Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'UPS inverter'

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
This work deals with the theoretical analysis, design methodology and laboratory implementation of a 3kVA on-line mode Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) composed by a multilevel inverter based on a transformer with multiple secondaries and an active power factor correction input stage composed by a diode rectifier in series with a boost converter.The main motivation for this study is to assess the benefits of multilevel inverters in low power (<10kVA) applications. A 3kVA Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) with output and input voltage of 220V and 60Hz, has been implemented. Simulation and experimental results for a single phase prototype are conducted to validate the proposed idea. The utilization of low frequency operation inverters promotes low EMI, lower switches stresses, very low commutation losses and consequently higher efficiency. The multilevel converter here used isolates the load from the grid due to the multi-windings transformer intrinsic to the topology. The on-line mode of the UPS (no battery mode) has been implemented. Simulation and experimental results for a single-phase prototype are presented to validate the proposed converter. The UPS presented an efficiency of 90%
Este trabalho apresenta a anÃlise teÃrica, metodologia de projeto e implementaÃÃo do modo rede de um sistema ininterrupto de energia (UPS) na configuraÃÃo on-line, utilizando um inversor multinÃvel e um prÃ-regulador com correÃÃo de fator de potÃncia. O inversor baseia-se num transformador que opera em baixa freqÃÃncia com mÃltiplos secundÃrios isolados, em que a tensÃo multinÃvel na saÃda à formada atravÃs da combinaÃÃo dos enrolamentos secundÃrios do transformador por chaves de potÃncia estÃticas operando em baixa freqÃÃncia. O prÃ-regulador à composto por uma ponte completa de diodos em sÃrie com um conversor boost. A motivaÃÃo para este estudo consiste em avaliar os benefÃcios da utilizaÃÃo de inversores multinÃveis em baixas potÃncias (<10kVA) em UPS, com Ãnfase nos rendimentos das topologias. A utilizaÃÃo do inversor multinÃvel operando em baixa freqÃÃncia garante menores Ãndices de EMI, menores esforÃos de tensÃo e corrente nos semicondutores da estrutura, desprezÃveis perdas por comutaÃÃo e consequentemente maior rendimento. A estrutura utilizada possui ainda a caracterÃstica de garantir isolamento galvÃnico da rede elÃtrica com a carga atravÃs da utilizaÃÃo do transformador intrÃnseco desta topologia. O prÃregulador possui uma topologia que garante facilidade de implementaÃÃo e alto rendimento. O modo rede de um sistema ininterrupto de energia de 3kVA com tensÃo de entrada e saÃda de 220V e 60Hz, foi implementado. As simulaÃÃes e os resultados experimentais para um protÃtipo monofÃsico sÃo apresentados para a validaÃÃo da estrutura. O rendimento mÃximo obtido para o protÃtipo foi de 90%.

The thesis deals with Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) and associated problems of backup power in case of unexpected outages of electricity. Start of work is dedicated to limitation of the electricity supplies, as well as their causes and consequences. Furthermore, brief history of UPS and subsequently distinguish between UPS’s architectures. There is also a description of the energy sources such as batteries, flywheels or fuel cells. Part of thesis describes security of electricity supply in health care facilities, including requirements for emergency power. The own design of UPS is described in the end.

Este trabalho apresenta um método alternativo para sintonia de múltiplos controladores ressonantes aplicados aos sistemas ininterruptos de energia. A proposta do método é fornecer um conjunto de equações algébricas de simples aplicação que possibilite aos projetistas destes sistemas determinar os parâmetros dos controladores ressonantes com múltiplos modos. As equações apresentadas para determinação dos parâmetros do controlador foram obtidas diretamente com base nos parâmetros e nas características funcionais do inversor. Também nestas equações estão presentes constantes as quais garantem que todo o inversor cujo controlador for sintonizado pelo método atenda as especificações estabelecidas pela norma 60240-3. As constantes são determinadas através da formulação do problema por desigualdades matriciais lineares (LMI - Linear Matrix Inequalities) que levam em conta o equacionamento dinâmico do inversor e dos múltiplos controladores ressonantes. A solução do problema satisfaz simultaneamente a minimização do esforço de controle, onde foi empregada a formulação de custo garantido, juntamente com a localização dos polos de malha-fechada para toda a variação admissível de carga, formulada através do procedimento de D-Estabilidade.
This master thesis shows an alternative method for tuning multiple resonant controllers applied to uninterrupted power supply. The method is intended to provide a set of simple algebraic equations that enable designers of those systems to determine the parameters of the resonant controllers through multiple modes. The equations presented for determining the controller’s parameters were obtained directly based on the parameters and functional characteristics of the inverter. Additionally, constants that ensure that every inverter whose controller is attuned by the method meets the 60240-3 specifications norms can be found in these equations. The constants are determined based on the formulation of the problem through linear matrix inequalities (LMI) that take in consideration the dynamic of the inverter and of the multiple resonant controllers. The solution of the problem ensures both the needs for minimization of control efforts at guaranteed cost, along with the location of close-loop poles for every permissible load variation, formulated through the D-Stability procedure.

A method for high performance output voltage control of a four-leg inverter based three-phase transformerless UPS is proposed. Voltage control loop is employed and the method employs stationary frame resonant filter controllers for the fundamental and harmonic frequency components. A capacitor current feedback loop provides active damping and enhances the output voltage dynamic performance. The controller design and implementation details are given. Linear and nonlinear loads for balanced and unbalanced load operating conditions are considered. The steadystate and dynamic performance of the UPS are investigated in detail. A scalar PWM method with implementation simplicity and high performance is proposed and implemented. The control and PWM methods are proven by means of theory, simulations, and experiments.

O objetivo principal deste trabalho é o desenvolvimento de controladores robustos baseados no princípio do modelo interno, em referenciais síncrono e estacionário, para aplicação ao estágio de saída de uma fonte ininterrupta de energia (UPS) a fim de minimizar a distorção na tensão de saída causada pela conexão de cargas não lineares balanceadas e desbalanceadas. A formulação em referencial estacionário (abc) é realizada através da aplicação de controladores com múltiplos modos ressonantes, a fim de se estabelecer erro nulo ao seguimento de referência senoidal e rejeição de distúrbios na tensão de saída devido às correntes com elevado conteúdo harmônico drenadas pelas cargas. Além disso, o controle é formulado em referencial síncrono (dq0) utilizando controladores Proporcional-Integral (PI) convencionais muito difundidos na maioria das aplicações comerciais de UPS. O projeto de ambos controladores é realizado utilizando uma metodologia de controle robusto com realimentação de estados, onde os parâmetros dos controladores são determinados através da resolução de um problema de otimização convexa sujeito a um conjunto de restrições na forma de desigualdades matriciais lineares (LMI). Uma análise comparativa de desempenho é realizada entre controladores com um modo ressonante (sintonizado na fundamental) e o PI em dq0, pois apresentam estruturas funcionalmente equivalentes sob a ótica do princípio do modelo interno aplicada a seus respectivos referenciais. Além do mais, demonstra-se a melhoria no desempenho com o uso dos controladores múltiplo ressonantes em referencial estacionário onde escolhe-se as frequências de ressonância de cada modo de maneira a suprimir os efeitos de harmônicas específicas na tensão de saída da UPS. A análise comparativa entre os controladores propostos é realizada através de simulações numéricas, utilizando os procedimentos de ensaio dinâmico e estático e as exigências estabelecidas pela norma internacional IEC 62040-3.
The main objective of this work is the development of robust controllers based on the internalmodel principle, in synchronous and stationary frames, applied to the output stage of an uninterruptible power supply (UPS), in order to minimize the output voltage distortion caused by the connection of balanced and unbalanced nonlinear loads. The formulation in stationary abc-frame is accomplished through the aplication of a multiple resonant controller, so that, it is possible to achieve zero-error tracking of the sinusoidal reference and disturbances rejection on the output voltage due to the high amount of harmonic currents drained by the loads. Moreover, a controller in synchronous reference frame (dq0 axis) is formulated through the application of conventional Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers which are widely used in comercial UPS applications. The design of both controllers is formulated using a state-feedback robust controlmethod, in which the controller parameters are determined by solving a convex optimization problem subject to a set of LMI constraints. A comparative analysis on the performance of the single-mode resonant controller (tuned at the fundamental frequency) and the PI controller is performed, because these controllers are functionally equivalent in the sense of the internal model principle applied to their respective frames. Furthermore, the improvement in performance is demostrated with the use of multiple resonant controllers in stationary abc-frame where the resonance frequencies are chosen to suppress the effects of a specific harmonic in the UPS output voltage. The comparative analysis of the proposed controllers is performed through numerical simulations, making use of the dynamical and steady-state test methods and performance requirements defined by the IEC 62040-3 international stardard.

The generic concept of quasi-single-stage (QSS) power conversion topology for ac-dc rectification and dc-ac inversion is proposed. The topology is reached by direct cascading and synchronized switching of two variety of buck or two variety of boost switching networks. The family of QSS power converters feature single-stage power processing without a dc-link low-pass filter, a unidirectional pulsating dc-link voltage, soft-switching capability with minimal extra commutation circuitry, simple PWM control, and high efficiency and reliability. A new soft-switched single-phase QSS bi-directional inverter/rectifier (charger) topology is derived based on the QSS power conversion concept. A simple active voltage clamp branch is used to clamp the otherwise high transient voltage on the current-fed ac side, and at the same time, to achieve zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) for the switches in the output side bridge. Seamless four-quadrant operation in the inverter mode, and rectifier operation with unity power factor in the charger (rectifier) mode are realized with the proposed uni-polar center-aligned PWM scheme. Single-stage power conversion, standard half-bridge connection of devices, soft-switching for all the power devices, low conduction loss, simple center-aligned PWM control, and high reliability and efficiency are among its salient features. Experimental results on a 3 kVA bi-directional inverter/rectifier prototype validate the reliable operation of the circuit. Other single-phase and three-phase QSS bi-directional inverters/rectifiers can be easily derived as topological extensions of the basic QSS bi-directional inverter/rectifier. A new QSS isolated three-phase zero-voltage/zero-current-switching (ZVZCS) buck PWM rectifier for high-power off-line applications is also proposed. It consists of a three-phase buck bridge switching under zero current and a phase-shift-controlled full-bridge with ZVZCS, while no intermediate dc-link is involved. Input power and displacement factor control, input current shaping, tight output voltage regulation, high-frequency transformer isolation, and soft-switching for all the power devices are realized in a unified single stage. Because of ZVZCS and single-stage power conversion, it can operate at high switching frequency while maintaining reliable operation and achieving higher efficiency than standard two-stage approaches. A family of isolated ZVZCS buck rectifiers are obtained by incorporating various ZVZCS schemes for full-bridge dc-dc converters into the basic QSS isolated buck rectifier topology. Experimental and simulation results substantiate the reliable operation and high efficiency of selected topologies. The concept of charge control (or instantaneous average current control) of three-phase buck PWM rectifiers is introduced. It controls precisely the average input phase currents to track the input phase voltages by sensing and integrating only the dc rail current, realizes six-step PWM, and features simple implementation, fast dynamic response, excellent noise immunity, and is easy to realize with analog circuitry or to integrate. One particular merit of the scheme is its capability to correct any duty-cycle distortion incurred on only one of the two active duty-cycles which often happens in the soft-switched buck rectifiers, another merit is the smooth transition of the input currents between the 60o sectors. Simulation and preliminary experimental results show that smooth operations and high quality sinusoidal input currents in the full line cycle are achieved with the control scheme.
Ph. D.

This thesis deals with the design of a DC/DC converter designed for charging supercapacitors from the 36 V voltage source and consequent back transformation of supercapacitors voltage to the required output voltage. In the thesis the designs of decreasing and increasing DC/DC converters including schematics and calculations of individual components are presented and described. The calculations necessary for the supercapacitors to meet the 10Wh energy condition and the voltage balancer on the capacitors are given below. Completely designed equipment will be assembled and tested on supercapacitors with lower energy.

The thesis deals with Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) and associated problems of backup power in case of unexpected outages of electricity. Start of work is dedicated to limitation of the electricity supplies, as well as their causes and consequences. Furthermore, brief history of UPS and subsequently distinguish between UPS’s architectures. There is also a description of the energy sources such as batteries, flywheels or fuel cells. Part of thesis describes security of electricity supply in health care facilities, including requirements for emergency power. The own design of UPS is described in the end.

This thesis describes the implementation of microprocessor controlled single-phase and three-phase inverters for UPS applications. A carrier frequency of 18 kHz is employed in both cases, and the PWM pulses are generated directly by the microprocessor using the regular-sampled symmetric PWM strategy. Single-edge modulation as well as double-edge modulation has been implemented for single-phase and three-phase systems. Since in general, software implementation of PWM strategies require precalculated pulse width values, a scheme is proposed which enables the large quantity of such data to be handled efficiently. The scheme involves the use of a small program for calculating and transferring the data to the memory of the controller.

A repetitive control method for output voltage control of a three phase uninterruptible power supply (UPS) with isolation transformer is investigated. In the method voltage control loop is employed in the stationary dq frame. The controller eliminates the periodic errors on the output voltages due to inverter voltage nonlinearity and load disturbances. The controller design and implementation details are given. The controller is implemented on a 5-kVA UPS prototype which is constructed in laboratory. Linear and nonlinear loads for balanced and unbalanced load operating conditions are considered. The steady-state and dynamic performance of the control method are investigated in detail. The theory of the control strategy is verified by means of simulations and experiments.

Thesis (MScEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis presents the design and implementation of a voltage controller for an Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Inverter. The inverter is capable of producing a nearly sinusoidal output voltage waveform, thereby keeping the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) to a minimum. Digital controllers introduce a time delay in the control law that causes system instability. Various control techniques, which includes Pade approximations and system augmentation, are investigated to eliminate the effect of the time delay. These controllers employ classical control as well as modem control techniques. The selection of the various control parameters is verified by mathematical equations. A load-disturbance compensation scheme, implementing feed-forward and gain scheduling, is also developed to improve voltage distortion when varying loads, such as non-linear loads, are connected to the system. It is shown that the constructed pulse-width modulated (PWM) control scheme can achieve fast dynamic response as well as a low THD.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie verhandeling ondersoek die ontwerp en implementering van 'n spanningsbeheerder vir 'n ononderbroke kragtoevoer omsetter. Die stelsel produseer 'n uittree spannigsgolfvorm met 'n lae Totale Harmoniese Distorisie (THD). Digital beheerders veroorsaak 'n tydvertraging in die beheerwet wat stelsel onstabiliteit kan veroorsaak. Verskeie beheertegnieke wat gebaseer is op die Pade benaderings van die tydvertraging en stelsel aanpassings, is ondersoek. Hierdie beheerders maak gebruik van klassieke en moderne beheertegnieke. Die seleksie van die verskeie beheerderveranderlikes word gestaaf deur wiskundige vergelykings. Spannigsvervorming word tot 'n minimum beperk deur gebruik te maak van 'n lasveranderings-kompensasietegniek wat onderskeidelik vorentoe-voer en aanwins skedulering implementeer. Verder word daar bewys dat die pulswydte modulasie (PWM) beheerskema vinnige dinamiese gedrag asook 'n lae THD bewerkstellig.

OLIVEIRA, L. M. Uma nova concepção de inversor multinível para aplicação em UPS. 2009. 133 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Elétrica) - Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2009.
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This work deals with the theoretical analysis, design methodology and laboratory implementation of a 3kVA on-line mode Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) composed by a multilevel inverter based on a transformer with multiple secondaries and an active power factor correction input stage composed by a diode rectifier in series with a boost converter.The main motivation for this study is to assess the benefits of multilevel inverters in low power (<10kVA) applications. A 3kVA Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) with output and input voltage of 220V and 60Hz, has been implemented. Simulation and experimental results for a single phase prototype are conducted to validate the proposed idea. The utilization of low frequency operation inverters promotes low EMI, lower switches stresses, very low commutation losses and consequently higher efficiency. The multilevel converter here used isolates the load from the grid due to the multi-windings transformer intrinsic to the topology. The on-line mode of the UPS (no battery mode) has been implemented. Simulation and experimental results for a single-phase prototype are presented to validate the proposed converter. The UPS presented an efficiency of 90%
Este trabalho apresenta a análise teórica, metodologia de projeto e implementação do modo rede de um sistema ininterrupto de energia (UPS) na configuração on-line, utilizando um inversor multinível e um pré-regulador com correção de fator de potência. O inversor baseia-se num transformador que opera em baixa freqüência com múltiplos secundários isolados, em que a tensão multinível na saída é formada através da combinação dos enrolamentos secundários do transformador por chaves de potência estáticas operando em baixa freqüência. O pré-regulador é composto por uma ponte completa de diodos em série com um conversor boost. A motivação para este estudo consiste em avaliar os benefícios da utilização de inversores multiníveis em baixas potências (<10kVA) em UPS, com ênfase nos rendimentos das topologias. A utilização do inversor multinível operando em baixa freqüência garante menores índices de EMI, menores esforços de tensão e corrente nos semicondutores da estrutura, desprezíveis perdas por comutação e consequentemente maior rendimento. A estrutura utilizada possui ainda a característica de garantir isolamento galvânico da rede elétrica com a carga através da utilização do transformador intrínseco desta topologia. O préregulador possui uma topologia que garante facilidade de implementação e alto rendimento. O modo rede de um sistema ininterrupto de energia de 3kVA com tensão de entrada e saída de 220V e 60Hz, foi implementado. As simulações e os resultados experimentais para um protótipo monofásico são apresentados para a validação da estrutura. O rendimento máximo obtido para o protótipo foi de 90%.

This thesis is focused on the microgrid control framework. Specifically, it is concentrated on alternative current microgrids. As a result of the author involvement in different industrial projects concerning microgrids during the last years, the goal of the thesis is to apply and expose the acquired experiences for exploring new control possibilities. The followed methodology is detailed in the next lines. Primarily, the thesis presents two chapters whose purpose is to introduce the concept of operation and to analyse the context and challenges posed by microgrids from a top to bottom approach. The first chapter is oriented in general terms while the second one devotes more efforts in the alternative current microgrids particular case. After identifying the different actors that play an key role in the alternative current microgrids it is disclosed that the inverter becomes a key element. In this sense, the first two chapters allows to pave the way addressing how an inverter installed in an alternative current microgrid can be considered and operated. In this direction, the named grid-tied operation mode reflects the most complex configuration. Considering that the scope of the thesis is focused on voltage source inverters, the grid-tied configuration may not only consider the grid-connected or grid-disconnected operation mode but also the transients between them. Thus, important challenges such as the inverter operation itself, the anti-islanding detection capability according to the behaviour of the inverter and the galvanic isolation restriction in a microgrid framework are dealt. The control of the voltage source inverters operated in an alternative microgrid results crucial. For this reason, a full chapter carries out a study proposing and delving into various type of controllers according to different possibilities exposed in the literature. It is conducted a stability analysis for stationary reference frame resonant current and voltage controllers. The chapter concludes with a new hybrid formulation based on fractional calculus and conventional resonant control. This novel formulation allows to enhance the controllable frequency bandwidth range decreasing inter-harmonic excitations and reducing the controller order in respect with other classical formulations. The fourth and fifth chapters are involved into discussing and presenting different operation options when the inverter is considered as a current or as a voltage source. The fourth chapter poses over how to tackle the problem of transients when a current source grid-tied inverter is assumed while grid-connected operated. Two situations are studied; the flying transference from current to voltage source and how to extend the maximum power point extraction when a back-up system supports the inverter operation. A set of different scenarios conducted in simulation and in a real experimental platform complements the two considered situations. The fifth chapter analyses the operation of the inverter from an opposite perspective. The considered inverter is operated by using a hybrid combination between alternative current droop control strategy when grid-connected and voltage-frequency control when grid-disconnected. In this way it is possible to preserve dynamics capabilities in both operation modes meanwhile the inverter is treated as a voltage source in any case. A predominant resistive model applying virtual resistance is considered for the case of alternative current droop control. For both operation modes an LCL-type coupling filter is assumed, complementing the control strategy with an active damping mechanism to mitigate possible resonances. Then, a three-phase four-wire four-leg inverter is proposed to match better with a proper approximation to an AC microgrid with over-load supervisor when grid-connected and sinusoidal short-circuit proof when grid-disconnected operated
Aquesta tesi s'emmarca en el control de microxarxes. Específicament, es focalitza en microxarxes de corrent altern. La tesi es divideix en sis capítols principals que permeten afrontar amb èxit els reptes considerats per l'operació d'una microxarxa de corrent altern. En primer lloc, la tesi presenta dos capítols el propòsit dels quals és introduir el concepte d'operació i analitzar el context i els reptes que planteja una microxarxa des d'una aproximació de dalt a baix. El primer capítol està orientat als conceptes generals, mentre que en el segon es dediquen més esforços als detalls del cas particular de les microxarxes de corrent altern. Després d'identificar els diferents actors que juguen un paper important en les microxarxes de corrent altern se'n despren que l'inversor n'esdevé clau. Els dos primers capítols permeten entendre de quina forma un inversor instal·lat en una microxarxa de corrent altern pot ser considerat i operat. En aquest sentit, el mode de funcionament anomenat -lligat a la xarxa- reflexa la configuració més complexa a tenir en compte. Tenint present que l'abast de la tesi es centra en els convertidors de font de tensió, en la configuració lligada a la xarxa s'ha de considerar, no sols, el mode de funcionament connectat a la xarxa o desconnectat, sinó, també, el transitori entre ells. Per tant, es tracten importants reptes com ara poden ser la seva operació, la capacitat de detecció d'illa d'acord amb el comportament de l'inversor i la restricció d'ús d'aïllament galvànic en el marc de les microxarxes. El control dels inversors de font de tensió utilitzats per operar una microxarxa de corrent altern resulta crucial. Per aquesta raó, es porta a terme un estudi proposant i aprofundint en diversos tipus de controladors d'acord amb l'exposat en la literatura. En aquest capítol es porta a terme una anàlisi d'estabilitat pel cas de controladors ressonants de corrent i voltatge en el marc de la referència estacionaria. El capítol conclou amb una nova formulació híbrida basada en el càlcul fraccional i el control ressonant convencional. Aquesta nova formulació permet millorar el rang d'ample de banda en freqüència controlable disminuint les excitacions inter-harmòniques i reduint, al seu torn, l'ordre del controlador respecte d'altres formulacions clàssiques. Els capítols quart i cinquè estan involucrats en la discussió i la presentació de diferents opcions d'operació quan l'inversor es considera com una font de corrent o de tensió. El quart capítol planteja com abordar el problema dels transitoris quan es suposa que un inversor lligat a la xarxa opera com a font de corrent mentre es troba connectat a la xarxa. S'estudien dos situacions; la transferència al vol de font de corrent a voltatge i la forma d'extendre l'operació des del punt de màxima potència quan s'admet un sistema d'emmagatzematge com a suport en l'operació de l'inversor. El cinquè capítol analitza el funcionament de l'inversor des d'una perspectiva oposada. L'inversor considerat funciona mitjançant l'ús d'una combinació híbrida entre l'estratègia de control droop per microxarxes de corrent altern quan es troba connectat a la xarxa i el control de voltatge-freqüència quan es troba desconnectat. Així, és possible preservar capacitats dinàmiques en els dos modes de funcionament mentre que l'inversor és tractat com una font de tensió en ambdós casos. Pel cas concret del droop aplicat a xarxes de corrent altern s'ha fet ús d'un model predominantment resistiu aplicant el concepte de resistència virtual. Els dos modes de funcionament consideren l'ús d'un filtre d'acoblament del tipus LCL el control del qual es complementa mitjançant esmorteïment actiu per mitigar possibles ressonàncies. Així, es proposa un inversor trifàsic de quatre fils i quatre branques perquè coincideixi millor l'operació d'aquest amb una aproximació adequada a una microxarxa de corrent altern real amb capacitat de sobrecàrrega i curtcircuit controlats

Control schemes for inverters of different topologies and various numbers of voltage levels are of great interest for many standard as well as special applications. This thesis describes a novel, robust and high-dynamic direct current control scheme for multilevel voltage source inverters. lt is highly independent from load parameters and universally applicable. The new control method is examined and validated with real measurements . The aim of the thesis is to establish and prove a new concept of a direct current control algorithm for multilevel inverter topologies for grid connected systems. This application is characterized by unknown grid conditions including failure modes and other distortions, complex inverter topologies and a large variety and complexity of current control algorithms for multilevel inverters. Therefore the complexity of the system needs to be reduced. Additionally , the advantages of multilevel inverters and the dynamic performance and robustness of direct current control techniques shall be combined. Starting from a detailed literature study on inverter topologies and direct as well as indirect current control methods, the thesis includes three chapters containing relevant contributions to the achievement of the objectives. A method reducing the control-complexity of multilevel converters has been developed. The simplification method is based on a transformation that converts any three-phase voltage (or current) into a non-orthogonal coordinate system. This choice minimizes the complexity and effort to determine the location of those discrete voltage space vectors directly surrounding the required reference voltage vector. A further improvement is achieved by scaling all coordinates to integer values. This is advantageous for further calculations on microprocessors or FPGA based control systems. The main contribution of this thesis is a new direct current control method minimizing the disadvantages of existing direct methods. At the same time advantages of other control algorithms shall be applied. The new method is based on a simple mathematical equation, that is, the solution of a scalar product, to always select the one inverter output voltage vector best reducing the actual current error. This results in the designation "Scalar Hysteresis Control - SHC". An advanced seeking algorithm ensures robust current control capability even in case of unknown, unsymmetrical or changing loads, in case of rapid set-point changes or in cases of unknown phase voltages . The new method therefore shows excellent properties in terms of simplicity , robustness, dynamics and independence from the inverter level count and the hardware topology . The properties of the control method are verified by means of simulations and real measurements on two-, three- and five-level inverters over the complete voltage operating range. Finally, all contributions are collected together and assessed with regard to the objectives. From the proposed control method new opportunities for future work, further developments and extensions are evolving for continuing scientific research
Els sistemes de control d'inversors de diferents topologies i diferent varis nivells de tensió són de gran interès per moltes aplicacions estàndard i també per aplicacions especials. Aquesta tesi investiga sobre un mètode de control directe de corrent per convertidors multinivell en font de tensió que es mostra robust i presenta una elevada dinàmica en el control de corrent. El mètode és molt robust davant de canvies als paràmetres de la càrrega i aplicable a qualsevol tipus de convertidor. En aquesta tesi s'analitza el mètode i es valida mitjançant resultats experimentals. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és establir i demostrar un nou de mètode i algorisme de control directe de corrent aplicat especialment a inversors connectats a la xarxa. L'aplicació es caracteritza per la desconeixença dels paràmetres de la xarxa, incloent diferents modes de falla i distorsions en la seva tensió i una varietat de tipologies de convertidors multinivell. El mètode de control busca simplificar l'algorisme i que pugui ser aplicat en aquest entorn de forma robusta, de forma que es pugui estendre l'ús dels convertidors multinivell sense afegir més complexitat als algorismes de control i modulació. La tesi aborda el problema iniciant amb un anàlisi de la literatura existent en aquest tipus de mètodes de control directe i indirecte del corrent i els convertidors multinivell, per continuar amb l'anàlisi del mètode proposat i la seva demostració mitjançant resultats de simulacions i experimentals. El mètode de simplificació està basat en una transformació que transforma qualsevol sistema trifàsic a un sistema de coordenades no-ortogonal. Escollir aquest sistema de coordenades redueix la complexitat i l'esforç per determinar la ubicació d'aquells vectors espacials que directament envolten el vector de referencia. A més, totes les coordenades s'escalen a valors enters, que permet la programació de l'algorisme en sistemes de control basats en microprocessadors o FPGAs. La principal contribució d'aquesta tesi és un nou mètode de control de corrent que intenta minimitzar els desavantatges dels mètodes indirectes existents a l'actualitat, al mateix moment que s'intenta incorporar els avantatges dels mètodes indirectes. El mètode proposat es basa en una equació matemàtica simple, la solució d'un producte escalar, per trobar el vector de tensió espacial que minimitza l'error de corrent, en el que s'anomena "Scalar Hysteresis Control" o SHC. L'algorisme assegura un control robust del corrent sense la necessitat de conèixer la tensió de fase, o les càrregues, tant si són desequilibrades o canviants. També presenta una dinàmica molt elevada en cas de canvies en la referència. El nou mètode mostra unes propietats excel·lents en termes de simplicitat, robustesa, dinàmica i independència de la tipologia del convertidor i, en el cas de convertidors multinivell, del nombre de nivells. Les propietats del mètode de control són verificades mitjançant simulacions i resultats experimentals en convertidors de dos, tres i fins a cinc nivells de tensió en tot el rang d'operació, fins i tot en la zona de sobremodulació. A partir del mètode de control proposat, s'estan desenvolupant noves aplicacions i extensions, continuant també la contribució a la recerca científica.

Control systems for three-phase grid connected voltage source inverters (VSI) play an important role in energy transformation systems . They are expected to be stable, robust and accurate during steady state as well as different grid faults and disturbances like voltage sags or unbalanced conditions. Caused by increasingly rising grid standards and efficiency requirements the use of multilevel inverter systems in grid connected low voltage applications are getting more and more attention. Nevertheless, the use of these inverter types leads to increased complexity of the control system and the hardware components. This thesis presents an improved control scheme for multilevel inverters in grid applications. The system combines a robust and high-dynamic direct current control scheme called scalar hysteresis
En molts casos i, cada cop més, els sistemes de transformació energètica estan basats en convertidors en font de tensió connectats a la xarxa elèctrica trifàsica. Aquests convertidors necessiten de sistemes de control per controlar els fluxos energètics. Els sistemes de control han de ser estables, però també robustos i precisos durant el seu funcionament normal, però també en condicions on la xarxa pot presentar defectes, com curtcircuits, sots de tensió o desequilibris en la tensió. Degut a l'increment dels requeriments tècnics de connexió i d'eficiència energètica, els convertidors multinivell estan guanyant molt d'interès en aquest tipus d'aplicacions connectades a la xarxa tot i que el seu control i els seus components siguin més complexes. Aquesta tesi presenta un mètode de control per convertidors multinivell connectats a la xarxa elèctrica. El mètode combina la robustesa davant de canvis en el sistema així com una alta capacitat dinàmica per controlar el corrent injectat a la xarxa. El mètode presentat esta basat en l'anomenat Scalar Hysteresis Control (SHC) i incorpora un sistema feedforward que li permet seleccionar acuradament el punt de treball i seleccionar al millor estat de commutació en cada moment. La combinació del SHC amb el feedforward garanteix un comportament robust amb una alta dinàmica en totes les condicions de funcionament. El concepte bàsic del mètode feedforward proposat no usa sensors i està basat en detectar la tensió de l'inversor que inclou les components harmòniques. El mètode està basat en l'ús d'integradors generalitzats de segon ordre (second order generatlized integrators, SOGI) per tal de detectar les components harmòniques de la tensió de sortida de l'inversor. El sistema pot operar sense sensor de tensió, fins i tot en situacions de defecte de la tensió. Fins i tot, la informació extreta del SOGI es pot usar per altres llaços de control d'ordre superior com el control de la potencia usant les components simètriques. Per a determinar els millors estats de commutació de l'inversor amb el menor esforç s'usa en el mètode proposat en aquesta tesi un canvi de coordenades que usa valor enters. Aixo permet l'ús de relacions matemàtiques senzilles que es poden implementar fàcilment i que requereixen una menor potencia de càlcul. A més, el mètode és fàcilment generalitzable . En la tesi es presenten simulacions i resultats experimentals en convertidors multinivell de tres i cinc nivells per tal d'investigar i demostrar les funcionalitats del sistema de control proposat. Tant les simulacions com els resultats experimentals es realitzen en totes les condicions possibles de la xarxa elèctrica, estat estacionari, sots i distorsions harmòniques

This thesis deals with control of three phase inverter as three phase sinusoidal voltage source for UPS application. Thesis is split to two parts, teoretical and practical. Teoretical part deals with three phase inverter topology analysis according requirement of neutral line wire and possibilities of generating sinusoidal PWM in depend of topology. There are also analysed properties of contorled system and designed 3 regulation methods with simulations. Second part of thesis deals with realisation of sinusoidal power source with inverter borrowed by Elcom company. To inverter control is used digital signal controler TMS320F28335 with implemented control algorithms. There are also presented the measurement results of the prototype of power source. In conclusion, simulation results are compared with measurements and achieved results are summarized.

The present doctoral thesis focuses on designing control schemes for three-phase three-wire voltage-sourced inverters connected to the grid under voltage disturbances. The research recognizes the large-scale integration of distributed power generation systems into the network and takes advantage of this circumstance to investigate and develop new control strategies in order to provide better support to the modern power grid. As a first contribution, a new algorithm to maximize power delivery capability of the inverter has been developed and experimentally tested under voltage imbalance conditions, i.e., during slight/shallow and deep asymmetrical sags. The algorithm of this control strategy meets grid code requirements, performs active power control, limits the maximum current injected by the inverter, and eliminates active power oscillations. As a result, six different cases of current injection were identified in this work, considering restrictions imposed by grid codes as well as different active-power production scenarios. The second contribution of this research work has provided an experimental analysis of a low-voltage ride-through strategy whose voltage support capability had not been tested when voltage sags occur. This study was performed considering a scenario of multiple grid-connected inverters, different profiles of active power injection, and the equivalent grid impedance seen from the output side of each converter. In the third contribution has been proposed a closed-loop controller for low-power distributed inverters that maximizes the current injection when voltage sag occurs. The control algorithm has been designed to meet grid code requirements and avoid overvoltage in non-faulty phases during grid faults. The controller is responsible for meeting coordinately several objectives and addressing the interactions that appear among them. In the last two chapters, the argument of this doctoral thesis is complemented, the obtained experimental results are globally analyzed, finally, the present research work is concluded.
Esta tesis doctoral, presentada en la modalidad de compendio de publicaciones en cumplimiento parcial de los requisitos para optar al título de Doctor en Ingeniería Electrónica de la Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña, se centra en el diseño de esquemas de control para inversores trifásicos conectados a la red eléctrica durante perturbaciones de voltaje. La investigación reconoce la integración a gran escala de los sistemas de generación distribuida en la red y aprovecha esta circunstancia para estudiar y desarrollar nuevas estrategias de control con el propósito de brindar un mejor soporte a la red eléctrica moderna. Como primera contribución, se desarrolló un nuevo algoritmo para maximizar la capacidad de suministro de potencia del inversor en condiciones de desequilibrio de voltaje, es decir, durante caídas asimétricas de tensión leves, poco profundas y severas. El algoritmo de esta estrategia de control fue diseñado para cumplir los requerimientos de los vigentes códigos de red (grid codes), realizar control de la potencia activa, limitar la corriente máxima inyectada por el inversor y eliminar las oscilaciones de la potencia activa instantánea. Como resultado, en esta investigación se identificaron y validaron experimentalmente seis casos diferentes de inyección de corriente en la red, trabajo que tuvo en cuenta no solo las restricciones impuestas por los códigos de red, sino también los diferentes escenarios de producción de potencia activa. La segunda contribución de este trabajo de investigación ha proporcionado el análisis experimental de una estrategia de inyección de corriente cuya capacidad de soporte de voltaje no se había probado durante fallos de red. Este estudio se realizó sobre un escenario de múltiples inversores conectados a la red eléctrica, utilizando diferentes perfiles de inyección de potencia activa y considerando, como aspecto fundamental para el análisis experimental, la impedancia de red equivalente vista desde el lado de salida de cada convertidor. En la tercera contribución se diseñó un controlador en lazo cerrado para inversores distribuidos de baja potencia que maximiza la inyección de corriente cuando se produce una caída de tensión. Este algoritmo de control también satisface los requerimientos de los actuales códigos de red en cuanto a inyección de corriente reactiva durante fallos de red, pero cuenta con la capacidad adicional de evitar sobretensiones en las fases no defectuosas. De igual forma, este controlador es responsable de acometer coordinadamente varios objetivos y gestionar las interacciones que aparecen entre ellos. En los últimos dos capítulos se complementa la unidad temática de esta tesis doctoral, se analizan globalmente los resultados experimentales obtenidos y, finalmente, se concluye el presente trabajo de investigación agregando, también, futuros campos de estudio.

Wildfires are an ecological phenomenon inherent to earth dynamics and widely spread over the globe. In addition to the environmental impact, when wildfires grow beyond controllable magnitudes, they pose a principal threat to human lives and properties. On many countries, the rural abandonment of last decades, the forest continuity growth and the Wildland Urban Interface increase are exposing entire communities and rendering them vulnerable to a major fire event. Coupled together with a global warming that seems to be enlarging and worsening wildfire-prone weather conditions, the wildfire problem is becoming a recurrent and repetitive natural hazard that is in urgent needs of research development, planning and organizational changes to minimize its impact. In this context, the thesis at hand focuses on the development, implementation and initial validation of a wildfire perimeter spread prediction model that might help emergency responders on taking sound decisions to efficiently employ resources and protect valuable assets. This forecasting model is a particular implementation of a data-driven system. That is, available data are used to improve and calibrate the spread model results with the aim of delivering a more accurate and timely forecast of the fire spread for the upcoming hours. This thesis builds up the mentioned system by increasing its complexity and tackling required improvements and adaptations on fuel characterization and wind projection on topography. Initially, a simplified proof of concept that uses front perimeter (isochrones) evolution extracted from infrared imagery of the fire is challenged with data from real-scale burning experiments conducted in Australia. Despite the positive outcome of this initial investigation, some advancements are identified to further upgrade the system. Thus, the following chapters focus on the fuel and wind sub-models together with the spread model topographic upgrade and the different mathematical algorithms and strategies necessary to conduct the data-driven process. Regarding fuels, the thesis presents an in-depth analysis of fuel characterization to be used by fire spread models. This is done by a thorough sensitivity analysis of the most commonly used fuel characterization systems. In the light of these results, a simplified model that integrates all different fuel properties is proposed to be used by the data-driven framework at hand. To properly resolve the wind interaction with the terrain and to couple it into the data-driven system, the WindNinja diagnose software is employed. However, long computational times do not allow for its integration into any data-assimilation strategy. Thus, a full interpolating framework is developed and validated to allow fast and computationally inexpensive wind field updates. This key element becomes then a cornerstone of the full data-driven approach. For the optimization process (embedded into any data-driven systems) six different mathematical algorithms were compared and evaluated. Three of them being line-search strategies and the other three being global search. It was found that the algorithm selection has an impact on the final results in terms of forecast accuracy and computing time. Finally, the overall system is verified and validated using two source of available data: (1) well characterized, homogeneous slope, medium-scale experimental fires conducted in Portugal and (2) with synthetically generated fronts reproducing a real large-scale fire. These validations were aimed at studying the overall performance, checking the system functionality and highlighting possible flaws and necessary improvements if the tool is to be deployed in a real emergency situation. Whereas the results show the potential of the approach by delivering an acceptable forecast usable for emergency responders, further validations are required to check the robustness and reliability of the tool before using it in operational situations.
Els incendis forestals són, al cap i a la, un fenomen ecològic inherent a la dinàmica de la terra i àmpliament escampats per tot el món. A més de l'impacte ambiental, quan els incendis forestals excedeixen, en magnitud i intensitat, la capacitat d’extinció, representen una amenaça per a propietats i vides humanes. En molts països, l’abandó rural de les últimes dècades, el creixement de la continuïtat forestal i l'augment de la interfície urbana-forestal (Wildand-Urban Interface) està comportant l'augment de comunitats exposades al foc forestal alhora que les fan més vulnerables a un gran incendi. A més a més, l'escalfament global sembla que està afavorint i facilitant la recurrència de les condicions climàtiques propícies pels incendis forestals. El problema de l'incendi forestal s’està convertint en un perill natural recurrent i repetitiu que clama avanços urgents en recerca, planificació i gestió per tal de minimitzar-ne el seu impacte. En aquest context, la present tesi se centra en el desenvolupament, la implementació i la validació inicial d'un model de predicció de la propagació del perímetre d'incendis forestals que podria ajudar als responsables de l’emergència a prendre decisions més oportunes per a emprar els recursos de forma eficient tot protegint els actius valuosos. Aquest model predictiu és una implementació particular d'un sistema basat en dades. És a dir, les dades disponibles s'utilitzen per a millorar i calibrar els resultats del model de propagació del front amb l'objectiu de proporcionar un pronòstic més precís i oportú de l’evolució del perímetre del foc en les pròximes hores. Aquesta tesi construeix el sistema esmentat pas a pas, tot incrementant-ne la seva complexitat i abordant les millores i adaptacions necessàries en cada etapa, per exemple, en la caracterització del combustible i la projecció i interacció del vent amb la topografia. Inicialment, s'utilitzen imatges infraroges de l’evolució del perímetre (isòcrones) de dos cremes experimentals dutes a terme a Austràlia per a realitzar una prova de concepte del sistema. Malgrat el resultat favorable d'aquesta primera investigació, s'identifiquen alguns avenços per millorar-ne l'efectivitat i permetre'n l’aplicació en incendis reals. Així, els capítols següents se centren en els submodels de combustible i vent juntament amb l’actualització topogràfica del model de propagació i els diferents algorismes i estratègies matemàtiques necessàries per dur a terme el procés d’assimilació basat en dades. Pel que fa als combustibles, la tesi presenta una anàlisi en profunditat de la caracterització dels combustibles que han d'utilitzar els models de propagació de foc. Això es fa mitjançant una anàlisi minuciosa de la sensibilitat dels paràmetres de caracterització del sistema més utilitzats. A la llum d'aquests resultats, es proposa un model simplificat que integri totes les propietats de combustible diferents per ser utilitzat pel model predictiu desenvolupat en la present tesi. Per resoldre adequadament la interacció del vent amb el terreny i acoblar-la al model de propagació bastat en dades, s'utilitza el programa de diagnòstic WindNinja. Els temps necessaris de computació, però, no permeten la seva directa integració en una estratègia d’assimilació de dades. Així doncs, en aquesta tesi, es desenvolupa i valida un marc interpolador que permeti actualitzacions ràpides i computacionalment assequibles del camp de vents a nivell topogràfic. Aquest element clau es converteix en una peça clau per aconseguir el model de propagació basat en dades que es cerca en aquesta tesi. Per al procés d’optimització (present en qualsevol model conduit per dades) es comparen i s'avaluen sis algorismes matemàtics diferents. Tres d'ells són estratègies de cerca basades en programació lineal i les altres tres són estratègies de recerca global. L’exploració conclou que la selecció d'algorismes té un gran impacte en els resultats finals en termes de la precisió de pronòstic i temps de computació. Finalment, tot el sistema es verifica i valida utilitzant les dades de dues fonts disponibles: (1) incendis experimentals de mitjana escala realitzats a Portugal en un pendent homogeni ben caracteritzat i (2) amb fronts generats sintèticament que reprodueixen un incendi real a gran escala. Aquestes validacions estan orientades a estudiar el rendiment general, comprovar la funcionalitat del sistema això com ressaltar possibles defectes i millores necessàries per tal de poder utilitzar l'eina en una situació d’emergència real. Malgrat els resultats mostren els potencials del sistema tot proporcionant un pronòstic acceptable, utilitzable com a eina de suport per a la gestió d'una emergència, queda també palès que es requereixen més validacions per comprovar la robustesa i fiabilitat de l'eina abans d'utilitzar-la en situacions operatives.

Microgrids (MGs) are small-scale power systems containing storage elements, loads and distributed generators that are interfaced with the electric network via power electronic inverters. When an MG is in islanded mode, its dynamics are no longer dominated by the main grid. Then, inverters, driven by digital processors that may exchange data over digital communication, must act as voltage source inverters (VSIs) to take coordinated actions to ensure power quality and supply. The scope of this thesis is bounded to control strategies for active power sharing and frequency regulation in islanded MGs. The focus is on the analysis of prototype control policies when operating conditions are no longer ideal. In particular, the thesis covers the effect that a) clock drifts of digital processors, b) damage in power transmission lines, and c) failures in digital communications have in control performance. The work is submitted as a compendium of publications, including journal and international conference papers, where two main areas of research can be distinguished. The first area refers to the analysis of the effect that clock drifts have on frequency regulation and active power sharing. VSIs digital processors are equipped with oscillators, which run at not necessarily identical frequencies. As consequence, the local clocks in the physically distributed VSIs may differ. This part, reported in two conference papers and one journal paper, investigates state-of-the-art control policies when clocks of the computational devices drift. The contributions related to this part are a) the reformulation of existing control policies in terms of clock drifts, b) the steady-state analysis of these policies that offers analytical expressions to quantify the impact that drifts have on frequency and active power equilibrium points, c) the closed-loop model capable of accommodating all the policies, d) the stability analysis of the equilibrium points, and e) the experimental results. The second area copes with the analysis of the effect that electrical and communication failures have on frequency regulation and active power sharing. This investigation focuses on distributed/cooperative control policies where each inverter control action is computed using both local measures and data received from other inverters within the MG. This part, reported in one conference paper and two journal papers, investigates two control policies when the considered failures in terms of damage in power links and/or loss of communication between inverters provoke partitions within the MG. The contributions related to this part are a) the formulation of the MG as two connected graphs corresponding to the electrical and communication networks where both type of failures lead to disconnected electrical/communication sub-graphs, named partitions, that co-exist within the MG, b) the closed-loop model integrating the two graph Laplacian matrices, c) the stability analysis that identifies which type of partitions may lead to MG instability, d) the steady-state analysis that indicates how to compute the equilibrium points for the case of stable dynamics, e) a new control strategy based on switched control principles that permits avoiding the instability scenario, and f) the experimental results. For the purpose of verifying the operational performance of the analytical results, diverse experiments on a laboratory MG have been performed. The outcomes obtained are discussed and analyzed in terms of the objectives sought. Finally, conclusions and future research lines complete the thesis.
Las microredes (MG) son sistemas de energía a pequeña escala que contienen elementos de almacenamiento, cargas y generadores distribuidos que están conectados con la red eléctrica a través de inversores de potencia. Cuando una MG está en modo aislado, su dinámica no está dominada por la red principal. Así, los inversores, comandados por procesadores digitales que pueden intercambiar información a través de comunicaciones digitales, deben actuar como fuentes de voltaje para ejecutar acciones coordinadas que garanticen el suministro de energía. Esta tesis se enmarca dentro de estrategias de control de última generación para compartir potencia activa y regular frecuencia en MG aisladas basadas en inversores. Su enfoque se centra en analizar estas políticas cuando las condiciones de operación no son ideales. En particular, la tesis cubre el efecto que a) desviaciones del reloj de los procesadores digitales, b) daños en las líneas de transmisión de energía, y c) fallas en las comunicaciones digitales, provocan en el rendimiento de control. El trabajo se presenta como un compendio que incluye publicaciones de revistas y de conferencias internacionales, donde se pueden distinguir dos temas principales de investigación. El primer tema comprende el análisis del efecto que tienen las desviaciones de reloj sobre la regulación de frecuencia y la compartición de potencia activa. Los procesadores de los inversores están equipados con osciladores que funcionan a frecuencias no necesariamente idénticas. Como consecuencia, los relojes locales en los inversores distribuidos físicamente, pueden diferir. Esta parte, descrita a través de dos artículos de conferencia y uno de revista, analiza el comportamiento de las políticas de control cuando los relojes de los dispositivos computacionales se desvían. Las contribuciones relacionadas con este tema son a) reformulación de las políticas de control de última generación en términos de desviaciones de reloj, b) análisis de estado estacionario de estas estrategias que ofrece expresiones analíticas para cuantificar el impacto que las desviaciones de reloj tienen sobre los puntos de equilibrio de frecuencia y potencia activa, c) modelo de lazo cerrado adaptable a todas las políticas, d) análisis de estabilidad de los puntos de equilibrio, y e) resultados experimentales. El segundo tema hace frente al análisis del efecto que las fallas eléctricas y de comunicaciones tienen sobre la regulación de frecuencia y el uso compartido de potencia activa. Esta parte se centra en políticas de control distribuido/cooperativo donde cada acción de control del inversor se calcula utilizando medidas locales y datos recibidos de otros inversores de la MG. Esta parte, descrita a través de un artículo de conferencia y dos de revista, investiga dos políticas de control cuando particiones en la MG son provocadas por daños en los enlaces de alimentación y/o por pérdida de comunicación entre inversores. Las contribuciones relacionadas con este tema son a) formulación de la MG como dos grafos correspondientes a las redes eléctrica y de comunicación donde ambos tipos de fallas conducen a sub-grafos eléctricos/comunicacionales desconectados, llamados particiones, que coexisten dentro de la MG, b) modelo de lazo cerrado que integra las matrices Laplacianas de los dos grafos, c) análisis de estabilidad que identifica las particiones que pueden conducir a inestabilidad en la MG, d) análisis de estado estacionario para calcular puntos de equilibrio cuando la dinámica es estable, e) nueva estrategia basada en principios de control conmutado para evitar el escenario de inestabilidad, y f) resultados experimentales. Con el fin de verificar el rendimiento operativo de los resultados analíticos, se han realizado diversos experimentos sobre una microred de laboratorio, los mismos que se discuten en términos de los objetivos de la tesis. El trabajo finaliza con las conclusiones

Les fils fins d'acier perlique on été, et sont, le sujet de nombreuses études du fait de leur propriétés mécaniques intéressantes. Lors de la fabrication de c^bles, les fils fins sont soumis à des chargements mécaniques de torsion. La méconnaissance du comportement microstructural des fils en torsion a donné lieu à une étude de caractérisation de l'évolution de la texture cristallographique. Les rotations de réseau observées dans l'analyse de la texture ont pu être comparées avec les rotations de grains. En complément de cete analyse, nous avons effectué des travaux sur la texture de la cémentie par diffraction des rayons X au synchrotron. Pour compléter cet ensemble de résultats, des analyses quantitatives de phases ont été réalisées par spectroscopie Mössbauer en vue de déterminer une éventuelle dissolution de la cémentie. Dissolution qui a été constatée. Aux travaux menés sur l'acier perlitique ont succédé une série d'expérimentations sur les fils d'acier de nuances différentes dans le but d'analyser l'influence du taux de carbone. Le résultat majeur ressortant de cette études est que le taux de carbone n'influe pas sur l'évolution de la texture de la ferrite en torsion. Un phénomène de localisation de la déformation en torsion inverse a été étudié en parallèle. Au niveau macroscopique, l'étude de la surface du fil a permis d'identifier clairement les hétérogénéités, les taux et vitesse de déformation. D'un point de vue microscopique, nous avons pu caractériser ce phénomène en terme de morphologie et d'orientation locales
Perlitic steel wires are the aim of many studies because of their interesting mechanical properties. During cable manufacturing, wires are subjected to torsion loading. So, knowing their microstructural behaviour has driven to a study of their cristallographic texture evlution. Lattice rotations observed during the texture analysis have been compared with grain rotations. Moreover, we made some experiments on cementite texture by synchrotron X raydiffraction. To complete these results, some quantitative phase analysis were realised by Mössbauer spectroscopy to determine if cementite dissolve during torsion. That has been demnstrated. Some works on low carbon steels have succeded to pearlitic steeel studies to evaluate influence of cementite on ferrite texture evolutions. It has been showed that cementite did not influence ferrite texture evolution during wire torsion. A strain localization phenomenon has been studied in reverse torsion. In a macroscopic view, we characterized the morphology and the local texture of this phenomenon

The applications of electric traction systems currently focus on developing technologies with greater energy efficiency and lower environmental impact. Manufacturers of hybrid and electric vehicles are looking for ways to improve and optimize the efficiency of their models. Manufacturers are looking for more efficient and more compact converter topologies. The use of new band gap materials in the construction of these topologies has generated many debates and new lines of research especially in the optimization of these topologies. The silicon carbide (SiC) based switching devices provide significant performance improvements in many aspects, including lower power dissipation, higher operating temperatures, and faster switching, compared with conventional Si devices, all these features make that these devices generate interest in applications for electric traction systems. This work presents a method for improving total harmonic distortion (THD) in the currents of output and efficiency in SiC current source inverter for future application in an electric traction system. The method proposed consists in improving the coupling of a bidirectional converter topology V-I and CSI. The V-I converter serves as a current regulator for the CSI and allows the recovery of energy. The method involves an effective selection of the switching frequencies and phase angles for the carriers signals present in each converter topology. With this method, it is expected to have a reduction of the total harmonic distortion THD in the output currents. In addition, an analysis of the losses in the motor and topologies of power converters is developed considering the optimization method previously analyzed. The weighted average efficiency of the whole system (power converters + motor) in differents conditions of operations is presented.
Las aplicaciones de los sistemas de tracción eléctrica actualmente se centran en el desarrollo de tecnologías con mayor eficiencia energética y menor impacto ambiental. Los fabricantes de vehículos híbridos y eléctricos están buscando formas de mejorar y optimizar la eficiencia de sus modelos. Los fabricantes buscan topologías de convertidores más eficientes y más compactas. El uso de nuevos materiales de banda prohibida en la construcción de estas topologías ha generado muchos debates y nuevas líneas de investigación, especialmente en la optimización energética de las mismas. Los dispositivos de conmutación basados en carburo de silicio (SiC) proporcionan mejoras significativas en la eficiencia en muchos aspectos, incluida una menor disipación de potencia, temperaturas de funcionamiento más altas y una conmutación más rápida, en comparación con los dispositivos de Si convencionales. Todas estas características hacen que estos dispositivos generen interés en las aplicaciones de sistemas tracción eléctrica. Este trabajo presenta un método para mejorar la distorsión armónica total (THD) en las corrientes de salida y eficiencia en el inversor de fuente de corriente SiC para aplicaciones futuras en un sistema de tracción eléctrica. El método propuesto consiste en mejorar el acoplamiento de una topología de convertidor bidireccional V-I y CSI. El convertidor V-I sirve como un regulador de corriente para el CSI y permite la recuperación de energía. El método implica una selección efectiva de las frecuencias de conmutación y los ángulos de fase para las señales portadoras presentes en cada topología del convertidor. Con este método, se espera una reducción de la distorsión armónica total THD en las corrientes de salida. Además, se desarrolla un análisis de las pérdidas en el motor y las topologías de los convertidores de potencia considerando el método de optimización analizado previamente. Se presenta la eficiencia promedio ponderada de todo el sistema (convertidores de potencia + motor) en diferentes condiciones de operación

This work presents contributions to the modeling, control and management of an hybrid uninterrupted power supply (UPS) based on Otto cycle power generator set and lead acid battery bank. The proposed configuration is called hybrid due to the presence of two energy storage elements: i) the fuel fed the Otto cycle internal combustion engine (ICE) of the generator set and ii) a lead acid battery bank, which can be recharged from the grid or from the generator. With the hybridization it is possible to add up the advantages of UPS’s such as uninterrupted power supply and high output energy quality with the advantages of power generator sets, such as high autonomy and lower installation cost for high autonomy. In addition, with the hybrid topology it is possible to explore degrees of freedom that do not exist in the independent configurations, such as: i) variable speed operation and ii) start-stop operation of the MCI in order to reduce consumption/ emissions in lower loads, (iii) use of Otto cycle engine with lower cost in relation to a Diesel ICE. The hybrid UPS is composed of an Otto cycle internal combustion engine (ICE), a three-phase/three-wire rectifier, which can be connected via contactors to the grid, or to the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), a battery bank connected to the DC bus through a bi-directional boost converter, and a three-phase/four-wire inverter at the output. Experimental results are provided indicating that variable speed operation can achieve a reduction of up to 32% in specific fuel consumption, depending on the load range. For start-stop operation, the reduction in specific fuel consumption can reach up to 39%, depending on the load range.
Este trabalho apresenta contribuições a modelagem, controle e gerenciamento de uma fonte ininterrupta de energia (UPS) híbrida baseada em grupo motor ciclo Otto e bateria chumbo ácido. A configuração proposta é denominada híbrida devido a presença de dois armazenadores de energia: i) o combustível para alimentar o motor a combustão interna (MCI) ciclo Otto do grupo motor gerador e ii) um banco de baterias chumbo ácido, a qual pode ser recarregado pela rede ou pelo gerador. Com a hibridização é possível agregar as vantagens das UPSs tais como, ininterruptibilidade de fornecimento de energia e alta qualidade de energia da tensão de saída, com as vantagens dos grupos motores geradores, tais como, elevada autonomia e menor custo de instalação para autonomias elevadas. Além disso, com a topologia híbrida é possível explorar graus de liberdade não existentes nas configurações independentes, tais como: i) utilização de velocidade variável e ii) operação em regime start-stop no MCI afim de reduzir consumo/emissões em baixas cargas, iii) utilização de motor ciclo Otto com menor custo em relação a um MCI Diesel. A UPS híbrida é composta por um motor a combustão interna (MCI), um retificador trifásico a três/quatro fios, o qual pode ser conectado através de contatoras à rede, ou ao gerador síncrono de ímãs permanente (PMSG), um banco de baterias conectado ao barramento através de um conversor boost bidirecional, e um inversor a quatro fios na saída. Resultados experimentais são apresentados indicando que a operação em velocidade variável pode alcançar um redução de até 32% no consumo específico de combustível, dependendo a faixa de carga. Já para a operação em regime start-stop a redução no consumo específico de combustível pode alcançar até 39%, dependendo da faixa de carga.

Los sistemas de conversión conectados en paralelo constituyen una solución interesante al problema de proporcionar una tensión regulada a una carga que demanda corrientes elevadas, pues la paralelización de convertidores permite distribuir la corriente entre los diversos módulos, reduciendo el estrés sobre los interruptores y mejorando la fiabilidad del sistema. En sistemas multimodulares de convertidores se necesita normalmente un esquema de control modo corriente, como el control modo corriente media (ACC en inglés), que asegure una correcta compartición de corriente entre los distintos módulos. Con este tipo de control, las características dinámicas del lazo de control dependen considerablemente de las condiciones de línea y carga, así como del número de módulos conectados en paralelo. En esta tesis se han aplicado dos técnicas diferentes de control robusto basado en modelo de referencia (RMF en inglés) a sistemas de conversión en paralelo con el fin de mejorar la robustez del control ACC convencional. El trabajo realizado puede dividirse en tres grandes bloques: En primer lugar, se ha presentado un esquema de control RMF paso-alto que ha sido aplicado al lazo de tensión de un convertidor DC-DC multimodular tipo Buck. El esquema de control propuesto añade un lazo interno adicional a los lazos de corriente y de tensión del control ACC convencional, reduciendo la sensibilidad del lazo externo de tensión frente a los parámetros variables de la etapa de potencia: número de módulos, tensión de entrada, carga y tolerancias de los componentes. Además, el lazo mejora considerablemente el rechazo de perturbaciones del convertidor, esto es, impedancia de salida y audiosusceptibilidad en lazo cerrado, en baja frecuencia si se compara con el control ACC convencional. La principal limitación de este esquema de control es que su funcionamiento está limitado por el rizado de conmutación presente en la tensión de salida, dado que se utiliza un regulador auxiliar......
Pascual Molto, M. (2008). Técnicas de control robusto basado en modelo de referencia aplicadas a sistemas modulares de alimentación [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/1981
Palancia

Distributed Generators (DGs) are sensible to voltage sags, so the protection devices must trip fast to disconnect the faulted part of the grid. The DG disconnection will not be desirable in the near future with a large penetration, so it will be necessary to lay down new requirements that should be based on avoiding unnecessary disconnections. Therefore, to prevent unnecessary tripping when inverter-based DGs are connected to the Medium Voltage (MV) grid, reliable and effective protection strategies need to be developed, considering the limited short-circuit current contribution of DG. The initial goal of this study is to employ different possible control strategies for a grid-connected inverter according to the Spanish grid code and to analyze the output voltage behavior during symmetrical and unsymmetrical voltage sags. The analytical development of the proposed strategies shows the impacts of the sag on currents, voltages, active and reactive powers. Another goal of this research is to propose a protection strategy based on Artificial Intelligence for a radial or ring distribution system with high DG penetration. The protection strategy is based on three different algorithms to develop a more secure, redundant, and reliable protection system to ensure supply continuity during disturbances in ring and radial grids without compromising system stability. In order to classify, locate and distinguish between permanent or transient faults, new protection algorithms based on artificial intelligence are proposed in this research, allowing network availability improvement disconnecting only the faulted part of the system. This research introduces the innovative use of directional relay based on a communication system and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The first algorithm, Centralize algorithm (CE), collects the data from all the PDs in the grid in the centralized controller. This algorithm detects the power flow direction and calculates the positive-sequence current of all the PDs in the grid. Significant benefits of this system are that it consolidates the entire systems security into a single device, which can facilitate system security control. However, the CE will not pinpoint the exact location of the fault if there is any loss of information due to poor communication. Therefore, the systems redundancy can be improved by cooperating with a second algorithm, the Zone algorithm (ZO). ZO algorithm is based on zone control using peer-to-peer connectivity in the same line. The faulty line in that zone may be identified by combining the two PDs data on the same line. The most relevant advantage of this algorithm is its flexibility to adapt to any grid modification or disturbance, even if they are just temporary, unlike the CE, which is fixed to the existing grid configuration. The third protection algorithm, Local algorithm (LO), has been proposed without depending on the communication between the PDs; then, the protection system can work properly in case of a total loss of communication. Each PD should be able to detect if the fault is located in the protected line or another line by using only the local information of the PD. According to the type of fault and based on local measurements at each PD of abc voltages and currents, different algorithms will be applied depending on the calculation of the sequence components. The main advantage of this algorithm is the separate decision of each PD, and avoiding communication problems. In case of radial grids, both mechanical breakers and Solid State Relays (SSRs) are used to verify the protection strategies, and in the case of ring grids, mechanical breakers are used, due to the limitations in required voltage difference of SSR. The proposed protection algorithms are compared with conventional protections (Overcurrent and Differential) protections to validate the contribution of the proposed algorithms, especially in reconfigurable smart grids.
El objetivo inicial de este estudio es emplear diferentes estrategias de control posibles para un inversor conectado a la red segun el código de red español y analizar el comportamiento de la tensión de salida durante caídas de tensión simétricas y asimétricas. El desarrollo analítico de las estrategias propuestas muestra los impactos de los huecos de tensión en las corrientes, tensiones, potencias activas y reactivas. Otro objetivo de esta investigación es proponer una estrategia de protecclón basada en lnteligencia Artificial para una red del Sistema de Distribución, radial o en anillo, con elevada penetración de Generación Distribuida. La estrategia de protección se basa en tres algoritmos diferentes para desarrollar un sistema de protección más seguro, redundante, y fiable, que asegure la continuidad de suministro durante perturbaciones en redes radiales o en anillo sin comprometer la estabilidad del sistema. Para clasificar, localizar y distinguir entre faltas permanentes o transitorias, se proponen en este trabajo nuevos algoritmos de protección basados en inteligencia artificial, permitiendo la mejora de la disponibilidad de la red, al desconectar sólo la parte del sistema en falta. Esta investigación introduce la innovación del uso del rele direccional basado en un sistema de comunicación y Redes Neuronales Artificiales (ANN). El primer algoritmo, Algoritmo Central (CE), recibe los datos de todos los PDs de la red en un control central. Este algoritmo detecta la dirección de flujo de cargas y calcula la corriente de secuencia positiva de todos los PDs de la red. El entrenamiento de ANNs incluye variaciones en la corriente de cortocircuito y la dirección del flujo de potencia en cada PD. Los beneficios mas significativos de este sistema son que concentra la seguridad total del sistema en un único dispositivo, lo que puede facilitar el control de la seguridad del sistema. Sin embargo, el CE no determinara con precisión la localización exacta de la falta si hay alguna perdida de información debida a una pobre comunicación. Por lo tanto, la redundancia del sistema se puede mejorar cooperando con un segundo algoritmo, el algoritmo de Zona (ZO). El algoritmo ZO se basa en un control de zona usando la conectividad entre dispositivos de protección de una misma línea. La línea en falta en esa zona puede identificarse combinando los datos de los dos PDs de la misma línea.. La ventaja mas relevante de este algoritmo es su flexibilidad para adaptarse a cualquier modificación de la red o perturbación, incluso si sólo son temporales, a diferencia del CE, que se ha adaptado para la configuración de la red existente. El tercer algoritmo de protección, algoritmo Local (LO), ha sido propuesto sin dependencia de la comunicación entre PDs; por lo tanto, el sistema de protección puede operar correctamente en el caso de una pérdida total de comunicación. Cada PD debe poder detectar si la falta esta ubicada en la línea protegida o en otra línea, utilizando sóIo la información local del PD. Según el tipo de falta, y en base a medidas locales en cada PD, de tensiones y corrientes abc, se aplican diferentes algoritmos en función del cálculo de las componentes simétricas. La principal ventaja de este algoritmo es la actuación por separado de cada PD, evitando los problemas de comunicación. En el caso de las redes radiales, se utilizan tanto interruptores mecánicos como réles de estado sóIido (SSR) para verificar las estrategias de protección, y en el caso de las redes en anillo se utilizan interruptores mecánicos, debido a las limitaciones de tensión para su conexión. Los algoritmos de protección propuestos se comparan con protecciones convencionales (Sobrecorriente y Diferencial) para validar la contribución de los algoritmos propuestos, especialmente en redes inteligentes reconfigurables.
Enginyeria Elèctrica

Die Sensordatenfusion ist eine allgegenwärtige Aufgabe im Bereich der mobilen Robotik und darüber hinaus. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird das typischerweise verwendete Verfahren zur Sensordatenfusion in der Robotik in Frage gestellt und anhand von neuartigen Algorithmen, basierend auf einem Faktorgraphen, gelöst sowie mit einer korrespondierenden Extended-Kalman-Filter-Implementierung verglichen. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei das technische sowie algorithmische Sensorkonzept für die Navigation eines Flugroboters im Innenbereich. Ausführliche Experimente zeigen die Qualitätssteigerung unter Verwendung der neuen Variante der Sensordatenfusion, aber auch Einschränkungen und Beispiele mit nahezu identischen Ergebnissen beider Varianten der Sensordatenfusion. Neben Experimenten anhand einer hardwarenahen Simulation wird die Funktionsweise auch anhand von realen Hardwaredaten evaluiert.

The results in this thesis concern extremal and probabilistic topics in number theoretic settings. We prove sufficient conditions on when certain types of integer solutions to linear systems of equations in binomial random sets are distributed normally, results on the typical approximate structure of pairs of integer subsets with a given sumset cardinality, as well as upper bounds on how large a family of integer sets defining pairwise distinct sumsets can be. In order to prove the typical structural result on pairs of integer sets, we also establish a new multipartite version of the method of hypergraph containers, generalizing earlier work by Morris, Saxton and Samotij.
L'objectiu de la combinatòria additiva “històricament també anomenada teoria combinatòria de nombres” és la d’estudiar l'estructura additiva de conjunts en determinats grups ambient. La combinatòria extremal estudia quant de gran pot ser una col·lecció d'objectes finits abans d'exhibir determinats requisits estructurals. La combinatòria probabilística analitza estructures combinatòries aleatòries, identificant en particular l'estructura dels objectes combinatoris típics. Entre els estudis més celebrats hi ha el treball de grafs aleatoris iniciat per Erdös i Rényi. Un exemple especialment rellevant de com aquestes tres àrees s'entrellacen és el desenvolupament per Erdös del mètode probabilístic en teoria de nombres i en combinatòria, que mostra l'existència de moltes estructures extremes en configuracions additives utilitzant tècniques probabilistes. Tots els temes d'aquesta tesi es troben en la intersecció d'aquestes tres àrees, i apareixen en els problemes següents. Solucions enteres de sistemes d'equacions lineals. Els darrers anys s'han obtingut resultats pel que fa a l’existència de llindars per a determinades solucions enteres a un sistema arbitrari d'equacions lineals donat, responent a la pregunta de quan s'espera que el subconjunt aleatori binomial d'un conjunt inicial de nombres enters contingui solucions gairebé sempre. La següent pregunta lògica és la següent. Suposem que estem en la zona en que hi haurà solucions enteres en el conjunt aleatori binomial, com es distribueixen aleshores aquestes solucions? Al capítol 1, avançarem per respondre aquesta pregunta proporcionant condicions suficients per a quan una gran varietat de solucions segueixen una distribució normal. També parlarem de com, en determinats casos, aquestes condicions suficients també són necessàries. Conjunts amb suma acotada. Què es pot dir de l'estructura de dos conjunts finits en un grup abelià si la seva suma de Minkowski no és molt més gran que la dels conjunts? Un resultat clàssic de Kneser diu que això pot passar si i només si la suma de Minkowski és periòdica respecte a un subgrup propi. En el capítol 3 establirem dos tipus de resultats. En primer lloc, establirem les anomenades versions robustes dels teoremes clàssics de Kneser i Freiman. Robust aquí es refereix al fet que en comptes de demanar informació estructural sobre els conjunts constituents amb el coneixement que la seva suma és petita, només necessitem que això sigui vàlid per a un subconjunt gran passa si només volem donar una informació estructural per a gairebé tots els parells de conjunts amb una suma d'una mida determinada? Donem un teorema d'estructura aproximat que s'aplica a gairebé la majoria dels rangs possibles per la mida dels conjunts suma. Sistemes de conjunts de Sidon. Les preguntes clàssiques sobre els conjunts de Sidon són determinar la seva mida màxima o saber quan un conjunt aleatori és un conjunt de Sidon. Al capítol 4 generalitzem la noció de conjunts de Sidon per establir sistemes i establim els límits corresponents per a aquestes dues preguntes. També demostrem un resultat de densitat relativa, resultat condicionat a una conjectura sobre l'estructura específica dels sistemes màxims de Sidon. Conjunts independents en hipergrafs. El mètode dels contenidors d'hipergrafs és una eina general que es pot utilitzar per obtenir resultats sobre el nombre i l'estructura de conjunts independents en els hipergrafs. La connexió amb la combinatòria additiva apareix perquè molts problemes additius es poden codificar com l'estudi de conjunts independents en hipergrafs.
Matemàtica aplicada

Arithmetic Combinatorics, Combinatorial Number Theory, Structural Additive Theory and Additive Number Theory are just some of the terms used to describe the vast field that sits at the intersection of Number Theory and Combinatorics and which will be the focus of this thesis. Its contents are divided into two main parts, each containing several thematically related results. The first part deals with the question under what circumstances solutions to arbitrary linear systems of equations usually occur in combinatorial structures..The properties we will be interested in studying in this part relate to the solutions to linear systems of equations. A first question one might ask concerns the point at which sets of a given size will typically contain a solution. We will establish a threshold and also study the distribution of the number of solutions at that threshold, showing that it converges to a Poisson distribution in certain cases. Next, Van der Waerden’s Theorem, stating that every finite coloring of the integers contains monochromatic arithmetic progression of arbitrary length, is by some considered to be the first result in Ramsey Theory. Rado generalized van der Waerden’s result by characterizing those linear systems whose solutions satisfy a similar property and Szemerédi strengthened it to a statement concerning density rather than colorings. We will turn our attention towards versions of Rado’s and Szemerédi’s Theorem in random sets, extending previous work of Friedgut, Rödl, Rucin´ski and Schacht in the case of the former and of Conlon, Gowers and Schacht for the latter to include a larger variety of systems and solutions. Lastly, Chvátal and Erdo¿s suggested studying Maker-Breaker games. These games have deep connections to the theory of random structures and we will build on work of Bednarska and Luczak to establish the threshold for how much a large variety of games need to be biased in favor of the second player. These include games in which the first player wants to occupy a solution to some given linear system, generalizing the van der Waerden games introduced by Beck. The second part deals with the extremal behavior of sets with interesting additive properties. In particular, we will be interested in bounds or structural descriptions for sets exhibiting some restrictions with regards to either their representation function or their sumset. First, we will consider Sidon sets, that is sets of integers with pairwise unique differences. We will study a generalization of Sidon sets proposed very recently by Kohayakawa, Lee, Moreira and Rödl, where the pairwise differences are not just distinct, but in fact far apart by a certain measure. We will obtain strong lower bounds for such infinite sets using an approach of Cilleruelo. As a consequence of these bounds, we will also obtain the best current lower bound for Sidon sets in randomly generated infinite sets of integers of high density. Next, one of the central results at the intersection of Combinatorics and Number Theory is the Freiman–Ruzsa Theorem stating that any finite set of integers of given doubling can be efficiently covered by a generalized arithmetic progression. In the case of particularly small doubling, more precise structural descriptions exist. We will first study results going beyond Freiman’s well-known 3k–4 Theorem in the integers. We will then see an application of these results to sets of small doubling in finite cyclic groups. Lastly, we will turn our attention towards sets with near-constant representation functions. Erdo¿s and Fuchs established that representation functions of arbitrary sets of integers cannot be too close to being constant. We will first extend the result of Erdo¿s and Fuchs to ordered representation functions. We will then address a related question of Sárközy and Sós regarding weighted representation function.
La combinatòria aritmètica, la teoria combinatòria dels nombres, la teoria additiva estructural i la teoria additiva de nombres són alguns dels termes que es fan servir per descriure una branca extensa i activa que es troba en la intersecció de la teoria de nombres i de la combinatòria, i que serà el motiu d'aquesta tesi doctoral. La primera part tracta la qüestió de sota quines circumstàncies es solen produir solucions a sistemes lineals d’equacions arbitràries en estructures additives. Una primera pregunta que s'estudia es refereix al punt en que conjunts d’una mida determinada contindran normalment una solució. Establirem un llindar i estudiarem també la distribució del nombre de solucions en aquest llindar, tot demostrant que en certs casos aquesta distribució convergeix a una distribució de Poisson. El següent tema de la tesis es relaciona amb el teorema de Van der Waerden, que afirma que cada coloració finita dels nombres enters conté una progressió aritmètica monocromàtica de longitud arbitrària. Aquest es considera el primer resultat en la teoria de Ramsey. Rado va generalitzar el resultat de van der Waerden tot caracteritzant en aquells sistemes lineals les solucions de les quals satisfan una propietat similar i Szemerédi la va reforçar amb una versió de densitat del resultat. Centrarem la nostra atenció cap a versions del teorema de Rado i Szemerédi en conjunts aleatoris, ampliant els treballs anteriors de Friedgut, Rödl, Rucinski i Schacht i de Conlon, Gowers i Schacht. Per últim, Chvátal i Erdos van suggerir estudiar estudiar jocs posicionals del tipus Maker-Breaker. Aquests jocs tenen una connexió profunda amb la teoria de les estructures aleatòries i ens basarem en el treball de Bednarska i Luczak per establir el llindar de la quantitat que necessitem per analitzar una gran varietat de jocs en favor del segon jugador. S'inclouen jocs en què el primer jugador vol ocupar una solució d'un sistema lineal d'equacions donat, generalitzant els jocs de van der Waerden introduïts per Beck. La segona part de la tesis tracta sobre el comportament extrem dels conjunts amb propietats additives interessants. Primer, considerarem els conjunts de Sidon, és a dir, conjunts d’enters amb diferències úniques quan es consideren parelles d'elements. Estudiarem una generalització dels conjunts de Sidons proposats recentment per Kohayakawa, Lee, Moreira i Rödl, en que les diferències entre parelles no són només diferents, sinó que, en realitat, estan allunyades una certa proporció en relació a l'element més gran. Obtindrem límits més baixos per a conjunts infinits que els obtinguts pels anteriors autors tot usant una construcció de conjunts de Sidon infinits deguda a Cilleruelo. Com a conseqüència d'aquests límits, obtindrem també el millor límit inferior actual per als conjunts de Sidon en conjunts infinits generats aleatòriament de nombres enters d'alta densitat. A continuació, un dels resultats centrals a la intersecció de la combinatòria i la teoria dels nombres és el teorema de Freiman-Ruzsa, que afirma que el conjunt suma d'un conjunt finit d’enters donats pot ser cobert de manera eficient per una progressió aritmètica generalitzada. En el cas de que el conjunt suma sigui de mida petita, existeixen descripcions estructurals més precises. Primer estudiarem els resultats que van més enllà del conegut teorema de Freiman 3k-4 en els enters. Llavors veurem una aplicació d’aquests resultats a conjunts de dobles petits en grups cíclics finits. Finalment, dirigirem l’atenció cap a conjunts amb funcions de representació gairebé constants. Erdos i Fuchs van establir que les funcions de representació de conjunts arbitraris d’enters no poden estar massa a prop de ser constants. Primer estendrem el resultat d’Erdos i Fuchs a funcions de representació ordenades. A continuació, abordarem una pregunta relacionada de Sárközy i Sós sobre funció de representació ponderada.

The ability to gather and process information regarding the condition of forest fires is essential to cost-effective, safe, and efficient fire fighting. Advances in sensory and autopilot technology have made miniature unmanned aerial systems (UASs) an important tool in the acquisition of information. This thesis addresses some of the challenges faced when employing UASs for forest-fire perimeter surveillance; namely, perimeter tracking, cooperative perimeter surveillance, and path planning. Solutions to the first two issues are presented and a method for understanding path planning within the context of a forest-fire environment is demonstrated. Both simulation and hardware results are provided for each solution.

The demand for three-phase uninterruptible power supplies has increased with the decrease in reliability of power supplied by power utilities. A single three-phase uninterruptible power supply (UPS) can typically supply many loads at a time. A UPS must be able to supply relatively undistorted output line voltages with highly non-linear loads. Many papers have been devoted to introducing new control schemes that can supply these loads effectively. A new control scheme is introduced, in this work, which is implemented with a digital signal processor (DSP). The controller acts in a stationary reference frame as opposed to the commonly used rotating reference frame. Although using a stationary reference frame can create phase errors, the control algorithm is computationally more efficient than using a rotating reference frame. The proposed technique uses two line voltages and the corresponding differential output filter inductor currents for those lines as the control variables. As a result, this technique utilizes fewer sensors compared to techniques using a rotating reference frame. In this work, the plant model is developed and the stability of the controller is analyzed. The controller design is facilitated with the use of a Mathcad workspace, Steady-state simulations and experimental results are presented for a balanced resistive load. Even with relatively slow inner current loops, the performance of the controller is acceptable. Slow current controllers are used because of large noise in the current measurements of the experimental inverter. This work provides the basis to further investigate the feasibility of using the proposed controller to supply non-linear loads.

碩士
國立成功大學
電機工程研究所
82
UPS is widely used in the computer related loads. The computer related loads are the typical nonlinear loads. They may distort the output voltage of UPS. For solving this problem , a feedforward control scheme which contains a load current feedforward compensator is proposed. This control scheme has the advantages of low implementation cost , simple control circuit . The computer simulation and experiment results shows that the proposed control scheme has the expected performance . For improving the slew rate control of inverter frequency , a single-chip microprocessor 8751 based phase-locked loop (PLL) controller is designed . It has the advantages of high flexibility and easy adjustment . The test results show its slew rate control is very accurate .

碩士
修平科技大學
電機工程碩士班
107
This thesis develops designs of predictive voltage control for UPS inverter in photovoltaic generation systems. The study presents a digital controller based on the generalized predictive control (GPC) approach for high performance of voltage control of single-phase full-bridge inverters. The discrete-time mathematic model is using for the controlled plant in the single-phase full-bridge UPS inverter with output LC filter. The proposed GPC controller is determined by minimizing a generalized predictive cost function that reduces both the tracking error under the load changes. The illustrative nonlinear system is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. Numerical simulations and experimental results exhibit that the proposed predictive voltage control law give accepted tracking and disturbance rejection performances.

碩士
國立交通大學
電機與控制工程系
87
To increase the power density of the PWM inverter of modern uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), one approach is to increase the switching frequency, however, additional switching losses are usually accompanied with the increasing switching frequency. This thesis applies soft-switching technique in reducing switching losses of PWM inverters used for medium power UPS. The operational principle and switching loss analysis of the H-bridge inverter using bipolar PWM modulation technique have been studied in detail. After evaluation of various soft-switching techniques, a clamped-mode resonant pole inverter (CMRPI) soft-switching technique was adopted in realization of the PWM inverter circuit. Detailed circuit analysis and computer simulation of the developed soft-switching PWM inverter were given. We have constructed a soft-switching PWM inverter with switching frequency of 100 kHz. The rated output power of this prototype PWM inverter is 1kW, its DC bus voltage is 180 V, and its output ac voltage is 110 V. Experimental results show that the constructed soft-switching PWM inverter can reach an efficiency improvement of 4% at rated output.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
電力電子產業研發碩士專班
98
This thesis aims to the design and implementation DSP-controlled boost converter and inverter. Zero voltage switching is achieved for phase shift full bridge converter by the leakage inductance of transformer primary side and parasitic capacitance of MOSFET, and thereby thus the switching losses and improving the overall efficiency. The output stage consists of a full bridge inverter which is controlled by the modulation method of uni-polar sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique. The DC-voltage source is converted to a satisfactory AC source; both voltage and current are approximate to sinusoidal wave, 60Hz. The eZdsp TMS320F2812 digital signal processor, TEXAS INSTRUMENTS, is used as digital control platform. And voltage-mode control is realized by a proportional-integral controller. The feedback voltage fed to DSP via the built-in 12bit A / D registers and compensator of phase shifted full bridge converter give the required duty cycle. Experimental results verify the circuit analysis and design. When the input DC voltage is 48 volts, the output of phase shifted full bridge converter output voltage can be regulated at 400 ± 5%Vdc. And the full-bridge inverter converts the DC voltage into AC voltage of 110 ± 10%Vac and frequency 60 ± 0.5Hz. The maximum efficiency can reach 81.47% under full load condition, 600 W.

碩士
國立聯合大學
電機工程學系碩士班
106
The objective of this thesis is to develop the AC-DC PFC rectifier stage and DC-AC inverter stage of a fully digital control 2kVA single-phase on-line UPS using the GaN-HEMT power switch. For increasing efficiency and reducing cost, a three-arm rectifier-inverter topology with common neutral-line is adopted. This thesis investigates the characteristic of the three-arm rectifier-inverter first. Accordingly, two topologies with buck-boot feature that can accommodate grid voltage variation are presented. These two topologies include two-stage and series-stage circuits with common-arm using synchronous or synchronous PWM switching. As operating in on-line mode, the rectifier-arm corrects the input PF to be unity and builds the 400V DC bus voltage. As the grid-fail mode happens, the battery is discharged and the DC bus voltage is set up through the DC-DC converter. Only the inverter-arm and the common-arm are operated to maintain the load voltage. In these two operating modes the common-arm can be synchronous or synchronous PWM switching. Besides derivation of the small signal model of the rectifier-inverter, this thesis also presents the detailed design of circuit and controllers. Finally, the common-arm with synchronous PWM switching is adopted for the implementation. The digital control is implemented with the TI F28069 DSP IC. For confirming the circuit operation and controller design, a smaller power rating MOSFET circuit is developed first. Accordingly, the final GaN version circuit is carried out for gaining the advantages of reducing switching and conduction losses, increasing efficiency and reducing volume. Keywords: three-arm rectifier-inverter, two-stage topology, series-stage topology, fully digital control

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
電力電子產業研發碩士專班
98
The objective of this thesis is to design a fully digital-controlled boost converter and inverter for UPS applications, the converter boosts the DC 48V to DC 400V, and the inverter converts the DC 400V into AC 110Vrms/60Hz. To save circuit components and cost, the output of the boost converter is not to controlled. The output of the inverter is regulated by sening it’s voltage and controlled by TMS320 F2812 DSP. The specifications are as follows: Input voltage：DC 48V Output voltage：AC 110Vrms/60Hz Output power：600W Switching frequency：100kHz for boost converter, and 12kHz for inverter.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
電資碩士在職專班研究所
102
A two stage single-phase DC/AC inverter with push-pull pulse width modulation is designed and implemented. The push-pull converter provided first stage 320V output volt, which secondary stage controlled the output phase. In this paper, the topology consists with six MOSFETs, inductors and capacitors. STMicroelectronics SG3525A is used as push-pull control unit and STM32F102C8 32-bit MCU as second stage output phase control. The design specifications are as follows: Battery Output Voltage: DC 19.5~27V Output Voltage: AC 220Vrms/50Hz Rated Power: 860W Push-Pull Switching frequency: 55 kHz Under various conditions of load verification, the output voltage can be stabilized within its 230V commend value. Under rated load, the efficiency is higher than 79% and the total harmonic distortion of output current is less than 5%. The experimental results verify the correctness of the system.

Global energy demand is rapidly growing and therefore meeting the future energy demand is becoming a major concern worldwide. To meet the energy demand, fossil fuels are still used as the primary energy source. However, these hydrocarbonbased fuels produce greenhouse gases that adversely affect environment and human health. Therefore, alternative renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydro, biomass and geothermal are getting very popular. Currently, development of power converters for these renewable energy sources is becoming more and more essential for converting this energy to appropriate voltage levels or feeding it to electrical power distribution networks. This research study is focused on the DC-DC boost converter analysis, design, modelling, and using current control techniques for singlephase uninterruptible power supply (UPS) inverter systems. The major contributions of the presented work can be categorized into two parts: Firstly, a comprehensive analysis of classical and advanced DC-DC converter topologies for renewable power applications. DC-DC power converters have attracted significant attention due to their increased use in a number of applications from aerospace to biomedical devices. The interest in wide bandgap (WBG) power semiconductor devices stems from outstanding features of WBG materials and power device operation at higher temperatures, larger breakdown voltages and sustaining larger switching transients than silicon (Si) devices. As a result, recent progress and development of WBG power devices based converter topologies are well-established for power conversion applications in which classical Si based power devices show limited performance. Currently, WBG devices such as silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN) are the most promising semiconductor materials that are being considered for new generation of power devices because of their high voltage operation, high current switching capabilities, very low ON resistance, good thermal conductivity, etc. Secondly, a cost effective design of Gallium nitride (GaN)-based high-frequency, high efficiency DC-DC boost converter owing to preferred soft-switching features. The use of new power semiconductor devices such as GaN high electron mobility transistors (GaN HEMTs) are able to minimize switching losses, allowing high switching frequencies (from kHz to MHz) for realizing compact and fully integrated power converters. Finally, PI and PR control parameters are optimally tuned, and experimentally tested for single-phase UPS inverters to obtain very low total harmonic distortion (THD), zero steady-state error, and fast response. This research presents detailed analysis and mathematical models of PI and PR controllers in single-phase UPS inverter applications. In order to realize the importance of PR control features over conventional PI controllers, a PI controller is implemented in the same UPS inverter and mathematically analyzed. The performance of these controllers is analyzed in terms of steady-state is and transient responses and current harmonics level. The experimental result shows that the PR controller achieves zero steady-state error, improved transient response and reduced low-order harmonics distortion of the output current compared to PI controller. The performances of the implemented controllers are simulated and compared using the MATLAB/Simulink modeling environment. The main significance of this work is the design and development of a DC-DC boost converter, and optimization of controller parameters for high power application such as Electric Vehicle (EV) charging, aerospace, renewable power generation, etc.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 2022

碩士
輔仁大學
電子工程學系
89
Some calamities, such as earthquake and typhoon would cause failure of the power system. In order to ensure that the computer and communication systems operate normally and con-tinuously, we must have a highly reliable power system in now-adays. For the demand of high quality power system, an interruptible power supply (UPS) is generally used for supplying critical loads. However, some of loads of an uninter-ruptible power supply may be nonlinear and will draw current from the inverters with severe distortion. For this reason, the control design of uninterruptible power supply inverters with terminal sliding mode is proposed in this thesis. Using the terminal sliding mode controller, we can not only drive the system state variables to reach and retain in the sliding mode, but the system state variables also reach the system equilibrium point in finite time. Owing to the robust-ness of sliding mode control, the output voltage of inverters has the features of low distortion, and insensitivity to load and input voltage variations. According to terminal sliding mode control law, we can obtain modulated inverters through pulse-width-modulation (PWM). System simulation results are presented to confirm that the proposed sliding mode controller can achieve satisfactory response under different kinds of loads.

碩士
義守大學
電機工程學系
101
Traditional proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller has been widely used for the application of uninterruptible power supply (UPS) inverter due to its simple structure and easy design. However, with the integral term of traditional PID controller as fixed parameter, steady-state error still exists under system uncertainty or under high non-linear load, which means the error of system state cannot be rapidly converged to zero. Therefore, in this thesis we propose a variable parameter PID controller such that whenever a system state error occurs, the integral parameter can be rapidly corrected in order to eliminate the steady-state error. In order to prove the effectiveness of this controller, the MATLAB software is used to simulate the UPS inverter, and then simulation results show that the proposed inverter can provide high-quality AC output voltage under non-linear load.

博士
國立成功大學
電機工程研究所
83
In this paper the parallel operation of inverters and its application in UPS burn-in test system are divided into three parts to describe. Primarily, the scheme of combining Voltage-Controlled and Current-Controlled PWM inverters for parallel operation of single-phase UPS is proposed. The Voltage-Controlled PWM Inverter(VCPI) unit as a master is developed to keep a constant sinusoidal wave output voltage. The Current- Controlled PWM Inverter(CCPI) units are operated as a slave controlled to track the distributive current. The power distribution center(PDC) performs the function of distributing the output current of each active unit. In this proposed scheme of parallel operation, each of the units can be designed nearly independent, and the CCPI units do not need a phase-locked loop(PLL) circuit for synchronization. Secondarily, a modular three-phase parallel inverter system is developed. This proposed three-phase inverter modules have the following functions: (1) an inverter for stand-alone operation; (2) inverters in parallel; (3)inverters in parallel with the utility system. Moreover, the output filter of the modular parallel inverter does not need to be redesigned in spite of varying numbers of inverters in parallel operation. Finally, for saving energy and decreasing test costs for the burn-in test of the UPS, the self-load bank by circulating method is proposed in this paper. In the proposed method, the AC/DC converter of the tested UPS itself is used as a nonlinear load, the tested current flows as a form of circulation, and the power of the tested load is controlled by a DC regulator also supplying the loss energy of the tested UPS. From the experimental results, the saved energy in the burn-in test is approximately 80 percent of that lost by the conventional method, using a directly RLC or

碩士
義守大學
電機工程學系
103
Conventional PID controllers have been broadly applied to UPS inverters due to their simple structures and easy designs. Although in the case with linear load, conventional PID controllers can achieve good dynamic and steady-state response. However, in the case with highly non-linear load, steady-state errors will occur, and tracking control may not be precise, thus leading to high total harmonic distortion (THD) and slow dynamic response of inverter output voltage. Thus, this thesis proposes a PID controller with feedforward variable integral parameter. In the case with large parameter variation or highly non-linear load, the goal of zero steady-state error of the system can be led by adjusting the integral parameter. Furthermore, the feedforward control is used to improve the system’s tracking control capability, resulting in high quality of the output AC voltage of the inverter. The simulation result shows the validation of the proposed controller. For comparison purpose, this thesis also shows conventional PID controlled UPS inverter so that the high performance of the proposed controller can be verified.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
O crescimento da população bem como a procura de melhor qualidade de vida por parte da mesma motivou o aparecimento de infraestruturas de elevada importância para a sociedade(hospitais, "data centers", unidades industriais, etc.), tendo como consequência o aumento global na utilização de energia elétrica. O aumento de dependência energética aliado ao aumento da poluição associada à sua geração (combustíveis fosseis), tem suscitado a procura de novas tecnologias para geração, distribuição e utilização da mesma. A integração de diferentes recursos energéticos de forma distribuída e a utilização de sistemas UPS em larga escala demonstram um elevado potencial para ultrapassar as dificuldades citadas. Desse modo, a utilização de inversores em paralelo ligados a um único barramento DC pode ser vantajoso porque os mesmos podem ser alimentados por diferentes fontes de energia. No entanto, o paralelo de inversores potencia o aparecimento de correntes de circulação que pode degradar o desempenho dos mesmos e, no limite, levar à sua destruição. O presente trabalho tem como principal objetivo o desenvolvimento de uma estratégia de controlo para o paralelo de inversores UPS que assegure uma tensão de saída de elevada qualidade, independentemente da carga. Devido ao seu elevado desempenho foi utilizado o controlo preditivo baseado em modelos de estados finitos (FCS-MPC) para o controlo dos dois inversores. A estratégia de controlo desenvolvida foi implementada em ambiente de simulação deforma a comprovar a sua eficácia. Diferentes cargas e diferentes parâmetros de circuito foram considerados de forma a assemelhar-se a uma situação experimental. A possibilidade de selecionar o regime de carga de cada inversor foi avaliada. A comparação entre diferentes estratégias de controlo foi também discutida.
Population growth along with the search for a better quality of life motivated the appearance of infrastructures of high importance for society (hospitals, data centers, industrial units, etc.) which resulted in a global increase in the use of electricity. The increase in both energy dependence and pollution associated with its generation (fossil fuels), has prompted the search for new technologies for energy generation, distribution and use. The integration of different energy resources in a distributed form and the use of uninterruptible power supply systems on a large scale demonstrate high potential to overcome the aforementioned difficulties. Thus, the use of inverters in parallel connected to a single DC bus can be useful given that they can be powered from different sources of energy. However, the parallel of inverters triggers the appearance of circulation currents that can degrade their performance and, possibly, lead to their destruction. The main objective of the present work was the development of a control strategy for the parallel of UPS inverters that ensures a high-quality output voltage, independent of load. Due to its high performance, Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control (FCS-MPC) was used to control both inverters. The developed control strategy was implemented in a simulation environment to prove its effectiveness. Different loads and different circuit parameters were considered in trying to resemble an experimental situation. The possibility of selecting the load regime for each inverter was evaluated. The comparison between different control strategies was also discussed.
FCT

This report examined patent activity in two areas of the solar photovoltaic industry — inverters and mounting systems — and suggests that market creation policies contributed to innovation within these solar supply chain component areas. Relying on patent counts, the report found that patent activity for inverters and mounting systems increased substantially between 2005 and 2012. Drawing on economic research and innovation theory, the report asserts that market creation policies explain how the solar industry shifted its innovation focus toward improving downstream technology in the solar “balance of system,” creating opportunity for endogenous growth within the industry.
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