Journal articles on the topic 'Upper-income resident'
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1
Costa, Jorge, Melchior Moreira, and Fernando Vieira. "Profile of the tourists visiting Porto and the North of Portugal." Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes 6, no. 5 (November 10, 2014): 413–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/whatt-09-2014-0027.
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Purpose – This article aims to characterize the profile of non-resident tourists visiting Porto and the North of Portugal and highlights the importance and evolution of tourist flows to the region, taking into account the airport development and the impact of low-cost airlines. Design/methodology/approach – The article presents and discusses official tourism statistics and the results of on an ongoing survey by Institute for Tourism Planning and Development (IPDT) – Institute of Tourism, conducted at Porto airport on the tourist profile of non-resident tourists to the region. Findings – The research findings reveal a remarkable growth in Porto and North of Portugal tourism – reflecting notable work over the past few years by tourism industry organizations. The Porto airport upgrade allowed for a new dynamic in the region, opening the door to European tourists via low-cost routes. The tourist’s profile depicts a young, active, upper class tourist, with an above average income, who truly appreciates Porto and the North of Portugal region and is willing to recommend it to friends and family. Practical implications – Results provide rich insights on non-resident tourism in the region – where tourists come from, why they selected this destination for their trip and what they enjoy doing, among other information and is highly relevant for strategic and marketing activities related to tourism promotion and the service quality offer. Originality/value – This article seeks to illustrate the non-resident tourist profiles of those visiting Porto and the North of Portugal, based on a unique study conducted over the past three years.
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Doe, Matthew, Emmanuel Bua, Fred Bisso, and Peter Olupot-Olupot. "The diagnostic upper GI endoscopy camp: a pilot for enhancing service provision and training in eastern Uganda." African Health Sciences 22, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 392–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v22i2.45.
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Background: Upper gastrointestinal (UGI) symptoms are common in East Africa but there is limited diagnostic endoscopy availability. Surgical camps are a recognised method of providing intensive service provision and training. We describe a novel application of the camp model for diagnostic UGI endoscopy in eastern Uganda.
Methods: A 7-day camp took place in an existing endoscopy department of Mbale Regional Referral Hospital. Patients with symptoms warranting investigation were invited for free diagnostic UGI endoscopy, biopsy and H.pylori testing.
Results: 148 patients underwent endoscopy. 47 were deemed to have significant pathology, 7 with malignancy. 61% had H.Pylori. A resident surgeon was trained and performed 55 supervised unassisted procedures.
Conclusion: Our pilot has illustrated that camps are a safe and efficient way of providing intense endoscopy service and training in an established department. Camps can be utilised for scaling up much needed endoscopy services and training in low- and middle-income countries.
Keywords: Gastrointestinal endoscopy; Helicobacter pylori; esophageal neoplasms.
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Ali Jadoo, Saad Ahmed, Ilker Dastan, Mustafa Ali Mustafa Al-Samarrai, Shukur Mahmood Yaseen, Assiyeh Abbasi, Hassan Alkhdar, Mohammed Al Saad, and Omar Mohamed Danfour. "Knowledge, attitude, and practice towards COVID-19 among Syrian people resident in Turkey." Journal of Ideas in Health 3, Special2 (December 29, 2020): 278–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.47108/jidhealth.vol3.issspecial2.61.
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Background: Measuring knowledge, attitude, and practice towards COVID-19 helps policymakers observe knowledge gaps and provide key messages to people to act better against the pandemic. This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice towards COVID-19 among Syrian people resident in Turkey.
Methods: A cross-sectional study designed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice towards COVID-19 among the Syrian people resident in Turkey. The data were collected via a web-based and self-administered questionnaire of 313 participants from 17-31 July 2020. SPSS version 16.0 was recruited to analyze the data using univariate and multivariable regression data analyses.
Results: Our finding as the first study among Syrian people resident in Turkey found a high rate of good knowledge, attitude, and practice towards COVID-19 accordingly with 83.0%, 72.0%, 84.0%. Regression analysis showed that age-group of 45 years and more years, marital status of being married, female gender, living in urban area were significantly associated with upper knowledge score. Age-group of 45 years and more significantly associated with positive attitude score but inversely being married and unemployed statues significantly associated with a negative attitude. Regarding practice score, married and female people had better practice, but poor-rated health status was significantly associated with the weak practice.
Conclusion: Although our finding showed a good rate for knowledge, attitude, and practice towards COVID-19, but it needs to improve cause of many barriers on Syrian people resident in Turkey, such as living in a crowded place, distant from health care services, losing whole or part of their income due to COVID-19 as an economic crisis, different language barriers. Some groups like men, people living in a rural area, and those unemployed or lost their job should be exposed by timely and accurate knowledge.
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Nassani, Mohammad Zakaria, Mohammed Noushad, Samer Rastam, Mudassir Hussain, Anas B. Alsalhani, Inas Shakeeb Al-Saqqaf, Faisal Mehsen Alali, et al. "Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance among Dental Professionals: A Multi-Country Survey." Vaccines 10, no. 10 (September 26, 2022): 1614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101614.
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Purpose: This study sought to investigate the acceptance rate and associated factors of COVID-19 vaccines among dentists and dental students in seven countries. Material and Methods: A structured questionnaire prepared and guided by the report of the SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy was distributed among groups of dentists and dental students in seven countries across four continents. Results: A total of 1527 subjects (850 dentists and 677 dental students) participated in this survey. Although 72.5% of the respondents reported their intention to accept COVID-19 vaccines (dentists: 74.4%, dental students: 70.2%), there was a significant difference in agreement between dentists/dental students across countries; generally, respondents in upper-middle-, and high-income countries (UM-HICs) showed significantly higher acceptance rates compared to those in low- and lower-middle income countries (L-LMICs). Potential predictors of higher vaccine acceptance included being a dentist, being free of comorbidity, being well-informed about COVID-19 vaccines, having better knowledge about COVID-19 complications, having anxiety about COVID-19 infection, having no concerns about the side effects of the produced vaccines and being a resident of an UM-HIC. Conclusion: The results of our survey indicate a relatively good acceptance rate of COVID-19 among the surveyed dentists and dental students. However, dentists and dental students in L-LMICs showed significantly lower vaccine acceptance rates and trust in COVID-19 vaccines compared to their counterparts in UM-HICs. Our results provide important information to policymakers, highlighting the need for implementation of country-specific vaccine promotion strategies, with special focus on L-LMICs.
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Alvin, Alvin, and Franky Liauw. "KAMPOENG PELANGI: KAMPUNG VERTIKAL UNTUK MASYARAKAT BERPENGHASILAN RENDAH." Jurnal Sains, Teknologi, Urban, Perancangan, Arsitektur (Stupa) 3, no. 2 (February 3, 2022): 1373. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/stupa.v3i2.12318.
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A worrying symptom and supporting environmental imbalance is high population growth. The existence of population growth makes the need for housing continues to increase, the problem is that the facilities provided by the government and developers can only be reached by the upper middle class, while every resident should have the right to have a place to live, including low-income people (MBR). The culture and traditions of the people of a village that are thick with activities and their lives are fading after the development towards vertical, closed and individualistic dwellings. Kalianyar is the most densely populated area in DKI Jakarta, living in the midst of crowds has become a daily pastime. In addition to the natives, many migrants from outside Jakarta and Java chose Kalianyar, Tambora as their temporary residence. It is undeniable that the population density in Kalianyar creates housing problems and the demand for housing. Therefore, Kampoeng Pelangi is here to make the lives of Kalianyar residents better, more beautiful and harmonious. create a vertical residence with a flexible architectural approach and sustainable development that can reflect, improve and fulfill the needs and life of a village in the Kalianyar Village area. Implementing sustainable living in social, economic, and environmental aspects in the form of a vertical village and applying flexible architecture in the form of space flexibility. Keywords: Flexible; MBR; Population growth; Sustainable Development; Vertical Village Abstrak Gejala yang mengkawatirkan dan mendukung ketidak seimbangan lingkungan hidup adalah pertumbuhan penduduk yang tinggi. Adanya pertumbuhan penduduk membuat kebutuhan akan hunian terus meningkat, permasalahannya fasilitas yang disediakan oleh pemerintah dan pengembang hanya dapat dijangkau oleh kalangan menengah keatas saja, sedangkan seharusnya setiap penduduk memiliki hak untuk memiliki tempat tinggal tak terkecuali masyarakat berpenghasilan rendah (MBR). Kebudayaan dan tradisi masyarakat sebuah kampung yang kental dengan aktivitas dan kehidupannya semakin pudar setelah perkembangan ke arah hunian-hunian yang vertikal, tertutup dan individualistik. Kalianyar merupakan daerah terpadat di DKI Jakarta, hidup di tengah kesesakan sudah jadi lahapan sehari-hari. Selain warga asli, banyak pula pendatang dari luar Jakarta dan Jawa yang memilih Kalianyar, Tambora sebagai wilayah untuk mereka tempati sementara. Tak dipungkiri bahwa kepadatan penduduk di Kalianyar menimbulkan permasalahan-permasalahan hunian dan permintaan rumah tinggal. Maka dari itu, Kampoeng Pelangi hadir untuk membuat hidup warga Kalianyar lebih baik, indah dan harmoni. membuat sebuah hunian vertikal dengan pendekatan arsitektur fleksibel dan pembangunan berkelanjutan yang dapat mencerminkan, meningkatkan dan memenuhi kebutuhan dan kehidupan sebuah kampung di daerah Kelurahan Kalianyar. Menerapkan hidup yang berkelanjutan dalam aspek sosial, ekonomi, dan lingkungan dalam rupa kampung vertikal serta menerapkan arsitektur fleksibel dalam wujud fleksibilitas ruang.
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Shaheen, Susan A., and Caroline J. Rodier. "Travel Effects of a Suburban Commuter Carsharing Service." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1927, no. 1 (January 2005): 182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105192700121.
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Since 1998, carsharing organizations in the United States have experienced exponential membership growth, but to date there have been only a few evaluations of their effects on travel. Using the results of focus groups, interviews, and surveys, this paper examines the change in travel among members of CarLink–-a carsharing model in the San Francisco Bay Area, California, with explicit links to transit and suburban employment–-after approximately 1 year of participation. The demographic and attitudinal analyses of CarLink members indicated that the typical member ( a) was more likely than an average Bay Area resident to be highly educated, in an upper income bracket, and professionally employed and ( b) displayed sensitivity to congestion, willingness to try new experiences, and environmental concern. Some of the more important commuter travel effects of the CarLink programs included an increase in rail transit use by 23 percentage points in CarLink I and II; a reduction in driving without passengers by 44 and 23 percentage points in CarLink I and II, respectively; a reduction in average vehicle miles traveled by 23 mi in CarLink II and by 18 mi in CarLink I; an increase in travel time and a reduction in travel stress; a reduction in vehicle ownership by almost 6% in CarLink II; and reduced parking demand at participating train stations and among member businesses. The CarLink travel results are compared with those of neighborhood carsharing models in the United States and Europe.
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Ali Jadoo, Saad Ahmed, Omer Mohamed Danfour, Masud Zerzah, Mouna Abdelrahman Abujazia, Perihan Torun, Mustafa Ali Mustafa Al-samarrai, and Shukr Mahmood Yaseen. "Knowledge, attitude, and practice towards COVID-19 among Libyan people- a web-based cross-sectional study." Journal of Ideas in Health 4, Special1 (April 16, 2021): 348–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.47108/jidhealth.vol4.issspecial1.97.
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Background: Successful plans in disaster and epidemics management depend on the feedback response and the assessment of knowledge, attitudes, and practices among the target population. This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice towards COVID-19 among Libyan people.
Methods: A cross-sectional web-based survey designed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice towards COVID-19 among the Libyan people from 13-20 October 2020. A self-administered questionnaire was recruited to collect the data of 287 participants. SPSS version 16.0 was used to analyze the data using univariate and multivariable regression data analyses.
Results: More than half of respondents were males (53.7%), married (61.3%), aged less than 45 years old, highly educated (46.3%), employed (44.6%), urban resident(79.8%), experience good or very good health (71.1%) and earned more than USD 200 monthly (84.3.%). The participants showed a high rate of good knowledge (81.0%), attitude (71.1%), and practice (83.7%) towards COVID-19, respectively. Regression analysis showed that married (P=0.056), female (P=0.037), living in the urban regions (P<0.001) with good income of more than USD 2020 (P=0.001) were significantly associated with upper knowledge score. Females (P=0.040) were more significantly associated with positive attitude scores than males. Regarding practice score, married (P=0.001), females (P=0.059) had better practice, but poor-rated health status (P=0.018) was significantly associated with the weak practice.
Conclusion: The distinction of urban regions with good knowledge, optimistic attitudes, and acceptable practices towards COVID-19 determines the government's action compass towards more interest in supporting males, unhealthy, and those living in the rural areas with accurate and timely knowledge.
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Xu, Bin. "Assessing the Impact of Transportation Infrastructure on Rural Residents' Income: Using the Quantile Regression Approach." Journal of Reviews on Global Economics 11 (August 23, 2022): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-7092.2022.11.02.
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The impact of transportation infrastructure on farmers’ income has been the focus of attention by government managers and related scholars in recent years. Based on the panel data from 2000 to 2018, this paper uses the quantile regression model to explore the effect of highway and railway transportation infrastructures on wage income and operating income. The findings show that the highway transportation infrastructure makes a minimal contribution to the wage income in Shanghai, Beijing and Zhejiang provinces, because the highway mileage and highway passenger turnover in these provinces are small. However, the operating income in the upper 90th quantile provinces such as Jilin, Heilongjiang, and Zhejiang, receives the biggest impact from the highway transportation infrastructure, because the construction of rural roads in these provinces is growing faster. The impact of railway transportation infrastructure on the wage income in the 10th-25th, 25th-50th and 50th-75th quantile provinces is small, since their railway passenger turnover is less. The railway transportation infrastructure has not played a role in boosting the operating income in these provinces such as Guizhou, Shaanxi, Gansu, Shanxi, Qinghai, and Ningxia. Therefore, each quantile province should formulate specific policies to promote the construction of transportation infrastructure.
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Satispi, Evi, and Azhari Aziz Samudra. "Public Policy Implementation of the Jakarta Government's Policy: Study of Community Relocation Around the Reservoir." Social Perspective Journal 1, no. 1 (September 15, 2021): 48–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.53947/tspj.v1i1.65.
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This study aims to understand the Jakarta government's policy in relocating people from the Ria Rio Reservoir and placing them in flats (rusunawa). Based on the research findings that have been done, it is concluded that strict facility restrictions are necessary to prevent the transfer of rental rights from low-income people to the upper class. The existence of a Management Agency is deemed necessary by residents. It is evidenced by the high number of answers residents require of a Management Agency and supported again by the feeling of obedience to the residents' management board. Constraints in the provision of housing on the need side It is difficult to invite low-income people and residents of slums who are generally classified as poor to want to live in apartment units. Performance measurement cannot be done only on a one-year deadline. Performance has been disrupted by past policies that have prevented the achievement of housing development targets (rusunawa) from being fully met. A synergy between regional and central interests is needed. Program handling must be in synergy with other program policies.
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Cai, Jiming, Du Guonan, and Liu Yuan. "Measurement of the real urbanization level in China and its international comparison." China Political Economy 2, no. 2 (December 2, 2019): 287–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cpe-10-2019-0018.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to estimate the real urbanization level in China so as to provide a measurement that can be compared with the international level. Design/methodology/approach Taking into consideration 300m residents living in the administrative towns (300m residents here are referred to the population in administrative towns, including those in all counties), the gap between the urbanization rate of China and that of the world average becomes much wider. Findings China, however, implements the administrative system of government at the central, provincial, municipal, county and township levels. By city, it means the jurisdiction at and above the level of county, which includes the municipality directly under the central government, prefecture-level municipal and county. By town, it means the jurisdiction below the level of county (including the Chengguan Town, or capital town, where the county government is located) and exclusive of rural townships. Originality/value China has witnessed rapid development for 40 years since the reform and opening up in 1978. Nowadays, China has already stepped into the period of post-industrialization, with its urbanization rate (UR) of permanent population reaching 58.58 percent. However, on the basis of registered population, the UR is 43.37 percent, which is not only far below the average level of 81.3 percent in high-income countries, but also lower than the average of 65.8 percent in upper middle-income countries which are comparable to China in terms of per capita income. (The classification of state income level is based on the data of national income per capita and division standards in 2016 from the World Bank, in which annual revenue per capita in high-income countries reaches over US$12,736 and that in upper middle-income countries between US$4,126 and US$12,735.)
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Ashad-Bishop, Kilan C., Jordan A. Baeker-Bispo, Zinzi D. Bailey, and Erin K. Kobetz. "Abstract C083: Exploring relationships between neighborhood social vulnerability and cancer screening in Miami-Dade County." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 32, no. 1_Supplement (January 1, 2023): C083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.disp22-c083.
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Abstract Purpose: Social and structural contributors to social vulnerability have been associated with cancer disparities across the continuum. This study aimed to explore relationships between indicators of neighborhood social vulnerability and participation in breast, cervical and colorectal cancer screening in Miami-Dade County. Methods: Data were obtained at the census tract level from the United States Census Bureau American Community Survey (2014-2018), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Social Vulnerability Index (2018), and the CDC PLACES dataset (2018). This analysis was restricted to Miami-Dade census tracts for which PLACES data was available on mammography (n=135), cervical cancer screening (n=115), and colorectal screening (n=136) participation. Census tracts were stratified into tertiles based on screening participation, then social vulnerability indicators were assessed among the tertiles. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify characteristics responsible for most variability in breast, cervical and colorectal cancer screening. Results: Mammography participation was 51.76%, 58.80%, and 65.65% in the lower, middle, and upper tertiles, respectively. Among these tracts, per capita income (p<.001), earning an income below poverty (p<.001), educational attainment below earning an HS diploma (p<.001), the proportion of non-Hispanic White residents (p<.001), unemployed residents (p<.001), residents with a disability (p<.001), and people with no computer or limited access to the internet (p<.001) were significantly different between the tertiles. Cervical cancer screening participation was 79.60%, 84.36%, and 87.80% in the lower, middle, and upper tertiles, respectively. Among these tracts, per capita income (p<.001), earning an income below poverty (p<.001), educational attainment below earning an HS diploma (p<.001), and proportion of single-parent households with children under age 17 (p<.001), non-Hispanic White residents (p<.001), unemployed residents (p<.001), residents with a disability (p<.001), and people with no computer or limited access to the internet (p<.001) were significantly different between the screening tertiles. Colorectal cancer screening participation was 79.26%, 81.06%, and 85.26% in the lower, middle, and upper tertiles, respectively. Among these tracts, per capita income (p<.01), earning an income below poverty (p<.004), educational attainment below earning an HS diploma (p<.001), the proportion of residents with a disability (p<.001), and people with no computer or limited access to the internet (p<.001) were significantly different between the screening tertiles. Conclusions: These data suggest that social vulnerability is associated with cancer screening uptake, namely mammography, cervical cancer screening, and colorectal cancer screening. Further investigation of the social and structural factors contributing to disparities in cancer screening will help appropriately allocate resources and craft effective interventions to reduce the burden of cancer among those most vulnerable. Citation Format: Kilan C. Ashad-Bishop, Jordan A. Baeker-Bispo, Zinzi D. Bailey, Erin K. Kobetz. Exploring relationships between neighborhood social vulnerability and cancer screening in Miami-Dade County [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr C083.
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Mwendwa, Philip K. "Determination of the influence of socio-economic activities on streamflow in South West upper Tana basin, Kenya." Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology (JEST) 1, no. 1 (December 15, 2022): 58–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.51317/jest.v1i1.321.
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The study aimed to determine the influence of socio-economic activities on streamflow undertaken in South West Upper Tana Basin, Kenya (SWUT), one of the larger Upper Tana Basin basins. In this study, primary data was obtained by administering questionnaires, while secondary data was obtained from Water Resources Authority (WRA). The administration of questionnaires was in the period between April 2019 and June 2020. Logit regression was run to determine the influence of the different socio-economic activities on streamflow. The results showed that agriculture was the main socio-economic activity influencing water abstraction in the study area. Agricultural practices such as farm size, income from crop sales and fertiliser use significantly influenced water abstraction with P values (0.04, 0.01 and 0.02) < 0.05. The study also established household characteristics such as the income of the household head, income level of household head, marital status, age, residence period, level of education, the technology used, and gender of the household head positively influenced water abstraction. However, these factors did not significantly influence water abstraction with P values of 0.23, 0.78, 0.50, 0.60, 0.74, and 0.52 for the income level of household head, marital status, age, residence period and level of education, respectively, being > 0.05. The study recommends the formulation of policies to ensure efficient water abstraction in the basin. Water Resources Authority should also ensure that all water abstractors are licensed to minimise over-abstraction.
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Unger, Joseph M., Anna Moseley, Raymond U. Osarogiagbon, Gary C. Doolittle, and Dawn L. Hershman. "Beyond patient-level barriers: Evaluation of rural residency and area-level deprivation and clinical trial (CT) participation." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): e19068-e19068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e19068.
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e19068 Background: Residents of rural and socioeconomically deprived areas have worse cancer outcomes and are less likely to participate in CTs. It is unknown whether these area-level attributes predict CT participation after accounting for individual sociodemographic variables. Methods: We combined data from two SWOG national survey studies. S0316, a multi-center prospective survey, was combined with data from a large web-based survey. Both studies examined CT treatment decision making from diagnosis in patients with common cancers. Zip codes of residences were classified as rural or urban using Rural-Urban Continuum Codes (urban, 1-3, vs. rural, 4-9) and a 3-level ordinal variable (urban, 1-3, vs. rural, 4-7, vs. very rural, 8-9). We identified socioeconomically deprived areas (SDAs) as those with an Area Deprivation Index (ADI) in the upper quartile. We also examined areas by ADI quartile. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the association of rural residency and area-level socioeconomic deprivation with CT participation after adjusting for important individual-level factors (age, sex, race/ethnicity, income, and education), stratified by study and cancer type. Results: Among 7080 patients, 1299 (18.5%) were from rural areas, 653 (9.4%) were from SDAs; and 715 (10.1%) participated in a CT. Patients had breast (56.1%), prostate (21.8%), lung (13.6%), and colorectal (8.4%) cancer. In univariate analysis, rural patients were 23% less likely to participate in a CT (OR=0.77, 95% CI: 0.62-0.95, p=.016); in multivariate analysis, results were similar (OR=0.80, 95% CI: 0.64-0.99, p=.037). Very rural residents were 34% less likely to participate than urban patients (OR=0.66, 95% CI, 0.55-0.80, ordinal p=.031). There was no statistically significant association between residence in SDAs and CT participation (p>.30). Rural patients were more likely to have >1 comorbid conditions (45.4% vs. 39.5%, p=.001), to be concerned about how to pay for their care (40.6% vs. 32.4%, p<.0001), and to travel farther for care (median 50.0 vs. 12.0 miles, p<.0001). Conclusions: Our findings are the first to show that rural residents are less likely to participate in CTs even after accounting for confounding individual factors. These results agree with prior observations that rural patients must travel longer distances for care, including for CT care. Reducing the travel burden for rural cancer patients could improve their CT participation and the generalizability of CT results to all patients.
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Wang, Geng, Xin Zhang, and Rui Xu. "Does Vocational Education Matter in Rural China? A Comparison of the Effects of Upper-Secondary Vocational and Academic Education: Evidence from CLDS Survey." Education Sciences 13, no. 3 (February 28, 2023): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci13030258.
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The Chinese government has emphasised the role of vocational education and training (VET) in promoting the rural economy. Since 2018, the government has invested heavily in setting up secondary vocational schools, training centres, specialised programmes, and courses in rural areas. This paper aimed to explore whether VET at the upper-secondary level leads to better labour market outcomes than academic education in Chinese rural areas. We also aimed to quantitively investigate the social prestige of vocational and academic education among rural residents by comparing the subjective social status level of those who graduated from upper-secondary vocational schools and general academic schools. We drew data from the China Labour-force Dynamic Survey (CLDS). A binary logit model and multinomial logit model were used in this research. The results showed that rural upper-secondary vocational graduates had an advantage over general graduates in terms of their income and employment stability. However, VET led to lower subjective social status when compared with general education. This study demonstrated that although promoting VET in rural areas could potentially benefit rural residents financially, cultural change is needed to ensure the elevation of the standing of vocational education and promote the worthiness, effectiveness, and capabilities that vocational graduates possess.
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Karavay, Anastasia V. "Factors of Inequality of Russians' Life Chances (Empirical Analysis)." Sociologicheskaja nauka i social naja praktika 8, no. 1 (2020): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/snsp.2020.8.1.7095.
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The article, based on the data from the eighth wave of all-Russian Monitoring carried out by Institute of Sociology of FCTAS RAS in April 2018, presents the results of the analysis of factors that determine individual’s position in the space of life chances and risks. As shown by the multinomial regression analysis, the risks of falling into the deprived strata are largely related to the ascriptive characteristics of the individual, primarily – with his health, male gender and place of residence. In particular, the increased risks of deprivation for Moscow residents have been identified, which may be associated with a high share of the first-generation migrants among them, who are in a situation of the high probability of long-term unemployment, income instability and non-compliance of their basic labor rights. The scale of this problem is so great that all mass strata of the Moscow residents demonstrate relatively worse indicators in this respect in comparison with residents of other cities, although However, hereditary Muscovites are in a privileged position relatively to the inhabitants of other locations. It is also demonstrated that the expansion of life chances, in contrast to their narrowing relative to the current standard of life chances and risks in modern Russian society, is primarily due to specifics of the resource endowment of individuals. High-quality human and cultural capital, the presence of high-potential social contacts, the habit of planning one’s life and accepting own responsibility for it significantly expand the life chances of Russians while minimizing the risks. The interaction of these factors provides a cumulative effect and shows itself in the accumulation of the human potential of highest quality, contributing to the further expansion of life chances. This is also facilitated by the transfer of key resources in the process of the upper strata’s social reproduction.
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Robert Lourdes, Tania Gayle, Hamizatul Akmal Abd Hamid, Mohd Ruhaizie Riyadzi, Wan Shakira Rodzlan Hasani, Mohd Hatta Abdul Mutalip, Norli Abdul Jabbar, Halizah Mat Rifin, Thamil Arasu Saminathan, Hasimah Ismail, and Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff. "Findings from a Nationwide Study on Alcohol Consumption Patterns in an Upper Middle-Income Country." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14 (July 21, 2022): 8851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148851.
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Alcohol consumption is a risk factor for various diseases, especially non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and injuries. The reduction of the harmful use of alcohol is mentioned in Target 3.5 of the Sustainable Developmental Goals (SDG). This study aimed to determine factors associated with current alcohol drinking among Malaysians aged 15 years and above. Data from the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2019, a cross-sectional nationwide survey using a two-stage stratified random sampling design, was used. Current alcohol drinking was defined as having consumed any alcoholic beverage in the past 12 months. Descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression analysis were employed. The prevalence of current drinkers was 11.5%; 95% CI: 9.8, 13.5. The majority (65%) consumed alcoholic beverages in Category 2, which is mainly beer. Current drinkers consumed alcohol mostly once a month (59.0%), one or two drinks (71.1%), on a typical day. Most respondents had six or more drinks less than once a month (27.6%). Sex, age, ethnicity, education, employment, and smoking were found to be significantly associated with current alcohol drinking. Marital status, locality of residence, and household income were not significantly associated. Alcohol drinking is a problem among certain vulnerable groups and should be tackled appropriately.
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K, Karthika, Subhasree R, Jamuna S, and Paulsamy S. "UTILIZATION AND CONSERVATION OF FLORA IN THE HOME GARDENS OF SOME RESIDENTIAL AREAS, COIMBATORE." Kongunadu Research Journal 2, no. 2 (December 30, 2015): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/krj98.
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Home garden can serve as an important source of both food and cash income for vulnerable households. The objectives of this study were to documenting the flora of the home gardens, obtaining their frequency and to categorize the plants into medicinal/other economically important species according to their utility value in 10 different residential areas of Coimbatore city. The home garden surveys revealed that totally 90 species, were enlisted in the sampled areas and of them the higher species richness of 26 were found in Vadavalli residential area. Overall 47 families were recorded, among them Acanthaceae and Apocyanaceae were more dominant families in the study sites. In the species content 72 were recognized as medicinally important and 18 as ornamental. It was further known that the residents of middle class earned sizeable income through vegetables in addition to fulfilling their day to day need while the residents of upper class highly preferring ornamental species. Few species like Saraca indica, the endemics are well protected by cultivation in homegardens. Thus the present study presumes that home gardens satisfy various household needs and conserve medicinally valuable species.
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Powell, Larry, and James T. Kitchens. "Equipment Malfunctions and Attribution of Causality." Perceptual and Motor Skills 90, no. 1 (February 2000): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2000.90.1.41.
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The purpose of this study was to test whether individuals would be more likely to attribute the cause for the malfunction of a new piece of equipment as a manufacturing problem in the equipment or as an inability on their part to properly work with the equipment. The subjects were 600 residents of Florida, selected by a stratified random sample and interviewed in a statewide telephone survey. Subjects were more likely to attribute the cause to themselves rather than the machine. Overall, 71% attributed the cause to themselves, while only 24% said the machine was at fault. There was also an interaction effect in terms of income, with middle-income users more likely to blame the machine and upper-income users more likely to blame themselves. Further, there was also a significant relationship between attribution of cause and age, with older respondents being more likely to attribute cause to themselves. These results imply that attribution may differ when the potential object of attribution is a machine rather than another person.
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Sinaga, Murbanto. "Analysis of Effect of GRDP (Gross Regional Domestic Product) Per Capita, Inequality Distribution Income, Unemployment and HDI (Human Development Index) on Poverty." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 3 (August 11, 2020): 2309–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v3i3.1177.
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This study aims to examine the effect of GRDP per capita, inequality of income distribution, unemployment, and HDI on poverty. The dependent variable of the study is poverty, while the independent variable used is the GRDP per capita, income distribution inequality, unemployment, and HDI. This research was conducted in Batu Bara Regency and Medan City in the 2004-2018 period. The research data were obtained by accessing the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) website. The method of data analysis uses multiple linear regression analysis. The analysis shows that unemployment is negative and significant towards poverty. Meanwhile, per capita GRDP, income distribution inequality, and HDI have a negative and not significant effect on poverty. This study also found interesting findings, that the equality that occurred in Batu Bara Regency and Medan City was equalization in poverty not equality in welfare. Then, unemployment in Batu Bara Regency and Medan City is likely to be dominated by residents in the upper middle class who have completed Education at the senior secondary level and above.
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Karageorgou, Dimitra, Frederick Cudhea, Julia Reedy, Leah Puklin, Victoria Miller, Jianyi Zhang, Peilin Shi, et al. "Global Plant-Based Food Intakes by Country Wealth and Socioeconomic Status: Findings from the Global Dietary Database." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa053_055.
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Abstract Objectives Given the major interest in plant-based foods (PF) for global diets, we aimed to characterize inequalities in intakes of fruits, vegetables (non-starchy, potatoes, other starchy), legumes, grains (refined, whole), and nuts/seeds by country wealth and population socioeconomic status (SES). Methods PF intakes were derived from the Global Dietary Database, including 1144 national and subnational surveys from 1980 through 2015 covering 97.5% of the world's population. A Bayesian hierarchical prediction model combined stratum-specific individual-level intakes with survey-level and time-varying country-level (GDP, FAO's food balance sheets) covariates to estimate mean intakes and 95% uncertainty intervals jointly stratified by country (n = 185), year (1990–2015), sex, age (all ages, 20 age groups), urban-rural residence, and education (low, middle, high). Results Using the World Bank's country wealth categories, fruit intake, in 2015, was much higher in high-income (HIC) (120 g/d) and upper-middle income countries (UMIC) (107 g/d) compared with low (LIC) (72 g/d) and lower-middle income countries (LMIC) (68 g/d); and within nations, generally higher with higher education and in urban areas, except for HIC where it was higher for rural residents. Average intakes of non-starchy vegetables (148–153 g/d) and legumes (22–25 g/d) were similar by country wealth; highest vegetable consumption was among those of higher education in LIC. Legume consumption was highest among those of higher education in LIC and LMIC. Average refined and whole grain intakes were highest in HIC (128 and 42 g/d) and lowest in LIC (46 and 11 g/d), with notable heterogeneity by education; refined grains were highest with lower education in HIC and UMIC, whereas whole grains were highest with higher education. Findings on other PF, and over time will be presented. Conclusions Such global data provide novel evidence for substantial variation in PF intakes by country wealth, further linked to population SES, and can inform potential health impacts and country-specific nutrition policy priorities. Funding Sources Gates Foundation.
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Castor, Laura Lara, Frederick Cudhea, Peilin Shi, Jianyi Zhang, Victoria Miller, Julia Reedy, Leah Puklin, et al. "Global Intake of Major Beverages in Adults by Country Wealth and Sociodemographic Characteristics: Analysis of the Global Dietary Database 2015." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 858. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa053_063.
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Abstract Objectives Assessing the impact of beverage intake on health has been limited by lack of reliable and standardized individual-level data on a global scale. We provide updated estimates of global intakes of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), fruit juices, and milk, as well as novel estimates of coffee and tea, jointly by country, age, sex, education, and urban-rural residence for adults in 2015. Methods Beverge intake data in the Global Dietary Database were derived from 1144 national and subnational surveys from 1980 through 2015, covering 97.5% of the world's population. Mean intakes and 95% uncertainty intervals were estimated using a Bayesian hierarchical prediction model, and stratified by country (n = 185), urban-rural residence, sex, age group (all ages, 20 age groups), and education level (low, middle, high). The model combined primary data on individual-level intakes with time-varying country-level and survey-level covariates. Results Grouped by World Bank wealth categories, intake of SSBs was highest in low-income countries (LIC) and high-income countries (HIC) (0.7 servings (8-oz)/d each), and lowest in upper-middle income countries UMIC (0.4 s/d). Intakes were generally higher in men, urban residence, and with higher education, except in HIC were intakes did not differ by education. Fruit juice was highest in HIC (0.2 s/d) and lowest in lower-middle income countries (LMIC) (<0.04 s/d); and within countries, generally higher with urban residence and higher education. Coffee intake was highest in HIC (1.2 s/d) and lowest in LIC (0.7 s/d); and generally higher in men and with medium or high education level, without urban-rural differences. Tea intake was highest in HIC (0.8 s/d) and lowest in LMIC (0.5 s/d); and generally higher in women, urban residence, and with high education. Average milk intake ranged from 0.5 s/d in HIC to 0.2 s/d in LIC, LMIC and UMIC; and was generally higher at high education level, without differences by sex or urban-rural residence. Country-specific intakes and temporal trends since 1990 will be presented. Conclusions These novel global results highlight key findings and heterogeneity in intakes of different beverages, informing potential effects on health and corresponding policy priorities. Funding Sources Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Fonseca, Emílio Prado da, Suelen Garcia Oliveira da Fonseca, and Marcelo de Castro Meneghim. "Factors associated with the use of dental care by elderly residents of the state of São Paulo, Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia 20, no. 6 (December 2017): 785–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981-22562017020.170095.
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Abstract Objective: To investigate factors associated with the use of dental care services. Methods: A cross-sectional study with a representative sample of elderly individuals aged 65 years or older residing in the state of São Paulo in 2015 was performed. Hierarchical multivariate logistic regression analysis was used based on the theoretical model of access determination proposed by Andersen (1995) to predict dental care visits. Results: The prevalence of public service use by the elderly was 1.981 (37.8%), while 3.253 (62.2%) used the private service/ health plan/ other type of service. Hierarchical multiple analysis (p≤0.05) identified that less schooling or never having studied, non-white, lower income and motivated by pain/extraction were associated with the use of public dental services. The study showed a reduced use of public dental care among elderly persons who required some type of upper dentures (except complete dentures), need for some type of lower dentures (including complete dentures) and demonstrated a positive self-perception of oral health condition. Conclusions: A higher prevalence of the use of private dental care/health plan/other type of service was identified. Less schooling or never having studied, non-white skin color, lower income and seeking the dentist with pain or to extract teeth were factors associated with the use of public dental services by the elderly.
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Bach-Mortensen, Anders Malthe, and Michelle Degli Esposti. "Is area deprivation associated with greater impacts of COVID-19 in care homes across England? A preliminary analysis of COVID-19 outbreaks and deaths." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 75, no. 7 (February 8, 2021): 624–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-215039.
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IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately impacted care homes and vulnerable populations, exacerbating existing health inequalities. However, the role of area deprivation in shaping the impacts of COVID-19 in care homes is poorly understood. We examine whether area deprivation is linked to higher rates of COVID-19 outbreaks and deaths among care home residents across upper tier local authorities in England (n=149).MethodsWe constructed a novel dataset from publicly available data. Using negative binomial regression models, we analysed the associations between area deprivation (Income Deprivation Affecting Older People Index (IDAOPI) and Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) extent) as the exposure and COVID-19 outbreaks, COVID-19-related deaths and all-cause deaths among care home residents as three separate outcomes—adjusting for population characteristics (size, age composition, ethnicity).ResultsCOVID-19 outbreaks in care homes did not vary by area deprivation. However, COVID-19-related deaths were more common in the most deprived quartiles of IDAOPI (incidence rate ratio (IRR): 1.23, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.47) and IMD extent (IRR: 1.16, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.34), compared with the least deprived quartiles.DiscussionThese findings suggest that area deprivation is a key risk factor in COVID-19 deaths among care home residents. Future research should look to replicate these results when more complete data become available.
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Mazumdar, Gargi Kar. "Influence of Income on Shopping Behavior of Residents and Feasibility of Neighborhood Shops: A Study of Selected South Delhi Localities." IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 7, no. 3 (June 23, 2017): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v7.n3.p2.
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<div><p><em>Metro cities of India are going through rapid phase of socio-economic development accompanied with changing standards of living and a rise in purchasing power of population. This increasing expenditure pattern calls for increase in business and commercial outlets in the cities. This is more so noticeable in NCT of Delhi where due to limited availability of urban land for multi functional land use, both planned and unplanned commercial areas are emerging fast to cater to the needs and demands of local population. However, the impact of income as well as other socio-economic factors play an important role in defining the spatial pattern of movement of shoppers which in a way define the survival of neighborhood (both planned and unplanned) shopping centers/ shops. The aim of this research paper is to understand the impact of income in defining the spatial pattern of shopping behavior of the consumer in patronizing the neighborhood shops or markets for various food and non food items. Thus, the present study focuses primarily on identification of shopping patterns / behavior of residents of selected localities in South Delhi<strong>. </strong>This study is conducted over two economic categories of localities: lower and middle income category locality consisting of areas like Gobind Puri, Gobind Puri Extension and Kalkaji DDA Flat localities; and upper middle and higher income locality consisting of areas like C.R.Park, Kalkaji Main area (excluding DDA LIG, Janta, Slum category flats) and Alakananda. The rationale behind the selection of these two separate socio- economic areas for the survey is to analyze the inter locality and intra locality comparison of shopping behavior of various income class of population.</em><em> </em></p></div><em>The findings of the study favors the feasibility of the local shops in the surveyed localities, since nearness to the market and ease of shopping has encouraged the survival of the local shops/ markets operating in the residential colonies especially for food items. However apart from income levels, standard of living is also influencing the shoppers behavior and growing trend of shopping from Malls and Plazas is also noticed showing changing preference of shoppers for well established market areas than local shops especially for non food items. Through GIS based mapping, the movement of shoppers for both food and non food items is traced and specific suggestion are given regarding the changing land use under commercial activities in the survey areas. Area specific suggestions are given in the light of Master Plan of Delhi 2021.</em>
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Rohrer, James E., Thomas Vaughnt, Astrid Knott, and Jorg Westermann. "Health Status and Health Professional Visits in a Rural Area." Health Services Management Research 13, no. 2 (May 2000): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095148480001300207.
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Visits to physicians (MDs), physician assistants (PAs) or nurse practitioners (NPs) by residents of a rural county in the upper-middle west of the United States were analysed in this study. A telephone survey yielded 250 responses. The dependent variable was the natural logarithm of the number of times the respondent had seen a health professional (MD, PA or NP) in the past two years. Predisposing, enabling and medical need variables were tested as potential predictors of visits. Self-rated health status, being unable to perform usual activities, and feeling upset or ‘down in the dumps’ proved to be important predictors, as was having a usual source of care. Health insurance coverage and family income was not, however. Unexpectedly, smokers also reported more visits. The implications for policy and future research are discussed
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Wang, Jingzhao, Jincheng Yan, Keyuan Ding, Qian Li, Yehao Liu, Xueliang Liu, and Ran Peng. "A Reflection on the Response to Sudden-Onset Disasters in the Post-Pandemic Era: A Graded Assessment of Urban Transportation Resilience Taking Wuhan, China as an Example." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (September 2, 2022): 10957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141710957.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has led to thinking about the response to sudden-onset disasters, for which the transportation resilience of urban areas is crucial. The purpose of paper is to provide a graded assessment of urban transportation resilience to help city managers target policies and plans. Wuhan, the first city in China to be severely hit by COVID-19, was selected as the case study for this research. Based on an extensive survey of the travel characteristics of residents in central urban areas, the concept of “travel mode shift” was combined to classify residents into four modes, including non-motorized conventional travel, non-motorized over-distance travel, motorized adaptable travel and motorized non-substitutable travel. The potential transportation stoppages in different levels of epidemic impact were then divided into three scenarios, corresponding to each of the city’s three levels of transportation resilience. The concept of MWD (Maximum Willingness Distance) in active travel mode was further developed, which was divided into WMWD (Walking Maximum Willingness Distance) and RMWD (Riding Maximum Willingness Distance). Finally, a hierarchical assessment model of urban transportation resilience is developed based on the MWD distance threshold. Besides, the average income level of urban residents was also included in the assessment system. The following research conclusions were drawn: (1) The degree of transportation resilience in Wuhan showed an “S-curve” relationship with RMWD, with thresholds at RMWD = 2.5 km, 11 km and 23 km respectively. (2) The resilience of transportation in the suburbs of the city was weaker than in the city center, and the gap between the two increases as the RMWD increases, but the share of motorized transportation in short distance trips in the city center was still higher than desirable. (3) The upper-income groups in the city had more flexible travel options, while the lower income groups were less resilient to travel. Based on the results of the study, it is recommended that city managers can identify areas of low resilience and critical distance thresholds that may lead to sudden changes in transportation resilience in the event of a sudden disaster. This will lead to the development of improved policies. The special needs of socially disadvantaged groups should also be taken more into account in this process.
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Brychta, Karel. "Evidence on Relative Tax Burden of Taxpayers with Income from Employment in the Czech Republic." Equilibrium 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2010): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil.2010.036.
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This paper presents the results of a comparative analysis of relative tax burden of taxpayers (natural persons) with income from employment in the Czech Republic from 1993 to 2009. Single, childless taxpayers with tax residency in the Czech Republic were chosen to represent this category of taxpayers. The amount of the tax burden was conceived as the sum of natural person income tax and the social and health insurance premiums paid by the taxpayer (employee), constituting in its nature and character a tax equivalent. The amount of these legally imposed payments was set with respect to the state valid and effective as of December 31st of the relevant year, in case of the year 2009 with respect to the state as of June 30th. The results of the performed analysis prove gradual decrease in relative tax burden in the period of 1993–2009 for taxpayers of all income groups. However, the decrease cannot be characterized as uniform. The most marked decrease was identified with taxpayers in the upper income groups. The most significant change in the relative tax burden took effect in association with changes introduced in the Act on Income Taxes as of January 1st, 2008 when the progressive income tax of natural persons was replaced with a flat-rate tax and when changes were introduced to the concept of the partial income tax base calculations applicable to natural persons. The main contribution of this paper can be seen in the fact that the comparison encompasses the time interval covering the entire effective life of the Act on Income Taxes. It is also important that in view of the specified solution conditions, the relative tax burden values presented in the graphs can be understood as maximum values of the tax burden of taxpayers having income from employment.
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Reams, PhD, Margaret A., Nina S. N. Lam, PhD, Tabitha M. Cale, PhD, and Corrinthia M. Hinton, MS. "Applying a community resilience framework to examine household emergency planning and exposure-reducing behavior among residents of Louisiana’s industrial corridor." Journal of Emergency Management 11, no. 2 (February 16, 2017): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2013.0130.
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Residents facing environmental hazards can take steps to reduce their exposure risks, and these actions may be considered adaptations that can enhance the overall resilience of communities. Applying concepts from social-ecological resilience theory, the authors examine emergency planning and exposure-reducing behaviors among residents of the upper Industrial Corridor of Louisiana and explore the extent to which the behaviors are associated with key theoretical influences on community resilience: exposure, vulnerability, and the “adaptive capacity” of residents. The behaviors of interest are adoption of a household emergency plan in the case of acute exposure events (like chemical spills), and limiting outdoor activities in response to Air Quality Index reports, thus potentially reducing chronic exposure risks. Statistical analyses indicate that adaptive behaviors are associated both with greater exposure to hazards and confidence in one’s knowledge and ability to reduce exposure risks. Thus, the study yields evidence that “adaptive capacity” is particularly relevant to understanding and encouraging household emergency planning. Residents who believe that they are well-informed about risk-reducing strategies, regardless of education or income, were found to be more likely to have adopted these measures. Evidence that knowledge and confidence levels are linked to adaptive behaviors is good news for those working in public education and outreach programs, as these are attitudes and skills that can be nurtured. While factors associated with exposure and vulnerability to hazards are difficult to change, knowledge of risk-reducing strategies and confidence in one’s abilities to reduce exposure risks can be improved through well-designed public education efforts.
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Bukar, Francis Issahaku Malongza, Moses Naiim Fuseini, Mohammed Sulemana, William Aduah Yorose, and Mohammed Gadafi Ibrahim. "Poverty Reduction in Ghana: The Role of Farm and Non-Farm Enterprises." Cross-Currents: An International Peer-Reviewed Journal on Humanities & Social Sciences 4, no. 5 (October 27, 2018): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.36344/ccijhss.2018.v04i05.005.
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Ghana has experienced a general decline in the levels of poverty. Despite this drop, there are patches of poverty in both rural and urban with the rural setting being the worst affected. This situation emerged possibly because the kind of livelihood strategies adopted did not ensure a sustainable and complete reduction in the poverty levels across the entire country. On that account, this study examined how farm and non-farm livelihoods promote poverty reduction in Ghana. Data were from Ghana Statistical Service database. Analysis of data involved one-sample t-tests and independent sample t-tests. The study finds that, significant differences exist between rural and urban residents‟ income earnings from farm activities, non-farm enterprises and the upper poverty line. The study concludes that both farm and non-farm activities are crucial to ending poverty in Ghana. It is recommended that agriculture and non-farm enterprises be developed in both rural and urban settings respectively.
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Stephen, Stephen, Liong Ju Tjung, and Sylvie Wirawati. "TINGKAT KEPUASAN PENGHUNI APATEMEN CITRA LAKE SUITE TERHADAP PELAYANAN KEPADA PENGHUNI (OBJEK STUDI: APARTEMEN CITRALAKE SUITE CITRA 6 JAKARTA BARAT)." Jurnal Sains, Teknologi, Urban, Perancangan, Arsitektur (Stupa) 4, no. 2 (January 23, 2023): 2951–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/stupa.v4i2.22451.
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Due to the limited land available, and the increasingly expensive landed house prices, many new developers are developing vertical housing, one of which is apartments. An apartment is a building that can be used as a residence by dividing it into several rooms or groups of rooms separated by a partition (boundary). Apartments are also one of the most popular types of vertical housing, especially among residents of DKI Jakarta. Apartment developments are built for upper-middle class residents, and the equipment for each apartment is different from that of a simple flat. The purpose of building vertical housing (apartments) is to meet housing needs for middle and high income people. With just 1 tower, you can make several apartment units in it, this is much more efficient and effective in using and utilizing the limited land in DKI Jakarta. Inside the apartment, there are facilities, as well as the quality of service provided by the apartment, this is done so that apartment residents can feel the comfort that exists while living in the apartment. There are five dimensions of service quality, namely physical evidence, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and certainty, and giving attention. The CitraLake Suite Apartment is one of the apartments that provides facilities and services that are quite comfortable for apartment residents, so a study will be conducted on the CitraLake Suite apartment, how the satisfaction level of the residents of the CitraLake Suite apartment during their stay in this apartment, and the level of service provided by the apartment will be. the manager of this CitraLake suite apartment. The data is obtained by distributing questionnaires to the residents of the CitraLake Suite apartment, then the data will be processed using the Importance Performance Analysis method. By conducting this study, we will find out whether the residents of the CitraLake Suite apartment are satisfied with the services provided. Keyword: Apartment; Service quality; Level of occupant satisfaction; Importance Performance Analysis Abstrak Akibat adanya keterbatasan lahan yang ada, dan harga rumah tapak (landed house) yang semakin mahal, maka banyak developer baru yang mengembangkan hunian berbentuk vertikal salah satunya yaitu apartemen. Apartemen adalah suatu bangunan yang dapat digunakan sebagai tempat tinggal dengan membaginya menjadi beberapa ruangan atau kelompok ruangan yang dipisahkan oleh sekat (batas). Apartemen juga menjadi salah satu tipe hunian vertikal yang paling diminati, terutama di kalangan warga DKI Jakarta. Pengembangan apartemen dibangun untuk penghuni kelas menengah ke atas, dan perlengkapan setiap apartemen berbeda dengan rumah susun sederhana. Tujuan pembangunan hunian vertikal (apartemen) adalah untuk memenuhi kebutuhan perumahan bagi masyarakat berpenghasilan menengah dan tinggi. Dengan 1 tower saja dapat membuat beberapa unit apartemen di dalamnya, ini jauh lebih efisien dan efektif dalam mempergunakan dan memanfaatkan lahan yang terbatas di DKI Jakarta. Didalam apartemen, terdapat fasilitas – fasilitas, dan juga kualitas pelayanan yang diberikan oleh apartemen, hal itu dilakukan agar penghuni apartemen dapat merasakan kenyamanan yang ada selama tinggal di apartemen. Terdapat lima dimensi kualitas pelayanan yaitu bukti fisik, keandalan, ketanggapan, jaminan dan kepastian, serta memberikan perhatian. Apartemen CitraLake Suite merupakan salah satu apartemen yang memberikan fasilitas dan juga pelayanan yang cukup nyaman bagi para penghuni apartemen, sehingga akan dilakukan studi pada apartemen CitraLake suite, bagaimana tingkat kepuasan penghuni apartemen CitraLake Suite selama tinggal di apartemen ini, dan bagaimana tingkat pelayanan yang diberikan oleh pengelola apartemen CitraLake suite ini. Data diperoleh dengan melakukan penyebaran kuisioner kepada para penghuni apartemen CitraLake Suite, kemudian data tersebut akan diolah menggunakan metode Importance Performance Analysis. Dengan melakukan studi ini kita akan mengetahui apakah penghuni apartemen CitraLake Suite sudah puas terhadap pelayanan yang diberikan.
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Macek, Pawel, Malgorzata Terek-Derszniak, Marek Zak, Malgorzata Biskup, Przemyslaw Ciepiela, Halina Krol, Jolanta Smok-Kalwat, and Stanislaw Gozdz. "WHO recommendations on physical activity versus compliance rate within a specific urban population as assessed through IPAQ survey: a cross-sectional cohort study." BMJ Open 9, no. 6 (June 2019): e028334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028334.
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ObjectiveThe study was designed to address the following three key areas, that is, (1) evaluate overall level of physical activity in the residents of a mid-sized, Central-European city, (2) compliance level with WHO’s recommendations on physical activity in leisure time and (3) actual impact of select socioeconomic factors on the physical activity level within the study population.MethodsAssessment of the source data collected for 4619 participants (1532 men and 3087 women, aged 45–65 years; mean age 56.41±5.31 years) was completed. Three levels of physical activity, and compliance level with pertinent WHO recommendations was evaluated, based on International Physical Activity Questionnaire (long form). Multilevel logistic regression models of socioeconomic factors associated with moderate-level, high-level physical activity, and WHO recommendations were developed.ResultsData analyses revealed that 6.19% of the study participants (n=286) engaged in low-level physical activity, 48.86%—in moderate-level activity, while high-level activity was reported in 44.94% of them. Compliance with pertinent WHO recommendations was higher in men aged 44–55 years, boasting upper-level education, living without a partner and in the persons with a net income over €1140 per household.ConclusionsOverall level of physical activity in the residents of a mid-sized, Central-European city was established as moderate. Pertinent WHO recommendations on physical activity were met by 4.2% of the subjects only.
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Kayastha, Babita, Soniya Rai, Dibyashwori Lakhe, Rubi Pradhan, and Sapana Sainju. "Prevalence of malnutrition among under-five children residing in Kamal Gaupalika, Jhapa." Nepal Medical College Journal 24, no. 2 (June 27, 2022): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v24i2.46025.
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Malnutrition among under-five is a major global health problem in developing countries like Nepal. It directly or indirectly affects many aspects of the child’s health, adversely affecting growth and development. Also, malnutrition affects the child’s ability to learn and process information and growth. This study assesses the prevalence of malnutrition among under-five children in Kamal Gaupalika, Jhapa, Nepal. First, a descriptive cross-sectional method was conducted among 60 under-five children and their mothers. The interview included semi-structured and structured questionnaires regarding socio-demographic and contributing factors of malnutrition and anthropometric measurement (analog weighing machine, measuring tape, mid-upper arm circumference) used for data collection. Then, the collected data were analyzed using SPSS-16, employing descriptive statistics (i.e. percentage, frequency, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (i.e. chi-square). This study shows that 41.67% were malnourished. Among them, stunting was 20.0%, wasting was 25.0%, and underweight was 31.7%. Anthropometric measurement showed 83.3% were well-nourished, 11.7% were at risk for acute malnutrition, and 5% were moderate acute malnutrition. Family income was found to be significantly associated with malnutrition (stunting p = 0.001, wasting p = 0.007 and underweight p = 0.000). In contrast, there was no association in age, gender, ethnicity, mother’s education, father’s education, and mother’s age at childbirth. Our results showed that malnutrition is prevalent in the selected study area. Therefore, community-based nutrition awareness and education programs are necessary to improve the nutritional status of children.
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Shrestha, Namuna, Khem Karki, Anil Poudyal, Krishna Kumar Aryal, Namra Kumar Mahato, Nitisha Gautam, Dirghayu KC, Pradip Gyanwali, Meghnath Dhimal, and Anjani Kumar Jha. "Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and associated risk factors in Nepal: findings from a nationwide population-based survey." BMJ Open 12, no. 2 (February 2022): e060750. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-060750.
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ObjectivesThe burden of diabetes mellitus (DM) has increased globally, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries, including Nepal. Population-based nationally representative data on the prevalence of DM is limited. This paper presents the prevalence of DM and its associated risk factors in Nepal.Research designs and methodsThis population-based study sampled 13 200 participants aged 20 years and above in 400 clusters of 72 districts of Nepal. The study used a standardised questionnaire adapted from the WHO STEPwise approach to non-communicable disease risk factor surveillance instrument and digitalised in Android-compatible mobile phones. Fasting and 2 hours postprandial blood samples were taken to test various biochemical parameters. Descriptive followed by multivariate analyses were done to assess the association between explanatory variables and the outcome variable.Primary outcome measuresPrevalence of DM.ResultsThe prevalence of DM was found to be 8.5% (95% CI 7.8% to 9.3%). The odds of DM occurrence were higher in the upper age groups (40–59 years at adjusted OR (AOR) 3.1 (95% CI2.3 to 4.2) and 60+ years at AOR 4.7 (95% CI 3.3 to 6.6)), compared with the group aged 20–39 years. Men were found to have higher odds of DM (AOR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.6) compared with women. Urban residents had almost twice higher odds of DM (AOR 1.7, 95% CI 1.4 to 2.2) compared with rural residents. Participants with raised blood pressure (BP) (AOR 2.2, 95% CI 1.8 to 2.7), those who were overweight and obese (AOR 2.0, 95% CI 1.6 to 2.4) and those who had high triglycride level (≥150 mg/dL) (AOR 2.1, 95% CI 1.8 to 2.6) also had twice higher odds of DM compared with those with normal BP, an average body mass index and normal triglyceride level, respectively.ConclusionsTargeted interventions to higher risk groups as well as prevention and control of other associated biological risk factors might help to reduce the prevalence of DM in Nepal.
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Hulland, Erin, Ritam Chowdhury, Stefanie Sarnat, Howard H. Chang, and Kyle Steenland. "Socioeconomic Status and Non-Fatal Adult Injuries in Selected Atlanta (Georgia USA) Hospitals." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 32, no. 4 (March 31, 2017): 403–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x17000255.
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AbstractBackgroundInjury mortality data for adults in the United States and other countries consistently show higher mortality for those with lower socioeconomic status (SES). Data are sparse regarding the role of SES among adult, non-fatal US injuries. The current study estimated non-fatal injury risk by household income using hospital emergency department (ED) visits.MethodsA total of 1,308,892 ED visits at 10 Atlanta (Georgia USA) hospitals from 2001-2004 (347,866 injuries) were studied. The SES was based on US census-block group income, with subjects assigned to census blocks based on reported residence. Logistic regression was used to determine risk by SES for injuries versus all other ED visits, adjusting for demographics, hospital, and weather. Supplemental analyses using hospital data from 2010-2013, without data on SES, were conducted to determine whether earlier patterns by race, age, and gender persisted.ResultsRisk for many injury categories increased with higher income. Odds ratio by quartiles of increasing income (lowest quartile as referent, 95% confidence interval [CI] given for upper most quartile) were 1.00, 1.23, 1.34, 1.40 (95% CI 1.36-1.45) for motor vehicle accidents; 1.00, 1.03, 1.11, 1.24 (95% CI 1.20-1.29) for being struck by objects; 1.00. 0.99, 1.04, 1.12 (95% CI 1.00-1.25) for suicide; and 1.00, 1.03, 1.05, 1.12 (95% CI 1.09-1.15) for falls. In contrast, decreased injury risk with increased household income was seen for assaults (1.00, 0.83, 0.73, 0.67 [95% CI 0.63-0.72], by increasing quartiles). These trends by income did not differ markedly by race and gender. Whites generally had less risk of injuries, with the exception of assaults and motor vehicle accidents. Males had higher risk of injury than females, with the exception of falls and suicide attempts. Patterns of risk for race, age, and gender were consistent between 2001-2004 and 2010-2013.ConclusionFor most non-fatal injuries, those with higher income had more risk of ED visits, although the opposite was true for assault.HullandE, ChowdhuryR, SarnatS, ChangHH, SteenlandK. Socioeconomic status and non-fatal adult injuries in selected Atlanta (Georgia USA) hospitals. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(4):403–413.
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Hao, Jingjing, Xinquan Liu, Xiaojing Shen, and Nana Feng. "Bilevel Programming Model of Urban Public Transport Network under Fairness Constraints." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2019 (March 12, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2930502.
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In this paper, the bilevel programming model of the public transport network considering factors such as the per capita occupancy area and travel cost of different groups was established, to alleviate the urban transportation equity and optimize the urban public transport network under fairness constraints. The upper layer minimized the travel cost deprivation coefficient and the road area Gini coefficient as the objective function, to solve the optimization scheme of public transport network considering fairness constraints; the lower layer was a stochastic equilibrium traffic assignment model of multimode and multiuser, used to describe the complex selection behavior of different groups for different traffic modes in the bus optimization scheme given by the upper layer. The model in addition utilised the noninferior sorting genetic algorithm II to validate the model via a simple network. The results showed that (1) the travel cost deprivation coefficient of the three groups declined from 33.42 to 26.51, with a decrease of 20.68%; the Gini coefficient of the road area declined from 0.248 to 0.030, with a decrease of 87.76%; it could be seen that the transportation equity feeling of low-income groups and objective resource allocation improved significantly; (2) before the optimization of public transport network, the sharing rate of cars, buses, and bicycles was 42%, 47%, and 11%, respectively; after the optimization, the sharing rate of each mode was 7%, 82%, and 11%, respectively. Some of the high and middle income users who owned the car were transferred to the public transportation. It could be seen that the overall travel time of the optimized public transport network reduced, enhancing the attraction of the public transport network to various travel groups. The model improves the fairness of the urban public transport system effectively while ensuring the travel demand of the residents. It provides theoretical basis and model foundation for the optimization of public transit network, and it is a new attempt to improve the fairness of the traffic planning scheme.
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Ali Jadoo, Saad Ahmed, Adil Hassan Alhusseiny, Shukur Mahmood Yaseen, Mustafa Ali Mustafa Al-Samarrai, Ru’ya Abdulhadi Al-Rawi, Ahmed K. Al-Delaimy, Mohammed Waheeb Abed, and Hanan Raheem Hassooni. "Knowledge, attitude, and practice toward COVID-19 among Iraqi people: a web-based cross-sectional study." Journal of Ideas in Health 3, Special2 (December 19, 2020): 258–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.47108/jidhealth.vol3.issspecial2.59.
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Background: Iraq was among the first countries invaded by the novel human coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) after China. This study aimed to assess the Iraqi people's knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward COVID-19 during the pandemic.
Methods: A cross-sectional study recruiting an online self-reported survey conducted from 17-31 July 2020. Data of 877 participants have undergone descriptive, univariate, and multivariable regression analyses, respectively, to assess the differences in mean scores and identify factors associated with knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) toward COVID-19.
Results: Most of the respondents (78.8%) from the urban region, highly educated (69.7%), aged less than 45 years (61.2%), females (58.3%), married (51.9%), and 74.0% self-ranked health as good. Less than half (45.4%) were employed; however, the average monthly income was USD 400 or more in about 66.8% of them. The mean knowledge, attitude and practice score was 15.57 ± 2.46 (range: 0-20), 38.88 (SD = 3.57, (range: 11-55), and 5.13 (SD = 1.14, range: 0–6), respectively. Findings of regression analysis showed that higher educated (p< 0.001), urban residents (P <0.001), employed (P =0.040), and having an income level of USD 400 or more (P <0.001) were significantly associated with upper knowledge score. Female gender and employed respondents are significantly associated with positive attitude scores, but inversely respondents with an income of USD 400 or more are significantly associated with a negative attitude. Regarding practice score, the female gender and those living in an urban region had better practice, but the young age group (0-44 years) was significantly associated with the weak practice.
Conclusion: Although Iraq has adopted a preventive and precautionary plan to control the spread of coronavirus. However, the public's knowledge and attitude toward COVID-19, coupled with the unstable political and security situation, have greatly affected the commitment to preventive measures.
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Lee, Sukhun, Ki C. Han, David Y. Suk, and Hyunmo Sung. "Analysis of Large Mega Millions Rollovers." Journal of Gambling Business and Economics 10, no. 1 (August 9, 2016): 66–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/jgbe.v10i1.1170.
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From May 17, 2002 to December 30, 2014, there were 1,318 Mega Millions drawings and 153 were winning drawings. In 148 out of 153 winning drawings, there was no winner(s) in the first drawing and the jackpot prize was rolled over and added to the next drawing. Since the Mega Millions does not have a rollover limit, this process continues until there is an eventual winning ticket. If there are no winners over a month, the jackpot prize will approach $100 million. As the jackpot prize approaches $100 million, significantly larger additional cash flows into the lottery. Based on the analysis of 29 large Mega Millions winning drawings (jackpot prize ≥ $100 million), we report the following findings. First, significantly larger additional money flows into the lottery as the jackpot prize gets larger, and over 90% of the additional cash inflow is spent on Mega Millions tickets. Second, for the entire sample there does not appear to be reallocating of funds taking place within lottery games. However, when total sales declines or changes in Mega Millions sales is greater than changes in total lottery sales, a small amount of money (less than $0.20 per capita) being transferred from Instant Games to Mega Millions appears to take place. Third, zip-codes with a higher average family income or residents with more years of schooling experience a significantly higher demand for Mega Millions tickets. In addition, as the percentage of white or Asian-Americans in an area increase, the demand for Mega Millions increases by a significant amount. Lastly, as the jackpot prize gets larger, lottery players from all income levels spend more money on Mega Millions, but over 80% of the additional money comes from consumers belonging to the upper-middle or higher income brackets.
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Taylor, Janielle, Yongli Shuai, Linda Robertson, Daniel Paul Normolle, Robert L. Ferris, Todd Bear, Marci Lee Nilsen, et al. "The effect of locality of residence (LOR) and socioeconomic status (SES) on mortality in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC): 20-year experience at the UPMC Hillman Cancer Center." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): e19043-e19043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e19043.
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e19043 Background: As cancer centers expand, evaluation of potential disparities in outcomes amongst the catchment area is critically important. We examined the effect of LOR and SES on overall survival (OS) in HNSCC patients treated at HCC, which spans 29 counties in western Pennsylvania with diverse socioeconomic profiles across urban and rural localities. Methods: Retrospective review included patients with primary HNSCC (excluding M1 and recurrent disease) treated at HCC 1997-2018. Using Rural-Urban Commuting Area codes, LOR was classified as urban/suburban or rural according to ZIP code. SES was defined by medium income level (low, moderate (Mod), middle (Mid), Upper) via Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council geocoded census tract data. Kaplan-Meier methods and Cox regression models were used to evaluate OS. Results: 3512 patients were identified. Median age was 61, 72.7% male, 93.2% White, 18% HPV +, 75.5% urban/suburban, and by SES: 4% Low, 21% Mod, 46% Mid, and 19% Upper. Primary site included 35.2% oral cavity, 28.4% oropharynx, 28.1% larynx, 8.3% other, stage was majority III/IVa (61%), 66% had surgery and 54% received multimodality treatment (tx). While median OS differed significantly by race (Black: 5.8 vs. White: 7.3 years, p = 0.0457) and SES (Low: 4.1 vs. Mod: 5.3 vs. Mid: 7.3 vs. Upper: 9.1 years, p < 0.0001), there was no difference by LOR (rural: 7.7 vs. urban/suburban: 7.2 years, p = 0.99). Multivariable Cox Regression showed lower SES was associated with a higher risk of death [(Low vs. Upper, HR: 1.416, 95% CI: 1.023-1.959) (Mod vs. Upper, HR:1.443, 95% CI: 1.214 – 1.716), p = 0.0004], adjusting for LOR and factors associated with OS in univariate analysis (age, smoking status, primary site, staging, tx, HPV status, race, and enrollment on clinical trial). The effect of LOR, race, and enrollment on clinical trial were not significant in multivariate analysis. Conclusions: SES was independently associated with OS in HNSCC patients treated at HCC, while LOR was not associated with OS. The lack of difference by LOR may be partially explained by HCC’s efforts to increase access to care throughout the catchment area by establishing community sites. However, a focus on improving outcomes for lower SES HNSCC patients is needed.
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Patil, Vijay M., Vanita Noronha, Amit Joshi, Vamshi Muddu, Sachin Dhumal, Atanu Bhattacharjee, and Kumar Prabhash. "Compliance With Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in T4 Oral Cancers: Place, Person, Socioeconomic Status, or Assistance." Journal of Global Oncology 1, no. 2 (December 2015): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.2015.000265.
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Purpose Approximately 15% to 20% of our patients with head and neck cancer receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) discontinue therapy because of various nonmedical reasons. We sought to analyze the factors associated with treatment default and noncompliance among these patients. Patients and Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with T4 oral cancer treated with NACT between January 2011 and December 2012. We included patients who discontinued treatment for nonmedical reasons before the second cycle of NACT. The factors analyzed were income, education, socioeconomic status, age, sex, place of residence, habits, and payment pattern (government supported or personal capacity). Pearson χ2 test was used to identify significant factors associated with noncompliance. Results Of 486 patients, 91 patients (18.7%) were noncompliant. Percentages of noncompliant patients in the age groups < 30, between 30 and 60, and > 60 years were 25.0%, 17.4%, and 25.5%, respectively (P = .27). Percentages of noncompliance in patients residing within the city, same state, or different state were 20.7%, 20.9%, and 17.1%, respectively (P = .44). Noncompliance rates were 20.3%, 15.7%, 18.1%, and 22.5% in upper middle, lower middle, upper lower, and lower economic strata, respectively (P = .60). Similarly, there was no significant difference in noncompliance according to occupation, education level, payment pattern, sex, or habits. Conclusion Our analysis failed to identify any specific significant factor associated with noncompliance with NACT among our patients with T4 oral cancers.
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Hyra, Derek S. "Racial Uplift? Intra‐Racial Class Conflict and the Economic Revitalization of Harlem and Bronzeville." City & Community 5, no. 1 (March 2006): 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2006.00156.x.
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The study of revitalizing African American urban neighborhoods is needed to understand how race, class, and politics influence community development. While numerous investigations of urban neighborhoods stress inter‐racial conflict, few explore intra‐racial class discord. Class antagonism within black America is a controversial and debated topic. Several scholars claim that the common experience of racism has led to social and political unity among African Americans. However, others predict that with greater economic differentiation, shared feelings of social and political commonality will decrease. The economic transformation of Harlem in New York City and Bronzeville in Chicago, two historic African American communities, provides valuable insight into the importance of class conflict to community change. After decades of economic abandonment, these areas are experiencing a resurgence of residential and commercial investments, triggered, in part, by the return of the black middle class. Based on a 4‐year, comparative ethnographic investigation, using extensive participant observation, interviews, and archival data, this study reveals the conflict between lower‐ and upper‐income residents. I highlight the process by which members of the black middle class translate their preferences for community improvement, through local organizations, by advocating for the removal of the poor from these once low‐income neighborhoods. I argue that intra‐racial class antagonism plays a critical role in the economic development of these communities, and assess whether the redevelopment of Harlem and Bronzeville can be considered “racial uplift.” This study supports the notion that class conflict is essential for understanding community change and the black experience in urban America.
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Koyuncu, Aybüke, Atsuyoshi Ishizumi, Danni Daniels, Mohamed F. Jalloh, Aaron S. Wallace, and Dimitri Prybylski. "The Use of Adaptive Sampling to Reach Disadvantaged Populations for Immunization Programs and Assessments: A Systematic Review." Vaccines 11, no. 2 (February 13, 2023): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11020424.
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Vaccines prevent 4–5 million deaths every year, but inequities in vaccine coverage persist among key disadvantaged subpopulations. Under-immunized subpopulations (e.g., migrants, slum residents) may be consistently missed with conventional methods for estimating immunization coverage and assessing vaccination barriers. Adaptive sampling, such as respondent-driven sampling, may offer useful strategies for identifying and collecting data from these subpopulations that are often “hidden” or hard-to-reach. However, use of these adaptive sampling approaches in the field of global immunization has not been systematically documented. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases to identify eligible studies published through November 2020 that used an adaptive sampling method to collect immunization-related data. From the eligible studies, we extracted relevant data on their objectives, setting and target population, and sampling methods. We categorized sampling methods and assessed their frequencies. Twenty-three studies met the inclusion criteria out of the 3069 articles screened for eligibility. Peer-driven sampling was the most frequently used adaptive sampling method (57%), followed by geospatial sampling (30%), venue-based sampling (17%), ethnographic mapping (9%), and compact segment sampling (9%). Sixty-one percent of studies were conducted in upper-middle-income or high-income countries. Data on immunization uptake were collected in 65% of studies, and data on knowledge and attitudes about immunizations were collected in 57% of studies. We found limited use of adaptive sampling methods in measuring immunization coverage and understanding determinants of vaccination uptake. The current under-utilization of adaptive sampling approaches leaves much room for improvement in how immunization programs calibrate their strategies to reach “hidden” subpopulations.
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Abed, Amal R., Shouib N. Mabdeh, and Abeer Nassar. "Social Sustainability in Gated Communities Versus Conventional Communities: The Case of Amman." International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 17, no. 7 (November 30, 2022): 2141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.170714.
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There is a growing interest in gated communities as residential developments for upper-middle-income residents in Amman, Jordan, but limited research has been conducted on this subject. Additionally, no clear codes or strategies exist to regulate these communities. Social sustainability has been recognized as a fundamental component of sustainability and residential communities since it concerns individuals’ interactions and livable communities. This can be determined through five indicators: personal relationships, social network support, civic engagement, levels of safety, and shared values and norms. Therefore, this research investigates the impact of these indicators on one’s social life in different typologies of residential development. This exploration involved a mixed-method approach that began with a spatial analysis of selected gated communities, a conventional community, and a survey of households. Subsequently, the results revealed that the mega gated communities were the best in terms of social sustainability in personal relationships, social networks, and civic engagement. These facts may relate to the availability of public spaces and facilities, which are either missing or limited in other developments. Such amenities are integral components of social infrastructure and involve diverse activities, necessitating design guidelines for residential development considering social sustainability.
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Ndava, Miriam, Lovemore Musemwa, Simbarashe Ndhleve, and Leocadia Zhou. "Predictors of Nutritional Status and Academic Performance of Under-Five Early Childhood Development Children in Zimbabwe." Journal of International Cooperation and Development 4, no. 2 (November 5, 2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/jicd-2021-0010.
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Despite multiple efforts to combat malnutrition of children in Zimbabwe, levels of stunting still fall short of the acceptable target of 20% by UNICEF. Malnutrition at an early age could result in irreversible damage and other far-reaching consequences such as diminished learning and school performance. Thus, this study investigated the factors affecting nutritional status and academic performance of Early Childhood Education under five years children. Nutritional status was determined using the Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) and academic performance using basic shapes and colours. Structured questionnaires were used to gather data from 216 under-five children, teachers and parents or guardians of the children in Harare and Mashonaland East Provinces of Zimbabwe. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics, frequencies and chi-square test of independence using SPSS version 23. The results showed that academic performance score for urban and rural children were 82.94% and 73.81% respectively. The average MUAC was 15.8 cm for urban and 15.7cm for rural. Academic performance and nutritional status of the ECD child were both significantly related to location of school, ECD grade, value of assets owned and years of schooling of household head. Nutrition status was also affected by marital status of the household head, relationship between the household head and the ECD child, household dietary diversity and residence ownership. Academic performance of ECD children was significantly related to the age of ECD child, distance to school and ECD child household’s size, dietary diversity, income sources and total monthly income. Concentric efforts among all stakeholders aimed at reducing distance that children travel to school, improving household income and dietary diversity could reduce the incidence of malnutrition and improve children’s academic performance.
Received: 31 August 2021 / Accepted: 1 October 2021 / Published: 5 November 2021
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Sarker, Md Ruhul Amin, Md Atiqul Islam, Mohammad Habibullah, Saleh Mohammad Ali, Abu Hena Md Shohel Rana, Mokhlesur Rahman Sarker, Mohammad Zakaria Al Aziz, and Md Liakat Ali. "Endoscopic Evaluation of Dyspeptic Patients." Journal of Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College 12, no. 1 (January 24, 2021): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jssmc.v12i1.51612.
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Background: Dyspepsia is a common gastrointestinal problems affecting all age groups & social classes.
Objectives: The purpose of the study was to determine the endoscopic findings of dyspeptic patients & to observe the demographic characteristics (age, sex, residence, education, socioeconomic condition) of the patients presented with dyspepsia.
Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Department of Medicine, Rangpur Medical College Hospital, Rangpur over a period of 1 year from 1st June 2010 to 31st May 2011. 150 dyspeptic patients of 18 or > 18 years old irrespective of sexes and suffering from one or more of the five symptoms (flatulence, food intolerance, epigastric pain, heartburn and aerophagia) for at least 6 months duration were recruited for the study from outpatient and inpatient department who were met the inclusion & exclusion criteria. Data were collected by using a structured questionnaire after taking written consent & upper GI Endocopy were done following meticulous history & through physical examination.
Result: Over one-third (36%) of the patients were below 30 years, 17% between 30 – 40 years old, predominantly were rural residents, having primary to secondary level of education with monthly income below Taka 10000. Males to females ratio were 2:1. More than half (50.6%) of the patients was smoker, 32.7% had habit of taking tea, 10% were tobacco chewing and rest 6.7% used to take spicy meal.. Epigastric discomfort, flatulence and heartburn were the common complaints in both male and females but vomiting were proportionately higher in male dyspeptics compared to the female dyspeptics. Common associated symptoms like constipation and weight loss were equally in both sexes. Upper GI endoscopy revealed 17.3% of male and 11.5% of female with abnormal findings.Others abnormal findings included gastric ulcer, gastritis and duodenal ulcers (17.6 vs. 33.3%; 23.6 vs. 50% and 17.6 vs. 16.7% in male and female respectively). Majority (nearly 90% in either sex) of patients does not show any lesions on endoscopic examination and hence can be considered as non-ulcer dyspepsia.
Conclusion: The study concludes that majority of patients with complaints of dyspepsia have no lesion on the gastric or duodenal mucosa and can be considered non-ulcer dyspepsia. The study findings also suggest that dyspepsia is a disease of young and early middle aged people with males being more likely to develop the disease than the females. However, large-scale community survey is recommended for further evaluation of dyspepsia.
J Shaheed Suhrawardy Med Coll, December 2020, Vol.12(1); 9-14
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Mediratta, Srishti, and Pulkit Mathur. "Determinants of Food Choices and Selection of Healthier Food Products by Adults (20–40 Years Old) Residing in Delhi." Current Developments in Nutrition 6, Supplement_1 (June 2022): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac059.019.
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Abstract Objectives This study was aimed to assess the factors influencing food choices, food label reading habits, and understanding of nutrition information on food labels among adults. Methods The study had a cross-sectional study design with a non-probability purposive sampling technique where adults who engaged in food purchase were selected from housing colonies from four geographical zones of the city. Key informants were contacted and thereafter snowball sampling was applied to collect data using a mixed-methods approach from 589 adults (20–40 years). Statistical analysis was performed with a level of significance P < 0.05. Results The most influential factors affecting food choices were brand (30%), nutritive value (22%), and taste (20%). Food selection depended on whether the adult had a meal with friends or family. Most participants read food labels (79%) and noticed nutrition and health claims (76%) on packaged food items. Most participants (80%) between 20–30 years read food labels and were most influenced by the health claim ‘lowers cholesterol’ (χ2 = 44.5, P < 0.001) compared to 30–40 year olds. Participants belonging to the upper-middle-income group were less likely to value nutrition over taste as compared to the high-income group while choosing food products adjusting for age, marital status, and gender (OR = 0.57, CI:0.381–0.86). Around 77% of participants believed that they understood nutritional information, though most (74%) could not identify whether foods were rich or low in specific nutrients. Females were more likely to understand nutrition information as compared to men (OR = 1.52, CI: 1.01–2.31). Among all the nutrient profiling models shown, the majority found the color-coded ‘traffic light scheme’ format easiest to understand. Conclusions A combination of drivers influences food selection by an adult. The public health policy needs to adopt a food systems approach that brings about change in the food environment. The availability of healthy yet tasty alternatives needs to be encouraged and foods high in fat, salt, and sugar need to be discouraged. The packaging regulations need to ensure that food labels communicate about healthfulness in a simple manner to enable consumers to make better food choices. Funding Sources The first author (S.M.) received a Senior Research Fellowship from the University Grants Commission (India).
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Jain, Shubham, Aditya Thakur, Kunal Peepre, Shivika Kaushal, and Pradeep Kasar. "Prevalence of self-medication practices among the residents of urban slums located near govt. medical college, Jabalpur." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 2 (January 24, 2018): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20180274.
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Background: Self-medication is defined as medication taken on the patient’s own initiative or on the advice of pharmacist or any other lay person. Self-medication can be described as a double edged sword for its users, because it has both beneficial and harmful effects. According to recent community based study in 2016 prevalence of self-medication in developing countries varies from 12% to as high as 73% in different communities. The objectives of the study were to assess the prevalence of self-medication among the residents of urban slums located near Govt. medical college, Jabalpur and to identify the factors associated with the practice of self-medication.Methods: It was a descriptive cross sectional study conducted in 412 families residing in slum areas around the medical college for duration of 2 months [1st July to 31st august 2017]. One participant from each family was interviewed. Data on socio demographic details (age, gender, education, occupation, and income), practice of self-medication, and reasons for use of self-medication were collected.Results: Among the total 412 participants, 176 (42.7%) practiced self-medication out of which 43.6% were Females. Highest prevalence of 58.1% amongst 18-40 years of age group, 69.3% was literates. Major reason for self-medication being disease is simple (56.5%). Majority took self-medication occasionally (72.5%) and most common source were Pharmacists (87.42%) through OTC (81.14%). Most widely used drugs were Analgesics (66.28%) and main indications were headache, body ache and other pains (25.2%). Associations were compared with chi-square test Socio economic status of participants and Vicinity distance from hospital revealed statistically significant result. Socio-economically upper class (p꞊0.018) and participants living more than 500 m away from hospital (p=0.010) tends to take more self medication.Conclusions: There was a heterogeneous spread in the practices. Easy availability of over the counter (OTC) drugs is a major factor responsible for irrational drug use. Community awareness programme, educational interventions should be conducted about side effects of self-medication.
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Feng, Xiang, Zhao-Lai Hua, Qin Zhou, Ai-Wu Shi, Tong-Qiu Song, Dong-Fu Qian, Ru Chen, et al. "Prevalence and coprevalence of modifiable risk factors for upper digestive tract cancer among residents aged 40–69 years in Yangzhong city, China: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 11, no. 4 (April 2021): e042006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042006.
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ObjectivesTo describe the prevalence of modifiable risk factors for upper digestive tract cancer (UDTC) and its coprevalence, and investigate relevant influencing factors of modifiable UDTC risk factors coprevalence among residents aged 40–69 years in Yangzhong city, China.DesignCross-sectional study.ParticipantsA total of 21 175 participants aged 40–69 years were enrolled in the study. 1962 subjects were excluded due to missing age, marital status or some other selected information. Eventually, 19 213 participants were available for the present analysis.Main outcomes measuresPrevalence and coprevalence of eight modifiable UDTC risk factors (overweight or obesity, current smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, insufficient vegetables intake, insufficient fruit intake and the consumption of pickled, fried and hot food) were analysed.ResultsThe prevalence of overweight/obesity, current smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, insufficient vegetables intake, insufficient fruit intake and the consumption of pickled, fried and hot food in this study was 45.3%, 24.1%, 16.2%, 66.1%, 94.5%, 68.1%, 36.0% and 88.4%, respectively. Nearly all (99.9%) participants showed one or more UDTC risk factors, 98.6% of the participants showed at least two risk factors, 92.2% of the participants had at least three risk factors and 69.7% of the participants had four or more risk factors. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that men, younger age, single, higher education, higher annual family income and smaller household size were more likely to present modifiable UDTC risk factors coprevalence.ConclusionsThe prevalence and coprevalence of modifiable UDTC risk factors are high among participants in Yangzhong city. Extra attention must be paid to these groups who are susceptible to risk factors coprevalence during screening progress. Relative departments also need to make significant public health programmes that aim to decrease modifiable UDTC risk factors coprevalence among residents aged 40–69 years from high-risk areas of UDTC.
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Amouzou, Agbessi, Safia S. Jiwani, Inácio Crochemore Mohnsam da Silva, Liliana Carvajal-Aguirre, Abdoulaye Maïga, and Lara M. E. Vaz. "Closing the inequality gaps in reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health coverage: slow and fast progressors." BMJ Global Health 5, no. 1 (January 2020): e002230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002230.
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IntroductionUniversal Health Coverage (UHC) is a critical goal under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for health. Achieving this goal for reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health (RMNCH) service coverage will require an understanding of national progress and how socioeconomic and demographic subgroups of women and children are being reached by health interventions.MethodsWe accessed coverage databases produced by the International Centre for Equity in Health, which were based on reanalysis of Demographic and Health Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys and Reproductive and Health Surveys. We limited the data to 58 countries with at least two surveys since 2008. We fitted multilevel linear regressions of coverage of RMNCH, divided into four main components—reproductive health, maternal health, child immunisation and child illness treatment—to estimate the average annual percentage point change (AAPPC) in coverage for the period 2008–2017 across these countries and for subgroups defined by maternal age, education, place of residence and wealth quintiles. We also assessed change in the pace of coverage progress between the periods 2000–2008 and 2008–2017.ResultsProgress in RMNCH coverage has been modest over the past decade, with statistically significant AAPPC observed only for maternal health (1.25, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.61) and reproductive health (0.83, 95% CI 0.47 to 1.19). AAPPC was not statistically significant for child immunisation and illness treatment. Progress, however, varied largely across countries, with fast or slow progressors spread throughout the low-income and middle-income groups. For reproductive and maternal health, low-income and lower middle-income countries appear to have progressed faster than upper middle-income countries. For these two components, faster progress was also observed in older women and in traditionally less well-off groups such as non-educated women, those living in rural areas or belonging to the poorest or middle wealth quintiles than among groups that are well off. The latter groups however continue to maintain substantially higher coverage levels over the former. No acceleration in RMNCH coverage was observed when the periods 2000–2008 and 2008–2017 were compared.ConclusionAt the dawn of the SDGs, progress in coverage in RMNCH remains insufficient at the national level and across equity dimensions to accelerate towards UHC by 2030. Greater attention must be paid to child immunisation to sustain the past gains and to child illness treatment to substantially raise its coverage across all groups.
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Sigdel, Rambha, Dewa Adhikari, Angur Badhu, and Tara Shah. "Nutritional Status of Under Five Year Children Residing in Selected Wards of Barahachhetra Municipality, Sunsari, Nepal: a Cross-sectional Study." Journal of BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jbpkihs.v5i2.42330.
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Background: The nutrition of under five children reflects a country’s health status. We aimed to assess the nutritional status of the under five year children of selected wards of Barahachhetra municipality, Sunsari. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we enrolled 167 under five year children in ward no. 4 and 5 of Barahachhetra municipality. Height/ length, mid- upper arm circumference (MUAC), weight and clinical signs of malnutrition were noted. The relevant information regarding the predictors of malnutrition was obtained from parents/ caregiver. Results: Nearly half (47.9%) of the children were in the age group 25-59 months with almost equal gender distribution. About one-tenth of children (11.3%) had MUAC less than 12.5 cm, 20.4% of children were wasted, 47.2% were stunted and more than a quarter (29.6%) were underweight. The MUAC was significantly associated with per capita income (p = 0.01). Wasting was significantly associated with the age of the children (p = 0.005) and occupation of their father (p = 0.002). Underweight was significantly associated with their age (p = 0.007), ethnicity (p = 0.03), parents’ education (mother: p = 0.02, father: p = 0.002), parents’ age (mother: p = 0.04, father: p = 0.02) and fathers’ occupation. Conclusion: Substantial number of under five year children were malnourished. One-fourth of the children were wasted, nearly half were stunted, and more than a quarter of the children were underweight. Malnutrition (as per MUAC) and stunting were higher among younger children (6-24 months) whereas wasting and underweight were higher among older children (25-59 months).
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Weimann, Amy, and Tolu Oni. "A Systematised Review of the Health Impact of Urban Informal Settlements and Implications for Upgrading Interventions in South Africa, a Rapidly Urbanising Middle-Income Country." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19 (September 26, 2019): 3608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193608.
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Informal settlements are becoming more entrenched within African cities as the urban population continues to grow. Characterised by poor housing conditions and inadequate services, informal settlements are associated with an increased risk of disease and ill-health. However, little is known about how informal settlement upgrading impacts health over time. A systematised literature review was conducted to explore existing evidence and knowledge gaps on the association between informal settlement characteristics and health and the impact of informal settlement upgrading on health, within South Africa, an upper-middle income African country. Using two databases, Web of Science and PubMed, we identified 46 relevant peer-reviewed articles published since 1998. Findings highlight a growing body of research investigating the ways in which complete physical, mental and social health are influenced by the physical housing structure, the psychosocial home environment and the features of the neighbourhood and community in the context of informal settlements. However, there is a paucity of longitudinal research investigating the temporal impact of informal settlement upgrading or housing improvements on health outcomes of these urban residents. Informal settlements pose health risks particularly to vulnerable populations such as children, the elderly, and people with suppressed immune systems, and are likely to aggravate gender-related inequalities. Due to the complex interaction between health and factors of the built environment, there is a need for further research utilising a systems approach to generate evidence that investigates the interlinked factors that longitudinally influence health in the context of informal settlement upgrading in rapidly growing cities worldwide.