Relevant bibliographies by topics / Upper expectation

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Upper expectation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Upper expectation"

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Cao, Xiaomin. "An Upper Bound of Large Deviations for Capacities." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/516291.

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Up to now, most of the academic researches about the large deviation and risk theory are under the framework of the classical linear expectations. But motivated by problems of model uncertainties in statistics, measures of risk, and superhedging in finance, sublinear expectations are extensively studied. In this paper, we obtain a type of large deviation principle under the sublinear expectation. This result is a new expression of the Gärtner-Ellis theorem under the sublinear expectations which is in the classical theory of large deviations. In addition, we introduce a new process under the sublinear expectations, that is, theG-Poisson process. We give an application of our result and obtain the rate function of the compoundG-Poisson process in the upper bound of large deviations for capacities. The application of our result opens a new field for the research of risk theory in the future.
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Elsafty, Ashraf, and Ahmed AlNawaly. "Role of Co-Working Spaces’ Services in Entrepreneurs Growth in Upper Egypt: The Case of Step Co-Working Space." Business and Management Studies 6, no. 2 (June 28, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/bms.v6i2.4898.

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Co-working spaces are a new concept in Upper Egypt; Step co-working space is the first co-working space in Assiut governorate. Through co-working spaces services and facilities, this paper developed a new operationalization of the entrepreneurs’ growth. This research design resulting conceptual framework proposes that certain combinations of cost-sharing concepts, entrepreneurial awareness, NGO support, Mentoring, and Networking activities would increase the expectation of challenging entrepreneurial growth in Upper Egypt.A survey of unstructured interview and questionnaire used two data collection methods as a research instrument and was applied to the owner managers of Egyptian enterprises. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between entrepreneurs’ growth expectations and cost sharing, awareness, NGOs support, Mentoring, Networking, gender, facilities, and unemployment in Upper Egypt.
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Talha, Muhammad Ali, Xuehong Qi, and Muhammad Rizwan. "Cultural Impact of Perceived Parental Expectations on Students’ Academic Stress." ANNALS OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND PERSPECTIVE 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/assap.v1i2.25.

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The current study was conducted to investigate the cultural impact of perceived parental expectation on students’ academic stress. Study was completed through correlational research design. Survey was conducted by using questionnaires as a method of data collection. Multistage-sampling technique was used to approach the respondents. As a sample of study 977 students were selected. There are two research instruments that were used; Perceived Parental Expectation Scale (Wang, & Heppner, 2002) and Questionnaire of Academic Stress in Secondary Education (Garcia-Ros, Perez-Gonzalez, & Tomas, 2018). Following statistical tests were used to analyze the data; Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient, Linear regression, t-test for independent samples design, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Results revealed that a positive relationship between parental expectation and academic stress, standard regression model show significant impact of parental expectations on academic stress and difference of perceived parental expectations and academic stress with respect to the gender of the students’ differences was reported in result favoring male students for higher expectations and stress. Students those parents were unemployed reported to perceive higher level of parental expectations and academic stress. Significant differences due to geographical location of zones (upper Punjab, central Punjab and southern Punjab) relative to parental expectations and academic stress was also reported. Significant results were reported according to different groups of parental education. In the domain of SES, there are differences in parental expectations and academic stress among students at secondary level.
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Qiu, Tian, Yang Bai, and Jingyi Lu. "Taking risks for the best: Maximizing and risk-taking tendencies." Judgment and Decision Making 15, no. 4 (July 2020): 499–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500007440.

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AbstractMaximizing is characterized by aspirations for the highest standards. The current study explored the relationship between maximizing and risk-taking tendencies in decisions subject to risk. We propose that people first refer to expectation (i.e., the overall utility expected from an alternative) when taking risky decisions. If expectation clearly identifies the best option, maximizing will not be correlated with risk-taking tendencies. If not, people refer to maximizing to reach a decision. Maximizing will be positively associated with risk-taking tendencies because the “upper bound” of risky options helps achieve the goal of seeking the best. Four studies showed that risk-taking tendencies increased with maximizing when the options had similar expectations (Studies 1 to 3). When expectations between options were clearly different (vs. similar), the positive relationship between maximizing and risk-taking tendencies was reduced (Study 4). These findings provide an insight into how maximizing is related to risk seeking.
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Marmorino, M. G. "Upper Bound to the Expectation Value of the Squared Hamiltonian." Journal of Mathematical Chemistry 35, no. 1 (January 2004): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:jomc.0000007814.41723.6b.

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Lin, Lu, Yufeng Shi, Xin Wang, and Shuzhen Yang. "k-sample upper expectation linear regression—Modeling, identifiability, estimation and prediction." Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 170 (March 2016): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jspi.2015.09.002.

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Joye, Alain. "Upper bounds for the energy expectation in time-dependent quantum mechanics." Journal of Statistical Physics 85, no. 5-6 (December 1996): 575–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02199357.

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Markiewicz, Augustyn, and Simo Puntanen. "Upper bounds for the Euclidean distances between the BLUPs." Special Matrices 6, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 249–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/spma-2018-0020.

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Abstract In this article we consider the general linear model {y, X ß, V} where y is the observable random vector with expectation X ß and covariance matrix V. Our interest is on predicting the unobservable random vector y* which comes from y* = X* ß + ƹ* where the expectation of y* isX* ß and the covariance matrix of y* is known aswell as the cross-covariance matrix between y* and y. The random vector y* can be considered as a kind of unknown future value.We introduce upper bounds for the Euclidean distances between the BLUPs, the best linear unbiased predictors, when the prediction is based on the original model and when it is based on the transformed model { Fy, FX ß, FVF’}. We also show how the upper bounds are related to the concept of linear sufficiency, and we apply our results into the mixed linear model.
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Zhou, Lili, Jinqing Liu, and Jane-Jane Lo. "A Comparison of U.S. and Chinese Geometry Standards through the Lens of van Hiele Levels." International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology 10, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 38–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.46328/ijemst.1848.

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The present study aims to compare the geometry standards in U.S. Common Core State Standards of Mathematics (CCSSM) and Chinese Compulsory Education Mathematics Curriculum Standards (CMCS) through the lens of van Hiele levels. The study considered a standard unit as one or multiple learning expectation(s) and placed each learning expectation into van Hiele levels. By examining the van Hiele level distributions of the learning expectations and major topics, this study investigated how CCSSM and CMCS propose the students' development of geometric thoughts. The findings reveal different emphases in geometry learning expectations of CCSSM and CMCS. Specifically, (a) Geometry standards in CCSSM are more general, whereas geometry standards in CMCS are more specific; (b) CMCS shows a more consistent progression through grade bands than CCSSM; (c) CCSSM makes more connections between various aspects within a topic and across multiple topics than CMCS; (d) CCSSM highlights Dynamic Geometry Environments (DGEs), whereas CMCS underscores abstract and rigor at the upper level. Implications of this study and suggestions for future revisions for both standards are discussed.
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Valdés, Manuel Tomás. "The Evolution of Educational Expectations in Spain (2003-2018): An Analysis of Social Inequality Using PISA." International Journal of Sociology of Education 10, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 82–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/rise.2020.6413.

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This paper examines the educational expectations of the Spanish student body at the end of compulsory education. Using the 2003 and 2018 waves of PISA, I report a remarkable increase in the educational ambition of the Spanish student body. Two aspects are worth noting. Firstly, virtually all 15-years-old students expect to enroll in Upper Secondary Education by 2018. Secondly, Higher Vocational Education has become a very appealing alternative at tertiary level. Furthermore, significant inequalities have been documented in the configuration of educational expectations. However, inequality has been reduced in the expectations of enrolment in Upper Secondary and Tertiary Education due to the higher educational ambition among socioeconomically disadvantaged students. In turn, inequality has increased in the horizontal expectation of enrolment in the academic track in both levels because a larger share of socioeconomically disadvantaged students preferred the vocational track in 2018 (diversion thesis). Using counterfactual analysis, I have observed that this increase in horizontal inequality would have been larger had it not been for the change in the social structure between 2003 and 2018
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Upper expectation"

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Sewter, V. M. "A study of pupil' choice, expectation and experience of optional science courses in the upper secondary school." Thesis, University of Reading, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356753.

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IBRAGIMOV, ANTON. "G - Expectations in infinite dimensional spaces and related PDES." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/44738.

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In this thesis, we extend the G-expectation theory to infinite dimensions. Such notions as a covariation set of G-normal distributed random variables, viscosity solution, a stochastic integral drive by G-Brownian motion are introduced and described in the given infinite dimensional case. We also give a probabilistic representation of the unique viscosity solution to the fully nonlinear parabolic PDE with unbounded first order term in Hilbert space in terms of G-expectation theory.
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Ståhl, Daniel. "Elevers förväntningar på teknikprogrammet : Hur eleverna hanterar övergången från grundskolan till teknikprogrammet." Thesis, KTH, Lärande, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-233526.

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I dagens gymnasieskola möter elever ofta en utbildning som de inte riktig har förväntat sig. Det ställer krav på utbildaren att hjälpa eleven framåt när eleven upplever att utbildningen inte motsvarar förväntan. Därmed behövs en tydlig dialog där skolan kan förklara utbildningens innehåll, syfte och upplägg. Detta arbete visar på att det är ett problem som behöver hanteras på olika sätt. Även om eleverna i vissa fall upplever att utbildningen är svår så känner de en tillhörighet till sina klasskamrater och till skolan. Denna tillhörighet gör ibland att elever undviker att byta utbildning även om de känner att utbildningen är fel val. Elevernas tillhörighet till skolan och dess identitet är så pass stark att de inte vill lämna den miljön. Genom dialog kan läraren hjälpa eleven att hitta lämpliga strategier för hur de ska överbrygga övergången från grundskola till gymnasiet. Med dialog kan eleverna få en ökad förståelse till varför de läser vissa kurser och vilken strategi som kan vara lämpligast för kursen. Under arbetet med studien framkom att eleverna har problem med övergången från grundskolan till gymnasiet. De allra flesta har möjligheter själva att hantera dennaövergång, antingen genom att de testar sig fram eller så kan familjen ge råd och tips för hurde ska göra. Denna studie har främst fokuserat på de elever som under studiegångenuppvisat tecken på svårigheter att klara studierna och som inte haft den stöttning hemifrån som möjliggjort fokus på utbildningen i sig, snarare än förväntan på utbildningen.
In today’s upper secondary school, students often meet an education they haven’t really expected. This imposes demands on the educational institution to help the students forward when they face an educational situation that creates a conflict between their expectations and the actual education they participate in. This requires a dialogue with the student to explain and give an accurate description of the subjects they study and what they need to fulfil when they participate in the program. This thesis, based on interviews with students participating in a technical program at an upper secondary school, shows that this is a problem that needs to be handled. Despite the fact that the students sense that their educational situation is hard to handle, they still also feel a sense of belonging. This sense of belonging becomes an obstacle for the student to change from the educational system and program they are participating in. The students’ sense of belonging to the school and its identity makes it hard for them to leave the environment and the program they have started. Through dialogue, the teacher can provide strategies for the students to handle their studies and the transfer from elementary school to the upper secondary school. With the dialogue the students receive an increased understanding of why they take some courses and to find the most suitable strategy to handle the program. In this thesis students did confirm that there is a problem with the transfer from elementary school to upper secondary school. Even though most of the time students evolve their own strategies to handle the transfer, either by trial and error or with a family that can provide support. This thesis is mainly focused on the students that are having hard to handle their studies. difficulties to handle their studies and how to use motivation.
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Hernández, Fernández Jimena. "Transition to upper secondary school in Mexico : new insights into selection and education expectations." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2015. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/54341/.

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The thesis investigates whether there are different patterns of 15 year-olds' selection that educational expectations, according to the different transition processes that exist in Mexico. To accomplish this objective three research questions guide the analysis. First, what are the underlying factors that affect the different transition processes to UPS level used in different States in Mexico? Second, what are the characteristics of 15 year-olds selected at UPS and how do they differ in States that use different transition processes? Third, how do 15 year-old students, educational expectations differ by the transition processes used where they live? To answer these questions I use essentially a quantitative study. I perform a political economy analysis of the transition to UPS in Mexico using a documentary review. I develop a characterisation of the different transition processes. Additionally, I investigate the relationship between the different transition processes and students' socioeconomic background, achievement and expectations. The analysis uses data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (2009) and marginalisation information from the National Council of Population (2010). The methods used are statistical descriptive analysis and regression analysis (quantile regression, ordered probit model and sensitivity analysis). The political economy analysis provides a characterisation of the transition process to upper secondary level based on the standardisation of admission procedures and the extensiveness in the use of entry examinations. The results of the political economy analysis of the transition process suggests that States with more structured education systems tend to have homogeneous transition processes, while in States with less structured education systems, schools and entry examination institutions tend to have a stringer influence on the transition process and ergo the procedures are heterogeneous. Homogeneous processes tend to promote a more balanced intake of students according to their social background, regardless of whether they use entry examinations or not. Also, the selection of UPS appears to be more efficient at processes that have the most extensive use of examination and homogeneous procedures. Therefore it is inferred that the standardisation of procedures could be positive for the effectiveness and efficiency of the selection at UPS as homogeneous procedures were found also to be associated with slightly higher educational expectations on students.
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Shlomyuk, Yael. "Kindergarten-teachers' and parents' perceptions of and expectations from parental involvement in kindergartens in Upper-Yokneam, Israel." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417177.

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Nilsson, Anton. "Attitudes towards, expectations of, and competence regarding ICT and digital learning tools : A quantitative study among Swedish EFL teachers in secondary/upper secondary school." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-75337.

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The aim of this paper is to highlight and analyze the attitude towards and expectations of ICT and digital tools amongst Swedish EFL teachers in secondary/upper secondary school. In addition, this paper also contains results and analysis of how teachers most commonly acquire new digital learning tools, as well as what they consider to be most important when incorporating ICT in the classroom. Another contributing factor behind conducting this study is the upcoming changes to the current curriculum, as the Swedish Government (Regeringskansliet) decided that changes shall be made in order to ensure and enhance the digital competence amongst Swedish students (Regeringskansliet 2017). The results and analysis are based on a questionnaire sent out through Facebook and Google Forms, targeting two different groups with the purpose of serving as networks for teachers of English within the Swedish educational system. Combining their answers as well as comparing to previous research, this study identifies, and argues for, two key aspects responsible for improving the ICT competence amongst Swedish EFL teachers in secondary/upper secondary school; high quality digital learning tools and the ability to identify your ICT skill and pick digital tools accordingly. Moreover, this study reinforces the claim made in previous studies that the attitudes towards ICT and digital learning tools amongst Swedish EFL teachers are overwhelmingly positive. However, the study also shows a lack of quality concerning in-service teacher training, resulting in a majority of teachers learning ICT and digital learning tools on their own. Finally, answers show a juxtaposition regarding what teachers actually wish for in order to facilitate the work with ICT and digital learning tools.
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Bjärnsund, Ann, and Ida Segersson. ""Det var stressigt, man visste typ inget" : Vägledningen inför gymnasievalet, ur ett elevperspektiv." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för pedagogik och didaktik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-90575.

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The purpose of this investigation was to study what students in in the first year of the social science program in high school think about the guidance they had access to during their time at primary school. This is to ensure that it the guidance students are entitled to and contribute to the development of the business. The survey was conducted at two different high schools in southern Sweden. A total of 57 students participated in the survey. The results show that 46 and 29 percent of students at the two schools did not feel they had the information they needed for their upper secondary school The results proving what previous research reached that students selection process can lead to stress and uncertainty associated with the choice to high school. The results of the present study showed that girls in particular have high standards for themselves and experience stress and anxiety associated with their selection to a greater extent than boys. The results also show that the majority of students do meet a counselor but the availability and quality of the counseling varied between schools. When the liability is delegated to the municipal level in terms of the organization of guidance activities are controlled quality and access to how much principals choose to prioritize activities. The study shows that students had access to similar counseling programs such as field trips, work experience, open houses and individual guidance and that the majority is happy with their choice. The results also show that students are asking for more activities related to education and employment. From a gender perspective, more girls than boys claimed that they felt unease and experienced difficulties selecting, confirming what the agency's report states.
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Norling, Natalie, and Elias Strömgren. "Vägen genom parken : Om hur nyanlända tjejer formar sina framtidsmål i mötet med sin omgivning och vilka didaktiska behov dessa mål skapar." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-445552.

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Lin, Fong-jheng, and 林豐正. "The Relationship of Student’Parental Educational Expectation and Academic Achievement of Ping Tung County Elementary Schools Upper Grades." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/23445319941800670789.

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碩士
國立屏東教育大學
社會發展學系
100
The purpose of this study is to examine the condition of elementary school students’ family SES(socioeconomic status), parental educational expectation, and academic achievement, In addition, to explore the academic achievement differences due to different background variables of parental educational expectation. This study adopted the questionnaire survey method with the self designed questionnaire, “elementary students’ parental educational expectation questionnaire,” and the students’ final grades of mandarin, mathematics, and social studies; the 613 subjects were Ping Tung county elementary schools’ fifth and sixth graders, and 601 valid response questionnaires returned. The gathered data were analyzed by statistical methods of one-way ANOVA, product- moment correlation, and stepwise multiple regression and the conclusion are as follows: 1. Ping Tung county elementary students’ parental educational expectation performs well. 2. No significant discrepancy found from the academic achievement and parental educational expectation of different gender students. 3. The parental educational expectation and academic achievement of single child students are better than three other children numbers students. 4. The parental educational expectation and academic achievement of single child students are better than the youngest child students. 5. The parental educational expectation and academic achievement of high family SES students are better than the lower family SES students. 6. The elementary school students’ family SES and parental educational expectation have the positive correlation. 7. The elementary school students’ family SES and academic achievement have the positive correlation. 8. Elementary school students’ SES and parental educational expectation could be the reference to predict their academic achievement
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Books on the topic "Upper expectation"

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Inc, Delta Systems Co. Great Expectations [Audiobook]: Upper Level. Delta Systems, 1999.

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Dickens, Charles. Great Expectations Upper-Intermediate Reader. Macmillan Publishers Limited, 2009.

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Cornick, Nicola, Kasey Michaels, and Stephanie Laurens. Lady of Expectations and Other Stories. Harlequin Mills & Boon, Limited, 2012.

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A Lady Of Expectations And Other Stories. Harlequin Hqn, 2012.

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Cornick, Nicola, Kasey Michaels, and Stephanie Laurens. Lady of Expectations and Other Stories: A Lady of Expectations the Secrets of a Courtesan How to Woo a Spinster. Harlequin Enterprises, Limited, 2012.

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Amran, Noor Afza. Contemporary issues in financial reporting, auditing and corporate governance. UUM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/9789670474564.

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Contemporary Issues in Financial Reporting, Auditing and Corporate Governance offers theoretical and empirical background on three fundamental areas of accounting, namely financial reporting, auditing and corporate governance.This book is written in a clear and reader-friendly manner to create readers interest in the central issues of discussion. The uniqueness of this book is in its extensive coverage of national and internationally-oriented issues of financial reporting, auditing and corporate governance. This book is ideal for accounting and business related courses at upper undergraduate and post-graduate levels. With its broad coverage, the book should also be of interest to academicians, professionals, corporate managers, regulatory bodies and researchers.The articles written in this book are: Corporate Social Responsibility and Post-Crisis StrategyEmployee Stock Options Popularity of Financial Ratios in the Annual ReportsThe Relationship between Pension Funds and Dividend PayoutDoes Audit Firm Merger Add Value to Its Clients? Co-operation between Internal and External Auditors: From the Perspective of Internal Auditors in Malaysian Local Authorities Auditor Choice: Events and TheoriesThe Global Audit Expectation Gap: Within and between Muslim CountriesOwnership Holdings: Selected Malaysian Family Businesses Ethnic Diversity in Malaysian Initial Public OfferingsCEO Succession in Malaysian PLCs: Does Firm Characteristic Make a Difference?A Framework of Good Governance: Lessons for the Inland Revenue Board Malaysia.
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Beard, Jennifer. Teaching Public Health Writing. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197576465.001.0001.

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Abstract Teaching Public Health Writing argues that public health schools and programs need to make writing practice and mentoring central to the curriculum. Writing is a process that demands patience, humility, and deliberate practice. Write, revise, submit, receive feedback, revise again. All writers develop their confidence, patience, and voice over the course of their lives. Public health students are learning to understand and translate technical content from a wide array of disciplines into clear, concise, engaging documents for vastly different audiences and purposes. It’s a time-consuming, anxiety-inducing, and painstaking process. Yet, many public health professors expect their students to arrive in their graduate and upper-level undergraduate classes already knowing how to write engaging and informative policy briefs, literature reviews, research proposals, and many other types of technical documents. This is an unrealistic expectation that undermines both students and their professors. The author blends composition theory with a multilevel social determinants analysis, the life course, harm reduction, and other public health approaches to offer a new way to think about the place of writing in public health education. This call to action offers recommendations for mentoring student writers, supporting professors, and fostering writing community and dialogue at the institutional level.
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Cozman, Fabio. Imprecise and Indeterminate Probabilities. Edited by Alan Hájek and Christopher Hitchcock. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199607617.013.14.

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This chapter offers a discussion of imprecision and indeterminacy in probability values; that is, there is a focus on situations where one does not attach a single real number to every possible event. There are several theories and mathematical models regarding such imprecise and indeterminate probabilities. Among these are, for instance, lower/upper or interval probabilities or expectations, Choquet capacities, belief functions and credal sets. The chapter reviews the history of some of these models and theories, and then summarizes their main technical assumptions. Some subtleties concerning conditioning and independence are also reviewed. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of modeling and of criteria for decision-making (minimality, maximality, E-admissibility).
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Plotch, Philip Mark. Last Subway. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9780801453663.001.0001.

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This book is the fascinating and dramatic story behind New York City's struggle to build a new subway line under Second Avenue and improve transit services all across the city. The book reveals why the city's subway system, once the best in the world, is now too often unreliable, overcrowded, and uncomfortable. It explains how a series of uninformed and self-serving elected officials have fostered false expectations about the city's ability to adequately maintain and significantly expand its transit system. Since the 1920s, New Yorkers have been promised a Second Avenue subway. When the first of four planned phases opened on Manhattan's Upper East Side in 2017, subway service improved for tens of thousands of people. Riders have been delighted with the clean, quiet, and spacious new stations. Yet these types of accomplishments will not be repeated unless New Yorkers learn from their century-long struggle. The book offers valuable lessons in how governments can overcome political gridlock and enormous obstacles to build grand projects. However, it is also a cautionary tale for cities. It reveals how false promises, redirected funds, and political ambitions have derailed subway improvements. Given the ridiculously high cost of building new subways in New York and their lengthy construction period, the Second Avenue subway (if it is ever completed) will be the last subway built in New York for generations to come.
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Book chapters on the topic "Upper expectation"

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Mio, Matteo. "Upper-Expectation Bisimilarity and Łukasiewicz μ-Calculus." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 335–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54830-7_22.

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Bao, Jialu, Nitesh Trivedi, Drashti Pathak, Justin Hsu, and Subhajit Roy. "Data-Driven Invariant Learning for Probabilistic Programs." In Computer Aided Verification, 33–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13185-1_3.

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AbstractMorgan and McIver’s weakest pre-expectation framework is one of the most well-established methods for deductive verification of probabilistic programs. Roughly, the idea is to generalize binary state assertions to real-valued expectations, which can measure expected values of probabilistic program quantities. While loop-free programs can be analyzed by mechanically transforming expectations, verifying loops usually requires finding an invariant expectation, a difficult task.We propose a new view of invariant expectation synthesis as a regression problem: given an input state, predict the average value of the post-expectation in the output distribution. Guided by this perspective, we develop the first data-driven invariant synthesis method for probabilistic programs. Unlike prior work on probabilistic invariant inference, our approach can learn piecewise continuous invariants without relying on template expectations. We also develop a data-driven approach to learn sub-invariants from data, which can be used to upper- or lower-bound expected values. We implement our approaches and demonstrate their effectiveness on a variety of benchmarks from the probabilistic programming literature.
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Gassmann, H., and W. T. Ziemba. "A tight upper bound for the expectation of a convex function of a multivariate random variable." In Mathematical Programming Studies, 39–53. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0121113.

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Tikkanen, Tarja. "A Small Step Strategy to Boost Integration of Digital Technology in Learning and Teaching at an Upper-Secondary School." In Digital Expectations and Experiences in Education, 117–35. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-648-4_7.

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Terán, Pedro. "Sublinear Expectations: On Large Sample Behaviours, Monte Carlo Method, and Coherent Upper Previsions." In Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, 375–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73848-2_36.

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Vasile, Massimiliano, and Chiara Tardioli. "On the Use of Positive Polynomials for the Estimation of Upper and Lower Expectations in Orbital Dynamics." In Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings, 99–107. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69956-1_6.

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Estlund, David. "Informed Concern." In Utopophobia, 316–28. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691147161.003.0017.

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This chapter explains why the only value of understanding justice does not lie in whatever practical value it has. It argues that the value of understanding full justice, even if it is an unrealistic goal, is over-determined: it has several kinds of practical value, but its value does not depend on that in any case. The chapter supposes that full or great justice is not a realistic expectation, not a standard people are at all likely or inclined ever to meet, and, moreover, that there is no other way in which understanding full justice would be available for the production of something of value. It then considers a claim: in that case, there is no great value in understanding those upper reaches of justice, or in understanding whether it has such upper reaches. This is broader than the claim that such understanding is useless, which would leave the possibility of worth other than usefulness. Not only is it useless, on this view, it is, for that reason, worthless (or close enough). The chapter argues against this.
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Phillips, Jim, Valerie Wright, and Jim Tomlinson. "Fairfield, Govan: Shipbuilding and the Scottish Nation." In Deindustrialisation and the Moral Economy in Scotland since 1955, 115–48. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474479240.003.0005.

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Deindustrialisation threatened the employment culture of Clydeside shipbuilding workers, who valued their earnings and craft skill along with autonomy from managerial supervision and employer control. The Fairfield shipyard in Govan was host to a series of industrial crises, which strengthened working-class moral economy feeling on the Clyde, and the expectation that trade-union organisation and state intervention could advance economic security. The 1965-68 Fairfield ‘Experiment’ and the Labour government’s 1969 investment in Upper Clyde Shipbuilders fed the moral-economy basis of the victorious 1971-72 work-in. This preserved mass employment in shipbuilding, promoted popular support for Home Rule, and inspired other occupational groups in the long age of deindustrialisation to fight for their right to work.
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Dickens, Charles. "Chapter VII." In Great Expectations. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199219766.003.0052.

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Eight o’clock had struck before I got into the air that was scented, not disagreeably, by the chips and shavings of the long-shore boat-builders, and mast oar and block makers. All that water-side region of the upper and lower Pool below Bridge,...
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Noritsugu, Toshiro. "Wearable Power Assist Robot Driven with Pneumatic Rubber Artificial Muscles." In Advances in Medical Technologies and Clinical Practice, 235–50. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9740-9.ch012.

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Recently, the attention has been focused on developing a wearable power assist robot by installing an actuator, such as motors, in the body and assisting and enhancing muscular power; there has been a considerable increase in research and development in some institutes and companies worldwide. Various types of wearable power assist robots have been proposed to support the upper and lower limbs, waist, and so on, which are to be used for the operational support of elderly and disabled people, nursing care work, and heavy lifting work in production sites. Some of them have been commercialized and their promotions have been advanced. Their social needs are extremely high, and there is an expectation of further improvements of assisting effect, installation performance, safety and convenience and affordability. In this paper, after the current state of research and development of this kind of robot is outlined, and our researches on pneumatic rubber artificial muscles, exoskeleton type standing motion assist devices, and wearable, lightweight, and soft power assist robots without an exoskeleton are introduced.
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Conference papers on the topic "Upper expectation"

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Kao, Kuo-Yuan, and I.-Hao Chen. "Maximal expectation as upper confidence bound for multi-armed bandit problems." In 2014 IEEE 7th Joint International Information Technology and Artificial Intelligence Conference (ITAIC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itaic.2014.7065060.

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Qian, Chao, Hang Xiong, and Ke Xue. "Bayesian Optimization using Pseudo-Points." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/421.

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Bayesian optimization (BO) is a popular approach for expensive black-box optimization, with applications including parameter tuning, experimental design, and robotics. BO usually models the objective function by a Gaussian process (GP), and iteratively samples the next data point by maximizing an acquisition function. In this paper, we propose a new general framework for BO by generating pseudo-points (i.e., data points whose objective values are not evaluated) to improve the GP model. With the classic acquisition function, i.e., upper confidence bound (UCB), we prove that the cumulative regret can be generally upper bounded. Experiments using UCB and other acquisition functions, i.e., probability of improvement (PI) and expectation of improvement (EI), on synthetic as well as real-world problems clearly show the advantage of generating pseudo-points.
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Doroz-Turek, M., and M. Barański. "After a Great Fire. The Problem of Roof Recovery in Historic Buildings." In IABSE Symposium, Wroclaw 2020: Synergy of Culture and Civil Engineering – History and Challenges. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/wroclaw.2020.0544.

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<p>The great fire of the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris pointed public interest to the conservation issues. General expectation is to reconstruct the roof as wooden structure. Final decision will be undertaken by French architectural conservation experts, who analyses a state of preservation of affected by fire the upper parts of the building. Great fires and wars caused numerous destruction of these important historic monuments. Since the XIX century we have plenty roof reconstruction completed as an iron, a steel, or a reinforced concrete structures. Modern concept of historic conservation requires an authenticity of the heritage. New roof structures to some extend creates.</p>
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Zhang, Hu, Pan Zhou, Yi Yang, and Jiashi Feng. "Generalized Majorization-Minimization for Non-Convex Optimization." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/591.

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Majorization-Minimization (MM) algorithms optimize an objective function by iteratively minimizing its majorizing surrogate and offer attractively fast convergence rate for convex problems. However, their convergence behaviors for non-convex problems remain unclear. In this paper, we propose a novel MM surrogate function from strictly upper bounding the objective to bounding the objective in expectation. With this generalized surrogate conception, we develop a new optimization algorithm, termed SPI-MM, that leverages the recent proposed SPIDER for more efficient non-convex optimization. We prove that for finite-sum problems, the SPI-MM algorithm converges to an stationary point within deterministic and lower stochastic gradient complexity. To our best knowledge, this work gives the first non-asymptotic convergence analysis for MM-alike algorithms in general non-convex optimization. Extensive empirical studies on non-convex logistic regression and sparse PCA demonstrate the advantageous efficiency of the proposed algorithm and validate our theoretical results.
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Gao, Yansong, and Jie Zhang. "Average-case Analysis of the Assignment Problem with Independent Preferences." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/41.

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The fundamental assignment problem is in search of welfare maximization mechanisms to allocate items to agents when the private preferences over indivisible items are provided by self-interested agents. The mainstream mechanism \textit{Random Priority} is asymptotically the best mechanism for this purpose, when comparing its welfare to the optimal social welfare using the canonical \textit{worst-case approximation ratio}. Surprisingly, the efficiency loss indicated by the worst-case ratio does not have a constant bound \cite{FFZ:14}.Recently, \cite{DBLP:conf/mfcs/DengG017} shows that when the agents' preferences are drawn from a uniform distribution, its \textit{average-case approximation ratio} is upper bounded by 3.718. They left it as an open question of whether a constant ratio holds for general scenarios. In this paper, we offer an affirmative answer to this question by showing that the ratio is bounded by $1/\mu$ when the preference values are independent and identically distributed random variables, where $\mu$ is the expectation of the value distribution. This upper bound improves the results in \cite{DBLP:conf/mfcs/DengG017} for the Uniform distribution as well. Moreover, under mild conditions, the ratio has a \textit{constant} bound for any independent random values. En route to these results, we develop powerful tools to show the insights that for most valuation inputs, the efficiency loss is small.
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Ruan, Wenjie, Min Wu, Youcheng Sun, Xiaowei Huang, Daniel Kroening, and Marta Kwiatkowska. "Global Robustness Evaluation of Deep Neural Networks with Provable Guarantees for the Hamming Distance." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/824.

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Deployment of deep neural networks (DNNs) in safety-critical systems requires provable guarantees for their correct behaviours. We compute the maximal radius of a safe norm ball around a given input, within which there are no adversarial examples for a trained DNN. We define global robustness as an expectation of the maximal safe radius over a test dataset, and develop an algorithm to approximate the global robustness measure by iteratively computing its lower and upper bounds. Our algorithm is the first efficient method for the Hamming (L0) distance, and we hypothesise that this norm is a good proxy for a certain class of physical attacks. The algorithm is anytime, i.e., it returns intermediate bounds and robustness estimates that are gradually, but strictly, improved as the computation proceeds; tensor-based, i.e., the computation is conducted over a set of inputs simultaneously to enable efficient GPU computation; and has provable guarantees, i.e., both the bounds and the robustness estimates can converge to their optimal values. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of our approach by applying the algorithm to a set of challenging problems.
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Dubois, Didier, Henri Prade, and Agnes Rico. "Qualitative integrals and desintegrals as lower and upper possibilistic expectations." In The 8th conference of the European Society for Fuzzy Logic and Technology. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/eusflat.2013.51.

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Vuorio, Jaakko, Jussi Okkonen, and Jarmo Viteli. "Finnish Upper Secondary Students User Expectations and Experiences Using MALL System." In Mindtrek 2018: Academic Mindtrek 2018. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3275116.3275150.

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Prasse, K. W., J. N. Moore, and A. Duncan. "PROTEIN C ACTS AS AN ACUTE PHASE REACTANT IN EQUINE LAMINITIS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643183.

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Equine Colic Syndrome is a disease of horses whose complications include laminatis.This term describes a situation where microvascular damage to the hoof causes degeneration of the interphalangeal laminae,leading to lameness. Vascular studies have suggested that microthrombosis involving the delicate vessels in the hoof,coupled with changes in the platelet count, coagulation factors & elevated FDP's implicate DIC as a potential etiology. Limited test capability in the horse has limited further evaluation of this hypothesis. We have developed an assay for equine protein C activity,our normal range being 70-60% (Mean+/- 2SD). We studied 12 horses with the disease for 5 consecutive days,drawing 1 blood sample per day. Our expectation was that protein C levels would decrease.if DIC was significant,as would be expected in humans. No significant decrease was noted in any horse. However there was a significant increase in the protein C levels beyond the upper limit of the normal range in 10 of the 12 horses by the third day. Five of the 10 horses maintained this elevation beyond the 5th day. Thus protein C changes were more consistent with an acute phase reactant response,rather than reflecting the decrease we anicipated,if the equine DIC parallels human DIC. We are measuring other acute phase reactants to see if equine protein C parallels those. Since our assay is still being evaluated,more data needs to be obtained in this and other equine disease states before any definative role for protein C in equine pathology can be determined. In our laminitis horses,we are devolping assays for antithrombin III and plasminogen which should allow us to evaluate the disease state more completley for any involement of elements of intravascular thrombosis and fibrinolysis in the equine colic syndrome.
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D. Haney, John, and Mary Bowers. "Integration of Upper Division Business Core Classes: A Lesson in Informing Science." In 2002 Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2498.

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In an effort to provide knowledge and skills essential for successful careers, the College of Business Administration (CBA) designed and offered a course in Fall 2000 consisting of four classes (marketing, management, computer information systems, and business communication) taught together in a block by a faculty team. The overarching goal of this course format was to present business as an interdisciplinary process, to link concepts to practice. The course was named BizBlock. The BizBlock experiment for the 2000-2001 academic year showed that misinformation that leads to unfulfilled expectations results in general student dissatisfaction. The imbalance and lack of integration among the four disciplines contributed to high dissatisfaction based on unfulfilled student expectations. The results of student feedback regarding BizBlock indicate that when properly informed, people consider even an unsatisfactory experience acceptable if it is what was expected.
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