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Books on the topic 'Upper airways obstruction'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Philip, Cole. The respiratory role of the upper airways: A selective clinical and pathophysiological review. St. Louis: Mosby Year Book, 1993.

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2

FRACP, Pierce Robert, and Barter Colin, eds. Airway calibre in health and disease: The pathophysiology of upper and lower airway narrowing. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1988.

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3

Heiser, Clemens, and Nico de Vries, eds. Upper Airway Stimulation in Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89504-4.

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4

British Paediatric Association. Working Party on Evaluation of Suspected Imposed Upper Airway Obstruction. Evaluation of suspected imposed upper airway obstruction: Report of a working party Feb 1994. London: BPA, 1994.

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5

Cohen, Edmond. Upper airway obstruction in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0079.

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Upper airway obstruction (UAO) from any cause should be considered a life-threatening emergency. In a conscious patient, UAO may present as respiratory distress, stridor, dyspnoea, altered voice, cyanosis, cough, decreased or absent breath sounds, wheezing, the hand-to-the-throat choking sign in the case of a foreign body, facial swelling, and distended neck veins. The cause of UAO should be identified and airway management devices must be immediately available prior to any airway manipulation CT scan, flexible bronchoscopy, and pulmonary function tests should be performed to evaluate the cause and the extent of the obstruction. Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) patients are at increased risk of developing UAO. Endotracheal intubation, insertion of a supraglottic device, laser therapy, and endotracheal stents maybe life-saving

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6

Beed, Martin, Richard Sherman, and Ravi Mahajan. Airway. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199696277.003.0002.

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Airway obstructionComplications at intubationAirway/facial traumaAirway/facial burnsAirway infectionsAirway foreign bodiesAirway haemorrhageEndotracheal tube complicationsTracheostomy complicationsAn obstructed airway is a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment. Where possible, patients at risk should be identified early so that airway obstruction can be prevented. Although upper airway obstruction may be gradual in onset it more commonly progresses very rapidly. Continuous assessment is required to identify signs of impending airway obstruction....

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7

Waldmann, Carl, Neil Soni, and Andrew Rhodes. Respiratory disorders. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199229581.003.0017.

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Upper airway obstruction 248Respiratory failure 250Pulmonary collapse and atelectasis 252Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 254ARDS: diagnosis 256ARDS: general management 258ARDS: ventilatory management 260Asthma 262Asthma: ventilatory management 264Pneumothorax 266Empyema 268Haemoptysis 270Inhalation injury 272Pulmonary embolism ...

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8

Junna, Mithri R., Bernardo J. Selim, and Timothy I. Morgenthaler. Central sleep apnea and hypoventilation syndromes. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0018.

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Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) may occur in a variety of ways. While obstructive sleep apnea is the most common of these, this chapter reviews the most common types of SDB that occur independently of upper airway obstruction. In many cases, there is concurrent upper airway obstruction and neurological respiratory dysregulation. Thus, along with attempts to correct the underlying etiologies (when present), stabilization of the upper airway is most often combined with flow generators (noninvasive positive pressure ventilation devices) that modulate the inadequate ventilatory pattern. Among these devices, when continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) alone does not allow correction of SDB, adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV) is increasingly used for non-hypercapnic types of central sleep apnea (CSA), while bilevel PAP in spontaneous-timed mode (BPAP-ST) is more often reserved for hypercapnic CSA/alveolar hypoventilation syndromes. Coordination of care among neurologists, cardiologists, and sleep specialists will often benefit such patients.

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9

Embid, Cristina, and Josep M. Montserrat. Obstructive sleep apnea and upper airway resistance syndrome. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0016.

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The prevalence of sleep apnea–hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) is about 2–8% in the adult population. A number of studies have shown associations with arterial hypertension, cardiovascular mortality, and traffic accidents. Given this prevalence and the increasing awareness of SAHS in the medical community as well as in the general population, the demand for consultations and diagnostic studies has increased in recent years. Access to diagnostic testing is difficult, however, with long waiting lists. Therefore, there is growing interest in diagnostic methods and approaches involving all levels of the heath system, from primary care to hospital sleep units. This chapter reviews the pathophysiology of the upper airway and how it is possible to measure its disruption in order to diagnose SAHS. It also summarizes clinical implications and overall treatment strategies.

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10

Doghramji, Karl, Maurits S. Boon, Colin Huntley, and Kingman Strohl, eds. Upper Airway Stimulation Therapy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197521625.001.0001.

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Upper Airway Stimulation Therapy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea provides the current state of knowledge regarding this novel therapy. It reviews the pathophysiologic basis of sleep apnea and the specific mechanism by which upper airway stimulation provides airway support in this disorder. It also provides practical insights into this therapy related to patient selection, clinical outcomes, surgical technique, long-term follow-up, and adverse events and offers recommendations for those aspiring to develop an upper airway stimulation program. It provides an overview of unique populations and circumstances that may extend the utility of the procedure, and that may provide challenges in management, as well as thoughts on the future of this technology. This textbook is intended for all practitioners who have interest or care for sleep disordered breathing, including sleep medicine physicians, pulmonologists, otolaryngologists, primary care practitioners, as well as physician extenders.

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11

Accardo, Jennifer. Sleep Apnea. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0174.

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Sleep apnea is a common condition involving breathing during sleep, which nonetheless has consequences beyond the scope of either sleep or breathing. Repeated, reversible respiratory obstructions are related to abnormal ventilatory drives and decreased upper airway neuromuscular activation. They result in dysautonomia, sleep fragmentation, and increased cardiovascular risks. Obstructive sleep apnea classically presents with daytime sleepiness and snoring, and its effects on learning, cognition, and mood are pervasive. On a neuropathologic basis, corresponding damage to widespread brain structures is noted. Obstructive sleep apnea is considered treatable, but it is unclear whether its cognitive effects are fully reversible with treatment.

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12

Harvey, Michelle Keese, and Ihab Ayad. Cleft Palate, Cleft Lip, and Pierre Robin Sequence. Edited by Kirk Lalwani, Ira Todd Cohen, Ellen Y. Choi, and Vidya T. Raman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190685157.003.0020.

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Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) is characterized by micrognathia, glossoptosis, and airway obstruction. Often associated with cleft palate, PRS is usually an isolated finding but is associated with a syndrome one-third of the time. The micrognathia and glossoptosis lead to airway obstruction, respiratory compromise, and feeding difficulties. Severe cases and prolonged and repeated airway obstruction and respiratory distress can lead to failure to thrive, hypoxemia, pulmonary hypertension, cardiac arrest, and death. Treatment options for the management of airway obstruction in PRS depends on the degree of obstruction and any associated comorbidities and range from noninvasive respiratory support to surgical correction of the physical defect. Patients with PRS should be considered as challenging to ventilate and intubate, and the practitioner should be well prepared for the possibility of difficulty with airway management. Anesthetic management is tailored to minimize postoperative upper airway obstruction and avoid disruption of the integrity of the surgical repair.

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13

Pevernagie, Dirk. Positive airway pressure therapy. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0017.

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This chapter describes positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy for sleep disordered breathing. Continuous PAP (CPAP) acts as a mechanical splint on the upper airway and is the treatment of choice for moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Autotitrating CPAP may be used when the pressure demand for stabilizing the upper airway is quite variable. In other cases, fixed CPAP is sufficient. There is robust evidence that CPAP reduces the symptomatic burden and risk of cardiovascular comorbidity in patients with moderate to severe OSA. Bilevel PAP is indicated for treatment of respiratory diseases characterized by chronic alveolar hypoventilation, which typically deteriorates during sleep. Adaptive servo-ventilation is a mode of bilevel PAP used to treat Cheyne–Stokes respiration with central sleep apnea . It is crucial that caregivers help patients get used to and be compliant with PAP therapy. Education, support, and resolution of adverse effects are mandatory for therapeutic success.

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14

Groves, Danja S., and Charles G. Durbin. The surgical airway in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0082.

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Tracheostomy is the most commonly performed (elective) surgical procedure in critically-ill patients. Compared with translaryngeal intubation, tracheostomy improves patient comfort, and leads to shorter length of intensive care unit and hospital stay. It relieves upper airway obstruction, protects the larynx and upper airway from damage, allows access to the lower airway for secretion removal, and provides a stable airway for patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation or oxygenation support. Timing of tracheostomy remains controversial and should be individualized; however, early tracheostomy (within 7 days) seems to be beneficial in certain patient populations (head injury, medically critically ill). The evolution of percutaneous techniques are rapidly reducing need for surgical tracheostomy and bedside techniques are safe and efficient, allowing timely tracheostomy with low morbidity. Cricothyrotomy is an emergency surgical airway used to save a life when all attempts at securing a patent airway fail and arrest is eminent. Techniques, timing, risks, benefits, as well as contraindications of the surgical airway in critically-ill patients are discussed in this chapter.

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15

Doghramji, Karl, Maurits S. Boon, Colin Huntley, and Kingman Strohl. Upper Airway Stimulation Therapy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Medical, Surgical, and Technical Aspects. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2021.

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16

Vries, Nico de, and Clemens Heiser. Upper Airway Stimulation in Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Best Practices in Evaluation and Surgical Management. Springer International Publishing AG, 2022.

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17

Selim, Bernardo, and Kannan Ramar. Beyond positive airway pressure therapy: experimental and non-conventional treatments in sleep apnoea. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0259.

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With decreased adherence to positive airway pressure therapy to treat sleep apnoeas, non-conventional treatments based on new therapeutic targets are emerging. In central sleep apnoea syndrome associated with heart failure, phrenic nerve stimulation and non-conventional pharmacological treatments such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, gas therapies, and cardiac devices are novel alternative therapies. In obstructive sleep apnoea, a better understanding of predominant pathophysiological pathways is characterizing diverse clinical phenotypes. For patients with low arousal threshold, sedatives or hypnotics might be effective, whereas for those with unstable ventilatory control, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors or oxygen might improve obstructive sleep apnoea. For patients with upper airway muscle dysfunction, an increase in pharyngeal tone might be beneficial. This chapter describes ‘experimental’ therapies and novel technologies to treat these disorders.

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18

Fox, Grenville, Nicholas Hoque, and Timothy Watts. Respiratory problems. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198703952.003.0007.

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This chapter outlines the causes and initial management of respiratory distress in the newborn and gives a comprehensive description and guidelines for the management of common neonatal respiratory conditions such as surfactant deficiency lung disease, chronic lung disease of prematurity, and meconium aspiration syndrome. Congenital malformations of the respiratory system are detailed, including diaphragmatic hernia, and upper airway problems and obstruction. A separate chapter on neonatal respiratory support (Chapter 8) gives further detail on ventilation and non-invasive respiratory support.

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19

Kreit, John W. Respiratory Failure and the Indications for Mechanical Ventilation. Edited by John W. Kreit. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190670085.003.0007.

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Respiratory failure occurs when a disease process significantly interferes with the respiratory system’s vital functions and causes arterial hypoxemia, hypercapnia, or both. Typically, respiratory failure is divided into three categories based on the underlying pathophysiology: ventilation failure, oxygenation failure, and oxygenation-ventilation failure. With severe disturbances in gas exchange, mechanical ventilation is often needed to assist the respiratory system and restore the PaCO2, PaO2, or both, to normal. Respiratory Failure and the Indications for Mechanical Ventilation defines and describes the three types of respiratory failure and reviews the four indications for intubation and mechanical ventilation—acute or acute-on-chronic hypercapnia, refractory hypoxemia, inability to protect the lower airway, and upper airway obstruction.

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20

Nussbaumer-Ochsner, Yvonne, and Konrad E. Bloch. Sleep at high altitude and during space travel. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0054.

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This chapter summarizes data on sleep–wake disturbances in humans at high altitude and in space. High altitude exposure is associated with periodic breathing and a trend toward reduced slow-wave sleep and sleep efficiency in healthy individuals. Some subjects are affected by altitude-related illness (eg, acute and chronic mountain sickness, high-altitude cerebral and pulmonary edema). Several drugs are available to prevent and treat these conditions. Data about the effects of microgravity on sleep are limited and do not allow the drawing of firm conclusions. Microgravity and physical and psychological factors are responsible for sleep–wake disturbances during space travel. Space missions are associated with sleep restriction and disruption and circadian rhythm disturbances encouraging use of sleep medication. An unexplained and unexpected finding is the improvement in upper airway obstructive breathing events and snoring during space flight.

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