Relevant bibliographies by topics / Up-regulation

Academic literature on the topic 'Up-regulation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Up-regulation"

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Schnapp, Esther. "Wrapping up histone regulation." EMBO reports 16, no. 11 (October 13, 2015): 1409. http://dx.doi.org/10.15252/embr.201541444.

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Zeeberg, B. R., and H. J. Kim. "MPTP-induced up-regulation." Neurology 40, no. 3, Part 1 (March 1, 1990): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.40.3_part_1.558.

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Perlmutter, J. S. "MPTP-induced up-regulation." Neurology 40, no. 3, Part 1 (March 1, 1990): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.40.3_part_1.558-a.

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von Arnim, Christine A. F., Melanie Timmler, Albert C. Ludolph, and Matthias W. Riepe. "Adenosine receptor up-regulation." NeuroReport 11, no. 6 (April 2000): 1223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200004270-00016.

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Nelson, Clark. "Lighting up gene regulation." Lab Animal 47, no. 9 (August 24, 2018): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41684-018-0138-0.

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Menné, Charlotte, Jens Peter H. Lauritsen, Jes Dietrich, Jesper Kastrup, Anne-Marie K. Wegener, Niels Ødum, and Carsten Geisler. "Ceramide-Induced TCR Up-Regulation." Journal of Immunology 165, no. 6 (September 15, 2000): 3065–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.165.6.3065.

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Patel, Manishha, Ariane Pelletier, and Jean-François Côté. "Opening up on ELMO regulation." Small GTPases 2, no. 5 (September 2011): 268–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/sgtp.2.5.17716.

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Edelman, Steven V. "Regulation Catches Up to Reality." Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 11, no. 1 (September 25, 2016): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1932296816667749.

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The FDA recently conducted an Advisory Panel meeting to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and benefits of granting a nonadjunctive label claim for the DEXCOM G5 Mobile continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system. If approved, this claim will allow users to make day-to-day treatment decisions, including insulin dosing directly from the glucose values and rate of changes arrows generated by the CGM device, without the requirement of a confirmatory measurement with a self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG) meter. Sporadic SMBG testing gives limited data, while CGM gives a value every 5 minutes and has alerts, alarms, trending information and allows caregivers to follow the user in real time 24/7. This indication will lead to more wide spread use of CGM and improve overall care with protection of hypoglycemia.
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Saluja, P. G. "Keeping regulation up to date." Veterinary Record 169, no. 3 (July 15, 2011): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.d4384.

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Fujimura, Masaki, Kazuo Kasahara, Hiroki Shirasaki, Utako Heki, Keiichi Iwasa, Akiko Ueda, and Tamotsu Matsuda. "Up-regulation of ICH-1." Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 125, no. 7 (1999): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004320050291.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Up-regulation"

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Schrader-Ratchford, Ann Marie. "P2Y₂ nucleotide receptor up-regulation and function in submandibular gland epithelium." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4189.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Vita. "May 2005" Includes bibliographical references.
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Swan, Edward. "The legal development of derivatives trading and regulation up to 1848." Thesis, University of London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300756.

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McColgan, Peter. "Structural brain network degeneration and functional up-regulation in Huntington's disease." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10041942/.

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Huntington’s disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the Huntingtin gene on chromosome 4. In recent years there have been significant advances in understanding both the cellular pathology and the macrostructural changes that occur in the striatum and cortical structures as the disease proceeds. However, it remains unclear how abnormalities at the cellular level lead to characteristic patterns of macrostructural change in the brains of HD patients. In this thesis I aim to link structural and functional brain network abnormalities with regional changes at the cellular level. Using diffusion tractography and resting state functional MRI in well characterised HD cohorts I examine the relationship between structural and functional brain network organisation. I link these changes in structure and function to the neuropsychiatric symptoms prevalent in HD, occurring years before the manifestation of motor symptoms. By characterising changes in white matter brain networks I reveal how the brain network breaks down as HD progresses and show how this network deterioration leads to the emergence of clinical deficits. Using characteristics of the healthy white matter brain network I demonstrate how it is possible to predict the atrophy of specific brain connections in HD over time. In doing so I highlight a hierarchy of white matter connection vulnerability showing cortico-striatal connections are the first to be affected. In order to link these macrostructural white matter changes to cellular level abnormalities I utilise data from the Allen Institute transcription atlas and show how differences in regional gene expression in the healthy brain can account for the selective vulnerability of specific white matter connections in HD. The work presented in this thesis demonstrates how linking systems and cellular pathobiology in HD can inform us about disease mechanisms that drive brain atrophy and ultimately lead to clinical deficits.
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Li, Yu-Hsuan. "Competitiveness in Power System Frequency Regulation Markets : Competitive analysis of the FCR-D up regulation market in Sweden." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-300745.

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The growing share of weather-dependent power generation in the Swedish power system is challenging the stability of the whole system. Therefore, the need to increase system flexibility by frequency regulation reserves is enlarged. Nowadays, the reserves are mainly supplied by Hydropower. The TSO, Svenska kraftnät, is opening the market to attract new participants to provide the balancing capacity to increase the competition between resources and change the market dynamics. This thesis explores the potential of four different technologies in the future FCR-D upregulation market: Hydropower, Wind power, battery energy storage systems (BESS) and demand response (DR). A FCR-D upregulation market-clearing model has been built with logical cost calculation and volume estimation of each actor in the FCR-D market. Sensitivity analysis and the market-clearing model have been conducted through Python software. Based on the scenario selection method, this research provides an overview of the future FCR-D upregulation market with the participation of new actors. The results show that the availability for FCR-D up market of some Hydropower actors has decreased over the years. The Wind power has the highest cost among the studied technologies and the costs of the BESS and DR are competitive. Besides, in high spot price years, the bids from BESS and DR have higher chance to be accepted which creates opportunities to attract new actors to join the market. The new actors' introduction could lower the average FCR-D clearing prices from 19.3 - 70.7 % from 2016 - 2020. Finally, from the volume change scenario, the BESS and DR actors are found to be the price-makers that could influence the FCR-D price with rising available volume.
Den växande andelen väderberoende kraftproduktion i det svenska elsystemet utmanar stabiliteten i hela systemet. Därför växer behovet av att öka systemflexibiliteten genom än mer frekvensregleringsresurser. Numera hanteras frekvensreglering främst av vattenkraft, men Svenska kraftnät (Sveriges systemoperatör), öppnar marknaden alltmer för att locka nya deltagare, för att ge mer balanseringskapacitet och för att öka konkurrensen mellan resurser samt för att förstärka marknadsdynamiken. Detta examensarbete undersöker potentialen för fyra olika tekniker för den framtida stödtjänsten uppreglering för frekvenshållningsreserv för störd drift (FCR-D): vattenkraft, vindkraft, batterilagringssystem och laststyrning (konsumtionsminskning). En modell för klarering av FCR-D uppreglering har byggts upp med logisk kostnadsberäkning och volymuppskattning för varje aktör på FCR-D-marknaden. Känslighetsanalys och marknadsklarerings-modellen har genomförts i Python-programvara. Baserat på scenarievalsmetoden ger denna forskning en överblick över den potentiella framtida FCR-D uppregleringsmarknaden med deltagande av nya aktörer. Resultaten visar att tillgängligheten för FCR-D-marknaden för vissa vattenkraftaktörer har minskat genom åren. Vindkraften har den högsta kostnaden bland de studerade teknikerna medan kostnaderna för batterilagringssystem och laststyrning är konkurrenskraftiga. Dessutom har buden från batterilagringssystem och laststyrning under perioder med höga spotpriser större chans att bli accepterade, vilket skapar möjligheter att locka nya aktörer att gå med på marknaden. De nya aktörernas entré kunde ha sänkt genomsnittliga FCR-D klareringspriser med 19,3 till 70,7 % för perioden 2016 till 2020. Slutligen visar volymändringsscenariot att batterilagringssystem och laststyrning -aktörerna kan påverka FCR-D-priset med stigande tillgänglig volym.
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Shen, Jianzhong. "Purinergic proliferation of coronary smooth muscle : receptor cloning, up-regulation and signaling /." Free to MU Campus, others may purchase, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3204628.

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Mohd, Imran Kamalliawati. "Up-regulation of Hedgehog signalling in satellite cells and skeletal muscle regeneration." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2019. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/22909/.

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About half of the human body mass is comprised of skeletal muscles, a component of the musculoskeletal system involved in maintaining body posture, gait and locomotion. Additionally, skeletal muscles have essential function in glucose metabolism and thermoregulation. Thus, maintenance of skeletal muscle homeostasis is critical for the health of organisms. Satellite cells are muscle-specific stem cells responsible for postnatal growth, regeneration upon injury, and maintenance of skeletal muscle homeostasis. Satellite cell's activity is regulated by a sophisticated network of signalling pathways, which act in a combinatorial manner to regulate satellite cell expansion and differentiation, and to preserve a pool of stem cells during the life course of skeletal muscles. Many of these signalling pathways are known to operate during embryonic myogenesis and are re-activated in adult myogenesis. One such signalling pathway, Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signalling, controls several aspects of myogenesis in the embryo and previous studies have indicated that it plays a role in adult myogenesis. However, it remains unclear whether Shh signalling acts upon satellite cells or non-myogenic resident cells. This study builds on previous work in the lab showing that Shh signalling is cell-autonomously required in satellite cells for efficient muscle regeneration. Through a combination of ex vivo and in vivo genetic approaches, I demonstrated that up-regulation of Shh signalling increased the proliferation of satellite cells by accelerating their entry into cell cycle and progression through the cycle program. Up-regulation of Shh signalling in satellite cells altered also the balance between self-renewal and differentiation, by promoting asymmetric cell division at the expense of symmetric cell division. Given the involvement of Shh signalling in tumour development in other systems and in skeletal muscle tumours i.e. Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), the present study may provide novel insights into the role of Shh signalling in the pathogenesis of RMS through the deregulation of satellite cell homeostasis.
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Praski, Alzrigat Lisa. "Constraints on up-regulation of drug efflux in the evolution of ciprofloxacin resistance." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för medicinsk biokemi och mikrobiologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-320580.

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The crucial role of antibiotics in modern medicine, in curing infections and enabling advanced medical procedures, is being threatened by the increasing frequency of resistant bacteria. Better understanding of the forces selecting resistance mutations could help develop strategies to optimize the use of antibiotics and slow the spread of resistance. Resistance to ciprofloxacin, a clinically important antibiotic, almost always involves target mutations in DNA gyrase and Topoisomerase IV. Because ciprofloxacin is a substrate of the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump, mutations causing pump up-regulation are also common. Studying the role of efflux pump-regulatory mutations in the development of ciprofloxacin resistance, we found a strong bias against gene-inactivating mutations in marR and acrR in clinical isolates. MIC and fitness measurements revealed that amino acid substitutions conferred smaller susceptibility reductions and smaller fitness costs than gene-inactivating mutations, suggesting that resistance mutations in clinical isolates are selected for high fitness rather than high resistance (Paper I and II). We asked whether the high fitness costs of marR-inactivating mutations could be ameliorated without affecting the resistance phenotype. Multiple independent lineages were experimentally evolved to select for improved growth fitness. Whole genome sequencing revealed mutations affecting marA, lon and arcA as potential compensatory pathways. For the marA and lon mutations the improved growth rate was associated with an increased susceptibility (arcA is being investigated). (Paper III). An evolution experiment selecting for ciprofloxacin resistance revealed upon whole genome sequencing the expected mutations in drug target and efflux-regulatory genes, but also in genes encoding aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. We investigated two independently selected leuS mutations, and concluded that they contributed to ciprofloxacin resistance by activating the stringent response that in turn caused up-regulation of genes involved in efflux. However, these leuS mutations incur a high fitness cost (Paper IV). To summarize, the research findings in this thesis suggest that the potential ciprofloxacin resistome may include more genes than previously thought, but a strong selection for high fitness selectively purifies many resistance mutations from clinical isolates. In conclusion, selection for high relative fitness constrains the spectrum of mutations that survive and get fixed in clinical populations of bacteria.
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McElroy, Anita K. "The mechanisms and consequences of cyclin E up-regulation in HCMV-infected cells /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9988319.

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Woodford, Darryl Paul. "Regulating online : participant-driven approaches." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2014. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/68800/1/Darryl%20Paul_Woodford_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis considers and evaluates different approaches to regulating online gaming communities, including traditional top-down regulation, as well as bottom-up and hybrid forms led by participants. I examine the regulatory environment in both the video game and gambling industries through case studies of the science fiction, massively multiplayer game Eve Online and offshore gambling platforms and their community sites. I identify that the participant driven approach to regulation sometimes used in the offshore gambling industry was dependent on a number of factors, notably the strength of the community and the risks to platform operators of negative publicity. By subsequently comparing this to the video gaming industry, I suggest that participant driven processes may be an appropriate way to resolve disputes in the games industry, and show how these are – to a limited extent – already being applied.
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Lochmatter, Priska. "Cytokine selection and CD69 up-regulation in the diagnosis of delayed-type drug hypersensitivity." Bern : [s.n.], 2009. http://www.zb.unibe.ch/download/eldiss/09lochmatter_p.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Up-regulation"

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Montana. Legislature. Legislative Audit Division. Hard rock mining regulation: Performance audit follow-up. Helena, MT: Legislative Audit Division, State of Montana, 1999.

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Trading up: Consumer and environmental regulation in a global economy. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1995.

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Alberta. The Libraries Regulation, AR 141/98, consolidated up to 172/2007. [Edmonton, Alberta]: Alberta Municipal Affairs and Housing, 2008.

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Alberta. The Libraries Regulation, AR 141/98, consolidated up to 172/2007. [Edmonton, Alberta]: Alberta Municipal Affairs and Housing, 2008.

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(India), Assam. The Assam land and revenue regulation, 1886: With notes, comments and rules, as amended up to 2001. 2nd ed. Guwahati: Lawyer's Book Stall, 2003.

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Great Britain. Parliament. House of Lords. Select Committee on Science and Technology. Regulation of the UK biotechnology industry and global competitiveness: Written evidence received up to 30 April 1993. London: HMSO, 1993.

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Alberta. The Alberta Libraries Act, Chapter L-12.1, 1983: The libraries regulation, 1984, with amendments up to and including September, 1988. 3rd ed. Edmonton, Alta: Alberta Culture and Multiculturalism, 1988.

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Alberta. The Alberta Libraries Act, Chapter L-12.1, 1983: The libraries regulation, 1984, with amendments up to and including July, 1986. Edmonton, Alta: Alberta Culture, 1986.

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Kim & Chang., ed. Korean SEC's new regulation on foreign acquisition of Korean shares: A step toward the opening up of the Korean securities market. Seoul: Kim & Chang, 1989.

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California. Legislature. Senate. Committee on Food and Agriculture. Follow-up methyl iodide hearing: Evaluating the report of the Scientific Review Committee on Methyl Iodide to the Department of Pesticide Regulation. Sacramento, CA: Senate Publications & Flags, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Up-regulation"

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El Kharbili, Marwane, and Piotr Stolarski. "Building-Up a Reference Generic Regulation Ontology: A Bottom-Up Approach." In Business Information Systems Workshops, 268–79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03424-4_33.

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Tjandrawinata, Raymond R., and Millie Hughes-Fulford. "Up-Regulation of Cyclooxygenase-2 by Product-Prostaglandin E2." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 163–70. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1813-0_25.

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Hess, B., J. P. Casez, D. Ackermann, R. Takkinen, and Ph Jaeger. "Relative Hypoparathyroidism and Calcitriol Up-Regulation in Idiopathic Hypercalciuria." In Urolithiasis 2, 415. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2556-1_149.

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Wedell, George, and Bryan Luckham. "Shoring up the Stable Door: the Limits of Regulation." In Television at the Crossroads, 171–85. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230286108_9.

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Nayler, Winifred G. "“Up” and “Down” Regulation of the Calcium Antagonist Binding Sites." In Second Generation of Calcium Antagonists, 55–66. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02720-2_5.

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Ku, David D. "Up and Down Regulation of the Sodium Pumping Sites in Myocardium." In Developments in Cardiovascular Medicine, 285–98. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2057-9_23.

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Clopton, J. K., and J. H. Gordon. "Separate Molecular Mechanisms for Estrogen-induced Up- and Down-regulation of Striatal Dopamine Receptors." In Dopaminergic Systems and their Regulation, 293–302. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-07431-0_20.

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Tomori, Zoltan, and Viliam Donic. "High-Risk Infections: Influence of Down-Regulation and Up-Regulation of Cough Using Airway Reflexes and Breathing Maneuvers." In Noninvasive Ventilation in High-Risk Infections and Mass Casualty Events, 3–6. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1496-4_1.

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Ohgushi, Takayuki. "Bottom-up population regulation of a herbivorous lady beetle: an evolutionary perspective." In Insect Populations In theory and in practice, 367–89. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4914-3_16.

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Fabris, Martina, and Salvatore De Vita. "Up-Regulation of B-Lymphocyte Stimulator (BLyS) in Patients with Mixed Cryoglobulinemia." In HCV Infection and Cryoglobulinemia, 119–26. Milano: Springer Milan, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-1705-4_15.

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Conference papers on the topic "Up-regulation"

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Andrade, Juan, Ross Baldick, and Yingzhang Dong. "Analysis of ERCOT regulation-up and regulation-down operational reserves." In 2017 IEEE Texas Power and Energy Conference (TPEC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpec.2017.7868266.

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Kubacka, Urszula, Wouter B. Nagengast, Roeliene C. Kruizinga, Marjolijn N. Lub-deHooge, Jourik A. Gietema, Sjoukje F. Oosting, Hetty Timmer-Boscha, et al. "Abstract 380: Sunitinib treatment induces up-regulation of CXCR4." In Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am10-380.

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Kaminski, D. "The follow-up control regulation device for solar cells." In 2011 IEEE 3rd International Students Conference on Electrodynamics and Mechatronics (SCE III). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sce.2011.6092122.

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Li, Jing. "Gene Expression Data Displaying Up-Regulation and Down-Regulation of Amino Acid Nutritional Metabolic Modules." In 2010 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2010.5517806.

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Winnica, Daniel, Sunita Sharma, Loretta Que, Shuyu Ye, Vong Smith, Cruse Margaret, Nancy Perez, and Fernando Holguin. "Up-regulation of paraoxonase 2 in human bronchial epitehlial cells." In ERS International Congress 2019 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2019.pa2362.

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Winnica, D. E., S. Sharma, L. G. Que, S. Ye, V. L. Smith, M. H. Cruse, N. Perez, and F. Holguin. "Up-Regulation of Paraoxonase 2 in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells." In American Thoracic Society 2019 International Conference, May 17-22, 2019 - Dallas, TX. American Thoracic Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2019.199.1_meetingabstracts.a3829.

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Yang, Hui, Tal Salz, Maria Zajac-kaye, Daiqing Liao, Suming Huang, and Yi Qiu. "Abstract 742: Up-regulation of histone deacetylases in colon cancer." In Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-742.

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Peng, YingJie, Gayatri Raghuraman, Ning Wang, Jayasri Nanduri, Ganesh K. Kumar, and Nanduri R. Prabhakar. "Up Regulation Of Endothelin-1 Mediates Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia-evoked Down-regulation Of Carotid Baro-receptor Activity." In American Thoracic Society 2010 International Conference, May 14-19, 2010 • New Orleans. American Thoracic Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2010.181.1_meetingabstracts.a4198.

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Yi, Cao, Ke Ke, Lou Xiaohua, and Yang Xu. "Up-Regulation of GSNO Reductase in Mice Lungs by Formaldehyde Inhalation." In 2007 1st International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2007.79.

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Arkhangelski, Jura, Abdou-Tankari Mahamadou, Pierluigi Siano, and Gilles Lefebvre. "Evaluating Residential Battery Energy Storage Systems for Up and Down-Regulation." In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2020 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eeeic/icpseurope49358.2020.9160750.

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Reports on the topic "Up-regulation"

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Jeanne, Olivier, and Anton Korinek. Macroprudential Regulation Versus Mopping Up After the Crash. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w18675.

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Nikolov, Gueorgui, Georgi N. Georgiev, Elena Marinova, Milena Mourdjeva, and Rossitza Konakchieva. Up-regulation of MT1 and MT2 Receptors by In Vitro Melatonin and Modulation of Alpha-tubulin and Aromatase P450 Expression in Human Granulosa-lutein Cells. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2020.03.07.

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Levin, Ilan, Avtar K. Handa, Avraham Lalazar, and Autar K. Mattoo. Modulating phytonutrient content in tomatoes combining engineered polyamine metabolism with photomorphogenic mutants. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587724.bard.

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Fruit constitutes a major component of our diet, providing fiber, vitamins, minerals, and many other phytonutrients that promote good health. Fleshy fruits, such as tomatoes, already contain high levels of several of these ingredients. Nevertheless, efforts have been invested in increasing and diversifying the content of phytonutrients, such as carotenoids and flavonoids, in tomato fruits. Increasing levels of phytonutrients, such as lycopene, is highly justified from the perspective of the lycopene extraction industry due to cost effectiveness reasons. Diversifying phytonutrients, in particular those that contribute to fruit color, could potentially provide an array of attractive colors to our diet. Our major goal was to devise a novel strategy for developing tomato fruits with enhanced levels of phytochemicals known to promote good health with special emphasis on lycopene content. A further important goal was to analyze global gene expression of selected genetic lines produced throughout this study in order is to dissect the molecular mechanisms regulating phytonutrients accumulation in the tomato fruit. To achieve these goals we proposed to: 1. combine, by classical breeding, engineered polyamine metabolism with photomorphogenic high pigment mutants in order generate tomato plant with exceptionally high levels of phytonutrients; 2. use gene transfer technology for genetic introduction of key genes that promote phytonutrient accumulation in the tomato fruit, 3. Analyze accumulation patterns of the phytonutrients in the tomato fruit during ripening; 4. Analyze global gene expression during fruit ripening in selected genotypes identified in objectives 1 and 2, and 5. Identify and analyze regulatory mechanisms of chloroplast disassembly and chromoplast formation. During the 3 years research period we have carried out most of the research activities laid out in the original proposal and our key conclusions are as follows: 1. the engineered polyamine metabolism strategy proposed by the US collaborators can not increase lycopene content either on its own or in combination with an hp mutant (hp-2ᵈᵍ); 2. The hp-2ᵈᵍ affects strongly the transcriptional profile of the tomato fruit showing a strong tendency for up- rather than down-regulation of genes, 3. Ontology assignment of these miss-regulated genes revealed a consistent up-regulation of genes related to chloroplast biogenesis and photosynthesis in hp-2ᵈᵍ mutants throughout fruit development; 4. A tendency for up-regulation was also usually observed in structural genes involved in phytonutrientbiosynthesis; however this up-regulation was not as consistent. 5. Microscopic observations revealed a significantly higher number of chloroplasts in pericarp cells of mature-green hp-2ᵈᵍ/hp-2ᵈᵍ fruits in comparison to their normal fully isogenic counterparts. 6. The relative abundance of chloroplasts could be observed from early stages of fruit development. Cumulatively these results suggest that: 1. the overproduction of secondary metabolites, characterizing hp-2ᵈᵍ/hp-2ᵈᵍ fruits, is more due to chloroplast number rather then to transcriptional activation of structural genes of the relevant metabolic pathways, and 2. The molecular trigger increasing metabolite levels in hp-2ᵈᵍ mutant fruits should be traced at early stage of fruit development.
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Grumet, Rebecca, Rafael Perl-Treves, and Jack Staub. Ethylene Mediated Regulation of Cucumis Reproduction - from Sex Expression to Fruit Set. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7696533.bard.

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Reproductive development is a critical determinant of agricultural yield. For species with unisexual flowers, floral secualdifferentation adds additional complexity, that can influenec productivity. The hormone ethylene has long, been known to play a primary role in sex determination in the Cucumis species cucumber (C. sativus) and melon (C. melo). Our objectives were to: (1) Determine critical sites of ethylene production and perception for sex determination; (2) Identify additional ethylene related genes associated with sex expression; and (3) Examine the role of environment ami prior fruit set on sex expression, pistillate flower maturation, and fruit set. We made progress in each of these areas. (1) Transgenic melon produced with the Arabidopsis dominant negative ethylene perception mutant gene, etrl-1, under the control of floral primordia targeted promoters [AP3 (petal and stamen) and CRC (carpel and nectary)], showed that ethylene perception by the stamen primordia, rather than carpel primordia, is critical for carpel development at the time of sex determination. Transgenic melons also were produced with the ethylene production enzyme gene. ACS, encoding l-aminocyclopropane-lcarboylate synthase, fused to the AP3 or CRC promoters. Consistent with the etr1-1 results, CRC::ACS did not increase femaleness; however, AP3::ACS reduced or eliminated male flower production. The effects of AP3:ACS were stronger than those of 35S::ACS plants, demonstratin g the importance of targeted expression, while avoiding disadvantages of constitutive ethylene production. (2) Linkage analysis coupled with SNP discovery was per formed on ethylene and floral development genes in cucumber populations segregating for the three major sex genes. A break-through towards cloning the cucumber M gene occurred when the melon andromonoecious gene (a), an ACS gene, was cloned in 2008. Both cucumber M and melon a suppress stamen development in pistillate flowers. We hypothesized that cucumber M could be orthologous to melon a, and found that mutations in CsACS2 co-segregated perfectly with the M gene. We also sought to identify miRNA molecules associated with sex determination. miRNA159, whose target in Arabidopsis is GAMYB[a transcription factor gene mediating response to10 gibberellin (GA)], was more highly expressed in young female buds than male. Since GA promotes maleness in cucumber, a micro RNA that counteracts GAMYB could promote femaleness. miRNA157, which in other plants targets transcription factors involved in flower development , was expressed in young male buds and mature flower anthers. (3) Gene expression profiling showed that ethylene-, senescence-, stress- and ubiquitin-related genes were up-regulated in senescing and inhibited fruits, while those undergoing successful fruit set up-regulated photosynthesis, respiration and metabolic genes. Melon plants can change sex expression in response to environmental conditions, leading to changes in yield potential. Unique melon lines with varying sex expression were developed and evaluated in the field in Hancock, Wisconsin . Environmental changes during the growing season influenced sex expression in highly inbred melon lines. Collectively these results are of significance for understanding regulation of sex expression. The fact that both cucumber sex loci identified so far (F and M) encode isoforms of the same ethylene synthesis enzyme, underscores the importance of ethylene as the main sex determining hormone in cucumber. The targeting studies give insight into developmental switch points and suggest a means to develop lines with earlier carpel-bearing flower production and fruit set. These results are of significance for understanding regulation of sex expression to facilitate shorter growing seasons and earlier time to market. Field results provide information for development of management strategies for commercial production of melon cultivars with different sex expression characteristics during fruit production.
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Alviarez, Vanessa, Keith Head, and Thierry Mayer. Global Giants and Local Stars: How Changes in Brand Ownership Affect Competition. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003333.

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We assess the consequences for consumers in 76 countries of multinational acquisitions in beer and spirits. Outcomes depend on how changes in ownership affect markups versus efficiency. We find that owner fixed effects contribute very little to the performance of brands. On average, foreign ownership tends to raise costs and lower appeal. Using the estimated model, we simulate the consequences of counter-factual national merger regulation. The US beer price index would have been 4-7% higher without divestitures. Up to 30% savings could have been obtained in Latin America by emulating the pro-competition policies of the US and EU.
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Chen, Xiaole, Peng Wang, Yunquan Luo, Yi-Yu Lu, Wenjun Zhou, Mengdie Yang, Jian Chen, Zhi-Qiang Meng, and Shi-Bing Su. Therapeutic Efficacy Evaluation and Underlying Mechanisms Prediction of Jianpi Liqi Decoction for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Science Repository, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31487/j.jso.2021.02.04.sup.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the therapeutic effects of Jianpi Liqi decoction (JPLQD) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and explore its underlying mechanisms. Methods: The characteristics and outcomes of HCC patients with intermediate stage B who underwent sequential conventional transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (cTACE) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) only or in conjunction with JPLQD were analysed retrospectively. The plasma proteins were screened using label-free quantitative proteomics analysis. The effective mechanisms of JPLQD were predicted through network pharmacology approach and partially verified by ELISA. Results: Clinical research demonstrated that the Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS), traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome scores, neutropenia and bilirubin, median progression-free survival (PFS), and median overall survival (OS) in HCC patients treated with JPLQD were superior to those in patients not treated with JPLQD (all P<0.05). The analysis of network pharmacology, combined with proteomics, suggested that 52 compounds targeted 80 potential targets, which were involved in the regulation of multiple signaling pathways, especially affecting the apoptosis-related pathways including TNF, p53, PI3K-AKT, and MAPK. Plasma IGFBP3 and CA2 were significantly up-regulated in HCC patients with sequential cTACE and RFA therapy treated with JPLQD than those in patients not treated with JPLQD (P<0.001). The AUC of the IGFBP3 and CA2 panel, estimated using ROC analysis for JPLQD efficacy evaluation, was 0.867. Conclusion: These data suggested that JPLQD improves the quality of life, prolongs the overall survival, protects liver function in HCC patients, and exhibits an anticancer activity against HCC. IGFBP3 and CA2 panels may be potential therapeutic targets and indicators in the efficacy evaluation for JPLQD treatment, and the effective mechanisms involved in the regulation of multiple signaling pathways, possibly affected the regulation of apoptosis.
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Hirschberg, Joseph, and Gloria A. Moore. Molecular Analysis of Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Plants: Characterizing the Genes Psy, Pds and CrtL-e. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568744.bard.

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In this research we have studied the molecular biology of carotenoid biosynthesis in tomato. The investigations focused on the genes Pds and Psy, encoding desaturase and phytoene synthase, respectively, which are key enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of lycopene and b-carotene. In addition, we have investigated the genes for lycopene cyclase. We have cloned from tomato and characterized the cDNA of CrtL-e, which encodes the lycopene e-cyclase, and analyzed its expression during fruit development. The results establish a paradigm for the regulation of carotenoid pigment biosynthesis during the ripening process of fruits. It is concluded that transcriptional regulation of genes that encode carotenoid-biosynthesis enzymes is the major mechanism that governs specific pigment accumulation. During the ripening of tomato fruits transcription of the genes encoding the enzymes phytoene synthase and phytoene desaturase is up-regulated, while the transcription of the genes for both lycopene cyclases decreases and thus the conversion of lycopene to subsequent carotenoids is inhibited. These findings support the working hypothesis of the molecular approach to manipulating carotenogenesis by altering gene expression in transgenic plants, and offer obvious strategies to future application in agriculture. The molecular and physiological knowledge on carotenogenesis gained in this project, suggest a concept for manipulating gene expression that will alter carotenoid composition in fruits and flowers.
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Shaw, John, Arieh Rosner, Thomas Pirone, Benjamin Raccah, and Yehezkiel Antignus. The Role of Specific Viral Genes and Gene Products in Potyviral Pathogenicity, Host Range and Aphid Transmission. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1992.7561070.bard.

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In this research we have studied the molecular biology of carotenoid biosynthesis in tomato. The investigations focused on the genes Pds and Psy, encoding desaturase and phytoene synthase, respectively, which are key enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of lycopene and b-carotene. In addition, we have investigated the genes for lycopene cyclase. We have cloned from tomato and characterized the cDNA of CrtL-e, which encodes the lycopene e-cyclase, and analyzed its expression during fruit development. The results establish a paradigm for the regulation of carotenoid pigment biosynthesis during the ripening process of fruits. It is concluded that transcriptional regulation of genes that encode carotenoid-biosynthesis enzymes is the major mechanism that governs specific pigment accumulation. During the ripening of tomato fruits transcription of the genes encoding the enzymes phytoene synthase and phytoene desaturase is up-regulated, while the transcription of the genes for both lycopene cyclases decreases and thus the conversion of lycopene to subsequent carotenoids is inhibited. These findings support the working hypothesis of the molecular approach to manipulating carotenogenesis by altering gene expression in transgenic plants, and offer obvious strategies to future application in agriculture. The molecular and physiological knowledge on carotenogenesis gained in this project, suggest a concept for manipulating gene expression that will alter carotenoid composition in fruits and flowers.
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9

Ozano, Kim, Andrew Roby, and Jacob Tompkins. Learning Journey on Water Security: UK Water Offer. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.026.

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The overarching goals for the UK in relation to global water security are to; tackle and reverse growing water insecurity and its consequences caused by depletion and degradation of natural water sources; and address poor water management and increasing demand. To do this, the UK has a well-developed water ‘offer’ that together can help reach the goal of global water security. This note details some of that water offer: UK water leadership: The UK developed the concept of modern sanitation and water supply, with an early example being the Victorian Bazalgette London sewer; Ownership and regulation: The UK has four models of ownership: government department in Northern Ireland, GoCo in Scotland, Mutual in Wales, and private companies in England. But the common thread is strong and clear, regulation to deliver the right outcomes for society; Competition and markets: The UK set up the world’s first water retail markets for business customers, delivering savings and environmental benefits. Similar market mechanisms are being developed for sewage sludge, which will help drive circular economy solutions; Innovation: The UK has a huge number of water tech start-ups and most water companies have labs and pilot schemes to support these fledgling companies. At the same time, the English regulator, Ofwat, has established a huge innovation fund, which along with the Scottish Hydro Nation initiative has made the UK the best place in the world for water innovation and tech.
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10

Horwitz, Benjamin, and Barbara Gillian Turgeon. Secondary Metabolites, Stress, and Signaling: Roles and Regulation of Peptides Produced by Non-ribosomal Peptide Synthetases. United States Department of Agriculture, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7696522.bard.

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Fungal pathogens of plants produce a diverse array of small molecules. Often referred to as secondary metabolites because they were thought to be dispensable for basic functions, they may indeed have central roles as signals for the fungal cell, and in interactions with the host. We have identified more than a dozen genes encoding nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NPS) in Cochliobolusheterostrophus, the agent of southern corn leaf blight. The aim of this project was to identify roles of these genes in stress responses and signaling. The first objective was to test a complete collection of C. heterostrophus nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS)-encoding gene deletion mutant and wildtype (WT) strains for sensitivity to various agents of oxidative (ROS) and nitrosative (RNOS) stress, in vitro. The second objective and next step in this part of the project was to study the relevance of sensitivity to ROS and RNOS in the host pathogen interaction, by measuring the production of ROS and RNOS in planta, when plants are inoculated with wild type and mutant strains. A third objective was to study expression of any genes shown to be involved in sensitivity to ROS or RNOS, in vitro and in planta. Another objective was to determine if any of the genes involved in oxidative or nitrosative stress responses are regulated by components of signal transduction pathways (STP) that we have identified and to determine where mechanisms overlap. Study of the collection of nps mutants identified phenotypes relevant for virulence, development and oxidative stress resistance for two of the genes, NPS2 and NPS6. Mutants in genes related to RNOS stress have no virulence phenotypes, while some of those related to ROS stress have reduced virulence as well as developmental phenotypes, so we focused primarily on ROS stress pathways. Furthermore, the identification of NPS2 and NPS6 as encoding for NRPS responsible for siderophore biosynthesis lent a new focus to the project, regulation by Fe. We have not yet developed good methods to image ROS in planta and work in this direction is continuing. We found that NPS6 expression is repressed by Fe, responding over the physiological Fe concentration range. Studying our collection of mutants, we found that conserved MAPK and G protein signal transduction pathways are dispensable for Fe regulation of NPS6, and initiated work to identify other pathways. The transcription factor SreA is one candidate, and is responsible for part, but not all, of the control of NPS6 expression. The results of this project show that the pathogen contends with oxidative stress through several signaling pathways. Loss of the siderophore produced by Nps6 makes the fungus sensitive to oxidative stress, and decreases virulence, suggesting a central role of the ability to sequester and take up extracellular iron in the host-pathogen interaction. Siderophores, and manipulation of Fe levels, could be targets for new strategies to deal with fungal pathogens of maize and other plants.
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