Academic literature on the topic 'Upper-classe'

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Journal articles on the topic "Upper-classe"

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Leal, Fabrício Assis, Cátia Menezes de Souza, Glória Da Silva Almeida Leal, and Eder Pereira Miguel. "UTILIZAÇÃO DO NDVI NA ANÁLISE DA VEGETAÇÃO APÓS OCORRÊNCIA DE INCÊNDIO." Nativa 7, no. 2 (March 11, 2019): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v7i2.6664.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a vegetação do Parque Nacional das Emas antes e após a ocorrência de fogo, por meio do NDVI. Para a obtenção do NDVI foram utilizadas imagens do satélite ResourceSat-1, em julho/2010 (antes) e setembro/2010 (após). Foram aleatorizados pontos amostrais nas classes mais representativas de vegetação do PARNA, sendo: 60 pontos na classe Campo, 45 pontos na classe Cerrado, 35 pontos na classe Várzea e 35 pontos na classe Mata. Os valores encontrados de NDVI nos pontos amostrados, antes e após a ocorrência do incêndio, foram comparados estatisticamente pelo teste de qui-quadrado (χ²). Para quantificar a perda de biomassa após o incêndio, a imagem NDVI antes do incêndio foi subtraída da imagem NDVI após o incêndio, gerando assim uma imagem da diferença. Esta imagem foi classificada em cinco classes: baixa, moderada, média, alta e muito alta. Os resultados mostraram que houve diferença significativa nos valores de NDVI antes e após o incêndio, para todas as tipologias. Em relação a perda de biomassa, a classe Alta foi a mais representativa entre todas mapeadas, representando 41,1%, seguida pela classe Média (40,6%) e a classe mais extrema Muito Alta com 7,4%. O incêndio afetou, significativamente, as tipologias do parque.Palavras-chave: savana, incêndios florestais, severidade de incêndio, unidade de conservação. APPLICATION OF NDVI IN VEGETATION ANALYSIS AFTER FIRE OCCURRENCE ABSTRACT: The objective of this work was to evaluate the vegetation of Emas' PARNA before and after the occurrence of fire, through NDVI. In order to obtain the NDVI, we used images from the ResourceSat-1 satellite, in July/2010 (before) and September/2010 (after). Sampling points in the most representative PARNA vegetation classes were randomized: 60 points in the Campo class, 45 points in the Cerrado class, 35 points in the Várzea class and 35 points in the Mata class. The NDVI values found in the sampled sites, before and after the occurrence of the fire, were compared statistically by the chi-square test (χ²). To quantify biomass loss after fire, the NDVI image before the fire was subtracted from the NDVI image after the fire, thus generating an image of the difference. This image was classified into five classes: low, moderate, medium, high and very high. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the NDVI values before and after the fire, for all types. In relation to the loss of biomass, the Upper class was the most representative among all mapped, representing 41.1%, followed by the middle class (40.6%) and the most extreme class Very High with 7.4%.Keywords: savannah, forest fires, fire severity, conservation unit.
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Moors, W. B., and J. R. Giles. "Generic continuity of minimal set-valued mappings." Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society. Series A. Pure Mathematics and Statistics 63, no. 2 (October 1997): 238–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1446788700000677.

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AbstractWe study classes of Banach spaces where every set-valued mapping from a complete metric space into subsets of the Banach space which satisfies certain minimal properties, is single-valued and norm upper semi-continuous at the points of a dense Gδ subset of its domain. Characterisations of these classes are developed and permanence properties are established. Sufficiency conditions for membership of these classes are defined in terms of fragmentability and σ-fragmentability of the weak topology. A characterisation of non membership is used to show that l∞ (N) is not a member of our classe of generic continuity spaces.
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Gouveia, Rogerio Gonçalves Lacerda de, Edinéia Aparecida dos Santos Galvanin, Sandra Mara Alves da Silva Neves, Jesã Pereira Kreitlow, and Anthero Luiz dos Santos. "ANALYSIS OF LANDSCAPE QUALITY IN THE QUEIMA-PÉ RIVER BASIN, MATO GROSSO." FLORESTA 45, no. 1 (July 3, 2014): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v45i1.35747.

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AbstractIn thist study, land use and landscape quality were analyzed in the Queima-Pé river basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Land use and landscape quality were identified based on 3 m of spatial resolution images from GeoEye. For land use, manual segmentation and visual interpretation methods were used. Twelve map classes were identified and semi-perennial crops, temporary crops, pasture and native vegetation were the most significant ones. In terms of land use, the basin area contained 55.83% pasture, 26.06% crops, and 7.49% natural vegetation. Landscape analysis revealed that the study area contained 0.79% lower class, 87.80% medium-class, and 11.40% upper-class quality landscape. Through this analysis was determined predominance of the visual quality characterized as medium class, in the basin area.Keywords: Geotechnology; land use; environment. ResumoAnálise da qualidade da paisagem na bacia do rio Queima-Pé, Mato Grosso. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o uso da terra e a qualidade da paisagem na bacia hidrográfica do rio Queima-Pé, Mato Grosso, Brasil. Foram utilizadas imagens de 3 m de resolução espacial do satélite GeoEye para elaboração do mapa de uso da terra e de qualidade da paisagem. Para a elaboração do mapa de uso da terra foi utilizada a segmentação manual e interpretação visual. Foram mapeadas doze classes temáticas, sendo as mais expressivas a lavoura semiperene, lavoura temporária, pastagem e vegetação natural. A pastagem está presente em 55,83% da área, as lavouras em 26,06% e a vegetação natural em 7,49% da área da bacia. A análise da paisagem permitiu verificar que a classe baixa qualidade da paisagem está presente em 0,79% da área da bacia, a classe média em 87,80% e a classe alta em 11,40% da área de estudo. Através desta análise verificou-se a predominância da qualidade visual caracterizada como média na bacia.Palavras-chave: Geotecnologias; uso da terra; meio ambiente.
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Fraaije, René H. B., Barry W. M. Van Bakel, and John W. M. Jagt. "A new paguroid from the type Maastrichtian (upper Cretaceous, the Netherlands) and erection of a new family." Bulletin de la Société géologique de France 188, no. 3 (2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2017185.

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On the basis of a fragmentary carapace a new extinct paguroid, Annuntidiogenes massetispinosus n. sp., is described from the upper Meerssen Member (Maastricht Formation, upper Maastrichtian) of the Maastrichtian type area in the southeast Netherlands. The new taxon represents the fifth and stratigraphically youngest member of this Mesozoic genus that shows a remarkably close resemblance to the extant diogenids Aeropaguristes Rahayu and McLaughlin, 2010 (Rahayu DL, McLaughlin PA. 2010. Areopaguristes, a generic replacement name for Stratiotes Thomson, 1899 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Paguroidea: Diogenidae). Zootaxa 2509: 67–68), Paguristes Dana, 1851 (Dana JD. 1851. Conspectus crustaceorum quae in orbis terrarum circumnavigatione, Carolo Wilkes e classe reipublicae foederatae duce, lexit et descripsit. (Preprint from) Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 5: 267–272) and Pseudopaguristes McLaughlin, 2002 (McLaughlin PA. 2002. Pseudopaguristes, a new and aberrant genus of hermit crabs (Anomura: Paguridea: Diogenidae). Micronesica 34(2): 185–199). Morphological features of paguroid carapaces, not previously used by neontologists, form the basis for a further systematic refinement of the Paguroidea, with the erection of a new family, the Calcinidae n. fam.
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Bocato, Jessica Rico, Daiara Paula Pacheco, Mauro Toma, Ricardo Lima Navarro, Thais Maria Freire Fernandes, Ana Claúdia de Castro Ferreira Conti, Marcio Rodrigues de Almeida, and Paula Vanessa Pedron Oltramari. "Differential Diagnosis of Skeletal Class II: Orthodontic-Surgical Approach with Surgery First." Journal of Health Sciences 23, no. 4 (December 6, 2021): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/2447-8938.2021v23n4p257-263.

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AbstractOrthodontic-surgical treatment with the “Surgery First Approach” provides immediate facial aesthetic improvements and significantly reduces the patient's orthodontic treatment time, avoiding the transient worsening of the facial profile due to dental decompensation that occurs in surgical cases. Thus, this clinical case describes the retreatment of a 22-year-old female leukoderma patient, whose main complaint was related to the proclination of upper and lower incisors. The patient used a mio-relaxing plate for 30 days, which evidenced the skeletal mandibular deficiency and the ½ bilateral Class II malocclusion. Orthognathic surgery first approach associated with the extraction of the 4 premolars was chosen considering the patient’s aesthetic demand. The use of a mio-relaxing plate in the diagnostic stage was essential for the real diagnosis of mandibular deficiency and the technique employed made it possible to conclude the treatment avoiding aesthetic commitment, with excellent results. Keywords: Malocclusion, Angle Class II. Orthognathic Surgery. Orthodontics, Corrective. ResumoO tratamento ortodôntico-cirúrgico por meio do benefício antecipado proporciona melhorias estéticas faciais imediatas e reduz de maneira significativa o tempo de tratamento ortodôntico do paciente, evitando a piora transitória do perfil facial devido à descompensação dentária que ocorre em casos cirúrgicos. Assim, este caso clínico descreve o retratamento de uma paciente com 22 anos de idade, leucoderma, sexo feminino, que apresentava queixa principal relacionada à inclinação vestibular dos dentes anteriores. Após uso de placa miorrelaxante por 30 dias, verificou-se a presença de Classe II esquelética com deficiência mandibular e ½ Classe II dentária bilateral. Considerando a demanda estética da paciente, optou-se pela abordagem ortodôntico-cirúrgica com Benefício Antecipado associada à extração de 4 pré-molares para correção da inclinação dentária anterior. O uso da placa miorrelaxante foi fundamental para o diagnóstico real da deficiência mandibular e a técnica empregada possibilitou concluir o tratamento evitando o comprometimento estético pré-cirúrgico, com obtenção de excelentes resultados. Palavras-chave: Maloclusão Classe II de Angle. Cirurgia Ortognática. Ortodontia Corretiva.
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Silva, Marcelo Kunrath, and Rui Zanata Jr. "Desigualdade e associativismo: proximidade espacial e distância social na conformação da sociedade civil." Revista Brasileira de Estudos Urbanos e Regionais 10, no. 2 (November 30, 2008): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.22296/2317-1529.2008v10n2p115.

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O objetivo deste artigo é analisar os efeitos das profundas desigualdades que marcam a sociedade brasileira sobre a conformação da vida associativa nas grandes cidades, tendo por referência uma pesquisa empírica realizada com uma Associação de Moradores de um tradicional bairro de classe média de Porto Alegre. A partir do estudo das relações e da atuação desta entidade, percebe-se um alto grau de segmentação do tecido associativo da cidade em decorrência das marcantes distâncias estruturais e relacionais entre seus moradores. Devido a esta segmentação, as entidades de classe média e alta tendem a estabelecer vínculos e desenvolver ações com atores que compartilham posições similares no espaço social. Ao mesmo tempo, tendem a não se relacionar com entidades populares, mesmo que espacialmente próximas. Este resultado indica que as desigualdades costumam se reproduzir nos processos associativos que conformam a sociedade civil brasileira, tema pouco abordado pela literatura dedicada ao tema.Palavras-chave: associativismo; sociedade civil; desigualdade; distância social; Porto Alegre. Abstract: The aim of this paper is to analyze how the great inequalities of Brazilian society affects on the conformation of associational life in the big cities, based on a empirical research with an Neighborhood Association of a traditional middle-class neighborhood of Porto Alegre. From the study of relations and the action of this entity, we can see a high degree of segmentation of the social fabric of the city as a result of the marked structural and relational distances between its residents. Because of this segmentation, the associations of middle and upper classes tend to establish links and develop actions with actors who share similar positions in social space. At the same time, they do not tend to relate to popular organizations, even though spatially close. These results indicate that inequalities tend to reproduce in the associative processes that make up the Brazilian civil society, a subject rarely discussed in the literature on the topic.Keywords: association; civil society; inequality; social distance; Porto Alegre.
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Boito, Armando, and Alfredo Saad-Filho. "State, State Institutions, and Political Power in Brazil." Latin American Perspectives 43, no. 2 (January 19, 2016): 190–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x15616120.

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The political conflicts during the Workers’ Party administrations led by Luís Inácio Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff have been driven by disputes between two fractions of the country’s bourgeoisie: the internal and the internationalized bourgeoisie. Their ideologies, policies, institutions, and forms of political representation have determined government policies and outcomes. These processes have unfolded within an authoritarian democracy whose structures have not been challenged by the party. The party’s limited power and continuing timidity have produced an aggressive reaction by the internationalized bourgeoisie and the upper middle class, leading to a severe crisis in the administration of President Dilma Rousseff. Durante os dois governos do Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT), chefiados por Luís Inácio Lula da Silva e por Dilma Rousseff, os conflitos políticos têm sido conflagrados por disputas entre duas facções burguesas do país: a burguesia interna e a burguesia internacionalizada. Suas respectivas formas de representações políticas, ideologias, programas, bem como instituições têm determinado políticas governamentais e seus resultados. Esses processos evoluíram em uma democracia autoritária, cujas estruturas não foram contestadas pelo PT. A timidez contínua e o poder limitado do partido têm produzido uma reação agressiva por parte da burguesia internacionalizada e da classe média alta, levando a uma crise severa na administração da Presidente Dilma Rousseff.
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Morais, Marcelino Santos. "Análise temporal do uso e ocupação do terreno do Parque Estadual do Biribiri e de sua Zona de Amortecimento, município de Diamantina, Minas Gerais / Temporal analysis from the land use and occupation of the Biribiri State Park and its Buffer Zone (...)." Caderno de Geografia 26, no. 46 (May 2, 2016): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.5752/p.2318-2962.2016v26n46p362.

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<p>O Parque Estadual do Biribiri, situado no Alto Vale do Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais, caracteriza-se por aspectos geológicos, morfopedológicos e geoambientais que lhe confere atributos de grande potencialidade econômica, mas também de extrema fragilidade, fato que justificou a sua criação. Tal cenário gerou o o objetivo geral deste trabalho, que é analisar a evolução temporal do uso e ocupação do terreno na área do parque assim como em sua zona de amortecimento. Para fins de metodologia a pesquisa abarcou revisão bibliográfica, o reconhecimento de campo da área do parque e entorno e a realização de mapas de uso e ocupação do terreno no período entre 1991 e 2011 pelo <em>software</em> Multispec a partir de imagens LANDSAT 5 com composição de bandas R5G4B3. A classificação paisagística, constituída por fitofisionomias nativas predominantes na região, foi: Formação Savânica/Florestal Associada; Formação Campestre, Afloramento Rochoso. A classe caracterizada por ação antrópica foi denominada Solo Exposto. Em áreas do parque há uma tendência de estabilização da Formação Campestre e um decréscimo da classe Formação Savânica/Florestal Associada, condicionada ao tempo necessário a sua regeneração, uma vez que as imagens analisadas foram obtidas nas estações mais secas aliadas a recorrência de incêndios florestais. Evidenciou-se uma tendência de estabilização para a classe Solo Exposto. Mesmo em período anterior a criação do parque essa classe apresentou menos de 1% em sua área total. A realidade exposta pela análise temporal do uso e ocupação do terreno discorda das informações desta natureza contida no Plano de Manejo do parque o qual afirma que atividades de cunho tradicional foram fatores determinantes para a perda de qualidade ambiental na área do parque.</p><p><strong>Palavras-chave:</strong> Unidades de Conservação. Fitofisionomias do Cerrado. Dinâmica da paisagem.</p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>The Biribiri State Park, located in the Upper Jequitinhonha Valley, Minas Gerais, is characterized by geological, morphopedological and geoenvironmental features giving it attributes of great economic potential, but also extremely fragile, a fact that justified its creation. This scenario led to aim of this study, which is to analyze the evolution of land use and occupation in the area park as well as its buffer zone. For methodology the purpose encompassed literature review, the recognition of the park and surrounding area of the field and conducting maps of land use and occupation in the period between 1991 and 2011 by Multispec software from Landsat 5 images with composition bands R5G4B3. The landscape classification, consisting of native vegetation types in the region, was: Savanna/Forestry Associate Formation; Campestre Formation, Rocky Outcrop. The class characterized by human action was called Solo Exposed. The park area, for the period 1991/1994, there is a tendency of stabilization of Campestre Formation and a decrease of Savanna/Associated Forest Formation. This reduction is due to the time required for its regeneration since the images analyzed were obtained in the drier seasons combined recurrence of forest fires. The temporal maps showed a trend of stabilization for Exposed Soil class. Even in the period before the creation of the park this category was less than 1% in your area. The reality exposed by temporal analysis of the land use and occupation disagrees with the information in question contained in Management Plan of the Biribiri Park, which states that traditional nature activities were determining factors for the loss of environmental quality in areas of the parks.</p><p class="yiv4393352469msonormal"><strong>Keywords</strong>: Protected Areas. Cerrado vegetation types. Landscape dynamics.</p>
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Clark, Jordan, and Pavel Tromovich. "L2 Vocabulary Teaching with Student- and Teacher-Generated Gestures: A Classroom Perspective." TESL Canada Journal 34, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18806/tesl.v34i1.1253.

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This action research project explored the use of gestures for teaching and learning French vocabulary in an upper-beginner adult classroom with 21 students from various language backgrounds. Over the course of 4 weeks, the teacher developed and used 4 sets of themed activities using both teacher- and student-generated gestures to introduce new vocabulary to the students, encouraging students to take an active role with respect to creating gestures. Detailed classroom observations and the teacher’s field notes showed that students became comfortable using gestures after the first class and that the gesture activities had positive effects on student participation and the classroom interaction. Weekly quizzes and a final vocabulary test revealed bene ts of gesture-based activities for word learning. Students’ comments suggested that they enjoyed the gesture activities and that the gestures helped them remember words be er, particularly when the word naturally evoked a gesture or when the gesture contained clues to word length or pronunciation. Several pedagogical considerations guiding the design and implementation of gesture-based vocabulary activities in a second language classroom are discussed.----Cette recherche-action action a exploré l’utilisation de gestes pour l’enseignement et l’apprentissage du vocabulaire en français dans un cours pour adultes débutants-intermédiaires. Les 21 étudiants avaient divers antécédents linguistiques. Au cours de 4 semaines, l’enseignant a développé et mis en œuvre 4 ensembles d’activités thématiques impliquant des gestes conçues par l’enseignant et d’autres par les étudiants, et visant la présentation de nouveaux éléments de vocabulaire. On encourageait les étudiants à jouer un rôle actif dans la création de gestes. Des observations détaillées des activités en classe et les notes de l’enseignant indiquent que les étudiants étaient à l’aise avec les gestes après le premier cours et que les activités avec gestes avaient des effets positifs sur la participation des étudiants et sur les interactions en classe. Des contrôles hebdomadaires et l’examen de vocabulaire final ont révélé les avantages des activités reposant sur les gestes pour l’apprentissage du vocabulaire. Les commentaires des étudiants révèlent qu’ils ont apprécié les activités et que les gestes les avaient aidés à mieux retenir le vocabulaire, notamment quand le mot évoquait naturellement un geste ou quand le geste contenait des indices quant à la longueur ou la prononciation du mot. Plusieurs considérations pédagogiques visant la conception et la mise en œuvre d’activités de vocabulaire L2 reposant sur les gestes sont présentées.
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Cavalcante, Juliane Costa, Aline Maria Meiguins de Lima, Jéssica Cristina Conte da Silva, Bruno Silva de Holanda, and Crislayne Azevedo Almeida. "FRAGILIDADE AMBIENTAL POTENCIAL E EMERGENTE DA BACIA DO RIO MOCAJUBA – PA." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 15, no. 3 (June 13, 2022): 1417. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v15.3.p1417-1433.

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A análise das potencialidades de fragilidades ambientais de ambientes naturais e antropizados tem como finalidade adequar medidas de conservação, restauração e usos antrópicos destes ecossistemas, mantendo a perpetuação dos recursos naturais. Nessa perspectiva, o presente trabalho buscou identificar os diferentes níveis de fragilidade física na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Mocajuba – PA por meio da interação de elementos físicos e bióticos (pedologia, geologia, altitude, intensidade pluviométrica e uso e cobertura da terra) para a representação da paisagem local. Verificou-se que a bacia do Rio Mocajuba possui uma maior proporção de classes Média, Baixa e Alta, respectivamente, para Fragilidade Emergente e Potencial. Em que as áreas antropizadas promoveram o incremento da fragilidade natural, assim como observou-se que a classe de fragilidade baixa se concentrou na foz da bacia, englobando manguezais e áreas vegetadas. E a classe média e alta envolveram áreas de mangue e áreas antropizadas. Dessa forma a aplicação de metodologias de fragilidade possibilitam gerar um diagnóstico dos fatores limitantes ao uso e ocupação das terras. Assim como identificar áreas prioritárias para conservação e restauração florestal, contribuindo com a gestão e planejamento territorial da bacia.Palavras-chave: Fragilidade. Ecossistema. Alteração. Uso da Terra. Planejamento. Gestão. Potential and emerging environmental fragility of the Mocajuba river basin - PA A B S T R A C TThe analysis of the potential of environmental fragilities of natural and anthropized environments aims to adapt measures for conservation, restoration and anthropic uses of these ecosystems, maintaining the perpetuation of natural resources. In this perspective, the present work sought to identify the different levels of physical fragility in the hydrographic basin of the Mocajuba River - PA through the interaction of physical and biotic elements (pedology, geology, altitude, rainfall and land use and coverage) for representation of the local landscape. It was found that the Mocajuba River basin has a higher proportion of Middle, Low and High classes, respectively, for Emerging and Potential Fragility. Where the anthropized areas promoted an increase in natural fragility, just as it was observed that the class of low fragility was concentrated at the mouth of the basin, encompassing mangroves and vegetated areas. And the middle and upper class involved mangrove areas and man-made areas. Thus, the application of fragility methodologies makes it possible to generate a diagnosis of the factors limiting the use and occupation of land. As well as identifying priority areas for forest conservation and restoration. Contributing to the management and territorial planning of the basin.Keywords: Fragility. Ecosystem. Amendment. Land use. Planning. Management.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Upper-classe"

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Bronfman, Caroline Nemetz. "Avaliação das vias aéreas superiores por meio de tomografia computadorizada Cone-beam em pacientes Classe III submetidos à cirurgia bimaxilar." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/25/25144/tde-16092016-150643/.

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Introdução: Dependendo da magnitude da má oclusão de Classe III, esta é uma alteração difícil de ser tratada apenas com a correção ortodôntica. Tanto as cirurgias de recuo mandibular quanto as bimaxilares promovem uma melhora na oclusão, na função mastigatória e na estética facial, ao corrigirem as posições da mandíbula e/ou maxila, mas um importante aspecto da cirurgia ortognática, que não pode ser negligenciado, são os efeitos que os movimentos esqueléticos das bases ósseas podem provocar na região das vias aéreas, ao alterar a posição do osso hióide e da língua. O estreitamento das vias aéreas superiores (VAS) pode comprometer o sono dos pacientes submetidos à correção cirúrgica e predispor ao desenvolvimento da apneia/hipopneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS). Objetivos: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar as alterações de volume e área axial mínima do espaço aéreo faringeo em pacientes com má oclusão de Classe III esquelética, submetidos à cirurgia ortognática bimaxilar, pela técnica de osteotomia Le Fort I da maxila e osteotomia sagital bilateral da mandíbula. Material e Métodos: As avaliações foram feitas em tomografias computadorizadas Cone-beam, utilizando-se o Programa Dolphin Imaging 11.7. As tomografias de 50 pacientes, de ambos os sexos, com média de idade de 33,40 (± 9,38) anos, foram analisadas nos períodos pré e pósoperatório e as medidas de volume e área axial mínima foram mensuradas. Foi utilizado o teste t pareado e os testes foram realizados utilizando-se o programa Statistica 7.0, adotando-se um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: ao calcular o erro do método, não foram encontrados erros casuais e nem sistemáticos (p> 0,05 em todas as medidas). As cirurgias bimaxilares para correção da Classe III esquelética promoveram um aumento de 16,68% (±22,61) no volume e 23,58% (± 31,46) na área axial mínima. Conclusões: Mesmo que os efeitos da cirurgia de avanço maxilar e recuo mandibular sobre as vias aéreas não sejam completamente previsíveis, podemos observar que a maioria dos pacientes não apresentaram prejuízos na anatomia faringeana que resulte em diminuição do volume aéreo e área axial mínima, predispondo-o ao desenvolvimento da AOS.
Introduction: Depending on the extend of Class III malocclusion, it becomes difficult to be treated only with orthodontic correction. Both mandibular setback surgery as bimaxillary surgery, promote an improvement in occlusion, masticatory function and facial aesthetics, correcting the position of the mandible and/or maxilla. But an important aspect of orthognathic surgery that cant be overlooked, are the effects that the skeletal movements of the bone bases causes in the airway space, since they change the position of the hyoid bone and tongue. The narrowing of the pharingeal airway space (PAS) may impair the patient\'s sleep and predispose to the development of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Purpose: This study aims to evaluate surgical changes in the airway volume and minimal cross-sectional area in the pharyngeal airway space (PAS) in patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion, submitted to bimaxillary surgery, using a Le Fort I maxillary osteotomy and bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy technique. Material and Methods: The evaluations were made through Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), using Dolphin Imaging program version 11.7. The CT scans of 50 patients of both genders, with a mean age of 33.40 (± 9.38), were analyzed pre and postoperatively and volume and minimum axial area were measured. Paired t test was used and tests were performed using Statistica 7.0 software, adopting a 5% significance level. Results: Method error were done and no random or systematic errors were found (p> 0.05 for all measures). Bimaxillary surgery for skeletal Class III correction promoted an increase of 16.68% (± 22.61) in volume and 23.58% (± 31.46) at the minimum axial area. Conclusion: Even if the effects of the maxillary advancement and mandibular setback surgery on the airway are not completely predictable, we observed that most patients didnt have pharyngeal airway anatomy damage, that could result decreased on airway volume and minimum axial area predisposing to OSA development.
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2

BOZOULS, LORRAINE. "Le privilège de l’entre-soi. Pratiques résidentielles et styles de vie des classes supérieures du privé." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/273245.

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Questa ricerca studia i meccanismi di formazione e di riproduzione delle classi superiori particolarmente dotati di capitale economico che vivono nella periferia di Parigi. Grazie a un indagine multi-metodo (interviste, osservazioni, archivi, statistiche) mostro come questa frazione sottostudiata lavora per mantenere una comunità omogenea al livello del quartiere. Analizzo anche i meccanismi di ripiegamento sulle case, in particolare per le casalinghe, ad anché i lontani rapporti con il settore pubblico (privatizzazione della scuola e questioni di sicurezza).
This research studies the mechanisms of formation and reproduction of upper classes particularly endowed with economic capital living in the parisian suburbs. In support of a multi-method survey (interviews, observations, archives, statistics) I show how this under-studied fraction works to maintain a homogeneous neighborhood-wide community. I also analyze the withdrawal on one’s house, especially for housewives, as well as the distant relationship to the public sector (privatization of school and security issues).
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Rubiales, Pérez Miguel. "Patrones socioterritoriales de las clases altas en las regiones metropolitanas de Barcelona y Madrid (2001 – 2015)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/462770.

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Durante la primera década de los años 2000, la mayor parte de la investigación sociológica mantenía un pensamiento eminentemente aespacial. Por otra parte, la geografía humana y la demografía habían dirigido su atención sobre la inmigración, protagonista de una gran transformación en el país. Durante la década de los 2000, los estudios sobre la segregación de la población extranjera tomaron el relevo de los trabajos sobre segregación entre clases sociales, más característicos de los años noventa. Esto comenzó a cambiar a partir de la activación de las políticas de austeridad en torno a 2012. Esta tesis es también resultado de un clima en el que se renovaba el interés por las dinámicas de clase. Tanto en los estudios sobre segregación étnica, como en los de segregación socioeconómica, está presente la preocupación por las desigualdades y por la formación de concentraciones de población desfavorecida. La atención sobre los guetos amalgama una tradición de investigación reivindicativa, con una actitud de sospecha generalizada hacia las personas desfavorecidas. Esta preocupación por la localización de los grupos desfavorecidos ha ido sustituyendo a la preocupación por sus condiciones de vida y por la desigualdad que sufren. De forma similar, la preocupación por la igualdad se ha deslizado hacia la preocupación por la desigualdad de oportunidades que, supuestamente, estarían generando los guetos y los “efecto barrio”. Así, la prevención del gueto es una política transversal, capaz de generar adhesiones en todo el espectro político. Sin embargo, algunas voces destacaban los posibles beneficios en términos de empleo y oportunidades que podían tener los extranjeros gracias a su concentración territorial (Bayona, 2007) o los problemas que enfrenta la población con menos recursos cuando su entorno social se transforma y experimentan una gentrificación de usos en la que se pierde, por ejemplo, la red de comercios con productos asequibles (Slater, 2009). El interés inicial sobre el “nivel socioeconómico” se concentró en “las clases altas” a partir del artículo de (Atkinson y Flint, 2004) sobre las urbanizaciones cerradas en el Reino Unido. Ese artículo, entre otras aportaciones, sostiene que los problemas asociados a la proliferación de las urbanizaciones cerradas no se habían estudiado a causa de sesgos en la academia y la sociedad, que dificultan problematizar las acciones de las clases altas. Este sesgo aparecía también de forma clara en las investigaciones sobre segregación. Aunque los grupos privilegiados aparecen de forma sistemática como aquellos que más contribuían a las diferencias socioespaciales, los estudios de segregación denuncian, localizan, delimitan y concentran la atención (y la sospecha) sobre la segregación de los grupos desfavorecidos, la más alarmante. Estudiar las clases altas, de alguna forma, puede ayudar a distribuir la sospecha. Por otra parte, restringir el estudio a las clases altas, prometía, paradójicamente, ampliar los resultados de la investigación. En primer lugar, porque para los cálculos de segregación de las clases altas debía atenderse también al conjunto de clases y grupos; en segundo lugar, porque como su segregación se supone voluntaria, estudiar su separación del resto permitía analizar también sus motivos y razones; finalmente, aparecía una razón de peso metodológico: las clases más altas y más bajas son las que más carácter de clase inscriben en el territorio, pero es la clase alta la que está más normalizada y aparece mejor recogida en registros, censos, datos, nóminas y contratos. Ante un censo de 2011 que se anticipaba incierto, los datos y registros de la clase alta serían mejor indicador de las dinámicas socioterritoriales de clase. El último cambio de relevancia que se incorpora es el paso de la idea de segregación entre grupos, al concepto de patrones territoriales. Esta transformación fue ocurriendo durante la investigación. Los resultados del análisis de ecología factorial muestran zonas metropolitanas diferenciadas entre sí y fuertemente asociadas a determinadas clases sociales. Esta asociación entre grupos y territorios también aparece en el imaginario y los discursos recogidos por las primeras entrevistas. Además de la asociación empírica y simbólica entre grupos y zonas urbanas, el campo cualitativo apuntaba también a fuertes asociaciones entre localizaciones, funciones y prácticas. Lugar de residencia y clase social, ya de por sí fuertemente relacionados, resultaban determinantes en la configuración de determinadas pautas de ocio, movilidad, socialización… El círculo se cierra cuando sus habitantes mantienen y acondicionan el territorio de forma que siga sosteniendo estas prácticas con eficacia. Así, territorio, clase, prácticas y capital simbólico conforman diferentes patrones socioterritoriales especialmente adecuados para el análisis de las dinámicas de segregación, integración, estigmatización territorial, gentrificación…
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4

Ben, Kahla Haithem. "Sur des méthodes préservant les structures d'une classe de matrices structurées." Thesis, Littoral, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017DUNK0463/document.

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Les méthodes d'algèbres linéaire classiques, pour le calcul de valeurs et vecteurs propres d'une matrice, ou des approximations de rangs inférieurs (low-rank approximations) d'une solution, etc..., ne tiennent pas compte des structures de matrices. Ces dernières sont généralement détruites durant le procédé du calcul. Des méthodes alternatives préservant ces structures font l'objet d'un intérêt important par la communauté. Cette thèse constitue une contribution dans ce domaine. La décomposition SR peut être calculé via l'algorithme de Gram-Schmidt symplectique. Comme dans le cas classique, une perte d'orthogonalité peut se produire. Pour y remédier, nous avons proposé deux algorithmes RSGSi et RMSGSi qui consistent à ré-orthogonaliser deux fois les vecteurs à calculer. La perte de la J-orthogonalité s'est améliorée de manière très significative. L'étude directe de la propagation des erreurs d'arrondis dans les algorithmes de Gram-Schmidt symplectique est très difficile à effectuer. Nous avons réussi à contourner cette difficulté et donner des majorations pour la perte de la J-orthogonalité et de l'erreur de factorisation. Une autre façon de calculer la décomposition SR est basée sur les transformations de Householder symplectique. Un choix optimal a abouti à l'algorithme SROSH. Cependant, ce dernier peut être sujet à une instabilité numérique. Nous avons proposé une version modifiée nouvelle SRMSH, qui a l'avantage d'être aussi stable que possible. Une étude approfondie a été faite, présentant les différentes versions : SRMSH et SRMSH2. Dans le but de construire un algorithme SR, d'une complexité d'ordre O(n³) où 2n est la taille de la matrice, une réduction (appropriée) de la matrice à une forme condensée (J(Hessenberg forme) via des similarités adéquates, est cruciale. Cette réduction peut être effectuée via l'algorithme JHESS. Nous avons montré qu'il est possible de réduire une matrice sous la forme J-Hessenberg, en se basant exclusivement sur les transformations de Householder symplectiques. Le nouvel algorithme, appelé JHSJ, est basé sur une adaptation de l'algorithme SRSH. Nous avons réussi à proposer deux nouvelles variantes, aussi stables que possible : JHMSH et JHMSH2. Nous avons constaté que ces algorithmes se comportent d'une manière similaire à l'algorithme JHESS. Une caractéristique importante de tous ces algorithmes est qu'ils peuvent rencontrer un breakdown fatal ou un "near breakdown" rendant impossible la suite des calculs, ou débouchant sur une instabilité numérique, privant le résultat final de toute signification. Ce phénomène n'a pas d'équivalent dans le cas Euclidien. Nous avons réussi à élaborer une stratégie très efficace pour "guérir" le breakdown fatal et traîter le near breakdown. Les nouveaux algorithmes intégrant cette stratégie sont désignés par MJHESS, MJHSH, JHM²SH et JHM²SH2. Ces stratégies ont été ensuite intégrées dans la version implicite de l'algorithme SR lui permettant de surmonter les difficultés rencontrées lors du fatal breakdown ou du near breakdown. Rappelons que, sans ces stratégies, l'algorithme SR s'arrête. Finalement, et dans un autre cadre de matrices structurées, nous avons présenté un algorithme robuste via FFT et la matrice de Hankel, basé sur le calcul approché de plus grand diviseur commun (PGCD) de deux polynômes, pour résoudre le problème de la déconvolution d'images. Plus précisément, nous avons conçu un algorithme pour le calcul du PGCD de deux polynômes bivariés. La nouvelle approche est basée sur un algorithme rapide, de complexité quadratique O(n²), pour le calcul du PGCD des polynômes unidimensionnels. La complexité de notre algorithme est O(n²log(n)) où la taille des images floues est n x n. Les résultats expérimentaux avec des images synthétiquement floues illustrent l'efficacité de notre approche
The classical linear algebra methods, for calculating eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix, or lower-rank approximations of a solution, etc....do not consider the structures of matrices. Such structures are usually destroyed in the numerical process. Alternative structure-preserving methods are the subject of an important interest mattering to the community. This thesis establishes a contribution in this field. The SR decomposition is usually implemented via the symplectic Gram-Schmidt algorithm. As in the classical case, a loss of orthogonality can occur. To remedy this, we have proposed two algorithms RSGSi and RMSGSi, where the reorthogonalization of a current set of vectors against the previously computed set is performed twice. The loss of J-orthogonality has significantly improved. A direct rounding error analysis of symplectic Gram-Schmidt algorithm is very hard to accomplish. We managed to get around this difficulty and give the error bounds on the loss of the J-orthogonality and on the factorization. Another way to implement the SR decomposition is based on symplectic Householder transformations. An optimal choice of free parameters provided an optimal version of the algorithm SROSH. However, the latter may be subject to numerical instability. We have proposed a new modified version SRMSH, which has the advantage of being numerically more stable. By a detailes study, we are led to two new variants numerically more stables : SRMSH and SRMSH2. In order to build a SR algorithm of complexity O(n³), where 2n is the size of the matrix, a reduction to the condensed matrix form (upper J-Hessenberg form) via adequate similarities is crucial. This reduction may be handled via the algorithm JHESS. We have shown that it is possible to perform a reduction of a general matrix, to an upper J-Hessenberg form, based only on the use of symplectic Householder transformations. The new algorithm, which will be called JHSH algorithm, is based on an adaptation of SRSH algorithm. We are led to two news variants algorithms JHMSH and JHMSH2 which are significantly more stable numerically. We found that these algortihms behave quite similarly to JHESS algorithm. The main drawback of all these algorithms (JHESS, JHMSH, JHMSH2) is that they may encounter fatal breakdowns or may suffer from a severe form of near-breakdowns, causing a brutal stop of the computations, the algorithm breaks down, or leading to a serious numerical instability. This phenomenon has no equivalent in the Euclidean case. We sketch out a very efficient strategy for curing fatal breakdowns and treating near breakdowns. Thus, the new algorithms incorporating this modification will be referred to as MJHESS, MJHSH, JHM²SH and JHM²SH2. These strategies were then incorporated into the implicit version of the SR algorithm to overcome the difficulties encountered by the fatal breakdown or near-breakdown. We recall that without these strategies, the SR algorithms breaks. Finally ans in another framework of structured matrices, we presented a robust algorithm via FFT and a Hankel matrix, based on computing approximate greatest common divisors (GCD) of polynomials, for solving the problem pf blind image deconvolution. Specifically, we designe a specialized algorithm for computing the GCD of bivariate polynomials. The new algorithm is based on the fast GCD algorithm for univariate polynomials , of quadratic complexity O(n²) flops. The complexitiy of our algorithm is O(n²log(n)) where the size of blurred images is n x n. The experimental results with synthetically burred images are included to illustrate the effectiveness of our approach
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Bouloc, Caroline. "Les élites dans les villes polonaises : étude de géographie sociale." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010721/document.

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Le passage d’un système politique socialiste à un système capitaliste a engendré de grands bouleversements structuraux dans les espaces urbains polonais après 1989. Les élites, grandes gagnantes dans ce processus, redéfinissent les distances sociale et spatiale entre elles et les autres catégories sociales. Pour cerner les nouvelles dynamiques spatiales des élites polonaises, cette thèse s’appuie à la fois sur une analyse quantitative des changements dans la répartition spatiale des classes supérieures dans les trois plus grandes villes polonaises (Varsovie, Cracovie et Łódź), ainsi que sur des entretiens réalisés avec des représentants de cette catégorie plus particulièrement à Varsovie. Elle présente en premier lieu les résultats sociaux et urbains de la transition politique et économique démontrant que les élites ont réussi à se redéfinir dans ce nouveau contexte. Ensuite, une comparaison à macro-échelle de l’évolution des concentrations des classes supérieures dans ces trois villes de la moitié du XIXe siècle à 2002 a permis de prouver la persistance des mécanismes sociaux de distinction dans l’espace aux différentes époques. Les beaux quartiers d’avant-guerre n’ont ainsi jamais réellement disparu durant le socialisme, malgré une homogénéisation relative à l’échelle intra-urbaine. L’espace social en 2002 présente néanmoins une baisse des concentrations des classes supérieures s’expliquant en partie par la diffusion de ce groupe dans l’espace urbain après 1989. Enfin, l’analyse des comportements et des préférences résidentielles, ainsi que des représentations et des pratiques sociales des élites varsoviennes, a permis de mettre en relief différents comportements spatiaux suivant les élites, une constance des représentations mentales, mais aussi une évolution des pratiques sociales dans la ville
After 1989, the transition from a socialist to a capitalist economic system created major structural changes in Polish urban areas. Élites, great winners in this process, are redefining social and spatial distances between themselves and other social groups. This thesis combines quantitative approaches in the analysis of the three largest cities of Poland (Warsaw, Cracow and Lodz) with qualitative analysis (interviews with representatives of Warsaw’s élites) in order to identify the new spatial dynamics of Polish élites. Firstly, this study presents the social and urban changes due to the political and economic transition of Poland, and explains how the élites are able to redefine themselves in this new environment. A comparison of the concentrations of the upper classes in the three cities (from the mid-nineteenth century to 2002) helps to prove the persistence of social mechanisms of distinction in space at different times. Despite the homogenization of social space during socialism, pre-war good neighbourhoods never really disappeared. Against all expectations, social space in 2002 presents lower concentrations of the upper classes than before 1989, due to social dispersion. Finally, the analysis of élites’ residential preferences and behaviours, together with the analysis of élites’ representations and social practices in Warsaw, helps to highlight different spatial practices according to the type of élite. Changes in social practices within the city occurred against a background of stable mental representations
Przejście od systemu socjalistycznego do systemu kapitalistycznego przyczyniło się do poważnych zmian strukturalnych w polskich miastach po 1989 roku. Elity, jako wielcy wygrani tego procesu, na nowo ustanawiają dystansy społeczne i przestrzenne między sobą a innymi grupami społecznymi. Poniższa rozprawa doktorska opiera się zarówno na analizie ilościowej, przeprowadzonej w trzech największych miastach w Polsce (Warszawa, Kraków i Łódź) jak i jakościowej, w postaci wywiadów z przedstawicielami tej kategorii w Warszawie. Zastosowanie metod ilościowych i jakościowych umożliwiło identyfikację nowej dynamiki przestrzennej polskich elit. W rozprawie doktorskiej przedstawiono zmiany tkanki miejskiej oraz przemiany społeczne, będące wynikiem procesu transformacji systemowej oraz wyjaśniono w jaki sposób elity definiują się ponownie w nowym środowisku. Porównanie koncentracji wyższych kategorii społecznych w skali makro w trzech miastach od połowy XIX wieku do 2002 r. potwierdziło trwałość społecznych mechanizmów wyróżnianiania się tej grupy w przestrzeni w różnych okresach. Przedwojenne prestiżowe dzielnice nie znikły w okresie socjalizmu, pomimo homogenizacji społecznej w skali miasta. Niemniej jednak, koncentracja klasy wyższej w 2002 r. była niższa niż w 1988 r., z powodu rozpraszania się tej kategorii w przestrzeni miasta. Przeprowadzona analiza zachowań i preferencji mieszkaniowych, jak również analiza percepcji i praktyk społecznych warszawskich elit, uwypukliły odmienność zachowań społecznych elit. Poza tym, zmianie uległy również praktyki społeczne elit w mieście, podczas gdy percepcja społeczna i przestrzenna pozostały niezmienione
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Books on the topic "Upper-classe"

1

The fabric of piety: Aristocratic women and care of the dead, 1450-1550. Greenville, N.C: [East Carolina University?], 2007.

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Above stairs: Social life in upper-class Victoria, 1843-1918. [Victoria, B.C.]: TouchWood Editions, 2011.

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Snobs. [Bath]: Windsor/Paragon, 2004.

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Winston, Graham. Jeremy Poldark: A novel of Cornwall 1790-1791. (London): Fontana, 1986.

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La classe politique dirigeante à Strasbourg, 1650-1750. Strasbourg: Le Quai, 1987.

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Överklass: En bok om klass och identitet. [Stockholm]: Lind & Co, 2007.

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Frank, Katherine. Lucie Duff Gordon: A passage to Egypt. London: H. Hamilton, 1994.

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Frank, Katherine. Lucie Duff Gordon: A passage to Egypt. London: Penguin, 1995.

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Zha lie zhi. Shanghai: Shanghai wen yi chu ban she, 2013.

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Matrona docta: Educated women in the Roman élite from Cornelia to Julia Domna. London: Routledge, 1999.

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