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Maguire, Jennifer Smith. "MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS of the NOUVEAUX RICHES and the CULTURAL CONSTITUTION of the GLOBAL MIDDLE CLASS." Cultural Politics 15, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/17432197-7289472.
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The article offers a distinctive account of how the nouveaux riches serve as an anchor for a range of upper- middle- class ambivalences and anxieties associated with transformations of capitalism and shifting global hierarchies. Reflecting the long- term association of middle- class symbolic boundaries with notions of refinement and respectability, it examines how the discourse of civility shapes how the nouveaux riches are represented to the upper middle class, identifying a number of recurrent media frames and narrative tropes related to vulgarity, civility, and order. The author argues that these representations play a central role in the reproduction of the Western professional middle class, and in the cultural constitution of a global middle class — professional, affluent, urban, and affiliated by an aesthetic regime of civility that transcends national borders. The findings underline the significance of representations of the new super- rich as devices through which the media accomplish the global circulation of an upper- middle- class repertoire of cultural capital, which is used both to police shifting class boundaries and to establish a legitimate preserve for univorous snobbishness.
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Gusti Ayu Made Rai Suarniti. "Sociological Analysis of the Important Characters in Kevin Kwan’s Crazy Rich Asians." RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa 7, no. 2 (October 19, 2021): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jr.7.2.3037.157-165.
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This research is about the sociological problems of five important characters in Kevin Kwan’s Crazy Rich Asian. Rachel Chu is the main character in this story comes from the middle class society. She has a relationships with Nicholas Young who comes from the upper class society. They face a lot of problems especially from Nicholas’s family who doesn’t agree with their relationships. Different society influences the character of someone. That’s why this research is aimed to find out the types of social class and the influence of social class on the character that showed in the story. The data were collected by reading the novel thoroughly then using the note-taking technique before being identified based on the topic. The collected data were descriptively analyzed by using qualitative-descriptive method to classify the types of social class and the influence of social class on the character that found in this novel. Based on the result of the research, it is found that there are three kinds of social class in Kevin Kwan’s Crazy Rich Asian, those are: Upper class, Middle class and Working class. Rachel Chu who comes from the middle class society has a simple personality. She prefers to save her money for food though she is a lecturer in university rather than her boy friend, Nicholas Young who comes from the worthy family. Nick’s family are also live glamor in Singapore. They spend a lot of money for fashion and jewelry. It much different with Rachel’s mom ( Kerry Chu) who originally comes from working or lower class society. She fulfills her daughter alone and becomes a single parent because she has divorced with her husband when Rachel still child. This condition make Eleanor Young doesn’t agree with the relationships however the power of love between Nick and Rachel defeated everything. Finally, they become a couple.
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Sumon, MYA, MM Haque, and K. Islam. "Infant Feeding Practices Among the Mothers of Selected Different Socio-economic Groups in Dhaka City." Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal 5, no. 2 (December 3, 2014): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/akmmcj.v5i2.21124.
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This study was conducted to understand the infant (0-12 month) feeding practices among different classes' mothers in Dhaka city. The study was carried out among the 183 mother-infant pair of the upper, middle and lower socio-economic classes in Dhaka city and purposive sampling method was applied. The study was conducted at following areas in Dhaka city which were selected purposively. The mean age of upper class, middle class and lower class were 35±4, 25±3 and 21±7 in years. Regarding first feeding it was observed that upper (75%), middle (85%) and lower class (48%) first gave colostrum. It also observed that 18% of upper class mother first gave powder milk, while in case of middle class it was 5%. In lower class preference of giving honey and sugar water were 21% and 12% respectively. The starting time of breast feeding indicated that in upper classes (74%) breast feeding initiated within one hour, while in middle (75%) and lower classes (84%) it was given within 12 hours. It was highlighted that 44% upper and 36% lower class mothers started complementary feeding at 3 month of the baby respectively, while in middle class 61% mother started complementary foods at 5 month of their baby. In case of duration of breast feeding practices, middle and lower classes breast-feed continued longer time than upper class. Majorities of the upper class prefered egg, soup, fruit juice while middle class liked meat-fish, egg, khichuri, fruits. On complementary feeding the lower class choiced mainly rice-potato, dal, khichuri or vegetables. The study result should not be generalise and need further large scale research. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/akmmcj.v5i2.21124 Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal Vol. 5, No. 2: July 2014, Pages 5-8
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Haddad, Joanne, Jad Chaaban, Ali Chalak, and Hala Ghattas. "Does Income Class Affect Life Satisfaction? New Evidence from Cross-Country Microdata." Social Sciences 11, no. 6 (June 15, 2022): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11060262.
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This paper analyzes the impact of income class on subjective wellbeing. Using rich data from the Gallup World Poll, we investigate whether belonging to locally (both country- and time-specific) defined income classes influences individuals’ life satisfaction. We rely on a latent class analysis estimation method, using individual income proxied by household income divided by household size, as an observable characteristic to hypothesize the income classes. We fit a model with one categorical latent variable with three unobserved groupings, here: income classes, which we interpret as lower, middle and upper classes. Our estimates suggest that individuals in the low and middle income classes are, respectively, about 30 and 17 percent of a standard deviation less likely to report a higher life satisfaction in comparison to individuals belonging to the upper income class. The effect of income classes remains robust to the inclusion of standard explanatory variables in this literature.
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Boyle, Bryan, and Kobe De Keere. "Aesthetic labour, class and taste: Mobility aspirations of middle-class women working in luxury-retail." Sociological Review 67, no. 3 (February 1, 2019): 706–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038026119827753.
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Previous research has shown how the embodied performances expected from service workers make cultural class background important for entry into these forms of jobs. However, class judgement continues to impact the worker post-entry and on-the-job. We explore this through a qualitative study of 18 middle-class women working in luxury-retail stores in Amsterdam, asking how they acquire the taste of their store for aesthetic labour. This is a case we consider pertinent given the significant class difference between these workers and their economically rich clientele. We found that: (1) workers constructed the products they sold as distinct by devaluing ‘popular’ fashion products; (2) workers managed to acquire luxury knowledge through their work practices; (3) workers purchased luxury products via employee discount, the availability of which triggered allures to emulate their upper-class customers; (4) acquiring this taste was perceived as cultural-social mobility, a perception reinforced by feelings of recognition within private consumption practices; and (5) these endeavours were often marked by both avidity and anxiety, as work concerns conflated with class concerns. We conclude by arguing that systems of classification and the labour process work in alloy, as the necessities of work drive conformity to legitimate taste and, in turn, the legitimacy of taste assists in achieving worker motivation and the extraction of labour. This, we believe, reflects potential complementarity between domination and exploitation models of class analysis.
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AKINKUGBE, Oluyele, and Karl WOHLMUTH. "MIDDLE CLASS GROWTH AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA – MEASUREMENT, CAUSALITY, INTERACTIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS." JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN ECONOMY, Vol 18, No 1 (2019) (2019): 94–139. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/jee2019.01.094.
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The paper is about the role of the African middle class as a base for entrepreneurship development. The key question is what the growth of the African middle class means for the emergence of an entrepreneurial class in Africa. In this context, the «missing middle» in Africa, the gap in small and medium sized companies between microenterprises and large companies, is of interest. So far the theoretical work and the empirical evidence on the relation between middle class growth and entrepreneurship development are quite scarce. First, the main concepts of defining and measuring the African middle class - via income and consumption, assets, vulnerability, and livelihoods - will be discussed. These differences in definition and measurement have implications for the assumed developmental implications of the growth of the African middle class and the growth of an entrepreneurial class. There are so many statements in the literature about the developmental potentials and the impacts of the African middle class. It is argued that the African middle class is a seedbed of entrepreneurship and management staff; a base for start-ups and high tech companies; that it has an impact on market competition and labour mobility; an impact on level and structure of consumption and marketing, on housing, car and finance markets; an impact on local saving, local investment and on a more long-term investment behaviour; a role in developing a new consumer society based on higher quality and branded goods; a role in participation, empowerment and the formation of economic interest groups; a role in the redistribution of income, assets and economic power; that it leads to a widespread use of new technologies and has a tremendous role in technology diffusion; that it is creating space for upward mobility and societal change; that it pushes the transition from survival firms to growth-oriented firms; that it has a role in pushing for more rational economic policies and that it is also demanding public goods and fair taxation; and that it is providing stability to the political regime, etc. Most of these arguments lack so far empirical evidence, and there is tremendous speculation and experimentation based on the way of defining and measuring the African middle class and the entrepreneurial class which is coming forth on this basis. A main instrument used for this endeavour is aggregation of some few data over Africa; but this is not enough to draw strong conclusions. Second, the scarce evidence on the assumed role of the African middle class as a seedbed of entrepreneurship and managerial competencies is discussed and evaluated. The main issue is the role of the African middle class in overcoming the «missing middle» of small and medium sized companies. There is a general discussion about Africa’s «missing middle», the assumed gap in terms of small and medium sized companies between the many mostly informal microenterprises and the large public and private companies. It is argued that the concepts of the African middle class used in the literature and the ways of defining and measuring it do not allow a deep investigation of entrepreneurship development and the identification of a growing entrepreneurial class in Africa. The main reason is that the economic lives of the various segments of the African middle class are so different. Also, the poor and the rich classes in Africa have distinct economic lives which partly overlap with those of lower and upper segments of the African middle class. Third, there is a lack of differentiating the African middle class with regard of the potential for entrepreneurship development, the establishment of entrepreneurial value systems (education, health, saving and investing), and the role in developing local industries (based on increasing middle class consumption). Any change towards the development of growth oriented small and medium-sized enterprises - between survival and micro enterprises at the lower end and large capitalist and conglomerate enterprises at the upper end - is of interest. Most important is to know more about the role of the African middle class in developing growth-oriented enterprises. It is also of interest to see how governments in Africa can support entrepreneurship and management competences based on specific African middle class segments, along with strategies to use the entrepreneurial potential of the poor and the rich classes. The purpose of the paper is to give evidence on the developmental role of the African Middle Class, by focussing on the «missing middle» of enterprises in Africa and the types of entrepreneurship being associated with the growth of the middle class. After the Introduction in Section 1 there is in Section 2 a discussion on Defining and Measuring the African Middle Class: What about Developmental Implications and Prospects? In Section 3 is a presentation on Africa’s Middle Class and the «Missing Middle» of Enterprises: New Potentials for the Growth of Enterprises? In Section 4 there are Conclusions and Policy Recommendations. This is an economists’ view, but much more interdisciplinary work is needed to cover the issues (and this is done in the collection of essays by Henning Melber, Editor, 2016).
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McEvoy, Linda, Linda K. McEvoy, Gail A. Laughlin, Donna Kritz-Silverstein, Richelle Bettencourt, and Jaclyn Bergstrom. "THE RANCHO BERNARDO STUDY (RBS) OF HEALTHY AGING: A RICH RESOURCE FOR STUDYING AGING IN WOMEN." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1289.
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Abstract RBS is an ideal cohort to study healthy aging in women and to examine sex differences in aging. Initiated in 1972, RBS enrolled 82% of adult residents of Rancho Bernardo, a suburb of San Diego. Residents were white, and middle to upper-middle class. Participants have been followed via 12 research clinic visits at ~4 year intervals and 32 mailed surveys. RBS contains detailed assessment of cardiometabolic disease risk factors, bone health, biomarkers, physical ability, cognitive function, health and reproductive history, medications, behaviors (smoking, drinking, diet, exercise) and psychosocial measures. Of the 6726 participants, 54% are women and 65% were aged ≥50 at enrollment. Vital status is known for 91% of the cohort; overall mortality is 71%. Death certificates have been coded for cause of death for 91% of decedents. We will discuss contributors to healthy longevity in RBS women (average age of death 86.4 yrs; 29% lived to age ≥90).
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Susanti, Luh Eka, Ni Luh Supartini, and I. Made Trisna Semara. "Karakteristik backpacker nusantara dalam komunitas “backpacker international”." Jurnal Ilmiah Hospitality Management 12, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22334/jihm.v12i2.201.
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In society’s perception, backpackers are generally travelers who choose to travel for long periods of time, at low costs using public transportation and relatively cheap accommodation. Usually, backpackers come from the lower middle class because they want to travel that is cost-effective but rich in experience. In addition, most of these backpackers are students / students with an age range between 25 - 35 years. Over time and an era that has changed the human mindset, a significant shift has begun to occur, especially for the tourist actor himself as a backpacker. Although the above characteristics are still a strong concept for a backpacker, there are a number of things that are starting to shift. Some of these things are 1) backpackers do not always come from the lower middle class, and 2) a shift in the age of the backpacker criteria (tourists over 35 years old choose to be backpackers). Therefore, it is interesting to study from this phenomenon is the shift in people's perceptions of a backpacker where now backpackers also come from the upper middle class and have an age above 35 years. The data is taken from 35 backpackers who are members of the “Backpacker International” community, which consists of Indonesian backpackers whose travel destinations are to other countries (mostly in Europe). This research is an ethnographic study with a qualitative descriptive approach.
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Balasankar, V. "Intelligent socio-economic status prediction system using machine learning models on Rajahmundry A.P., SES dataset." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 13, no. 37 (October 10, 2020): 3820–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/v13i37.1435.
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Background: Developing economic and social systems and assuring the efficiency of economic and social processes is the major task for the government of any country. Predictable machine learning (ML) models are used for analyzing data sets that allow more efficient enterprise management. Now a day, the research on Socio-Economic Status (SES) and Machine Learning (ML) is very crucial to find socio-economic inequalities, and take further actions that are preventions, protections, and suppressions. Objectives: The mainobjective of this research is to understand the Socio Economic System issues and predicting SES levels on particular area like Rajahmundry, AP, India using statistical analysis and machine learning methodologies. Methods: In this, we analyze the data that is collected from Rajahmundry (Rajamahandravaram),Andhra Pradesh, India with 48 feature attributes (dimensions), and one target four class attribute (poor, rich, middle, upper-middle ). The SES levels like poor, rich, middle, and upper-middle classes are predicted by 5 ML algorithms. Findings: In this paper, we conduct the statistical analysis of each attribute, and analyze and compare the performance accuracies using confusion matrix, performance parameter (classification accuracy, Precision,Recall, and F1) values and receive operating characteristic (ROC) under AUC values of five efficient ML algorithms like Naïve Bayes, Decision Trees (DTs), k-NN, SVM (kernel RBF) and Random Forest (RF). We observed that the RF algorithm showed better results when compared with other algorithms for the Rajahmundry AP SES dataset. The RF algorithm performs 97.82% of classification accuracy (CA) and time is taken for model construction 0.41 seconds. The next superior performed ML model is DTs with 96.67% of CA and 0.16 seconds for model construction. Novelty: Comprehensive analysis indicates that the novel AP SES Dataset with empirical statistical analysis gives the good results and predicts the SES levels with RF model is very effective. Keywords: Machine Learning; socio-economic status; Rajahmundry;household; poverty
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SATHYADEVI, R., and R. ASWINI. "Perceptions And Attitudes Towards Luxury Brand Products." GIS Business 14, no. 5 (October 11, 2019): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/gis.v14i5.8780.
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As consumers satisfy their feelings of pleasure and gratification through the luxury goods, the available luxury products will also continue to enhance its charm for consumers. The rich have no more a monopoly on the luxury goods. One of the most important factors leading to the actual growth of the luxury market is the introduction of luxury goods to the middle and upper-middle class. The present study attempted to analysis the knowledge, affection and behavior related discernment of the consumers on the luxury products. For obtaining the objectives, the study adopted questionnaire to collect the data from the customers. The study collected data from the customer, who visiting the shopping malls for buying the luxury brand products. T Test used to present the collected opinion of the consumers. The study highlighted that most of consumers are depend with affect related factors to luxury brands compared with knowledge and behavior based factors.
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Viswanath, J., Chakrapani Cheekavolu, S. Sankaraiah, and Renu Dixit. "Clinical and socio-demographic profile of treatment on osteoarthritis patients in Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 6, no. 8 (July 22, 2017): 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20173288.
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Background: Osteoarthritis is a chronic degenerative joint disease and it is slowly progressive with signs and symptoms being pain. It is a common cause of disability affecting 60-70% of the population in the age of 60 years. It usually affects the hand, large weight bearing joints, often the knee and the hip.Methods: A prospective study was carried out in S.V Ayurvedic Medical College and Hospital. Collected the data of Socio-demographic and risk factors (age, diet, history, marital status, religion, occupation etc.) during the treatment of osteoarthritis among the patients in hospital.Results: The data reveals that majority of the patients belongs to the age group of 51-60 (43.33%) and 41-50 years (33.33%) followed by 61-70years (16.66%), 31-40 years (6.66%), and 70 % of females, 30% patients were Males in present study. 90% were married 10% were widows. 63.33% of Hindu, 23.33 % were Muslims and only 13.33% were Christians. 40%, of labour, 33.33% Businessmen, 13.33% Servicemen and 13.33% House wives. 53.33% rural, 46.66% urban area. 50% were belonging to middle class while 23.33% were very poor status, 16.66% Rich only 10 % patients were from upper middle class families. 43.33% were Primary level education, 36.66% were illiterates, 10% up to Graduation, 6.66% Post-Graduation and 3.33% up to Matriculation. 63.33% mixed diet, 36.66% vegetarian.Conclusions: Present study reveals that, incidence of osteoarthritis was very high especially in elder female, married, Hindu, labour, rural area, middle class with very poor, primary education, mixed diet (vegetarian with non-vegetarian) patients.
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Khalid Al Shboul, Othman. "The Socio-phonetics and Morphosyntax of Language Variation in Jordan." Journal for the Study of English Linguistics 9, no. 1 (June 28, 2021): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jsel.v9i1.18817.
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This study investigates the linguistic choices made by the participants at the level of phonetics and morphosyntax in Irbid city. The study examines the way speakers reconstruct their new identity, as belonging to an upper social class rather than to their real middle class. The researcher assumed that he would find a lot of variation among the speakers in this city that is worth examining socio-linguistically, especially that Irbid is rich in linguistic variation and social contact. The data were extracted from the videos of ten field interviews. The researcher found that gender, age and education influence the way people speak. That is to say, the young people (both males and females) were more triggered to make linguistic changes than their aged counterparts. Besides, the females produced more vernacular variants than the males. This research attempts to investigate social class as an attraction, to which the speaker tries to reach, pushing him/her to make linguistic changes, rather than as a social factor affecting the speaker’s choices since this study assumes that the speaker makes linguistic changes as he/she reconstructs his/her identity in the new social class (the attraction or target). The study concludes that social class, in particular, serves as a motivation factor that pushes speakers to reformulate their identity.
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Heaverly, Aralia, and Elisabeth Ngestirosa EWK. "Jane Austen's View on the Industrial Revolution in Pride and Prejudice." Linguistics and Literature Journal 1, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33365/llj.v1i1.216.
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This study dismantles Jane Austen’s view in Pride and Prejudice novel triggered by the social systems in British society. The society influenced by the phenomena of the industrial revolution in England in the late eighteenth century revealed the social system. This study aims to find out how Jane Austen views the revolution of the industry in British society. By having the focus on the sociology of literature, this study applies Lucien Goldman’s genetic structuralism. By the dialectical method, the study found that in Austen’s view the landed gentry system and inheritance system was adopted to measure the social class among the societies. Jane Austen thought the inheritance system as the fallacious practice in the society as the economic condition motivated British parents to apply matchmaking for their children to get a better life. Jane Austen views that the industrial revolution plays an important role in forming social occupation at that time. The working-class condition leads them to work in the town, while the upper-class society tends to open some businesses by doing trade at the town. The rest group of middle class tends to work and dedicate themselves to the rich people. Finally, Jane Austen puts her view toward the society in Pride and Prejudice.Keywords: author, class, genetic structuralism, the industrial revolution, view
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DENG, FENG. "Comparative urban institutions and intertemporal externality: a revisit of the Coase conjecture." Journal of Institutional Economics 5, no. 2 (August 2009): 225–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137409001313.
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AbstractCoase originally formulated his conjecture about intertemporal price competition in an example of land monopoly, but it has been applied almost exclusively to non-spatial markets. This paper revisits the Coase conjecture and compares four institutional arrangements based on the combination of land tenure options and local governance forms: private/rental, public/rental, private/owner, and public/owner. The two-period model developed in this paper shows that homeownership may result in more land development than leasehold. Numeric examples suggest (1) public/owner is efficient for uniform distribution of consumer; (2) rentals can be desirable for ‘poor’ communities; (3) private/owner is more efficient for ‘rich’ communities; (4) restrictive zoning reduces social surplus. These results can help explain why public institutions are dominant in the urban area and why most private communities are small, located in the suburbs, and for middle-upper class.
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B, Lakshmi. "The Dark Phase of Cultural Conflict in The Novel ‘Twilight in Delhi’." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 8, no. 1 (January 10, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v8i1.10327.
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Twilight in Delhi is a very fine novel crafted by Ahmed Ali presenting the cultural conflict of pre-independence Delhi. Ali captured the very essence of the Old Delhi in the first part of the novel whereas moving to the last part he painfully portrayed the drastic change of the Old Delhi with a noted shift in the culture and tradition. The plot of the novel develops around the central character Mir Nihal and his son Asghar, with their contradicting ethics. Ali’s mastery in creating literary pieces is evident at the point where he changes his characters to powerful symbols to highlight the theme of the novel. Mir Nihal, an upper-middle class person with his ideologies deep-rooted in the rich Muslim culture seems to pose a challenge to Asghar’s doctrine with its base on Western culture.
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Buleev, I. "The Structure of Society and the Middle Class: State, Development Prospects." Economic Herald of the Donbas, no. 3 (61) (2020): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/1817-3772-2020-3(61)-11-29.
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The article examines the main stages of the development of society from prehistoric times to the present, the transformation of its structure. In contrast to the traditional perception of a person as a biosocial subject, he is viewed as a spiritually-bio-social subject in nature in a “spiritually-socially-natural” system. The research methods based on consistency, the concept of three forces of development, dialectics and trialectics are used. The category of spirituality in relation to a person and society is considered, a significant change in the ratio of "spiritual" and "material" is noted, it is proved that in the conditions of intellectualization of society, its transformation into post-industrial (hyperindustrial), the dominant development is spirituality, and the basis of social relations is the institutions of spirituality of the people, values, morality, responsibility. It is noted that any society capable of creating added value is divided into two main parts: rich and poor, opposing both in economic relations, the distribution of added value, and in other social relations, in culture, education, etc. Between them there is the middle part of society, interested in maintaining its stability, law and order, spirituality, values, their evolutionary development, etc. In the industrial era of capitalism, this part of society grows significantly as a result of an increase in the standard of living, professionalism of workers to the level necessary for industrial production. At the stage of the formation of capitalism, the theory of classes is developing and the middle part of society is reasonably attributed to the main classes, called the middle class (MC). The middle class became basic in the stabilization of society, its spiritual and economic development. The study notes the inappropriateness of the spread of the definitions of class theory, the theory of the middle class to pre-capitalist and post-industrial societies. SK is a category of capitalist society. As society transforms from the industrial stage of economic development into financial-oligarchic capitalism, into a post-industrial (hyperindustrial) society, the objective conditions for the quantitative growth of middle class are curtailed. ICT, intellectualization of production and society sharply reduce the need for labor. The number of the UK is declining. 10-20% of the most professionally trained (up to the level of scientific workers) specialists stand out from the middle class and move to the lower part of the upper class. The rest (up to 80% of the UK) – go to the lower class. As a result, the UK is practically liquidated. In order to preserve the stability of a society based on market relations, the state and its elite must consciously support and preserve the middle part of society, into which the industrial middle class is being transformed, which is necessary for the functioning of the internal market and society. The article substantiates the preconditions and conditions for the formation and transformation of the middle class in developing and post-capitalist countries, including Ukraine. In economically developed countries that have embarked on the path of formation of post-industrial (hyperindustrial, new integral) societies, two ways of changing their structure are possible: further differentiation in terms of income, assets, spirituality; or the formation of a society of average sufficiency, where there is a convergence of classes and strata of the population in terms of quality of life, spirituality, etc. The substantiation and possibilities of this or that vector of development of society require further theoretical research and their testing in practice.
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Dandago, Kabiru Isa, Aliyu Dahiru Muhammad, and Safiyya Abubakar Abba. "BEHAVIORAL INTENTION TO PAY ZAKAH ON EMPLOYMENT INCOME AMONG ACADEMICIANS IN KANO STATE, NIGERIA." Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance 2, no. 1 (September 9, 2016): 41–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/jimf.v2i1.591.
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The institution of zakah is the cornerstone of the Islamic economic system and the disbursement of the zakah fund in line with the Qur’anic injunction ensures equitable distribution and transfer of wealth from the rich to the poor. However, zakah practice in many Muslim countries left wide gap especially in realizing the goal of zakah in poverty reduction. For instance, zakah on employment income is largely neglected despite its juristic backing and changing economic structure that creates high professional income earners that form either upper middle class or lower middle class of the society. The objective of this paper is to explore the intention of income earners to pay zakah on their employment income in Kano State as this will add to the zakatable sources of the State Zakah commission. The paper employed Theory of Reasoned Action to examine the behavioral intention of 300 academics across Kano state government owned tertiary educational institutions to pay zakah on their income. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data collected. The overall result shows that the respondents have favorable behavioral intention towards payment of zakah on employment income. Specifically, the positive effect of both attitudinal beliefs and subjective norm on the behavioral intention is revealed. Hence, the need to come up with a comprehensive policy that will boost zakah collection, consequently its distribution to reduce extreme poverty in the state.Keywords: Zakah, Employment Income, Attitudes, Subjective Norm, Behavioral IntentionJEL Classification: H2, H310
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Read, Pam, Chirag Shah, Lupita S-O’Brien, and Jaqueline Woolcott. "‘Story of one’s life and a tree of friends’ – understanding millennials’ information behaviour in social networks." Journal of Information Science 38, no. 5 (August 21, 2012): 489–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165551512453381.
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Exploring ways in which new technology impacts adolescents’ information behaviours and creates a social space requires holistic investigation. A qualitative study of 21 seniors in an upper-middle-class suburban high school revealed highly individualized use of Facebook and its features. These included: (i) Friends groups of 50—3700 members, with even the largest groups representative primarily of face-to-face connections, and (ii) a clear articulation within those groups of various categories, each with its own distinct communicative channel and style. A meaningful connection was found between the social value of various social network (SN)-mediated relationships and the communicative modes used to maintain and enhance them. Through a comprehensive literature review and clearly grounded analysis of rich data, this work supports the contention that adolescent social groups in which SNs are embedded form a distinct domain, and establishes a rationale for further investigation of adolescents’ contextualized use of SNs within social relationships.
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Sariffuddin, S., and Arwan Putra Wijaya. "POLA ADAPTASI MASYARAKAT PESISIR GENUK KOTA SEMARANG (Patterns of Community Adaptation to Environmental Degradation in Genuk Coastal Area, Semarang)." Jurnal Tataloka 16, no. 4 (November 7, 2014): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/tataloka.16.4.245-253.
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Globalization brings many consequences for Indonesian urban development and the communities. Industrialization is one of them. Globalization also brings policy transformation affecting the community’s welfare and lifestyle. One of the indicators is that local values have started to fade. The similar condition also occurs in fishermen’s and fish farmers’ settlements in Semarang, which have transformed into industrial settlements in 1980s during the industrialization period. Land conversion occurred in a short time from ponds and rice fields into factories, warehouses, and new labor’s settlements. It did not take a long time for the community’s local values to transform into the new ones influenced by the welfare level of the new community. Based on the phenomena, this study aims to understand the lifestyle of the community and its influence in managing the housing environment with Genuk coastal area of Semarang City as a case. This research has three objectives: to understand the motivation to urbanization, to comprehend the neighborhoods’ conditions, and to comprehend the influence of community’s lifestyle towards the settlement condition. In achieving the objectives, the qualitative approach supported by some quantitative data is used. The results show that there are three classes of the community influencing the environmental management. It is found that the people’s migration reasons had a big influence for the environmental management. In this case, the middle-class community is a key stakeholder to overcome the environmental problems. It becomes good initiator. On the contrary, the lower class has a less role in dealing with the environmental problems. It has even a big contribution on environmental degradation. Meanwhile, the upper class pays less attention to the environment. Only a little part of it, especially the local one, is willing to take part in the environmental management. The middle-class people consider that the problems arise due to the inappropriate planning. Unfortunately, they are not capable of dealing with the problems. On the contrary, the upper-class people consider that the issues arise from the lower class behavior that does not pay attention to the environment. As a consequence, the upper-class community is not willing to address the problems.
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Melnyk, Anatolii, Mykola Karabiniuk, L. Kostiv, D. Senychak, and B. Yaskiv. "Natural territorial folds of the upper reaches of the Lazeshche basin within the limits of Chornogora." Physical Geography and Geomorphology 90, no. 2 (2018): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/phgg.2018.2.01.
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The article presents the results of the study of the landscape structure of the upper part of the Lazeshchyna basin within the limits of Chornogory. The tracts, streets and highlands were the objects of mapping. The research was carried out according to the methodology of Field Landscape Research by G. P. Miller (1974) with the wide use of literary sources, topographic maps and stock materials (geological, geomorphological maps, maps of Quaternary deposits), aerophotographic and cosmic images, and the ArcGis 10 software environment. Rich landscape features of the study area form six high altitudes: a mild convex denudation alpine-subalpine highlands with white-and-blueberries wilderness and meadow grass on mountain-meadow-brown and mountain-peat and brown soils; sharply concave long-glacial-erosional subalpine highlands with formations of deciduous and coniferous shrubs on mountain-peat and brown soils in a complex with rocky deposits and outcrops of indigenous rocks; mild convex denudation cold forested middle class with the domination of spruce forests on burozems; old-glacial-accumulative wooded middle mountains with the domination of spruce forests on brown soils; steep-eroded erosion-denudation forest of middle with domination of cyprinid and fir-beech- spruce-wood forests on brownfields; terraced bottom of river valleys with cold, humid climates and rivers of flood regime, with formation of fires, gray alder and secondary grass meadows on sod-brown soils and burozems. The morphological structure of highlands is expressed by twenty landscape streams and one hundred and thirty-two tracts. Established that the rough part of the main ridge of Chornogory between the peaks of Hoverla and Petros belongs to the high-altitude area of the miteconvex denudation forest middle middle with the domination of spruce forests on the brownfields, and not to the high-altitude area of the miteconvex denudation Alpine subalpine highlands with white-and-blueberries and wild mushrooms on mountain-meadow-brown-earth and mountain-t'orfyano-brown soils, as previously thought. For the first time, for the territory of the Ukrainian Carpathians, within the terraced bottoms of the river valleys with cool climate and rivers of flood regime, with the formation of feldspar, gray alder and secondary grass meadows on sod-brown soils and burozems, two new rows were discovered and encoded: the convex surfaces of low ridges composed of proluvial (muddy) deposits, represented by the depths, gravel and loam with crushed stone, with moisturite on rubbers; and the surfaces of the terraces are made in the water-glacial sediments represented by boulders, loams and sunsets and boulders and sand-pebble alluvium in the rivers of the year with the formation of fir and green alder on brown soils.
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Gordon, Beverly M. "“Give a Brotha a Break!”: The Experiences and Dilemmas of Middle-Class African American Male Students in White Suburban Schools." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 114, no. 5 (May 2012): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811211400502.
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Background/Context Today, in the era of the first African American president, approximately one third of all African Americans live in suburban communities, and their children are attending suburban schools. Although most research on the education of African American students, particularly males, focuses on their plight in urban schooling, what occurs in suburban schools is also in need of examination. Purpose/Focus of Study This research focused on the lived experiences of 4 middle-class African American male students attending affluent White suburban schools. Through vignettes focusing on their various experiences and recollections, this study provides a preliminary snapshot, part of a larger study, of the schooling environments in the life stories of middle-class Black suburban youth. Research Design Qualitative methodology was used to explore the life histories of the 4 African American males. Each student participated in a tape-recorded interview to examine what it meant to grow up in White upper-middle-class suburban communities and to matriculate within suburban district schools from elementary through high school. Findings/Results The salient themes that emerged from the rich, interactive conversations and dialoguing address issues related to disillusionment and resilience; the presence or absence of racism; academic pressures; social bonding and identity development in racialized social and academic settings; and the gatekeeping role of athletics. Conclusions/Recommendations Suburban education may not be the panacea that African American families had hoped. The socioeconomic status of African American families who live in affluent White suburban communities may not be enough to mitigate against the situated “otherness” that Black students—in this case, males—experienced in affluent White suburban schools. More research is needed to understand the positionality of Black male students in suburban schools; relationships between suburban Black adolescent males and females; school life beyond athletics; the role of the family and community in combating racism and otherness; and how student agency can be a force for change.
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Sayeed, M. Abu, Mir Masudur Rhaman, Akhter Banu, and Hajera Mahtab. "Undernutrition and Adiposity in Children and Adolescents: A Nutrition Paradox in Bangladesh." Ibrahim Medical College Journal 6, no. 1 (April 22, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v6i1.14710.
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Many studies reported a high prevalence of undernutrition in the under-5 children in Bangladesh. But very few information are available about undernutrition and adiposity among school children and adolescents in Bangladesh. This study addressed the prevalence of undernutrition and obesity among school going children and adolescents. A total of 15 secondary schools were purposively selected from rural, suburban and urban areas. The teachers were detailed about the study protocol. Then the teachers volunteered to register the eligible (age 10 18y) students for the study. Each students parent was interviewed for family income. Height (ht), weight (wt), mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and blood pressure were taken. Fasting blood samples were collected for fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol (Chol), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated (ht/wt in met. sq) for diagnosis of undernutrition (BMI <18.5), normal weight (BMI 18.5 22.9) overweight (BMI 23.0 25.0) and obesity (BMI >25.0). A total of 2151 (m-1063, f-1088) students volunteered the study. Of them, the poor, middle and rich social classes were 25.4, 53.1 and 21.5%, respectively. Overall, the prevalence of underweight, normal, overweight and obesity were 57.4%, 35.0%, 4.9% and 2.7%, respectively. For gender comparison, there has been no significant difference of BMI between boys and girls. By social class, the prevalence of underweight was significantly higher in the poor than in the rich (62.2% v. 43.6%) and obesity was higher in the rich than in the poor (6.1% v. 1.2%) [for both, p<0.001]. Logistic regression showed that the participants from urban (OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.03 2.22) and the rich (OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.24 3.33) social class had excess risk for obesity. The risk for undernutrition was found just reverse. Undernutrition was found most prevalent among the rural students and among the poor social class; whereas, prevalence of overweight and obesity appears to be increasing with urbanization and increasing family income. Thus, the study showed a nutrition paradox adiposity in the midst of many undernourished children and adolescents in Bangladesh. Further study may be undertaken in a large scale to establish diagnostic criteria for age specific nutrition assessment in Bangladesh. A prospective children cohort may help assessing the cut-offs for unhealthy sequels of undernutrition and adiposity. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v6i1.14710 Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(1): 1-8
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Runturambi, Glandie ,., Elsje Pauline Manginsela, and Olly Esry Harryani Laoh. "STRATEGI HIDUP PETANI PADI SAWAH DI DESA TUMANI SELATAN KECAMATAN MAESAAN KABUPATEN MINAHASA SELATAN." AGRI-SOSIOEKONOMI 15, no. 1 (January 30, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.35791/agrsosek.15.1.2019.22777.
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This study aims to determine the life strategy of wetland rice farmers in Tumani Selatan Village, Sub-District of Maesaan, South Minahsa Regency. This research was conducted for three months from September to November 2018. The data used in this study were primary and secondary data. Primary data collection through direct interviews with 15 respondents of paddy rice farmers based on a questionnaire that had been prepared previously. Secondary data was collected from the office of Desa Tumani Selatan, from the internet through google searching regarding the profile of South Minahasa Regency, and from previous research documents that were relevant to this study. Data analysis in this study is quantitative and qualitative analysis which is presented in the form of a table, then described descriptively. The results of the research that have been done show that the life strategy of the upper class of farmers applies two strategies, namely the accumulation strategy and consolidation strategy. Middle class farmers apply accumulation strategies. While the lower class farmers implement a survival strategy.*eprm*
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Davis, Graeme. "THE LINGUISTIC REGISTER OF BRITISH PREPARATORY SCHOOLS IN ANTHONY BUCKERIDGE’S JENNINGS GOES TO SCHOOL." Buckingham Journal of Language and Linguistics 11 (November 27, 2018): 96–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/bjll.v11i0.1667.
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The unique language employed in many British Public Schools has long been noted; that of the Preparatory Schools from which the Public Schools mostly draw their pupils has generally been neglected.[1] Public School English is a feature of such popular sources as the novel Tom Brown’s Schooldays (1857) and has had formal analysis at least since 1900, the year of publication of Farmer’s Public School Word Book. By contrast, there are far fewer sources for the language of the Preparatory Schools. In Jennings Goes to School, novelist Anthony Buckeridge provides a surprisingly rich overview of this English linguistic Register as it was in the late 1940s. The Jennings Register is explored here through a Jennings word-list as an appendix to this article, and through discussion within this article of the Register in action. The Jennings Register looks in two directions. It is the primary source of Public School English and therefore of the dialect of British English associated with the Upper and Upper-Middle Classes. However, the Jennings Register surprises in that its sources are primarily Working Class and from popular culture, and in this respect it is a dialect of the Working Class. Preparatory School English therefore appears to provide a bridge between various class-based dialects of British English. It may be regarded as a linguistic and cultural unifier for Britain in the twentieth century.The structure of British Schools should perhaps be clarified. Public Schools are fee-charging schools, in contrast with State Schools which charge no fees. Public Schools include many of the most famous schools in Britain, perhaps in the world, for example Charterhouse, Eton, Harrow, Merchant Taylors’, Rugby, St Paul’s, Shrewsbury, Westminster and Winchester. Most are boarding schools, most were for boys only, and most provide education for ages 13-18. Fee-charging schools for the age range of (typically) 8-13 are called Preparatory Schools, and these are schools which prepare pupils for entry to the Public Schools.
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González-Stephan, Beatriz. "The Politics of Hispanism at Rice University; or, When Is a Hispanic Part of a Minority?" PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 119, no. 1 (January 2004): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/003081204x22882.
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Responding to a reader's inquiry about what second language to study, the Vanity Fair columnist “Dame Edna” stated, “Forget Spanish. There's nothing in that language worth reading except Don Quixote, and a quick listen to the CD of Man of La Mancha will take care of that. There was a poet named García Lorca, but I'd leave him on the intellectual back burner if I were you… . Who speaks it that you are really desperate to talk to? The help? Your leaf blower? Study French or German.” I am aware that Dame Edna is a ficticious persona, but I disagree with the so-called entertainment value ascribed to this column. Whom does it entertain? The readership of Vanity Fair is largely upper-middle-class and upper-class white. The Hispanic community, outraged by the remarks, demanded a retraction, reminding Vanity Fair that if the whole Hispanic labor force went on strike, the US economy would break down. Readers cited as well the number of radio and TV stations broadcasting in Spanish, sixty to seventy percent of whose audience can follow programs in Spanish and English (the United States' bilingualism, much to Dame Edna's grief, is not English-French). Additionally, more than half the students in schools and universities who enroll in a second language choose Spanish. The voices calling for retraction were not leaf blowers but architects, physicians, mathematicians, engineers, sociologists, psychologists, athletes, writers, moviemakers, painters, journalists, governors, and bankers. And, last and most obvious, Hispanics make up the largest minority group in the United States (at present some thirty-seven million, or thirteen percent, and probably some fifty million by 2010 [Klineberg]).
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Sokyrko, Oleksii. "“ACCORDING TO THE BROTHERHOODS’ CUSTOM” BANQUETS OF KYIV CRAFTSMEN OF THE SECOND HALF OF XVIII CENTURY." Mìsto: ìstorìâ, kulʹtura, suspìlʹstvo, no. 7 (November 25, 2019): 35–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mics2019.07.035.
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Nutrition has always been an important element of the subculture of different social communities of Early Modern Europe. Holiday feasts of craftsmen corporations in the cities performed symbolic functions, separating the socio-professional community from the rest of society, and at the same time demonstrated its status, wealth, prestige. The joint banquets of craftsmen on the occasion of church holidays and corporate events strengthened group identity, saved it from blurring, restrained the isolation and individualization of its members. The several-day banquets held after the church liturgies were accompanied by music and hearty feasts, gifts to the clergy patrons of the craft and magistrate officials, and demonstrated the material power of the craft brotherhood and the respectful social status of its members.
The books of Kyiv craft corporations allow to reconstruct the middle-class townsfolk cuisine of the middle - second half of the 18th century. According to the expenditure registers contained in them, it is evident that the townsfolk gastronomic tradition retained all the features inherent in the late medieval food system. It was dominated by the meals and drinks that formed the basis of nutrition for the high and the middle-class: large amounts of meat, fresh and salted fish, thick crunchy soups and cereals, white bread, vodka (horilka), mead and beer.
The culinary culture of craftsmen was no stranger to imitation of higher gastronomic patterns and habits. In early modern Kyiv, the monastic world and the everyday culture of the church hierarchs acted as a model for imitation. This is where the artisans borrowed their taste for the use of tea, caviar and sturgeon. Another model to follow was the merchants, whose table was rich in various spices, imported alcohol, vegetables, fruits and sweets. Less significant, but noticeable, was the influence of the household fashion of the Cossack officials (starshyna) and the LittleRussian nobility (shliakhta): wildfowl, lavish local and imported liquers (vodka) appeared on the townspeople's tables. For all its ostentatious personality and efforts to imitate the cuisine of the upper classes, the food style of the craftsmen was far from cosmopolitanism. In the kitchen of Kyivites we will not see manifestations of culinary fashion of the XVIII century. The periphery of Kyiv's economic and administrative status made the food of its inhabitants quite typical of the rest of the country, having preserved the noticeable features of the food structure that had been developed in the previous XVII century. In the case of craft corporate records, we can see literally microscopic changes - the appearance of cheap spices, sugars, inexpensive imported wines in the diet of burghers, which were markers of sluggish economic changes
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Wadsworth, W. J. "Silicate stages mineralogy in the later fractionation of the Insch intrusion, NE Scotland." Mineralogical Magazine 50, no. 358 (December 1986): 583–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1986.050.358.04.
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AbstractDespite poor exposures and lack of ‘stratigraphic’ control, there is consistent mineralogical and textural evidence that the Insch Upper Zone (UZ) represents a cumulate sequence developed from a single episode of progressive fractionation. This sequence has been subdivided on the basis of the phase layering, with cumulus plagioclase, pyroxenes and Fe-Ti oxides providing continuity from the Middle Zone (although the pyroxenes appear to be temporarily restricted to inter-cumulus status in the lower part of the UZ succession). The reappearance of cumulus olivine after its absence throughout the Middle Zone, marks the base of the UZ, and it is later joined by cumulus apatite, and then by alkali feldspar and zircon. Higher in the succession cumulus orthopyroxene, followed by olivine and Fe Ti oxide, eventually disappear. There is pronounced cryptic variation of the principal cumulus minerals (olivine Fo47−6, orthopyroxene En58−24, clinopyroxene Mg#63−6, plagio-clase An60−39 and the cumulus alkali feldspar is distinctly Ba-rich when it first appears. Comparison with the later fractionation stages of other layered intrusions shows broad similarities to the Bushveld and Skaergaard intrusions and closer similarities to the Fongen-Hyllingen body, which, like Insch, is a Caledonian synorogenic intrusion. The behaviour of the Insch pyroxenes, which show smoothly progressive Fe-enrichment despite their temporary absence as cumulus phases early in the UZ, together with the apparent range in cumulus plagioclase compositions in each sample, are taken to indicate that the cumulus mineral assemblages have been to some extent modified by re-equilibration with trapped inter-cumulus magma.
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Atlas, Allan W. "Ladies in the Wheatstone Ledgers: The Gendered Concertina in Victorian England, 1835–1870." Royal Musical Association Research Chronicle 39 (2006): 1–235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14723808.2006.10541013.
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Victorian England held firm convictions about which instruments were appropriate for middle- and upper-class women, whether professionals or well-bred amateurs. Conventional wisdom holds that, until the informal ban on women playing the violin began to loosen in the 1870s, only three instruments were deemed suitable: piano, harp, and guitar. There was, however, a fourth instrument to which women had recourse: the English concertina, developed by the physicist Charles Wheatstone circa 1830.This study looks at the 978 women for whom there are 1,769 transactions-about 12% of the total-recorded in nine extant Wheatstone & Co. sales ledgers that list the firm's day-to-day sales from April 1835 to May 1870. It is in two parts: (1) an Introduction, which analyses the data presented in the Inventory from a demographic-sociological point of view and places Wheatstone's commerce with women into the context of its business activity as a whole; and (2) the Inventory (with three appendices), which lists every transaction for each of the 978 women, identifies as many of them as possible, and offers a miscellany of comments about both the women and the transactions. Briefly, the roster of Wheatstone's female customers reads like a list of Victorian England's rich-and-famous: the Duchess of Wellington and 146 other members of the titled aristocracy (more than twice as many as their male counterparts), the fabulously wealthy philanthropist Angela Burdett Coutts, members of the landed gentry, and such mainstays of London's musical life as the guitarist Madame R. Sidney Pratten, the organist Elizabeth Mounsey, and the contralto Helen Charlotte Dolby, as well as a large number of Professors of Concertina.
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Hamidah, Hamidah, and Ahmad Andi. "Optimization of Organic Fertilizer Rice Washing Water and Planting Patterns on the Growth and Production of Cayenne Pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) Plants." Agrifarm : Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian 9, no. 1 (July 23, 2020): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24903/ajip.v9i1.863.
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The increasing market demand causes organic farming to grow rapidly along with the optimization of health understanding. Organic agricultural products are popular with middle and upper class people who are willing to pay higher prices for healthy, safe and environmentally friendly food products. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal use of organic rice washing water and cropping patterns in the field for the growth and yield of F1 chili varieties.
The research was carried out in Kelurahan Gunung Kelua, Samarinda, East Kalimantan for approximately 4 (four) months, namely from October to February 2020.
This study used a Randomized Group Design which was arranged in factorial 3x2 with 2 replications. The first factor is liquid organic fertilizer consisting of 3 (three) levels including: P0 without treatment, P1 (liquid organic fertilizer 250 ml l-1 water), P2 (liquid organic fertilizer 500 ml l-1 water). The second factor is the cropping pattern which consists of 2 (two), namely T1 with Monoculture planting pattern, T2 with intercropping cropping pattern.
The results showed that the use of liquid organic fertilizer rice washing water can increase the growth and production of chilli F1 variety and intercropping cropping patterns as optimal land use in the field.
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Веселовская, Елизавета Валентиновна, Александр Петрович Гаврилов, and Сергей Владимирович Васильев. "ПОГРЕБЕНИЕ ВОИНА ИЗ КОМПЛЕКСА РЯЗАНО-ОКСКИХ МОГИЛЬНИКОВ УНДРИХ 2015. АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПАРАЛЛЕЛИ, АНТРОПОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ РЕКОНСТРУКЦИЯ." Вестник антропологии (Herald of Anthropology), no. 2 (54) (June 10, 2021): 248–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33876/2311-0546/2021-54-2/248-273.
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Археологическая культура Рязано-окских могильников играла важнейшую политическую и культурную роль в формировании ряда финно-угорских народов среднего течения р. Оки. Изучение новых памятников, оставивших носителями этой культуры, проясняет общую картину этнической истории региона. Проведено изучение артефактов и костных останков из погребения воина высшего сословия комплекса Ундрих 2015 яма 90. Анализ инвентаря позволяет датировать погребение самым концом пятого века. Каждый из предметов подробно описан и рассматривается на предмет поиска аналогий с привлечением широкого диапазона публикаций. По находкам в погребении шейной гривны, фибулы, богатой упряжи, крестообразной диадемы, а также двух мечей, характерных для вождеских погребений Восточной Европы, делается вывод о принадлежности воина одному из главенствующих кланов, властной группы Рязано-окского барбарикума периода формирования аутентичной государственности. Различные властные кланы имели свою специфику, которая выражалась как в характере оружия, украшений, так, возможно, и в физическом облике. Антропологическое изучение черепа и позволяет фиксировать черты средиземноморского антропологического типа. Реконструкция внешнего облика, выполненная в графике и скульптуре, дает представление об особенностях антропологического типа погребенного воина. The archaeological culture of the Ryazan-Oka burial grounds played an important political and cultural role in the formation of a number of Finno-Ugric peoples of the middle Oka river. The study of new monuments of this culture clarifies the general picture of the ethnic history of the region. Artifacts and bone remains from the burial of an upper-class warrior from Undrikh 2015 (pit 90) were studied. The archaeological inventory suggests that the burial dates back to the very end of the fifth century. Each of the objects is described in detail and examined for analogies using a wide range of publications. A torc, a fibula, a rich harness, a cruciform diadem and two swords typical for chieftain’s burials in Eastern Europe suggest that the warrior belonged to one of the dominant clans, the ruling group of the Ryazan-Oka barbaricum during the time when authentic statehood was forming. Various power clans had their own specifics expressed both in the weapons, decorations, and, possibly, in physical appearance. Anthropological study of the skull identified traits of the Mediterranean anthropological type. Graphic and sculpted facial reconstructions make it possible to visualize the appearance of the warrior.
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David, Hanna. "Faye: A 14-Year Old Gifted Disabled Girl and how she Overcame her Learning Disabilities - Prologue: Characteristics of Gifted Families Seeking Counseling." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 48 (February 2015): 148–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.48.148.
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Most parents meeting me for counseling regarding their gifted children share some common characteristics. 1. They are usually of middle- and upper middle-class socio-economic status, but by no means rich. Both parents are salaried employees, and those who are not, have their own private lawyers', accountants', doctors', physical- or mental health professionals companies or businesses; 2. A very high percentage of the parents are professionals in education, counseling, or psychology. When not, they are well-read in child development, educational psychology, sociology, education in general and education of the gifted in particular; 3. Almost all families have at least 2 children; the majority are 3-child families and the minority – 4-child families. A high rate of the fathers are married for the second time; in most of these cases the father has children from his former marriage as well; 4. I am almost never the first priority as a counselor of the parents. Quite often I am perceived by them as the last resort, after at least one other intervention – in some cases after three or even four other trials. In some of these cases, especially after long, unsuccessful interventions, it is not easy to convince the child to meet me after such disappointments. 5. In spite of the fact that many parents of gifted girls and adolescent females approach me either by telephone or by mail, for example: 36 in the year 2014 (see David, in press), they almost never make an appointment for a counseling session, and when they do – they cancel it quite frequently. Even when a family with a gifted family makes it for the counseling session, it rarely wishes to start treatment. This is quite puzzling, taking into account the fact that the problems of many of these girls are severe; for example: in 2014 all children and adolescents threatening to commit suicide were made by girls, while only one girl started treatment with me – a 6-year old adorable girl who was not in any danger whatsoever. As for boys – because of time limitation I can have less than one third of the candidates for intervention.
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Dagistanli, Selda. "In Defence of Culture? Racialised Sexual Violence and Agency in Legal and Judicial Narratives." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 4, no. 3 (October 5, 2015): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v4i3.254.
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There is a rich body of work in critical race and feminist theories that have criticised as Euro/Anglo-centric, and hence exclusionary, the liberal foundations of Western democratic legal systems. The basis of such critiques is that legal personhood is premised on an atomistic individual agent that purports to be neutral but in actuality reflects and maintains the hegemonic gendered and raced status quo privileging the white, middle to upper-class man to the exclusion of women and all racial and cultural Others. Some approaches, such as cultural defences in criminal law, have sought to address this via a recognition and incorporation of the difference of Other groups and their different moral norms, proclivities and circumstances. To illustrate, this discussion will draw on a cultural defence that was advanced in a series of group sexual violence cases that involved four Pakistani, Muslim brothers. While concluding that culture permeates the actions of all individuals, this article seeks to show how cultural recognition approaches in law often overlook the individual agency of those differentiated through their racial, ethnic and religious visibility. Instead of asserting the primacy of individual free will and a rational agent as the main driver of criminal behaviour cultural defences, in particular, appear to attribute criminal action to the morally aberrant traditions and practices of non-Western cultures. At the same time, such approaches to cultural recognition fail to acknowledge that culture, and not just the culture of Others, is necessarily the backdrop for all (group) sexual violence. With these points in mind, the paper ends with some suggestions for accommodating alternative narratives that seek to avoid the reductive scripts that currently appear to characterise legal and judicial musings on culture
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Hamidah, Hamidah. "Aplication Of Organic Fertilizer Rice Washing And Water Pruning Of Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill) For Optimum Growth And Results." Agrifarm : Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian 9, no. 2 (December 17, 2020): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24903/ajip.v9i2.989.
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ABSTRACT
Organic farming continues to grow in line with the rapid market demand for organic fruit and vegetables. In our country, organic agriculture is experiencing rapid development due to the fact that agricultural products, especially fresh vegetables and fruit, are grown using organic farming systems. Organic agricultural products are starting to attract consumers, especially the upper middle class, who are willing to pay more for food products that are healthy, safe, and environmentally friendly. The purpose of this study was to determine the use of organic fertilizers for washing rice water and pruning water shoots on the growth and yield of tomato plants. The research was conducted in Gunung Kelua village, Samarinda, East Kalimantan for approximately 4 (four) months, from March to July 2020. This study used a randomized block design arranged 3x2 factorial with 3 replications. The first factor is liquid organic fertilizer which consists of 3 (three) levels, including: P0 Without Treatment, P1 (Liquid Organic Fertilizer 250 ml / l water), P2 (Liquid Organic Fertilizer 500 ml / l water). The second factor is pruning water shoots consisting of 2 (two), namely T0 without pruning water shoots on tomato plants, T1 by pruning water shoots on tomato plants. The results showed that the application of liquid organic fertilizer had no significant effect on plant height, but had a significant effect on the number of fruits and production.
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Rotermund, Meike K., Vera Bense, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Andreas Engel, Jens-Uwe Grooß, Peter Hoor, Tilman Hüneke, et al. "Organic and inorganic bromine measurements around the extratropical tropopause and lowermost stratosphere: insights into the transport pathways and total bromine." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 20 (October 15, 2021): 15375–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15375-2021.
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Abstract. We report on measurements of total bromine (Brtot) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere taken during 15 flights with the German High Altitude and LOng range research aircraft (HALO). The research campaign WISE (Wave-driven ISentropic Exchange) included regions over the North Atlantic, Norwegian Sea, and northwestern Europe in fall 2017. Brtot is calculated from measured total organic bromine (Brorg) added to inorganic bromine (Bryinorg), evaluated from measured BrO and photochemical modeling. Combining these data, the weighted mean [Brtot] is 19.2±1.2 ppt in the northern hemispheric lower stratosphere (LS), in agreement with expectations for Brtot in the middle stratosphere (Engel and Rigby et al., 2018). The data reflect the expected variability in Brtot in the LS due to variable influx of shorter lived brominated source and product gases from different regions of entry. A closer look into Brorg and Bryinorg, as well as simultaneously measured transport tracers (CO and N2O) and an air mass lag time tracer (SF6), suggests that bromine-rich air masses persistently protruded into the lowermost stratosphere (LMS) in boreal summer, creating a high bromine region (HBrR). A subsection, HBrR∗, has a weighted average of [Brtot] = 20.9±0.8 ppt. The most probable source region is air recently transported from the tropical upper troposphere and tropopause layer (UT/TTL) with a weighted mean of [Brtot] = 21.6±0.7 ppt. CLaMS Lagrangian transport modeling shows that the HBrR air mass consists of 51.2 % from the tropical troposphere, 27.1 % from the stratospheric background, and 6.4 % from the midlatitude troposphere (as well as contributions from other domains). The majority of the surface air reaching the HBrR is from the Asian monsoon and its adjacent tropical regions, which greatly influences trace gas transport into the LMS in boreal summer and fall. Tropical cyclones from Central America in addition to air associated with the Asian monsoon region contribute to the elevated Brtot observed in the UT/TTL. TOMCAT global 3-D model simulations of a concurrent increase of Brtot show an associated O3 change of -2.6±0.7 % in the LS and -3.1±0.7 % near the tropopause. Our study of varying Brtot in the LS also emphasizes the need for more extensive monitoring of stratospheric Brtot globally and seasonally to fully understand its impact on LMS O3 and its radiative forcing of climate, as well as in aged air in the middle stratosphere to elucidate the stratospheric trend in bromine.
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Sahidu, Adriana Monica, Arya Hadi Dharmawan, Arif Satria, Soeryo Adiwibowo, and Ali Khomsan. "Differences In Livelihood Activities Householdes of Sasak Farmers and Sasak Fishermen In The Province of West Nusa Tenggara." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1036, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1036/1/012090.
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Abstract One of the provinces experiencing chronic problems regarding the emergence of cases of malnutrition and malnutrition is West Nusa Tenggara Province. The province, which is known as the national rice barn, is indeed facing the problem of cases of malnutrition and undernutrition from year to year. As with the typical characteristics of coastal ecosystems, coastal communities also have sociological characteristics. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of ecological adaptation patterns in the form of livelihood diversification for coastal Sasak households and Sasak rice fields, and to examine the socio-cultural system on the nutritional status of children under five in the coastal and Sasak Sasak communities. The research method used is to combine quantitative and qualitative methods with a post-positivism paradigm approach. The first assumption that underlies this research, is based on Steward's understanding through his theory of cultural ecology, that the adaptation of society to the environment will produce a distinctive cultural form. The results showed that the form of livelihood diversification for upper-middle-class households who owned agricultural land applied debt, manipulative, and vertical cooperation strategies. It was found that the relationship between nutrition for pregnant women and toddlers through meaning is a reflection of the cultural value orientation of the Sasak community. The meaning of the number of children plays a role in the causes of cases of malnutrition and malnutrition in coastal areas. Meanwhile, in the rice fields, on the other hand, there is a tendency for divorce to occur which causes families in the rice fields to be more fragile. The effect of ecological adaptation by households of children under five in coastal Sasak and Sasak rice fields is reflected in the value orientation which is closely related to the source of causes of cases of malnutrition and undernutrition.
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Ward, P. M. "The Latin American Inner City: Differences of Degree or of Kind?" Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 25, no. 8 (August 1993): 1131–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a251131.
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It is often assumed that the globalization of the world economy will drive societies and societal change in a broadly similar direction, leading to convergence in the process of urbanization. The observed diversity between places is the result of the engagement of the macroeconomic process with local social and political structures. Inner-city decline in many older metropolitan centers of the USA and the United Kingdom has occurred through economic restructuring and job loss, with smaller urban centers and amenity-rich areas benefiting concomitantly. Demographic processes have accentuated this decline: most notably suburbanization, counterurbanization, inner-city renewal programs, and urban resettlement to new towns. Since the early 1980s, however, selected inner cities have been the focus of reinvestment, and a return of population through so-called ‘gentrification’. In the United Kingdom, in particular, public policy has played an important role in the reinvigoration of inner cities. The substantial literature on UK and US cities is reviewed insofar as it might shed light on convergent processes in Latin American inner cities. In fact, the evidence suggests little convergence. The demography is different, with relatively low levels of visible population decline; and the economy of the inner city remains vibrant, focusing upon services and small-scale artisan activities, with no corresponding decline in heavy industry. Although large-scale redevelopment projects in and around the downtown were common during the 1940s to the 1960s, the demise of authoritarian and dirigiste-type leaders, 1980s austerity, and a growing democratic base, have imposed severe limitations on the extent of large-scale urban redevelopment and reinvestment. Cultural and aesthetic influences also militate against a demand from the middle-income and upper-income groups to gentrify the inner city; nor is the ‘rent-gap’ sufficient to stimulate private-sector supply of new or refurbished homes a likely option in the city center. Policy prescriptions in Latin America should take account of this divergence and fundamental differences in kind, and should aim to develop existing opportunities and land uses for an incumbent working-class population, rather than seeking to attract new uses and better-off populations into the core.
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MILANOVIC, BRANKO. "Winners of Globalization: The Rich and The Chinese Middle Class. Losers: The American Middle Class." New Perspectives Quarterly 31, no. 2 (April 2014): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/npqu.11458.
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Brassard, Marla R., and Suhong Chen. "Boarding of upper middle class toddlers in China." Psychology in the Schools 42, no. 3 (2005): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pits.20080.
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Busch, Andrew. "Building “A City of Upper-Middle-Class Citizens”." Journal of Urban History 39, no. 5 (March 7, 2013): 975–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144213479324.
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Posey, Linn. "Middle- and Upper-Middle-Class Parent Action for Urban Public Schools: Promise or Paradox?" Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 114, no. 1 (January 2012): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811211400105.
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Background/Context Recent trends suggest that middle-class parents may be a growing constituency in urban public schools and districts. Within the burgeoning literature on the middle class in urban public schools, most scholars have focused on parents’ goals and orientations and/or the consequences of parental involvement in classroom and school settings. This article broadens the literature's scope through a focus on middle- and upper-middle-class parents’ “out-of-school,” neighborhood-based engagement. Examining the place-based organizing of a middle- and upper-middle-class neighborhood parents’ group, this article highlights the significant influence that parents’ work outside classrooms and PTA meetings can have on a local school. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study The study examines the ways in which middle- and upper-middle-class parent group investments in urban public schooling may mitigate and/or exacerbate existing patterns of inequality in public education. Specifically, the research focuses on the efforts of a predominantly White neighborhood parent group in a Northern California city to increase neighborhood support for and enrollment in their predominantly African American, Title I local public school. Research Design An ethnographic case study research design was utilized, with data obtained from the following sources: participant observation in school and neighborhood meetings and events; semi-structured interviews with parents, teachers, staff, and community members; a prospective parent survey; and school and neighborhood parent group artifacts. Findings/Results The data reveal that neighborhood parent group members catalyzed community support for their local public school, attracting other middle- and upper-middle-class parents. The community support that the members engendered, however, ultimately threatened the diversity that many desired in a school for their child and contributed to patterns of inequality in district enrollment linked to race, class, and residence. Conclusions/Recommendations The research findings suggest that middle- and upper-middle-class parents are in many instances key actors in processes of school and neighborhood change. The efforts of middle- and upper-middle-class parents to invest in urban public schools, regardless of their intentions, may ultimately exacerbate race and class inequalities in public education. The study findings highlight the need for future educational research to examine the role that middle-class parent groups play in urban school reform and the equity implications of their actions.
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Sihaloho, Martua, Ekawati Sri Wahyuni, Rilus A. Kinseng, and Sediono M. P. Tjondronegoro. "International Migration, Livelihood Strategy, and Poverty Cycle." Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 4 (July 30, 2016): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n4p113.
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Poverty drove Indonesian poor households (e.g. their family members) to find other livelihoods. One popular choice is becoming an international migrant. This paper describes and analyzes the change in agrarian structure which causes dynamics in agrarian poverty. The study uses qualitative approach and constructivism paradigm. Research results showed that even if migration was dominated by farmer households from lower social class; it also served as livelihood strategy for middle and upper social classes. Improved economics brought dynamics on social reality. The dynamic accesses to agrarian resources consist of (1) horizontal social mobility (means that they stay in their previous social class); (2) vertical social mobility in the form of social climbing; low to middle class, low to upper class, and middle class to upper class; and, (3) vertical social mobility in the form of social sinking: upper class to middle class, upper class to lower class, and middle class to lower class. The dynamic in social classes indicates the presence of agrarian poverty cycle, they are social climbing and sinking.
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Knott, Stephen. "Working Class, Middle Class, Upper Class, Evening Class: Supplementary Education and Craft Instruction, 1889–1939." Journal of Modern Craft 7, no. 1 (March 2014): 7–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/174967814x13932425309471.
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Liu, Binmei. "Social class, language attitudes, and language use." Chinese Language and Discourse 11, no. 1 (June 3, 2020): 5–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cld.19002.liu.
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Abstract Few previous studies have examined the impact of social class on language attitudes and language use in mainland China. A total of 215 questionnaires were collected from a university in China for this study. The participants were classified into four social classes: upper middle class, middle middle class, lower middle class, and lower class. Then an individual interview was conducted with 10 students. Findings show that the students from the upper middle class had significantly lower attitudes toward local dialects and they had the lowest percentage of current use of dialect at home. The study adds evidence to findings of previous studies that local dialects might face certain danger of maintenance. It also shows that this change would start from people from the upper middle class. The study also points out a possible future tendency that social class privilege will play a more significant role in English learning and education.
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Loi, Daria, Subhashini Ganapathy, and Sasanka Prabhala. "Emerging Markets: Product and Service Opportunities for Middle and Upper Middle Class." Advanced Materials Research 601 (December 2012): 626–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.601.626.
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The middle and upper middle class population in the often termed emerging markets is typically a less investigated target as most consumer research and development efforts for such markets are primarily focused on rural communities as well as the lower to middle class population. We believe that, in a context where emerging markets are in constant transformation and the middle to upper middle classes are on a substantial growth path, it is important to explore appropriate ways to address these market segments as they represent an opportunity space for technological research and development. This paper discusses and shares results of a recent case study where a number of concepts and products were developed for such market segments in emerging markets and subsequently tested in China, Egypt, India and Brazil. This paper is an extended version of “The rise of middle and upper middle class in emerging markets: Products and service opportunities”, published in Proceedings of the 20th Australian Conference on Computer-Human Interactions: Designing for Habitus and Habitat, OZCHI, 2008 [1].
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Albert, Fruzsina, Beáta Dávid, Zoltán Kmetty, Luca Kristóf, Péter Róbert, and Andrea Szabó. "Mapping the Post-communist Class Structure: Findings from a New Multidimensional Hungarian Class Survey." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 32, no. 3 (December 11, 2017): 544–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325417739954.
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In this article, we define a schema for the class structure of Hungary, in which we consider a case for an Eastern-European capitalist system emerging from post-communist societies. Our schema is based on the findings of the Hungarian Class Survey, 2014. Using six measures of Bourdieusian economic, cultural, and social capital and applying the methodology of latent class analysis (LCA), we have constructed a model of eight LCA-based classes: upper class, cultural middle class, affluent middle class, young urban consumers, network-embedded rural workers, young drifters, middle-aged deprived, and the precariat. Hungarian society seems to be quite hierarchical but is also fragmented within the upper and lower strata. Status inconsistency in terms of possessing economic, cultural, and social capital is strongly present even for the middle classes. There is a clear divide in our class model between the upper four and the lower four classes, in terms of vertical and nonvertical aspects of social stratification. We also compare our new multidimensional class typology to the traditional occupation-based one and demonstrate its added value for class analysis in Hungary.
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Pavlov, Oleg I., and Olga Yu Pavlova. "Income inequality measures and the middle class." SHS Web of Conferences 114 (2021): 01019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202111401019.
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We study how the presence of the middle class in the sense of Gevorgyan-Malykhin affects the value of income inequality measures including the Gini coefficient J and the Hoover index H. It is proved that in the presence of the middle class (1) $J \leqslant \frac{1}{2}\frac{{L'\left( 0 \right)}}{2}$ (where L is the Lorenz function), (2) $H \leqslant \frac{1}{2}$, (3) the longest vertical distance between the diagonal and the Lorenz curve (which is equal to H) is attained at ${z_0} < \frac{3}{4}$ A tight upper bound for P90/P10 ratio is found assuming L′(0)>0. Tight upper and lower bounds for the differential deviation in terms of the Gini coefficient are found as well.
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Boschken, Herman L. "Global Cities, Systemic Power, and Upper-Middle-Class Influence." Urban Affairs Review 38, no. 6 (July 2003): 808–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078087403038006003.
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Lacy, Karyn. "All’s Fair? The Foreclosure Crisis and Middle-Class Black (In)Stability." American Behavioral Scientist 56, no. 11 (October 10, 2012): 1565–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764212458279.
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Is the protracted foreclosure crisis eroding the Black middle class? Foreclosure rates in the United States have reached an all-time high. Blacks have been hit especially hard by this crisis. I focus here on intraclass distinctions within the Black middle class precisely because scholars and journalists so often fail to distinguish between the experiences of the Black lower middle class and those of middle and upper-class Blacks, leaving the unintended impression that middle-class Blacks all have the same odds of losing their home. I argue that conventional explanations of the foreclosure crisis as a racialized event should be amended to account for the differential impact of the crisis on three distinct groups of middle-class Blacks: the lower middle class, the core middle class, and the upper or elite middle class.
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FULLER, C. J., and HARIPRIYA NARASIMHAN. "Information Technology Professionals and the New-Rich Middle Class in Chennai (Madras)." Modern Asian Studies 41, no. 1 (December 11, 2006): 121–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x05002325.
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Since 1991, when the policy of economic liberalisation began in earnest, the size and prosperity of India's middle class have grown considerably. Yet sound sociological and ethnographic information about its social structure and cultural values is still sparse, and as André Béteille (2003a: 75) comments: ‘Everything or nearly everything that is written about the Indian middle class is written by middle-class Indians…[who] tend to oscillate between self-recrimination and self-congratulation’ (cf. Béteille 2003b: 185). The former is exemplified by Pavan Varma's The Great Indian Middle Class (1998), which excoriates this class for its selfish materialism and the ‘retreat from idealism’ that was manifest in the smaller, ‘traditional middle class’ of the earlier, post-independence period (ibid.: 89). A good example of the opposite tendency is Gurcharan Das's India Unbound (2002), which celebrates ‘the rise of a confident new middle class’ (ibid.: 280). Das's diagnosis of what has changed is actually very similar to Varma's, but he insists that the new middle class is no ‘greedier’ than the old one, and the ‘chief difference is that there is less hypocrisy and more self-confidence’ (ibid.: 290).
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Duarte, Luis Vitor, Manfred Krautter, and Antonio Ferreira Soares. "Bioconstructions a spongiaires siliceux dans le Lias terminal du Bassin lusitanien (Portugal); stratigraphie, sedimentologie et signification paleogeographique." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 172, no. 5 (September 1, 2001): 637–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/172.5.637.
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Abstract The Upper Liassic series in the western border of Iberia (Lusitanian Basin, Portugal), show an important lutitic sedimentation, characterized generally by a monotonous marl/limestone alternation. Small scale siliceous sponge mudmounds occur in these deposits from Middle Toarcian to Lower Aalenian age. The scope of this work is to pinpoint the stratigraphical and sedimentological context and to characterize controlling factors of the spongioliths. Stratigraphic and facies analysis. Relevant sections were observed and investigated in different locations of the Lusitanian Basin (e.g., Alvaiazere, Porto de Mos, Rabacal, Coimbra and Cantanhede) (fig. 1). The siliceous sponge facies correspond to the upper part of the S. Giao Unit and to the lower part of the Povoa da Lomba Unit (fig. 2). Considering the sequential scheme of Duarte [1997], the sediments correspond to groups of third-order depositional sequences MST3 and MST4 (mainly in the upper part of this sequence: MST4B). The sedimentary evolution of these units shows a stacking pattern composed of shallowing upward sequences deposited in an outer homoclinal ramp setting, dipping northwestwards. Both units increase in thickness from south to north (fig. 3) and their vertical facies associations correspond to a very bioturbated (Chondrites, Zoophycos, Planolites and Thalassinoides) marl/limestone succession (figs. 4 and 5). MST3 is demonstrably more marly than MST4B. The base of MST4 [MST4A in Duarte, 1997] corresponds to a marl/marly limestone alternation, very poor in siliceous sponge mudmounds. The first unit (MST3) which includes sponge mudmounds is dated as uppermost Bifrons zone through the base of the Bonarellii zone. The majority of the siliceous sponge mudmounds occur within this time slice. These mounds are characterized by a great diversity of accompanying fauna mainly composed of brachiopods (rhynchonellids and terebratulids), crinoids and bivalves. The initial growth of the sponge build-ups can be correlated basin-wide to the intra Bifrons regional flooding surface (MST2/MST3 boundary). The second unit (MST4), particularly its upper part (MST4B), corresponds to the top of the Meneghinni-Opalinum interval and is related to a carbonate progradational phase. In the eastern part of the basin, the calcareous facies of MST4B are more bioclastic. Siliceous sponge mudmounds. The Toarcian mudmounds of the Lusitanian Basin are usually only a few decimetres thick and most display irregular knob-like to flat lenticular morphologies. Some build-ups are round and can reach 1,5 metres in thickness and ten metres in diametre. Also worth mentioning is a siliceous sponge biostrome developed at the base of MST3 in the Porto de Mos section (figs. 3 and 6). The upper mound surface is normally rough and uneven. In both sequences they are always related laterally with carbonate beds, which corresponds to the top of fourth order sequences. The mudmounds consist of mostly brownish iron-rich calcified siliceous sponges and a greyish, sometimes peloidal allochthonous micritic matrix. In general, the sponges themselves consist of dense leiolitic microbolites [automicrites sensu Reitner and Neuweiler, 1993]. The sponge spicules are diagenetically transformed into calcite. The great majority of the sponge specimens belong to the Hexactinosa (Class Hexactinellida) and are unknown and undescribed to date. "Lithistides" (polyphyletic desma-bearing demosponges) are very rare and only occur as forms encrusting Hexactinosan sponges. The benthic macrofauna is abundant and consists of monospecific crinoids, rhynchonellids, terebratulids and bivalves (mainly pectinids and ostreids). Encrusting organisms are serpulids, bryozoans and foraminifera, as well as "Lithistids" mentioned above. They are entirely restricted to the stratonomical surfaces of the siliceous sponges. The sponge bioherms consist of several microfacies types (wackestones, packstones, floatstones and boundstones). All of them are micrite dominated and represent low energy environments. They differ mainly in the amount of siliceous sponges, micrite, microbialites and the accompanying fauna. Palaeoenvironmental significance. The amount of microbial induced carbonate clearly mirrors the importance of microbial activity in respect of the reef building potential. Furthermore, three other controlling factors played an important role in the initiation of the siliceous sponge mudmounds of the Lusitanian Basin: bathymetry, sea-floor morphology and sedimentation rate. The role of the first two factors is evident because the siliceous sponge mudmounds are particularly important (abundance and volumetric expression) in the eastern part of the basin (Rabacal-Alvaiazere region). They are practically absent towards the west (essentially in MST4B) where the series show hemipelagic sedimentologic features (figs. 7 and 8). Reduced sedimentation rate is a precondition for the settlement of siliceous sponges and Hexactinosa in particular. Compared to all other Toarcian sequential units, MST3 and MST4B are the thinnest and therefore reflect the lowest sedimentation rates (fig. 8).