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Journal articles on the topic 'Upper airway infections'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Galli, J., F. Ardito, L. Calò, L. Mancinelli, M. Imperiali, C. Parrilla, P. M. Picciotti, and G. Fadda. "Recurrent upper airway infections and bacterial biofilms." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 121, no. 4 (November 3, 2006): 341–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215106003896.

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Background: Bacterial biofilms identified in various medical devices used in otorhinolaryngology, including tympanostomy tubes, voice prostheses, and cochlear implants, can directly colonise mucosal tissues. The upper airways seem to be at high risk for this type of colonisation. Chronic and/or recurrent upper airway infections may be related to the complex structural and biochemical (quorum sensing) organisation of the biofilm which interferes with the activity of antibiotics (including those with proven in vitro efficacy), thus promoting the establishment of a chronic infection eradicable only by surgical treatment. Biofilm formation plays a role in upper respiratory infections: it not only explains the resistance of these infections to antibiotic therapy but it also represents an important element that contributes to the maintenance of a chronic inflammatory reaction.Objectives: To document the presence of biofilms in surgical tissue specimens from patients with recurrent infection diseases, and identify their possible role in the chronicity of these infectious processes.Method: We examined 32 surgical specimens from the upper respiratory tract (tonsils, adenoids, mucosa from the ethmoid and maxillary sinuses) of 28 patients (20 adults, eight children) with upper airway infections that had persisted despite repeated treatment with anti-inflammatory agents and antibiotics with demonstrated in vitro efficacy. Tissues were cultured using conventional methods and subjected to scanning electron microscopy for detection of biofilm formation.Results: Over 80 per cent (26/32; 81.3 per cent) of the tissue specimens were culture-positive. Bacterial biofilms (associated in most cases with coccoid bacteria) were observed in 65.6 per cent of the tissue samples.

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2

Duse, M., L. Leonardi, A. M. Zicari, G. De Castro, and L. Indinnimeo. "Risk Factors for Upper Airway Diseases." International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology 23, no. 1_suppl (January 2010): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03946320100230s104.

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Upper respiratory infection is the most common reason for seeking medical care for children. Recurrent viral respiratory infections and subsequent complications are a burden for children, their families and society. It has been estimated that at least 6% of children younger than 6 yr of age presents recurrent respiratory infections, as consequence of an increased exposure to infectious agents during the first years of life, when immune functions are still immature. Pediatricians must identify risk factors predisposing to upper respiratory tract infections and plan specific preventive strategies, ie avoidance of precocious day-care attendance and secondary smoke. Vaccination against influenza and pneumococcal diseases should always be recommended.

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3

West, J. V. "Acute upper airway infections." British Medical Bulletin 61, no. 1 (March 1, 2002): 215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bmb/61.1.215.

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4

Proud, David. "Upper airway viral infections." Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 21, no. 3 (June 2008): 468–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pupt.2007.06.004.

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5

Winther, B. "Rhinovirus Infections in the Upper Airway." Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1513/pats.201006-039rn.

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6

Walker, A., P. Surda, M. Rossiter, and S. Little. "Nasal function and dysfunction in exercise." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 130, no. 5 (February 17, 2016): 431–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215116000128.

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AbstractBackground:There have been recent advances in our appreciation of the functional complementarity of the upper and lower airways. The unified airway begins at the nose: rather than acting merely as a conduit for air to the lungs, the nose and nasal cavity perform an important role in filtering, humidification and immune surveillance.Methods:The physiological and pathological responses of the nasal cavity to exercise and regular training are examined in this narrative review, with specific reference to the relation of nasal health to quality of life, lower airway health and upper respiratory tract infections. Relevant literature is examined and placed in clinical context.Results:There is considerable published evidence to support nasal dysfunction associated with exercise, and a link to lower airway dysfunction. Evidence also supports the role of upper and lower airway dysfunction in the development of upper respiratory tract infection symptoms.Conclusion:Nasal dysfunction in exercise may be a source of considerable morbidity to the regular exerciser, and further research into exercise-induced rhinitis is recommended.

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7

Wang, Hai. "Chronic adenoiditis." Journal of International Medical Research 48, no. 11 (November 2020): 030006052097145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060520971458.

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In addition to acute adenoiditis and adenoid hypertrophy/vegetation, chronic adenoiditis is another disease of the adenoids. However, most physicians overlook chronic adenoiditis or confuse it with adenoid hypertrophy/vegetation. The incidence of chronic adenoiditis has increased in recent years as a result of higher rates of chronic nasopharyngeal or upper airway infections. The clinical characteristics of chronic adenoiditis can include but are not restricted to the following: long-term infection (especially bacterial infection); obstruction of the upper airway; infections of adjacent regions, such as the nose, nasal sinus, pharyngeal space, middle ear, and atlantoaxial joint; induced upper airway cough syndrome; and the presence of several “infectious-immune” diseases, including rheumatic fever, autoimmune nephropathy, and anaphylactoid purpura. To date, no consensus on the treatment of chronic adenoiditis is available. However, adenoidectomy can address the local obstruction, and some patients benefit from systemic or local anti-bacterial therapy. Physicians in the Departments of Otolaryngology, Respiration, and Pediatrics should be familiar with the clinical manifestations of chronic adenoiditis and try to develop effective treatment methods for this disease.

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8

König, Daniel, Hinnak Northoff, and Aloys Berg. "Factors triggering upper airway infections in athletes." European Journal of Sport Science 2, no. 4 (August 2002): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17461390200072408.

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9

Mukhortykh, V. A. "The rational treatment approach to infectious inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory airways in children." Russian Medical Inquiry 5, no. 11 (2021): 755–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-11-755-761.

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Infectious inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory airways are the most common among respiratory disorders. Issues in the management of infectious inflammation in upper airway mucosa are the diversity of infective agents, generation of biofilms, suppression of normal microflora, the lack of accurate and rapid laboratory tests for the analysis of the microbiota of upper airway mucosa, the risk of superinfection and complications after treatment with chemical antiseptics and antibacterial drugs. All these factors underscore the need for a more careful and rational approach to selecting therapy for the upper respiratory airways’ infectious inflammatory diseases, particularly preparations that preserve human microflora (a factor of mucosal immunity) and are characterized by a broad spectrum of activity on various pathogens. In addition, the human organism produces a variety of antimicrobial factors that relieve the burden of colonizing microbes. One of these antimicrobial factors, lysozyme, is a natural antiseptic found in high concentrations in fluids on mucosal surfaces. The results of clinical and laboratory studies have proven the effectiveness of lysozyme-containing drugs, which increases the prospects for their wider application in pediatric practice. KEYWORDS: lysozyme, pyridoxine, bacteria, viruses, respiratory infections, biofilms, tonsillopharyngitis, microbiome. FOR CITATION: Mukhortykh V.A. The rational treatment approach to infectious inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory airways in children. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2021;5(11):755–761 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-11-755-761.

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10

Connolly, C. K. "Infections of the upper respiratory tract and airway." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 1, no. 4 (July 1988): 543–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-198807000-00002.

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11

Khan, Meraj A., Zubair Sabz Ali, Neil Sweezey, Hartmut Grasemann, and Nades Palaniyar. "Progression of Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease from Childhood to Adulthood: Neutrophils, Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) Formation, and NET Degradation." Genes 10, no. 3 (February 26, 2019): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10030183.

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Genetic defects in cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene cause CF. Infants with CFTR mutations show a peribronchial neutrophil infiltration prior to the establishment of infection in their lung. The inflammatory response progressively increases in children that include both upper and lower airways. Infectious and inflammatory response leads to an increase in mucus viscosity and mucus plugging of small and medium-size bronchioles. Eventually, neutrophils chronically infiltrate the airways with biofilm or chronic bacterial infection. Perpetual infection and airway inflammation destroy the lungs, which leads to increased morbidity and eventual mortality in most of the patients with CF. Studies have now established that neutrophil cytotoxins, extracellular DNA, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are associated with increased mucus clogging and lung injury in CF. In addition to opportunistic pathogens, various aspects of the CF airway milieux (e.g., airway pH, salt concentration, and neutrophil phenotypes) influence the NETotic capacity of neutrophils. CF airway milieu may promote the survival of neutrophils and eventual pro-inflammatory aberrant NETosis, rather than the anti-inflammatory apoptotic death in these cells. Degrading NETs helps to manage CF airway disease; since DNAse treatment release cytotoxins from the NETs, further improvements are needed to degrade NETs with maximal positive effects. Neutrophil-T cell interactions may be important in regulating viral infection-mediated pulmonary exacerbations in patients with bacterial infections. Therefore, clarifying the role of neutrophils and NETs in CF lung disease and identifying therapies that preserve the positive effects of neutrophils, while reducing the detrimental effects of NETs and cytotoxic components, are essential in achieving innovative therapeutic advances.

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12

Tsou, Yung-An, Min-Che Tung, Katherine A. Alexander, Wen-Dien Chang, Ming-Hsui Tsai, Hsiao-Ling Chen, and Chuan-Mu Chen. "The Role of BPIFA1 in Upper Airway Microbial Infections and Correlated Diseases." BioMed Research International 2018 (September 3, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2021890.

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The mucosa is part of the first line of immune defense against pathogen exposure in humans and prevents viral and bacterial infection of the soft palate, lungs, uvula, and nasal cavity that comprise the ear-nose-throat (ENT) region. Bactericidal/permeability-increasing fold containing family A, member 1 (BPIFA1) is a secretory protein found in human upper aerodigestive tract mucosa. This innate material is secreted in mucosal fluid or found in submucosal tissue in the human soft palate, lung, uvula, and nasal cavity. BPIFA1 is a critical component of the innate immune response that prevents upper airway diseases. This review will provide a brief introduction of the roles of BPIFA1 in the upper airway (with a focus on the nasal cavity, sinus, and middle ear), specifically its history, identification, distribution in various human tissues, function, and diagnostic value in various upper airway infectious diseases.

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13

Carroll, William, Christina S. Wilhoit, Jared Intaphan, Shaun A. Nguyen, and M. Boyd Gillespie. "Snoring Management with Nasal Surgery and Upper Airway Radiofrequency Ablation." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 146, no. 6 (February 8, 2012): 1023–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599812436940.

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Objective. To review techniques and outcomes of nasal surgery with upper airway radiofrequency ablation (RFA) when used for socially disruptive snoring, including the rate of infection with reused RFA applicator tips. Study Design. Case series with chart review. Setting. Community-based sleep-disordered breathing clinic. Methods. A prospectively acquired sleep quality assurance database was reviewed to determine demographics, complications, snoring outcomes, level of daytime sleepiness, and sleep-related quality of life in patients with socially disruptive snoring treated with nasal surgery and upper airway RFA. Results. One hundred thirty patients (48 women; 82 men) with a mean age of 50 years (range, 24-83 years) underwent nasal surgery and upper airway RFA for the treatment of chronic nasal blockage with socially disruptive snoring. All patients underwent septoplasty with or without inferior turbinate reduction and RFA to the soft palate and/or base of tongue. Patients received a mean of 2.2 (range, 1-4) applications of upper airway RFA during the course of treatment. No infections occurred with reuse of applicator tips. Fifty-four bed partners (42%) reported complete snoring resolution, whereas 68 (52%) reported residual snoring that was improved. Snoring resolution was more common in patients who underwent repeated applications of upper airway RFA (odds ratio 2.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-5.26). Conclusion. Nasal surgery combined with upper airway RFA improved snoring with few complications in this series of patients with anatomic nasal obstruction with socially disruptive snoring. Reuse of RFA applicator tips at palatal sites reduces cost without an observed increase in the risk of upper airway infection.

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14

Stremoukhov, A. A., A. L. Zaplatnikov, N. L. Vlasova, and M. A. Smirnova. "Phytotherapy of infectious & inflammatory upper airway diseases in outpatient care and general practitioner settings." Russian Medical Inquiry 6, no. 8 (2022): 419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-8-419-426.

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Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are the most common reason of outpatient visits for internal medicine ambulatory care. As a rule, ARIs are induced by various serotypes of respiratory viruses that cause diseases with very similar clinical symptoms and, thus, it is impossible to make an accurate etiological diagnosis. At the same time, the therapeutic approaches are usually the same and include impact on different pathogenetic components of the inflammation process which, among other things, can be achieved by using herbal medicinal products known for a wide range of effects — immunomodulatory, antiseptic, antibacterial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory. The review is focused on the use of herbal medicines for the treatment of infectious & inflammatory upper airway diseases. The evidence-based medicine data have proven the efficacy and safety of phytomedicines, and therefore they can be administered for the treatment of acute rhinosinusitis and tonsillopharyngitis associated with acute viral respiratory tract infections, as well as within the combined therapy of recurrent and chronic diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses. As shown, their use reduces the severity and duration of symptoms in patients with acute rhinosinusitis and tonsillopharyngitis. It is emphasized that herbal medications may have beneficial effects on microbiota composition of the pharynx, decreasing the pharyngeal mucosa contamination with true and opportunistic pathogens KEYWORDS: acute respiratory infections, upper airways, mucociliary clearance, tonsillopharyngitis, rhinosinusitis, phytotherapy. FOR CITATION: Stremoukhov A.A., Zaplatnikov A.L., Vlasova N.L., Smirnova M.A. Phytotherapy of infectious & inflammatory upper airway diseases in outpatient care and general practitioner settings. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2022;6(8):419–426 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587- 6821-2022-6-8-419-426.

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15

Sojati, Jorna, Olivia Bartlett Parks, and John V. Williams. "The Upper Respiratory Tract Exhibits Reduced Interferon Response that Contributes to Limited CD8 +T Cell Recruitment and Delayed Clearance of Human Metapneumovirus." Journal of Immunology 210, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2023): 156.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.210.supp.156.11.

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Abstract Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a leading cause of acute upper and lower respiratory infections. Although nearly everyone is infected during early childhood, re-infections occur often, highlighting difficulty in building long-term immunity. We employed a mouse model of HMPV infection to elucidate differences in upper and lower tract immune responses, and address why upper airway infection does not establish durable protective immunity. We found HMPV burden was higher in nasal airways and exhibited delayed clearance compared to lung. Additionally, there was low nasal expression of antiviral interferons (IFN) and inflammatory cytokines. Key innate immune cells, including macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells, were present in the nose at baseline but were not upregulated by infection. We previously showed HMPV-specific lung CD8 +T cells (T CD8) are impaired, exhibiting sustained high PD-1 levels and reduced functionality. Despite higher HMPV viral load, there were few HMPV-specific nasal T CD8and they did not exhibit impairment. To test whether low nasal IFN led to this phenotype, we administered type I IFN in an upper airway-restricted fashion early post-infection. This led to lower HMPV nose titers, increased cell number, higher PD-1 expression, and reduced functionality in HMPV-specific nasal T CD8. Despite the subdued nasal immune response, intranasal vaccination with a small-volume HMPV dose elicited modest reduction of lung and nose titers on challenge but no improvement in clinical disease. Our findings reveal a quiescent nasal immune landscape despite high HMPV burden that contributed to slow clearance and was modulated, in part, by low IFN expression. Supported by NIH R01 AI085062-06 (JVW), T32 AI138954-4 (JS), and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh Research Advisory Council Graduate Fellowship (JS).

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Gitiban, Negin, Joseph A. Jurcisek, Randall H. Harris, Sara E. Mertz, Russell K. Durbin, Lauren O. Bakaletz, and Joan E. Durbin. "Chinchilla and Murine Models of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections with Respiratory Syncytial Virus." Journal of Virology 79, no. 10 (May 15, 2005): 6035–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.10.6035-6042.2005.

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ABSTRACT Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and the elderly. While the primary infection is the most serious, reinfection of the upper airway throughout life is the rule. Although relatively little is known about either RSV infection of the upper respiratory tract or host mucosal immunity to RSV, recent literature suggests that RSV is the predominant viral pathogen predisposing to bacterial otitis media (OM). Herein, we describe mouse and chinchilla models of RSV infection of the nasopharynx and Eustachian tube. Both rodent hosts were susceptible to RSV infection of the upper airway following intranasal challenge; however, the chinchilla proved to be more permissive than the mouse. The chinchilla model will likely be extremely useful to test the role of RSV in bacterial OM and the efficacy of RSV vaccine candidates designed to provide mucosal and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte immunity. Ultimately, we hope to investigate the relative ability of these candidates to potentially protect against viral predisposal to bacterial OM.

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17

Roncevic-Babin, Nevenka, Jelena Popadic, and Aleksandra Stojadinovic. "Treatment of acute upper respiratory tract infections in children." Medical review 55, no. 9-10 (2002): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0210397r.

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Introduction Acute respiratory tract infections are the most common diseases of childhood. A preschool child suffers up to 5-7 infections of upper airways during a year. Upper airway infections make 80 - 90% of all respiratory infections. Etiology and treatment In 75% of all cases respiratory infections are of viral etiology, 15% of bacterial and 10% are caused by mycoplasma, rickettsiae, fungi, parasites. The treatment of respiratory infections includes antimicrobial therapy (causal), relief of symptoms (symptomatic) and application of general principles of child treatment. The choice of antimicrobial drug is based on the evidence of agents and their sensitivity to antimicrobial drugs, age, patient's condition, previous treatment and possible allergic reactions to the drug. In cases where adequate specimen cannot be obtained for microbiologic tests, when these tests do not reveal the agent, or therapy must start before evidence of the agent is available, we must decide about the therapy, taking in consideration the most frequent agents, and those that would cause the most devastating clinical picture. This therapy can be modified later, according to the isolated agent and its sensitivity to the drug. Considering the incidence and importance of respiratory infections in morbidity and mortality of children, the aim of this article was to present guidelines in treatment of respiratory infections. The main point remains that the treatment should take into consideration the individual patient before all.

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Kværner, Kari J., Per Nafstad, and Jouni J. K. Jaakkola. "Otolaryngological Surgery and Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Children: An Epidemiological Study." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 111, no. 11 (November 2002): 1034–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348940211101115.

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The objective of the study was to assess the occurrence of different procedures of upper airway surgery and estimate their relationship to specific upper respiratory tract infections and constitutional factors. In a population-based cross-sectional study in Oslo, Norway, of 3,763 preschool children 3 to 4 years of age, the otolaryngological surgeries adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, myringotomy, ventilation tube insertion, and combinations of these were the outcome measures. The results showed that by 4 years of age, 13% (n = 501) had undergone operation, and approximately Two thirds of the operations involved middle ear surgery. Although surgery was related to the occurrence of upper respiratory tract infections, the type of surgery was not related to the specific infection. In the children with operations, the occurrence of recurrent otitis media (≥3 infections in the previous 12 months) was almost fivefold higher than in children without operations (adjusted adds ratio [ORadj] = 5.19 [3.15 to 8.54]). A low level of maternal education (ORadj = 1.61 [1.05 to 2.7] compared to the group with a high level of education) and atopy on the part of the child (ORadj = 1.58 [1.20 to 2.07]) increased the probability for upper airway surgery independently of the experience of infections. In conclusion, early pediatric otolaryngological surgery is common. The decisions for surgical treatment vary substantially and are not closely related to the specific infections. The influence of other factors such as maternal education indicates that decisions for surgery are not entirely based on medical evidence.

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Hare, Kim M., Anne B. Chang, Heidi C. Smith‐Vaughan, Paul A. Bauert, Brian Spain, Jemima Beissbarth, and Keith Grimwood. "Do combined upper airway cultures identify lower airway infections in children with chronic cough?" Pediatric Pulmonology 54, no. 6 (April 21, 2019): 907–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppul.24336.

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20

Benediktsdóttir, Bryndis. "Upper airway infections in preschool children-frequency and risk factors." Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care 11, no. 3 (January 1993): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02813439308994830.

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21

MONTEIRO, S., A. SILVEIRABALBANI, and P. NASCIMENTOSALDIVA. "Primary ciliary dyskinesia in patients with repeated upper airway infections." Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 117, no. 2 (August 1997): P176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-5998(97)80366-x.

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22

van Cauwenberge, Paul B., Luisa Bellussi, A. Richard Maw, Jack L. Paradise, and Beni Solow. "The adenoid as a key factor in upper airway infections." International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 32 (June 1995): S71—S80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-5876(94)01146-o.

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23

Roger, G., and E. N. Garabedian. "Relation between environment and recurring upper-airway infections in children." Pediatric Pulmonology 23, S16 (April 1997): 77–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppul.1950230845.

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24

Hunt, Benjamin C., Denise Stanford, Xin Xu, Jindong Li, Amit Gaggar, Steven M. Rowe, S. Vamsee Raju, and W. Edward Swords. "Haemophilus influenzae persists in biofilm communities in a smoke-exposed ferret model of COPD." ERJ Open Research 6, no. 3 (July 2020): 00200–2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00200-2020.

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RationaleNon-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is a common inhabitant of the human nasopharynx and upper airways that can cause opportunistic infections of the airway mucosa including bronchopulmonary infections in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is clear that opportunistic infections contribute significantly to inflammatory exacerbations of COPD; however, there remains much to be learned regarding specific host and microbial determinants of persistence and/or clearance in this context.MethodsIn this study, we used a recently described ferret model for COPD, in which animals undergo chronic long-term exposure to cigarette smoke, to define host–pathogen interactions during COPD-related NTHi infections.ResultsNTHi bacteria colonised the lungs of smoke-exposed animals to a greater extent than controls, and elicited acute host inflammation and neutrophilic influx and activation, along with a significant increase in airway resistance and a decrease in inspiratory capacity consistent with inflammatory exacerbation; notably, these findings were not observed in air-exposed control animals. NTHi bacteria persisted within multicellular biofilm communities within the airway lumen, as evidenced by immunofluorescent detection of bacterial aggregates encased within a sialylated matrix as is typical of NTHi biofilms and differential bacterial gene expression consistent with the biofilm mode of growth.ConclusionsBased on these results, we conclude that acute infection with NTHi initiates inflammatory exacerbation of COPD disease. The data also support the widely held hypothesis that NTHi bacteria persist within multicellular biofilm communities in the lungs of patients with COPD.

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Post, Deborah M. B., Margaret R. Ketterer, Jeremy E. Coffin, Lorri M. Reinders, Robert S. Munson, Thomas Bair, Timothy F. Murphy, Eric D. Foster, Bradford W. Gibson, and Michael A. Apicella. "Comparative Analyses of the Lipooligosaccharides from Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus haemolyticus Show Differences in Sialic Acid and Phosphorylcholine Modifications." Infection and Immunity 84, no. 3 (January 4, 2016): 765–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01185-15.

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Haemophilus haemolyticusand nontypeableHaemophilus influenzae(NTHi) are closely related upper airway commensal bacteria that are difficult to distinguish phenotypically. NTHi causes upper and lower airway tract infections in individuals with compromised airways, whileH. haemolyticusrarely causes such infections. The lipooligosaccharide (LOS) is an outer membrane component of both species and plays a role in NTHi pathogenesis. In this study, comparative analyses of the LOS structures and corresponding biosynthesis genes were performed. Mass spectrometric and immunochemical analyses showed that NTHi LOS contained terminal sialic acid more frequently and to a higher extent thanH. haemolyticusLOS did. Genomic analyses of 10 strains demonstrated thatH. haemolyticuslacked the sialyltransferase geneslic3Aandlic3B(9/10) andsiaA(10/10), but all strains contained the sialic acid uptake genessiaPandsiaT(10/10). However, isothermal titration calorimetry analyses of SiaP from twoH. haemolyticusstrains showed a 3.4- to 7.3-fold lower affinity for sialic acid compared to that of NTHi SiaP. Additionally, mass spectrometric and immunochemical analyses showed that the LOS fromH. haemolyticuscontained phosphorylcholine (ChoP) less frequently than the LOS from NTHi strains. These differences observed in the levels of sialic acid and ChoP incorporation in the LOS structures fromH. haemolyticusand NTHi may explain some of the differences in their propensities to cause disease.

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Carey, Ryan M., and Robert J. Lee. "Taste Receptors in Upper Airway Innate Immunity." Nutrients 11, no. 9 (August 28, 2019): 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11092017.

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Taste receptors, first identified on the tongue, are best known for their role in guiding our dietary preferences. The expression of taste receptors for umami, sweet, and bitter have been demonstrated in tissues outside of the oral cavity, including in the airway, brain, gastrointestinal tract, and reproductive organs. The extra-oral taste receptor chemosensory pathways and the endogenous taste receptor ligands are generally unknown, but there is increasing data suggesting that taste receptors are involved in regulating some aspects of innate immunity, and may potentially control the composition of the nasal microbiome in healthy individuals or patients with upper respiratory diseases like chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). For this reason, taste receptors may serve as potential therapeutic targets, providing alternatives to conventional antibiotics. This review focuses on the physiology of sweet (T1R) and bitter (T2R) taste receptors in the airway and their activation by secreted bacterial products. There is particular focus on T2R38 in sinonasal ciliated cells, as well as the sweet and bitter receptors found on specialized sinonasal solitary chemosensory cells. Additionally, this review explores the impact of genetic variations in these receptors on the differential susceptibility of patients to upper airway infections, such as CRS.

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27

Mallory, Michael D., Curtis Travers, Courtney E. McCracken, James Hertzog, and Joseph P. Cravero. "Upper Respiratory Infections and Airway Adverse Events in Pediatric Procedural Sedation." Pediatrics 140, no. 1 (June 29, 2017): e20170009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-0009.

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28

Monteiro, Silvio A., Aracy Pereira Silveira Balbani, and Paulo Hilario Nascimento Saldiva. "50: Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia in Patients with Repeated Upper Airway Infections." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 117, no. 2 (August 1997): P176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-59989780366-x.

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29

Alfayate Miguélez, Santiago, and Luis Garcia-Marcos. "Rational use of antimicrobials in the treatment of upper airway infections." Jornal de Pediatria 96 (March 2020): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2019.11.001.

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Alfayate Miguélez, Santiago, and Luis Garcia‐Marcos. "Rational use of antimicrobials in the treatment of upper airway infections." Jornal de Pediatria (Versão em Português) 96 (March 2020): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedp.2019.11.003.

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Laing, R. B. S., P. J. C. Wardrop, P. D. Welsby, and R. P. Brettle. "Stridor in patients with HIV infection." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 109, no. 12 (December 1995): 1197–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100132438.

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AbstractThe immunodeficiency which results from HIV infection is associated with a range of opportunistic infections and tumours which may present with the symptoms of upper airways disease. This paper presents three cases of stridor from different causes in patients with HIV infection, all of whom recovered following treatment. The management of this problem requires consideration of the likely aetiology which, in those with advanced immunodeficiency, includes bacterial and fungal laryngitis and epiglottitis as well as rapidly growing laryngeal tumours. Recommendations for the treatment of those with HIV infection who present with severe or rapidonset stridor should include a combination of aggressive airway intervention and broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal agents. Laryngeal biopsy for histology and culture is particularly important for those patients who fail to respond to the aforementioned treatment.

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Baniak, Nicholas, Xiaojie Luan, Amber Grunow, Terry E. Machen, and Juan P. Ianowski. "The cytokines interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α stimulate CFTR-mediated fluid secretion by swine airway submucosal glands." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 303, no. 4 (August 15, 2012): L327—L333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00058.2012.

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The airway is kept sterile by an efficient innate defense mechanism. The cornerstone of airway defense is mucus containing diverse antimicrobial factors that kill or inactivate pathogens. Most of the mucus in the upper airways is secreted by airway submucosal glands. In patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), airway defense fails and the lungs are colonized by bacteria, usually Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Accumulating evidence suggests that airway submucosal glands contribute to CF pathogenesis by failing to respond appropriately to inhalation of bacteria. However, the regulation of submucosal glands by the innate immune system remains poorly understood. We studied the response of submucosal glands to the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α. These are released into the airway submucosa in response to infection with the bacterium P. aeruginosa and are elevated in CF airways. Stimulation with IL-1β and TNF-α increased submucosal gland secretion in a concentration-dependent manner with a maximal secretion rate of 240 ± 20 and 190 ± 40 pl/min, respectively. The half maximal effective concentrations were 11 and 20 ng/ml, respectively. The cytokine effect was dependent on cAMP but was independent of cGMP, nitric oxide, Ca2+, or p38 MAP kinase. Most importantly, IL-1β- and TNF-α-stimulated secretion was blocked by the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) blocker, CFTRinh172 (100 μmol/l) but was not affected by the Ca2+-activated Cl− channel blocker, niflumic acid (1 μmol/l). The data suggest, that during bacterial infections and resulting release of proinflammatory cytokines, the glands are stimulated to secrete fluid, and this response is mediated by cAMP-activated CFTR, a process that would fail in patients with CF.

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Brambilla, Ilaria, Sara Manti, Salvatore Savasta, Chiara Valsecchi, Silvia Maria Elena Caimmi, Gian Luigi Marseglia, and Amelia Licari. "Adenoidal Immune Response in the Context of Inflammation and Allergy." Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews 15, no. 3 (January 1, 2020): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573398x15666190703110843.

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:The mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues of the upper respiratory tract, including adenoids and palatine tonsils, are considered as the first line of defense against respiratory infections, being important effector organs in both mucosal-type and systemic-type adaptive immunity. They are strategically located for mediating both local and regional immune functions, as they are exposed to antigens from both the inhaled air (allergens and pathogens) and the alimentary tract. Adenoids play a major role in the early and effective immune responses against viral and bacterial upper airway infections, as well as in the development of allergic reactions to respiratory allergens, being influenced by several environmental antigens and pollutants, such as tobacco smoke. In addition, recent studies have focused on new immune-modulating strategies for adenoidal cells as a preventive and therapeutic approach for chronic upper airways inflammation.:Herein, we aimed to summarize what is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating adenoidal immune responses in the context of inflammation and allergy, with particular reference to scientific literature published within the last five years.

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Kim, Jong‐Yeup, Inseok Ko, Dong‐Kyu Kim, and Myeong Sang Yu. "Adenotonsillectomy Does not Alter the Risk of Upper Airway Infections in Children." Laryngoscope 131, no. 10 (March 15, 2021): 2376–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lary.29506.

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Chiarella, Sergio E., Kathryn E. Hulse, Silvio Favoreto, Assel Biyasheva, Junquing Shen, Homer A. Boushey, Atsushi Kato, Robert P. Schleimer, and Pedro C. Avila. "Induction of Airway BAFF during Upper Respiratory Infections in Patients with Asthma." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 137, no. 2 (February 2016): AB278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1158.

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Aïem, Elody, Clémence Leblais, Laurence Lupi, and Alain Doglio. "Is There an Association between Viral Infections and Risk for Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea? A Systematic Review." Children 10, no. 3 (March 2, 2023): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children10030487.

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(1) Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) affects approximately 1% to 5% of children. To date, the main pathophysiological factor is adenotonsillar tissue hypertrophy. As many respiratory viruses can persist in secondary lymphoepithelial organs after upper airway infection, the objective of this systematic review was to investigate the link between history of viral infections and the risk of pediatric OSA. (2) Methods: Corresponding references were searched electronically (PubMed [MEDLINE], Cochrane Library and Scopus) until 21 November 2022. Prospective or retrospective cohorts, evaluating the children suffering from OSA with history of viral infections and comparing them with children with no history of viral infections written in English, were included. Four independent reviewers selected studies, extracted data, and evaluated the risk of bias using ROBINS-I. (3) Results: Of 1027 potentially eligible articles, four studies (one retrospective, two prospective cohorts and one case-control) were included. (4) Conclusions: Exposure to lower airway infections may precede the diagnosis of pediatric OSA suggesting that respiratory viruses may play a mechanical role in the development of pediatric OSA. Further research is required to improve our understanding of the role of viral infections. Registration: PROSPERO CRD awaiting.

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Gyamtsho, Sonam. "Angiofibrolipoma of the soft palate: A very rare cause of upper air way obstruction in an infant." Bhutan Health Journal 6, no. 1 (May 15, 2020): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.47811/bhj.99.

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Introduction: Infants and children are very prone to air way obstruction due to smaller and immature air ways. There are multiple causes of upper airway obstruction in infants like infections, congenital lesions and rarely tumours of the upper airway. However, angiofibrolipoma, a rare variant of lipoma causing intermittent respiratory distress in an infant has not been reported until now. Objective: To report a very rare case of angiofibrolipoma arising from the soft palate in an infant. Case report: Two and half months old female child reported to the department of otolaryngology with a history of intermittent airway obstruction since one month of age. After evaluation she was found to have a fleshy polypoidal mass above the laryngeal inlet arising from soft palate causing airway compromise. She underwent surgical excison with bipolar cautery under general anaesthesia. Conclusion: Few cases of angiofibrolipoma has been reported in adults but none has been reported in children. This is to report a case of angiofibrolipoma in child causing airway obstruction.

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Perina, Vojtech, David Szaraz, Hana Harazim, Milan Urik, and Eva Klabusayova. "Paediatric Deep Neck Infection—The Risk of Needing Intensive Care." Children 9, no. 7 (June 29, 2022): 979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9070979.

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Deep neck infections are potentially dangerous complications of upper respiratory tract or odontogenic infections. The pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and potential spreading depend on the complex anatomy of the neck fascia. These infections can lead to severe pathological conditions, such as mediastinitis, sepsis, and especially airway impairment with difficult management. Because of the risk of life-threatening emergency situations and the possible impacts on the overall health status of affected children, their early recognition is of utmost importance. Torticollis, drooling, and stridor are the most common signs of advancing disease. Children presenting with these symptoms should be admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit for vital function monitoring, where the airway could be readily secured if function is compromised.

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Comar, Manola, Domenico Grasso, Gianna dal Molin, Elisabetta Zocconi, and Cesare Campello. "HHV-6 infection of tonsils and adenoids in children with hypertrophy and upper airway recurrent infections." International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 74, no. 1 (January 2010): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2009.10.008.

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Ahmed, H., C. Ndiaye, M. W. Barry, Aliou Thiongane, A. Mbaye, Y. Zemene, and I. C. Ndiaye. "A Rare Cause of Upper Airway Obstruction in a Child." Case Reports in Otolaryngology 2017 (2017): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2017265.

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Ventricular band cyst is a rare condition in children but can result in severe upper airway obstruction with laryngeal dyspnea or death. The diagnosis should be considered in any stridor in children with previous history of intubation or respiratory infections. We report a case of a 4-year-old girl, received in an array of severe respiratory distress, emergency endoscopy was done, and a large ventricular tape band cyst obstructing the air way was found. Complete excision was made, and postoperative prophylaxis tracheotomy was done. The postoperative course was uneventful with improvement of clinical and endoscopic signs.

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Sauvageau, Anny, and Stéphanie Racette. "1. Fatal Acute Hepatitis in Infectious Mononucleosis in a Forensic Setting." Medicine, Science and the Law 45, no. 3 (July 2005): 261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/rsmmsl.45.3.261.

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Mononucleosis is generally considered a benign, self-limited disease. However, though uncommon, fatal complications are sometimes encountered. Deaths from liver failure, splenic rupture, respiratory obstruction, neurological complications, secondary infections and bleeding complications have been described. In the forensic setting, there are a few reports of sudden and unexplained deaths from splenic rupture and upper airway obstruction. We report here the first case of sudden and unexplained death from acute hepatitis in infectious mononucleosis presenting as a suspicious death.

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Lauer, Tina, Judith Behnke, Frank Oehmke, Johanna Baecker, Katrin Gentil, Trinad Chakraborty, Michael Schloter, Jan Gertheiss, and Harald Ehrhardt. "Bacterial Colonization within the First Six Weeks of Life and Pulmonary Outcome in Preterm Infants <1000 g." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 7 (July 15, 2020): 2240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9072240.

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Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a multifactorial disease mainly provoked by pre- and postnatal infections, mechanical ventilation, and oxygen toxicity. In severely affected premature infants requiring mechanical ventilation, association of bacterial colonization of the lung and BPD was recently disclosed. To analyze the impact of bacterial colonization of the upper airway and gastrointestinal tract on moderate/severe BPD, we retrospectively analyzed nasopharyngeal and anal swabs taken weekly during the first 6 weeks of life at a single center in n = 102 preterm infants <1000 g. Colonization mostly occurred between weeks 2 and 6 and displayed a high diversity requiring categorization. Analyses of deviance considering all relevant confounders revealed statistical significance solely for upper airway colonization with bacteria with pathogenic potential and moderate/severe BPD (p = 0.0043) while no link could be established to the Gram response or the gastrointestinal tract. Our data highlight that specific colonization of the upper airway poses a risk to the immature lung. These data are not surprising taking into account the tremendous impact of microbial axes on health and disease across ages. We suggest that studies on upper airway colonization using predefined categories represent a feasible approach to investigate the impact on the pulmonary outcome in ventilated and non-ventilated preterm infants.

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Yuen, Erick, David A. Gudis, Nicholas R. Rowan, Shaun A. Nguyen, and Rodney J. Schlosser. "Viral Infections of the Upper Airway in the Setting of COVID-19: A Primer for Rhinologists." American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy 35, no. 1 (August 6, 2020): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1945892420947929.

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Background Viral respiratory tract infections are associated with a significant burden of disease and represent one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. The current Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlights the devastating toll that respiratory viruses have on humanity and the desperate need to understand the biological characteristics that define them in order to develop efficacious treatments and vaccines. To date, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected nearly 600 times more people and resulted in 200 times more deaths relative to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) combined. Objective Through this review, we aim to summarize the key characteristics of respiratory viruses that hold global significance, with a focus on SARS-CoV-2. Our goal is to disseminate our current knowledge of these infectious agents to otolaryngologists, in particular rhinologists, practicing in the COVID-19 era. Methods The general and clinical characteristics of selected respiratory viruses along with available viral treatments and vaccines are reviewed. Results There has been significant progress in our understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of various respiratory viruses. However, despite the advancement in knowledge, efficacious vaccines and antiviral treatments remain elusive for most respiratory viruses. The dire need for these scientific discoveries is highlighted by the recent COVID-19 pandemic, which has prompted investigators worldwide to conduct clinical trials at an accelerated timeline in an effort to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Rhinologists will continue to remain on the front-lines of pandemics associated with respiratory viruses. Conclusion In light of these unprecedented times, the need to understand the nuances of these viral respiratory pathogens, especially SARS-CoV-2, cannot be overemphasized. This knowledge base is of particular importance to otolaryngologists, whose expertise in the upper airway coincides with the anatomic tropism of these infectious agents.

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Hopkins, A., T. Lahiri, R. Salerno, and B. Heath. "Changing Epidemiology of Life-Threatening Upper Airway Infections: The Reemergence of Bacterial Tracheitis." PEDIATRICS 118, no. 4 (October 1, 2006): 1418–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-0692.

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Tait, Alan R., Uma A. Pandit, Terri Voepel-Lewis, Hamish M. Munro, and Shobha Malviya. "Use of the Laryngeal Mask Airway in Children with Upper Respiratory Tract Infections." Anesthesia & Analgesia 86, no. 4 (April 1998): 706–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000539-199804000-00006.

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Tait, Alan R., Uma A. Pandit, Terri Voepel-Lewis, Hamish M. Munro, and Shobha Malviya. "Use of the Laryngeal Mask Airway in Children with Upper Respiratory Tract Infections." Anesthesia & Analgesia 86, no. 4 (April 1998): 706–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199804000-00006.

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Smith, Brian. "Use of the Laryngeal Mask Airway in Children with Upper Respiratory Tract Infections." Anesthesia & Analgesia 88, no. 3 (March 1999): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199903000-00049.

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Tait, Alan R., Uma A. Pandit, Terri Voepel-Lewis, Hamish M. Munro, and Shobha Malviya. "Use of the Laryngeal Mask Airway in Children with Upper Respiratory Tract Infections." Anesthesia & Analgesia 88, no. 3 (March 1999): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199903000-00050.

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Smith, Brian. "Use of the Laryngeal Mask Airway in Children with Upper Respiratory Tract Infections." Anesthesia & Analgesia 88, no. 3 (March 1999): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000539-199903000-00049.

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Tait, Alan R., Uma A. Pandit, Terri Voepel-Lewis, Hamish M. Munro, and Shobha Malviya. "Use of the Laryngeal Mask Airway in Children with Upper Respiratory Tract Infections." Anesthesia & Analgesia 88, no. 3 (March 1999): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000539-199903000-00050.

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