12. Pressure sensors and hydrophone were used to characterize jets’ frequency characteristics. Mass loss was also obtained in each of the configurations to assess the erosion performance. By tuning the self-excited frequency, the peak resonance was achieved using the nozzles with different geometries. Accordingly, the acoustic natural frequencies of various chamber geometries were obtained precisely. Results show that with increasing upstream and downstream contraction ratio of the organ-pipe chamber, the acoustic natural frequency increases monotonically due to the reduction of equivalent length, while the resonance amplitude and mass loss first increase and then decrease. There are optimum geometric parameters to reach the largest resonance amplitude and erosion mass loss: the upstream contraction ratio being between two and four, and downstream ratio being between four and seven. The effective length of the organ pipe can be calculated by the sum of the physical length and equivalent length to accurately obtain the acoustic natural frequency. Under the optimized parameters, the equivalent length can be estimated as 0.35D.

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32

Yang, Jianhua, Lixin Wang, Austin Lee, and Peng-Jun Wan. "Stepping-Stone Intrusion Detection via Estimating Numbers of Upstream and Downstream Connections using Packet Crossover." Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks, Ubiquitous Computing, and Dependable Applications 13, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 24–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.58346/jowua.2022.i4.002.

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An effective approach to detect stepping-stone intrusion (SSI) is to estimate the length of a connection chain. This type of detection method is referred to as the network-based SSI detection (SSID). Previously known network-based approaches for SSID either do not work effectively in the Internet environment, or are inefficient as they require a large number of packets to be captured and analyzed, or have limited performance as the length of a connection chain must be predetermined. None of these existing methods to detect SSI can be used to estimate the length of upstream connection sub-chain, which has been a long-standing and challenging open problem in this research area. In this paper, we develop effective network-based methods for SSID using packet crossover that can be used to estimate the length of a downstream sub-chain as well as that of an upstream sub-chain. Since the number of packet crossovers can be easily calculated, our proposed algorithms for SSID are easy to use and implement. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that can effectively estimate the length of the whole connection chain, including the upstream sub-chain. Rigorous technical proofs and well-designed network experiments are provided to verify the correctness and effectiveness of our proposed algorithms for SSID.

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33

Haddadi, Mahdi. "The Nature of Iranian Petroleum Contracts in Upstream Section." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 44 (December 2014): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.44.45.

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Petroleum contracts are an important and sensitive issue in Iranian petroleum industry. Monitoring on petroleum contracts especially in upstream section is too important due to length of term and high financial volume. After Islamic revolution in Iran, a challenging discussion between the Parliament and Government was the supervision and approval of petroleum contracts by Parliament. Article 77 of Iranian Constitutional Law permits the Parliament to monitor on international agreements directly. Therefore, determining the nature of petroleum contracts would highly impact on this kind of supervision by the Parliament. However, Parliament can monitor on these contract properly by using its authorities mentioned in the Constitutional Law and by codification or modifying relevant laws including the Law to Modify Petroleum Law.

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Pickett, Lyle M., and Dennis L. Siebers. "Orifice Diameter Effects on Diesel Fuel Jet Flame Structure." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 127, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1760525.

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The effects of orifice diameter on several aspects of diesel fuel jet flame structure were investigated in a constant-volume combustion vessel under heavy-duty direct-injection (DI) diesel engine conditions using Phillips research grade #2 diesel fuel and orifice diameters ranging from 45 μm to 180 μm. The overall flame structure was visualized with time-averaged OH chemiluminescence and soot luminosity images acquired during the quasi-steady portion of the diesel combustion event that occurs after the transient premixed burn is completed and the flame length is established. The lift-off length, defined as the farthest upstream location of high-temperature combustion, and the flame length were determined from the OH chemiluminescence images. In addition, relative changes in the amount of soot formed for various conditions were determined from the soot incandescence images. Combined with previous investigations of liquid-phase fuel penetration and spray development, the results show that air entrainment upstream of the lift-off length (relative to the amount of fuel injected) is very sensitive to orifice diameter. As orifice diameter decreases, the relative air entrainment upstream of the lift-off length increases significantly. The increased relative air entrainment results in a reduced overall average equivalence ratio in the fuel jet at the lift-off length and reduced soot luminosity downstream of the lift-off length. The reduced soot luminosity indicates that the amount of soot formed relative to the amount of fuel injected decreases with orifice diameter. The flame lengths determined from the images agree well with gas jet theory for momentum-driven nonpremixed turbulent flames.

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Han, Xiaoshuang, Jie Wang, Bo Zhou, Guiyong Zhang, and Soon-Keat Tan. "Numerical Simulation of Flow Control around a Circular Cylinder by Installing a Wedge-Shaped Device Upstream." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 12 (November 20, 2019): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120422.

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The effect of a triangular wedge upstream of a circular cylinder has been investigated, and the findings are presented herein. The triangular wedge is equilateral in plan form, and the Reynolds number based on the diameter of the main cylinder is approximately 200. Contours of vorticity clearly show that two entirely different wake patterns exist between the wedge and the main cylinder. There also exists a critical spacing ratio and side length ratio at which the wake flow pattern shifts from one within the cavity mode to one within the wake impingement mode. For a relatively small side length ratio of l w / D = 0.20 and 0.27, where the side length refers to the length of one side of the triangular wedge, the drag and lift coefficients decrease monotonically with the spacing ratio. There is a sudden jump of the drag and lift coefficients at larger side length ratios of l w / D = 0.33 and 0.40. This study shows that at a spacing ratio of L/D = 2.8 (where L is the distance between the vertex of the wedge and the center of the cylinder) and a wedge side length of l w / D = 0.40, the reduction of the amplitude of lift and mean drag coefficient on the main cylinder are 71.9% and 60.1%, respectively.

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Jeong, Seok Il, Soo Young Kim, Kwang Seok Yoon, and Seung Oh Lee. "Estimation of Length of Connecting Revetment around Barriers with Total Head between Upstream and Downstream." Journal of Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 12, no. 3 (June 30, 2012): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2012.12.3.239.

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37

Blechman, Jennifer, and Janet Bull. "Pushing palliative care upstream: Integration into a community-based oncology practice." Journal of Clinical Oncology 33, no. 29_suppl (October 10, 2015): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2015.33.29_suppl.134.

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134 Background: It is now well established that palliative care is an integral part of cancer treatment, recommended by the National Cancer Comprehensive Network for evidence based practices. Palliative care in this setting has been shown to improve symptom burden, enhance quality of life, reduce cost, and extend survival. Partners in Care is a non-profit, community-based hospice/home health agency in Bend OR, and consistent with national trends, receives late oncology referrals to hospice. Partnership with a multispecialty group was established to allow for a palliative care specialist to be embedded into their oncology clinic. Methods: Palliative care consults are offered 2 days/week in the oncology clinic. Triggers have been created to facilitate consultation. Quality metrics have been carefully tracked and include symptom scores, advance care planning, and transition and length of stay for hospice referrals. Financial support has been provided through grant funding from local insurance and community foundations. Results: In the first 10 months, 116 new oncology patients were seen, and had an average 1.9 visits. Documented ACP discussions occurred in 85% patients. Of patients with moderate to severe pain and dyspnea, scores improved by 65% and 50% respectively. Length of stay on hospice increased from 26 to 36 days. All of the patient respondents surveyed would recommend our service to others. Provider respondents 100% strongly agree that objectives were met when they requested a palliative care consult. Conclusions: Palliative care has been successfully integrated into a community-based oncology practice, resulting in increased access to palliative care, increased utilization of and length of stay on hospice, improved symptom management, increased use of ACP, and enhanced patient/family satisfaction. Having palliative care embedded in the clinic has resulted in better coordination of care and ease of communication. Future directions include using QDACT (Quality Data Collection Tool) to better track quality measures, inclusion of a social worker, and alignment with insurers and ACOs for cost support and data analytics.

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Gans, Roger F., and Chung-Hai Wang. "On the Disturbance of a Thin Layer of Liquid by a Moving Obstruction." Journal of Applied Mechanics 57, no. 4 (December 1, 1990): 1066–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2897627.

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We calculate the free surface shapes upstream and downstream of an obstacle obstructing a thin liquid layer on a moving surface, taking into account gravity and surface tension. We assume low Reynolds number viscous flow, a two-dimensional layer, and small ratio of vertical to horizontal length scale. The upstream and downstream shapes are very different. The upstream liquid piles up against the obstacle to provide an overpressure sufficient to drive the Poiseuille component of the lubrication flow under the obstacle. The downstream liquid is disturbed only by surface tension.

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Coulthard, Sarah M., Ralph J. Volino, and Karen A. Flack. "Effect of Unheated Starting Lengths on Film Cooling Experiments." Journal of Turbomachinery 128, no. 3 (January 16, 2006): 579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2184355.

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The effect of an unheated starting length upstream of a row of film cooling holes was studied experimentally to determine its effect on heat transfer coefficients downstream of the holes. Cases with a single row of cylindrical film cooling holes inclined at 35deg to the surface of a flat plate were considered at blowing ratios of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5. For each case, experiments were conducted to determine the film-cooling effectiveness and the Stanton number distributions in cases with the surface upstream of the holes heated and unheated. Measurements were made using an infrared camera, thermocouples, and hot and cold-wire anemometry. Ratios were computed of the Stanton number with film cooling (Stf) to corresponding Stanton numbers in cases without film cooling (Sto), but the same surface heating conditions. Contours of these ratios were qualitatively the same regardless of the upstream heating conditions, but the ratios were larger for the cases with a heating starting length. Differences were most pronounced just downstream of the holes and for the lower blowing rate cases. Even 12 diameters downstream of the holes, the Stanton number ratios were 10–15% higher with a heated starting length. At higher blowing rates the differences between the heated and unheated starting length cases were not significant. The differences in Stanton number distributions are related to jet flow structures, which vary with blowing rate.

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40

anter, Emam. "Investigation of Blockage Upstream Box Coverage on the Scour Pattern in the Open Channel." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 11, no. 6 (August 30, 2022): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.f3693.0811622.

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Under sub-critical flow conditions, the presence of blockage (solid wastes and weeds) upstream of box coverage and the scours pattern downstream of the coverage was explored in this study. The upstream blocking was simulated using 48 runs in an artificial trapezoidal cross-section with three square box coverages of side dimensions 8.80, 10.40, and 12.90 cm, four water flows of 2, 5, 8, and 11 L/s, and four blockage ratios of 0, 10, 20, and 30% relative to the coverage cross-section area. To estimate the scour hole characteristics, a 2.00 m long, 0.60 m bed width, and 0.30 m deep sand basin filled with D50 = 0.50 mm bed material was constructed directly downstream of the coverage outlet. In each run, the water level, velocity, and scoured hole parameters downstream of the coverage were measured. According to the analysis, the Non-blocked coverage has less scour depth and length than the partially blocked coverage, where the maximum scour depths and length of the Non- blocked coverage for cases 1, 2, and 3 at the discharge of 11 l/s were 73, 72, and 17 % respectively, and 77.56, 77.34, and 83.66 % respectively relative to the maximum scour depth and length of partially blocked coverage at the discharge of 11 l/s and blockage ratio 30 %. The depth and length of the scour hole downstream coverage are increased with the increment of the coverage's blockage ratio and discharge and are reversely proportional to the inlet area of coverage. Increased relative scour depth and length by 3.60 percent and 11.80 percent respectively, by increasing the downstream Froude number of flow (Frd) by 0.01 while the coverage’ relative wetted area (Ar) is constant. The study suggested applying coverage with a suitable area and water discharge, and protection techniques downstream of the coverage to reduce the influence of coverage and blockage on the open channel's hydraulic efficiency and the scour pattern downstream of the coverage. Also, install a trash rack upstream of the covering and remove aquatic weeds and solid wastes periodically upstream and inside the coverage.

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Fujii, Akira, Damien T. Kawakami, Yoshinobu Tsujimoto, and Roger EA Arndt. "Effect of Hydrofoil Shapes on Partial and Transitional Cavity Oscillations." Journal of Fluids Engineering 129, no. 6 (January 9, 2007): 669–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2734183.

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The effects of foil geometry on partial and transitional cavity oscillations were examined by experiments. The transitional cavity oscillation can be observed in the upstream pressure fluctuation for all foils and the amplitude of oscillation becomes larger when the maximum cavity length becomes larger than about 75% of the chord length. The Stroulal number based on the chord length correlated with the value of a parameter σ∕2α and increased from 0.07 to 0.17 with the increase of σ∕2α from 2.0 to 6.0 for all foils. For thicker foils, the partial cavity oscillation could not be detected in the upstream pressure fluctuation. However, semi-periodical cavity shedding corresponding to the partial cavity oscillation could be visually observed for all foils and the Strouhal number based on the mean cavity length was about 0.15–0.35 for all foils. Thus, the effect of foil geometry appears only in the strength of partial cavity oscillation.

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42

Xu, Feng, John Billingham, and Oliver E. Jensen. "Divergence-driven oscillations in a flexible-channel flow with fixed upstream flux." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 723 (April 16, 2013): 706–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2013.97.

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AbstractWe consider flow in a finite-length channel, one wall of which contains a membrane under longitudinal tension. The upstream flux and downstream pressure are prescribed and an external linear pressure distribution is applied to the membrane such that the system admits uniform Poiseuille flow as a steady solution. The system is described using a one-dimensional model that accounts for viscous and inertial effects. A linear stability analysis reveals that the uniform state is unstable to static (or divergent) and oscillatory instabilities. Asymptotic analysis in the neighbourhood of a Takens–Bogdanov bifurcation point shows how, when the downstream rigid section of the channel is not substantially longer than the membrane, an oscillatory mode arises through an interaction between two static eigenmodes. Perturbations to the uniform state exhibit the dynamics of a weakly dissipative Hamiltonian system for which low-frequency self-excited oscillations are forced by the divergent instability of two nearby steady solutions, before ultimately growing to large amplitudes. Simulations show that the subsequent dynamics can involve slamming motion in which the membrane briefly comes into near-contact with the opposite rigid wall over short length scales.

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43

Li, Hongwei, Jian Lu, Yongfeng Ma, and Yuanlin Liu. "Successive-Stage Speed Limit on Exit Ramp Upstream of Direct-Type Freeway in China." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2012 (2012): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/329507.

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The first objective of this study is to analyze a successive-stage speed limit model developed for vehicles along the exit upstream ramp of direct-type freeway in China. This paper (1) explains the necessity to implement speed limit to the exit ramp upstream, (2) analyzes whether speed limit is related to the length of the deceleration lane, vehicle type, saturation, and turning ratio and (3) proposes a speed prediction model and calibrates speed-limit sign validity model and establishes successive-stage speed limit model.The results.Δν85≥10illustrates the necessity of the using speed limit on the exit ramp. Speed-deceleration lane length curve presents two trends bounded by 200 m, so the speed limit should be in accordance with the deceleration length. Speed-small vehicle curve closing to speed-large vehicle curve presents that the vehicle type is not the factor of the speed limit. After curve fitting and polynomial regression, saturation is considered to be the most influential factor of speed. Speed-saturation prediction model and calibrated speed-limit sign validity model are built through linearization. According to the above results, successive-stage speed limit model is established. An exit ramp was implemented to verify the feasibility and validity of the model.

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44

Abd, Raghad Saud, Raad Hoobi Irzooki, and Ahmed A. Al-Obaidi. "Easy Equation for Estimating Seepage Discharge through Earth Dams Based on Impermeable Foundation." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1120, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1120/1/012023.

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Abstract The goal of this work was to develop an easy and reliable equation for calculating seepage discharge through homogeneous earthen dams that operate with toe drains. For this purpose, many data were generated using (SEEP/W) program depending on the geometrical variables that affect this seepage, such as dam height (h), upstream water depth (H), dam top width (b), upstream and downstream slopes, and base length of toe drain. The seepage discharge quantity for 728 cases was determined using three different values for each of the aforementioned geometric variables. A straightforward and precise equation was created for computing the discharge via a homogeneous earth dam with chimney drain system using the dimensional analysis method and SPSS software, with an (R2) coefficient of 0.986. Then the dimensional analysis was applied to this information. A simple and accurate equation was obtained to calculate the discharge through a homogenous earth dam with a toe drain system with a coefficient (R2) of 0.986. The results indicated that the seepage discharge increases with an increase in the upstream water depth, the toe drain’s base length, and the angle of the upstream and downstream slopes, while it decreases with an increase in the dam top width. Additionally, utilizing the produced data, the artificial neural network model (ANN) was implemented. The results of this model revealed varying percentages of importance for the independent geometrical variables on the seepage quantity, where the upstream water depth (H) has the most important and amounted to 66.9%, while the upstream slope was the least important, where the importance percentage for this factor was 0.7%. The (ANN) model and predicted empirical equation results show excellent agreement when compared.

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Mitrophanov, Alexander Y., Glenn Merrill-Skoloff, Steven P. Grover, Vijay Govindarajan, Arun Kolanjiyil, Daniel S. Hariprasad, Ginu Unnikrishnan, Robert Flaumenhaft, and Jaques Reifman. "Injury Length and Arteriole Constriction Shape Clot Growth and Blood-Flow Acceleration in a Mouse Model of Thrombosis." Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 40, no. 9 (September 2020): 2114–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/atvbaha.120.314786.

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Objective: Quantitative relationships between the extent of injury and thrombus formation in vivo are not well understood. Moreover, it has not been investigated how increased injury severity translates to blood-flow modulation. Here, we investigated interconnections between injury length, clot growth, and blood flow in a mouse model of laser-induced thrombosis. Approach and Results: Using intravital microscopy, we analyzed 59 clotting events collected from the cremaster arteriole of 14 adult mice. We regarded injury length as a measure of injury severity. The injury caused transient constriction upstream and downstream of the injury site resulting in a 50% reduction in arteriole diameter. The amount of platelet accumulation and fibrin formation did not depend on arteriole diameter or deformation but displayed an exponentially increasing dependence on injury length. The height of the platelet clot depended linearly on injury length and the arteriole diameter. Upstream arteriolar constriction correlated with delayed upstream velocity increase, which, in turn, determined downstream velocity. Before clot formation, flow velocity positively correlated with the arteriole diameter. After the onset of thrombus growth, flow velocity at the injury site negatively correlated with the arteriole diameter and with the size of the above-clot lumen. Conclusions: Injury severity increased platelet accumulation and fibrin formation in a persistently steep fashion and, together with arteriole diameter, defined clot height. Arterial constriction and clot formation were characterized by a dynamic change in the blood flow, associated with increased flow velocity.

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Hakim, Sara Seyed, and Amir H. Azimi. "Hydraulics of Submerged Triangular Weirs and Weirs of Finite-Crest Length with Upstream and Downstream Ramps." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 143, no. 8 (August 2017): 06017008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ir.1943-4774.0001207.

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47

Chen, Zhicong, XuejuN Shao, and Junwu Zhang. "Experimental study on the upstream water level rise and downstream scour length of a submerged dam." Journal of Hydraulic Research 43, no. 6 (November 2005): 703–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221680509500390.

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48

Huang, Rong Fung, Ching Min Hsu, and Tsung-Hsin Cheng. "Effects of upstream tetrahedron length on flow characteristics around juncture of circular cylinder and flat plate." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 92 (April 2018): 295–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2017.12.006.

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49

Yao, Yongzheng, Xudong Cheng, Shaogang Zhang, Kai Zhu, Long Shi, and Heping Zhang. "Smoke back-layering flow length in longitudinal ventilated tunnel fires with vertical shaft in the upstream." Applied Thermal Engineering 107 (August 2016): 738–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.07.027.

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50

Beirami, M. K., and M. R. Chamani. "Hydraulic jump in sloping channels: roller length and energy loss." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 37, no. 4 (April 2010): 535–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l09-175.

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This paper deals with the roller length and energy loss of a large variety of hydraulic jumps in horizontal and sloping channels. The supercritical upstream flow originated from a standard ogee weir. A stilling basin with bottom slopes of 0.0, −0.025, −0.050, −0.075, and −0.100 was used to generate the jumps. Based on the energy principle, a semi-empirical method to predict the roller length is presented. Predictions based on the proposed method agree well with the results reported by the authors and other researchers. It is shown that the energy loss in the classical jump is greater than that in any jump forming on negative or positive slopes.

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Journal articles on the topic 'UPSTREEM LENGHT'

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