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1
Hein, Annette, Laura Condon, and Reed Maxwell. "Evaluating the relative importance of precipitation, temperature and land-cover change in the hydrologic response to extreme meteorological drought conditions over the North American High Plains." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 23, no. 4 (April 10, 2019): 1931–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1931-2019.
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Abstract. Drought is a natural disaster that may become more common in the future under climate change. It involves changes to temperature, precipitation and/or land cover, but the relative contributions of each of these factors to overall drought severity is not clear. Here we apply a high-resolution integrated hydrologic model of the High Plains to explore the individual importance of each of these factors and the feedbacks between them. The model was constructed using ParFlow-CLM, which represents surface and subsurface processes in detail with physically based equations. Numerical experiments were run to perturb vegetation, precipitation and temperature separately and in combination. Results show that decreased precipitation caused larger anomalies in evapotranspiration, soil moisture, stream flow and water table levels than increased temperature or disturbed land cover did. However, these factors are not linearly additive when applied in combination; some effects of multifactor runs came from interactions between temperature, precipitation and land cover. Spatial scale was important in characterizing impacts, as unpredictable and nonlinear impacts at small scales aggregate to predictable, linear large-scale behavior.
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Sabrah, Nashwan, and Nabeel T. Alsohybe. "Toward Better Resilience during the War Crisis; Case Study of Three Microfinance Institutions in Yemen." Business and Economic Research 9, no. 2 (June 7, 2019): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ber.v9i2.14896.
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As a crisis, man-made or natural disaster, strikes, business management struggles to maintain business continuity and sustainability. The management takes several approaches to keep business running during turbulent times such as proactive approach and ad hoc approach. Organizations proactively prepare plans to face predictable changes; however, sometimes the unpredictable changes become very complicated and challenging which would negatively affect these organizations and their business continuity. As a result, it is very crucial for any organization to be well prepared to keep its business running during turbulent times. Currently, there is a major war going on in Yemen since 2015 that negatively affects most of the business sectors in Yemen. Microfinance sector is considered a very important sector in the country, and it is one of the sectors that is affected and hit hard by the ongoing conflict. Thus, a microfinance industry leader sought solutions. The researchers conducted a qualitative study with three microfinance pioneers in Yemen and interviewed 11 professionals from different management levels. This study found that the operation of the studied institutions has been interrupted by four majors’ turbulences and challenged by three market changes which drove these Microfinance Institutions MFIs to adapt their strategies and practices.
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Li, Qingchen, Guangxi Cao, and Wei Xu. "Relationship research between meteorological disasters and stock markets based on a multifractal detrending moving average algorithm." International Journal of Modern Physics B 32, no. 01 (January 8, 2018): 1750267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979217502678.
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Based on a multifractal detrending moving average algorithm (MFDMA), this study uses the fractionally autoregressive integrated moving average process (ARFIMA) to demonstrate the effectiveness of MFDMA in the detection of auto-correlation at different sample lengths and to simulate some artificial time series with the same length as the actual sample interval. We analyze the effect of predictable and unpredictable meteorological disasters on the US and Chinese stock markets and the degree of long memory in different sectors. Furthermore, we conduct a preliminary investigation to determine whether the fluctuations of financial markets caused by meteorological disasters are derived from the normal evolution of the financial system itself or not. We also propose several reasonable recommendations.
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Eren, Emrah, and Omer Faruk Bay. "Critical Communication Simulation in Natural Disaster Situations." International Journal of Engineering Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering 9, no. 4 (April 25, 2022): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.36647/ijerece/09.04.a001.
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After natural disasters such as earthquake, flood, hurricane; because of damage to telephone and internet networks and instantaneous traffic density created by subscribers, voice and data networks lose their functions to a large extent. Service providers make many practices to prevent service interruptions in communication networks and not to disrupt the operation of the protocols used during and after a natural disaster. Since natural disasters are non-repeatable and unpredictable, these measures cannot be carried out with comprehensive assessments. In this context, simulation software is the best approach for testing communication networks in case of natural disasters. In this study, the issue of analyzing the outages that may occur in the infrastructure of Telecom service providers after natural disasters with network simulations is mentioned.
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Li, Shanshan, and Xiaoling Sun. "Application of public emotion feature extraction algorithm based on social media communication in public opinion analysis of natural disasters." PeerJ Computer Science 9 (June 16, 2023): e1417. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1417.
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Natural disasters are usually sudden and unpredictable, so it is too difficult to infer them. Reducing the impact of sudden natural disasters on the economy and society is a very effective method to control public opinion about disasters and reconstruct them after disasters through social media. Thus, we propose a public sentiment feature extraction method by social media transmission to realize the intelligent analysis of natural disaster public opinion. Firstly, we offer a public opinion analysis method based on emotional features, which uses feature extraction and Transformer technology to perceive the sentiment in public opinion samples. Then, the extracted features are used to identify the public emotions intelligently, and the collection of public emotions in natural disasters is realized. Finally, through the collected emotional information, the public’s demands and needs in natural disasters are obtained, and the natural disaster public opinion analysis system based on social media communication is realized. Experiments demonstrate that our algorithm can identify the category of public opinion on natural disasters with an accuracy of 90.54%. In addition, our natural disaster public opinion analysis system can deconstruct the current situation of natural disasters from point to point and grasp the disaster situation in real-time.
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Kumar, Dinesh, Ashutosh Sharma, Rajiv Kumar, and Neeru Sharma. "A Holistic Survey on Disaster and Disruption in Optical Communication Network." Recent Advances in Electrical & Electronic Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Electrical & Electronic Engineering) 13, no. 2 (April 27, 2020): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2352096512666190215141938.
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Background: This paper is a review of optical fiber communications and also presents the different types of disasters and different protection schemes to combat these disasters. In the optical communication network, the failure of a network caused by disasters (e.g. predictable disaster, unpredictable disaster, Intentional attacks) leads to the failure of several optical communication channels and huge data loss. Most of the previous works on optical network survivability assume that the failures are going to occur in future, and the network is made survivable to ensure connectivity in events of failures. With the advancements in technology, the predictions of tornados, cyclone and landslides are becoming more accurate by using some early warning systems. Objective: Significant improvement in optical communication network survivability can be achieved using our proposed protection scheme in the event of a major earthquake, cloud burst and landslides. Conclusion: The review concludes that a large amount of data could be lost even if there is a very short disruption in the optical backbone network.
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Fan, Rongquan, Wenhui Zeng, Ziqiang Ming, Wentao Zhang, Ruirui Huang, and Junyong Liu. "Risk Reliability Assessment of Transmission Lines under Multiple Natural Disasters in Modern Power Systems." Energies 16, no. 18 (September 12, 2023): 6548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16186548.
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Climate change has led to more frequent extreme weather events, and various natural disasters have posed risks to the operation of transmission lines. Line failures caused by natural disasters are unpredictable and bring additional maintenance work. Therefore, this paper proposes a transmission line risk reliability assessment method that considers the combined effects of multiple natural disasters. This method establishes a theory of disaster risk quantification that considers the probability of the occurrence of the risk, the degree of the impact of the risk on the line, and the severity of the risk disaster. The risk weights for different natural disasters are calculated by combining a hierarchical analysis and entropy weighting methods. The example of a transmission line risk assessment under the combined effects of multiple natural disasters for a Sichuan region verifies the proposed method’s effectiveness. The results show that the method effectively assesses the operational risk to transmission lines under the combined effects of natural disasters. The assessment results can be used for disaster recovery and line risk prevention.
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Adiwena, Bartolomeus Yofana, Audrey Eleanor Yuliana Azury Mangimbulur, Azzahra Nurmaliza Putri, Ghea Farah Fahira, and Maria Angelina Krista. "Description Of The Traumatic Experience Of The Dinar Indah Housing Flood Disaster Victims." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SCIENCE 1, no. 2 (October 28, 2023): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30989/ijess.v2i1.1210.
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Unpredictable natural disasters can traumatize a person and disrupt the victim's daily activities. Moreover, if this is the first time a victim has experienced a natural disaster. The trauma that arises and the impact on them will be different from the victims who have experienced several natural disasters. In this case, the researcher will provide an overview of the trauma experienced by flood victims who have only experienced floods once, a total of four people. This study uses qualitative data collection techniques using interviews, observation and phenomenological data analysis techniques. The results showed that natural disasters that occurred to participants caused trauma due to this unpleasant experience. This impacts participants who are more easily anxious and afraid when symptoms of natural disasters appear—looking at the results of the interviews in analyzing the symptoms of trauma felt by the participants and how disturbing they were in carrying out their daily activities.
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Sobhana, Mummaneni, Smitha Chowdary Chaparala, Devaganugula N. V. S. L. S. Indira, and Konduru Kranthi Kumar. "A disaster classification application using convolutional neural network by performing data augmentation." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 27, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 1712. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v27.i3.pp1712-1720.
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Natural disasters are catastrophic events and cause havoc to human life. These events occur in the most unpredictable times and are beyond human control. The aftermath of the disasters is devastating ranging from loss of life to relocation of large groups of the population. With the development in the domains of computer vision (CV) and Image processing, machine learning and deep learning models can integrate images and perform predictions. Deep learning techniques employ many robust techniques and provide significant results even in the case of images. The detection of natural disasters without human intervention requires the help of deep learning techniques. The project aims to employ a multi-layered convolutional neural network (CNN) organization to classify the images related to natural disasters related to earthquakes, floods, cyclones, and wildfires.
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Rosyid, Moh. "Memaknai Terjadinya Bencana Alam Merujuk pada Kajian Tafsir." Islamika : Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman 20, no. 01 (July 30, 2020): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32939/islamika.v20i01.539.
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The purpose of writing this text is to make Al-Quran a place to ask questions and remember the greatness of God. The closer humans are to God, humans always care for nature with full awareness. Messages of Al-Quran and newspaper coverage with methode tafsir bi ar-Ra’yi atau al-’aqli by qualitative descriptive analysis can be used as a life lesson. It is to realize that Divine power is second to none because He is the Almighty. Human negligence in caring for nature will cause disaster / natural disasters. Disasters are not always predictable by the sophistication of technology and science in terms of when to come and when the end of natural disasters due to human limitations. The Koran illustrates that natural disasters have occurred in humans since the beginning of time. The event has a variety of meanings to be used as material for life lessons.
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Tapia, Andrea H., Nicklaus A. Giacobe, Pamela J. Soule, and Nicolas James LaLone. "Scaling 911 Texting for Large-Scale Disasters." International Journal of Public Administration in the Digital Age 3, no. 3 (July 2016): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijpada.2016070105.
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In a mass crisis event, Emergency Operation Centers (EOC) cannot meet the demand of thousands of individuals trying to alert or request emergency services. However, new technology, driven by the right policy and tested for strengths and weaknesses in a data rich, semi-predictable environment, can help to address current PSAP limitations. In this paper the authors present a system that aims to provide real-time data to emergency managers during a crisis event in such an environment – a college town during a football game or similarly attended event. The system is designed to accept, sort, triage and deliver hundreds of direct text messages from populations engaged in a crisis to emergency management staff who can respond. They posit that when a municipal or county-level EOC is cross-housed with a University EOC, multiple opportunities for development and funding occur. Universities can provide the technical expertise, funding, staffing, development and testing for systems that serve the EOC. Most importantly, Universities also provide disaster-like events that can be used as proxies for unpredictable mass crises during which more valid and reliable testing can occur. The authors present preliminary findings from a text-to-emergency service currently in use by Penn State University Athletics.
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T. Le, Tam, Trang T.H. Thai, and Thao P. Do. "The Impact of Financial Preparation and Disaster Experience on Households’ Disaster Risk Perception: Empirical Evidence from Quang Binh Province, Vietnam." International Journal of Research and Review 8, no. 5 (June 2, 2021): 344–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20210544.
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This paper is aimed at analysing the impacts of financial preparation and disaster experience on households’ disaster risk perception, including perceptions of likelihood and severity in Quang Binh Province of Vietnam, one of the areas strongly affected by natural disasters and climate change. With the data from direct surveying 308 households in Quang Binh province, the research methodology includes Cronbach’s Alpha, EFA and OLS regression models. The key findings are: First, disaster experience has positive impact on natural disaster risk perception. Second, financial preparation has negative impact on natural disaster risk perception. Third, the risk of natural disasters in Quang Binh Province are increasing and unpredictable due to rapid economic growth and urbanization. This fact requires the Government, provincial commitees, and stakeholders to go beyond traditional coping methods, implement more customized policies and specific actions to try to reduce the risks of natural disasters. Keywords: disaster risk, disaster risk perception, financial preparation, disaster experience.
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Kállai, Krisztina. "Significance of the Application of Resilience-based Approach in Human Trafficking at the Area of Sub-Saharan Africa." Journal of Central and Eastern European African Studies 2, no. 4 (2022): 146–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.59569/jceeas.2022.2.4.181.
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It is beyond dispute that the effects of climate change can be experienced more frequently at all parts of the ecosystem. The current change of our environment contributes to unpredictable natural disasters, which results increased number of children victims by human trafficking in the devastated areas, that mostly affected the regions of Sub-Saharan Africa. As the overwhelming natural disasters destroy the education system and other social services, human traffickers may take their victims easily for mainly sexual exploitation. The resilience-based methods can produce solutions to this global challenge and reduce vulnerability and risk concerning the orphaned by natural disasters who can easily become exploited persons by human traffickers. The aim of the study is introducing and analysing the Geneva Convention that should be the essential frame of the resilience-based approach of human trafficking.
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Karami, Amir, Vishal Shah, Reza Vaezi, and Amit Bansal. "Twitter speaks: A case of national disaster situational awareness." Journal of Information Science 46, no. 3 (March 4, 2019): 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165551519828620.
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In recent years, we have been faced with a series of natural disasters causing a tremendous amount of financial, environmental and human losses. The unpredictable nature of natural disasters behaviour makes it hard to have a comprehensive situational awareness (SA) to support disaster management. Using opinion surveys is a traditional approach to analyse public concerns during natural disasters; however, this approach is limited, expensive and time-consuming. Luckily, the advent of social media has provided scholars with an alternative means of analysing public concerns. Social media enable users (people) to freely communicate their opinions and disperse information regarding current events including natural disasters. This research emphasises the value of social media analysis and proposes an analytical framework: Twitter Situational Awareness (TwiSA). This framework uses text mining methods including sentiment analysis and topic modelling to create a better SA for disaster preparedness, response and recovery. TwiSA has also effectively deployed on a large number of tweets and tracks the negative concerns of people during the 2015 South Carolina flood.
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Tsai, Shu-Chen, and Su-Hsin Lee. "Disaster-Resilient Communities on Flood Plains and Their Agricultural Regeneration: A Case Study in Meinong Plain, Taiwan." Water 14, no. 11 (May 28, 2022): 1736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14111736.
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Taiwan’s near-mountain alluvial plain is a high-risk area with frequent disasters, and residents have become more tolerant of the compound disasters that occur with overall environmental changes associated with the development of urbanization in recent years. This paper presents a case study of a near-mountainous alluvial plain in Southern Taiwan. The Hakka ethnic group is the main community in the study area and also the main research object. This case study illustrates the disaster resilience of the community to natural and artificial disasters. This study adopted two research approaches, namely historical geography and political economic geography, as well as community resilience theory. Research methods including case study, secondary literature analysis, fieldwork, and interviews were used. Through text analysis, it was found that (1) the community’s awareness of disaster avoidance was rooted in the experience of reclamation in the early 17th century; (2) communities have experienced artificial disasters caused by political and economic intervention, which have been transformed into disaster awareness and community resilience; (3) cumulative artificial disasters have a greater impact on communities than unpredictable natural disasters; and (4) the energy of community resilience and agricultural regeneration is based on the duality of disasters.
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Grigoryan, Vardges I., and Natalya N. Tadevosyan. "Organization of Reconstruction Works of Buildings and Structures after Disasters." Materials Science Forum 931 (September 2018): 1267–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.931.1267.
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The article refers to the measures for stage by stage restoration of buildings and structures damaged after both natural and man-made disasters. The work also includes war situations, which according to experts are equivalent to natural disasters. Taking into account the diversity of areas, their geological differences and measures, in each case, localization adjustment is implied. In unpredictable situations such as natural disaster, war operations, restoration of buildings and the organization of tightening works are carried out using the latest methods and technologies. To provide stability of the main frame with strengthening of stone and concrete walls, we suggest strengthening various structures with the method of “sewing of cracks” and using implementation of concrete and asphalt-concrete coatings in the damaged area.
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Liu, Han Dong. "Approach to Forecasting Occurrence of Slope Failure with Nonlinear Dynamical System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 438-439 (October 2013): 1597–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.438-439.1597.
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Landslides constitute a major geologic hazard because they are widespread and commonly occur in connection with other major natural disasters such as earthquakes, rainstorms, wildfires and floods. Nonlinear dynamical system (NDS) techniques have been developed to analyze chaotic time series data. According to NDS theory, the correlation dimension and predictable time scale are evaluated from a single observed time series. The Xintan landslide case study is presented to demonstrate that chaos exists in the evolution of a landslide and the predictable time scale must be considered. The possibility for long-term, medium-term and short-term prediction of landslide is discussed.
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Milea, Virginia-Maria. "An Assessment of 2023 Extreme Climate Manifestations in Southern Europe." Romanian Military Thinking 2023, no. 4 (December 31, 2023): 424–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2023.4.26.
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According to numerous reports, the year 2023 is considered the hottest year on record, as a series of natural disasters have struck especially in countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea. These calamities, such as vegetation fires and floods like the recent ones in Greece, are not just a localised threat, but one that goes beyond the perimeter of countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea, as these uncommon occurrences of nature are also being observed in other parts of the world. Considering that this sort of threat is highly unpredictable and requires specific measures, this paper aims to assess the effects of the recent natural disasters in Southern Europe and to identify measures taken by Greece to counter and mitigate the effects of the mentioned calamities
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Milea, Virginia-Maria. "O evaluare a manifestărilor climatice extreme din Europa de Sud în anul 2023." Gândirea Militară Românească 2023, no. 4 (December 31, 2023): 428–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.55535/gmr.2023.4.26.
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According to numerous reports, the year 2023 is considered the hottest year on record, as a series of natural disasters have struck especially in countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea. These calamities, such as vegetation fires and floods like the recent ones in Greece, are not just a localised threat, but one that goes beyond the perimeter of countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea, as these uncommon occurrences of nature are also being observed in other parts of the world. Considering that this sort of threat is highly unpredictable and requires specific measures, this paper aims to assess the effects of the recent natural disasters in Southern Europe and to identify measures taken by Greece to counter and mitigate the effects of the mentioned calamities
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Sinding Bentzen, Jeanet. "Acts of God? Religiosity and Natural Disasters Across Subnational World Districts*." Economic Journal 129, no. 622 (May 16, 2019): 2295–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ej/uez008.
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AbstractReligious beliefs potentially influence individual behaviour. But why are some societies more religious than others? One possible answer is religious coping: individuals turn to religion to deal with unbearable and unpredictable life events. To investigate whether coping can explain global differences in religiosity, I combine a global dataset on individual-level religiosity with spatial data on natural disasters. Individuals become more religious if an earthquake recently hit close by. Even though the effect decreases after a while, data on children of immigrants reveal a persistent effect across generations. The results point to religious coping as the main mediating channel, but alternative explanations such as mutual insurance or migration cannot be ruled out entirely. The findings may help explain why religiosity has not vanished as some scholars once predicted.
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Piskin, Ali Suat. "Administrative Responsibility in Force Majeure Situations: The Case of Earthquakes." Journal of Law and Politics 5, no. 1 (April 2024): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.69648/qigi1807.
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Globally and throughout history, earthquakes have represented significant natural hazards that result in loss of life and property. After such disasters, administrative entities bear key responsibilities for protecting and preserving public welfare. Despite the absence of culpability on the part of the administration, their basic obligation remains to act in the best interest of the population, especially in unpredictable circumstances. This paper clarifies the concept of administrative responsibility and delineates measures to deal with events classified as force majeure. Furthermore, it delves into the administrative liability arising from contingencies, shedding light on the complex legal and practical dimensions of these phenomena. Through a comprehensive analysis, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of administrative duties in the wake of natural disasters, offering insights into effective governance and disaster management strategies.
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Yabe, Takahiro, Yoshihide Sekimoto, Akihito Sudo, and Kota Tsubouchi. "Predicting Delay of Commuting Activities Following Frequently Occurring Disasters Using Location Data from Smartphones." Journal of Disaster Research 12, no. 2 (March 16, 2017): 287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2017.p0287.
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Natural disasters that frequently occur, such as typhoons and earthquakes, heavily affect human activities in urban areas by causing severe congestion and economic loss. Predicting the delay in usual commuting activities of individuals following such disasters is crucial for managing urban systems. We propose a novel method that predicts such delay of individuals’ movements in several frequently occurring disasters using various types of features including the commuters’ usual movement patterns, disaster information, and geospatial information of commuters’ locations. Our method predicts the irregularity of commuting activities in metropolitan Tokyo during several typhoons, and earthquakes, using Yahoo Japan’s GPS dataset of 1 million users. The results show that the irregularity of individuals’ movements are significantly more predictable than with previous models. Also, we are able to understand that commuters’ usual movement patterns, disaster intensity, and geospatial features including road density and population density are main factors that cause commuting delay following disasters.
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Wilujeng, Sri Rahayu, and Sukarni Suryaningsih. "PREPARASI DAN MANAGEMEN BENCANA PENYULUHAN DI BANARAN, KABUPATEN BOYOLALI." Harmoni: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 8, no. 1 (June 10, 2024): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/hm.8.1.53-58.
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ABSTRAKBencana adalah suatu peristiwa yang sering terjadi. Bencana pada dasarnya suatu kejadian yang menimbulkan kerugian baik harta, nyawa, maupun luka. Indonesia, negara yang berpotensi besar terkena bencana alam. Bencana dalam skala besar mencakup bencana alam,bencana sosial, kecelakaan yang menimpa masyarakat atau suatu komunitas. Dalam skala kecil dalam lingkup keluarga, bencana berarti suatu kecelakaan atau peristiwa yang membahayakan manusia. Bencana atau kecelakaan sering tidak dapat diprediksi. Pengetahuan yang memadai tentang bencana atau kecelakaan baik menyangkut persiapan atau antisipasi dan penanganan atau managemensangat dibutuhkan. Metode yang digunakan adalah ceramah, tanya jawab, simulasi. Hasil yang dicapai adalah adanya pengetahuan dan ketrampilan awal menyangkut persiapan dan penangan bencana dan musibah dalam tingkat keluargaKata Kunci: Preparasi , Managemen, Bencana ABSTRACTDisaster is an event that occurs frequently. A disaster is basically an event that causes loss of property, life or injury. Indonesia, a country with great potential for natural disasters. Disasters on a large scale include natural disasters, social disasters, accidents that befall society or a community. On a small scale within the family sphere, disaster means an accident or event that endangers humanity. Disasters or accidents are often unpredictable. Adequate knowledge about disasters or accidents regarding preparation or anticipation and handling or management is very necessary. The methods used are lectures, questions and answers, simulations. The results achieved are initial knowledge and skills regarding preparation and handling of disasters and disasters at the family levelKey Words: Preparation, Management, Disaster
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Park, Hye Jeong, and Ki Hun Nam. "Cascading Effects of Natural Hazards: Lessons from Recent Natech Accidents and Practices." Crisis and Emergency Management: Theory and Praxis 12, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14251/jscm.2022.9.35.
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Recent trends of disaster present that disasters are more uncertain and complex with unpredictable cascading effects owing to global environmental and climate change. As one of the significant phenomena, natural hazards triggering technological accidents, so-called Natech, which cause acute and prolonged terrifying consequences, have also been increased. Considering low probability but high consequences, Natech accidents often exceed the capacity of disaster preparedness and response of local government and professional responders. As a result, the need to better manage Natech risks has become a challenge in disaster risk management among all stakeholders, including government, disaster and safety experts, industry, and citizens. Although there have been numerous efforts undertaken by international organizations and individual countries to reduce Natech risks, there are still not sufficient reflections to reduce the risks of natural hazard triggering technological disasters in South Korea. Thus, this study highlights lessons from Natech risk reduction practices undertaken by individual countries and recent minor Natech cases to fullfill gaps in effective risk management considering for cascading effects.
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Qiu, Dong, Binglin Lv, and Calvin M. L. Chan. "How Digital Platforms Enhance Urban Resilience." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (January 24, 2022): 1285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031285.
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Throughout human history, natural and man-made disasters have devastated cities in unpredictable ways. Cities must therefore respond faster and better to minimize the risks posed by disasters. Nowadays, with the rapid development of communication technology, digital platforms are increasingly becoming an indispensable part of people’s lives; hence, they could become a new force for urban resilience. However, there are few studies on how digital platforms enhance urban resilience, so this paper attempts to use the method of CiteSpace (V.5.8.R3, 64 bit) scientometrics analysis and literature analysis to study the dimensions and trends of urban resilience, the role of digital platforms in the dimensions of urban resilience, especially focusing on how digital platforms impact on urban resilience during COVID-19. The results showed that there is considerable literature on natural disasters and infrastructure, but few papers discuss urban governance, knowledge systems, and social media. Furthermore, it is also found that digital platforms contributed to the enhancement of urban resilience in China and Singapore during COVID-19. These suggests that enhancing urban resilience through digital platforms can be a viable approach.
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Adiyoso, Wignyo. "Urgensi Pendekatan Multi dan Inter-disiplin Ilmu dalam Penanggulangan Bencana." Bappenas Working Papers 4, no. 2 (September 20, 2021): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.47266/bwp.v4i2.104.
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The intensity and serious impact of disasters threaten human life, including in Indonesia. A series of natural disasters such as floods, landslides, earthquakes, and tsunamis in the past decade have claimed thousands of lives and damaged property and destroyed social and cultural structures. Current pandemic as non-natural disaster also shows that Covid-19 become among deadliest of disasters. With the unpredictable characteristics of disaster events (especially natural and pandemic), it is urgent to find a collaboration model for effective disaster management. As a concept, an approach and a method disaster management is not a monodisciplinary, but cross-disciplinary, whether it is multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary or transdisciplinary. Using a description and information analysis approach using secondary data through the literature review, this study discusses the link and contribution issues of disaster management. The results of the discussion show that apart from being multidisciplinary, disaster management is also interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary. In the disaster management cycle, there are important roles that differ between multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and transdisciplinary. This preliminary finding may be useful for researchers, policy makers, disaster managers and others to start cooperating in reducing disaster risk. A more comprehensive and in-depth study is needed to see the relationship between disaster management and related sciences for strengthening disaster management in the future.
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Mursyid. "Peran TNI dalam Penanggulangan Bencana Alam." Indragiri Law Review 1, no. 1 (December 10, 2023): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32520/ilr.v1i1.9.
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In writing this journal the author uses a library research method where the data obtained by the author comes from conclusions in previous journals and also through newspapers and books. In this writing method it is often called library research analysis. Where the results of this research can be seen that Indonesia is an archipelagic country whose geographical location makes Indonesia a country that is prone to disasters, BNPB states that Indonesia is a country that has the most comprehensive types of disasters in the world, disasters that arise of course cause a lot of losses and victims. Therefore, to handle disasters both before and after a disaster, good cooperation between related agencies is needed, for example the TNI. The problem formulation in writing this journal is (1) the role of the TNI in the natural disaster management process, (2) what obstacles the TNI faces in the process of evacuating victims of natural disasters and (3) the efforts made by the TNI in handling natural disasters. And the conclusions of this journal are (1) the role of the TNI in the natural disaster management process is that the TNI plays a role in assisting the process of rescuing and evacuating victims, the TNI plays a role in fulfilling the basic needs of protection for vulnerable groups, handling refugees and playing an active role in selecting and repairing infrastructure other general matters, assisting in the process of cleaning up building debris and as a facilitator in providing training, guidance and technical support to the community in building the resilience of a village or area. (2) the obstacles faced by the TNI in evacuating victims were power outages which limited communication, lack of heavy equipment due to impassable roads, unpredictable weather conditions (3) and the efforts made by the TNI in handling natural disasters were by creating a program called disaster resilient village where the implementation of this disaster resilient village is by carrying out the process of collecting data along with disaster risk analysis in a village, forming a disaster response team consisting of TNI and community members, conducting training and outreach to the community about mitigation and handling. disasters and implementing emergency response and disaster recovery programs.
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T A, Binoy. "The Media Strategy for Destination Image Building in Crisis." Atna - Journal of Tourism Studies 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 138–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.12727/ajts.4.11.
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The tourism industry is arguably one of the most important sources of income and foreign exchange, and is growing rapidly; however, national and international crises have huge negative economic consequences (Dirk Glaesser). The travel and tourism industry is susceptible to a wide range of internal and external forces and is impacted heavily by crisis events resulting in negative tourist perceptions. Unpredictable negative events, be they natural catastrophes or human induced disasters, pose an unprecedented challenge for the tourism trade as they can disrupt business activities or in the more serious instances wipe out entire tourism operations (Christof Pforr and Peter Hosie). So that the most important challenge facing tourism industry is the anticipation of the threat of crises precipitated by "Shocks" such as natural disasters, terrorist activities, military conflicts, public health issues and economic down turns. Among all man-made catastrophes, terrorism causes much impact on the demand of the tourist destination
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Ji, Xuehua, and Shaochuan Fu. "Modeling Multi-Objective Optimization with Updating Information on Humanitarian Response to Flood Disasters." Water 15, no. 11 (June 2, 2023): 2122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15112122.
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Unpredictable natural disasters brought by extreme climate change compound difficulties and cause a variety of systemic risks. It is thus critical to provide possibilistic scheduling schemes that simultaneously involve emergency evacuation and relief allocation. But the existing literature seldom takes emergency evacuation and relief supplies as a joint consideration, nor do they explore the impact of an unpredictable flood disaster on the scheduling scheme. A multi-stage stochastic programming model with updating information is constructed in this study, which considers the uncertainty of supply and demand, road network, and multiple types of emergency reliefs and vehicles. In addition, a fuzzy algorithm based on the objective weighting of two-dimensional Euclidean distance is introduced, through moderating an effect analysis of the fuzzy number. Computational results show that humanitarian equity for allocating medical supplies in the fourth period under the medium and heavy flood is about 100%, which has the same as the value of daily and medical supplies within the first and third period in the heavy scenarios. Based on verifying the applicability and rationality of the model and method, the result also presents that the severity of the flood and the fairness of resources is not a simple cause-and-effect relationship, and the consideration of survivor is not the only factor for humanitarian rescue with multi-period. Specifically, paying more attention to a trade-off analysis between the survival probability, the timeliness, and the fairness of humanitarian service is essential. The work provides a reasonable scheme for updating information and responding to sudden natural disasters flexibly and efficiently.
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Filaber, Joanna. "Ubezpieczenia indywidualne minimalizujące skutki występowania zagrożeń." Przegląd Prawa i Administracji 106 (December 13, 2016): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1134.106.22.
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INDIVIDUAL INSURANCES MINIMIZING CONSEQUENCES OF NATURAL HAZARDSThe essential role in the internal security system of the Republic of Poland shall be played by compulsory non-life insurances of economic nature. In particular, said insurances shall cover protection of each citizen against the peril of natural disasters.The current legal regulations of the insurance system against natural disasters, in particular with regard to the peril of flood in Poland, display imperfectionsand do not guarantee the adequate level of safety of an individual. Moreover, the system does not raise the citizens’ awareness of the need of securing their immovable properties against unpredictable consequences of the flooding peril and need of proper risk management in the face of advancing climate change and the decreasing protective role of a state. This paper attempts to answer the question, whether introducing asystem of general insurances could compensate the insured and the insurers for the liability for natural disasters risk management, which has been transferred upon them, and which is currently mitigated by asystem of voluntary insurances against the peril of flood. The paper also deals with the problem of the insufficient state aid in the case of emergency situation.
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Ishizaka, Yuki, Sho Otsuka, and Seiji Nakagawa. "Relationships between the expectations based on the regularity of preceding sound sequences and the medial olivocochlear reflex." PLOS ONE 19, no. 7 (July 17, 2024): e0304027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0304027.
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Rhythms are the most natural cue for temporal anticipation because many sounds in our living environment have rhythmic structures. Humans have cortical mechanisms that can predict the arrival of the next sound based on rhythm and periodicity. Herein, we showed that temporal anticipation, based on the regularity of sound sequences, modulates peripheral auditory responses via efferent innervation. The medial olivocochlear reflex (MOCR), a sound-activated efferent feedback mechanism that controls outer hair cell motility, was inferred noninvasively by measuring the suppression of otoacoustic emissions (OAE). First, OAE suppression was compared between conditions in which sound sequences preceding the MOCR elicitor were presented at regular (predictable condition) or irregular (unpredictable condition) intervals. We found that OAE suppression in the predictable condition was stronger than that in the unpredictable condition. This implies that the MOCR is strengthened by the regularity of preceding sound sequences. In addition, to examine how many regularly presented preceding sounds are required to enhance the MOCR, we compared OAE suppression within stimulus sequences with 0–3 preceding tones. The OAE suppression was strengthened only when there were at least three regular preceding tones. This suggests that the MOCR was not automatically enhanced by a single stimulus presented immediately before the MOCR elicitor, but rather that it was enhanced by the regularity of the preceding sound sequences.
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Heinen, Virginia K., Angela M. Pitera, Benjamin R. Sonnenberg, Lauren M. Benedict, Eli S. Bridge, Damien R. Farine, and Vladimir V. Pravosudov. "Food discovery is associated with different reliance on social learning and lower cognitive flexibility across environments in a food-caching bird." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1951 (May 19, 2021): 20202843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2843.
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Social learning is a primary mechanism for information acquisition in social species. Despite many benefits, social learning may be disadvantageous when independent learning is more efficient. For example, searching independently may be more advantageous when food sources are ephemeral and unpredictable. Individual differences in cognitive abilities can also be expected to influence social information use. Specifically, better spatial memory can make a given environment more predictable for an individual by allowing it to better track food sources. We investigated how resident food-caching chickadees discovered multiple novel food sources in both harsher, less predictable high elevation and milder, more predictable low elevation winter environments. Chickadees at high elevation were faster at discovering multiple novel food sources and discovered more food sources than birds at low elevation. While birds at both elevations used social information, the contribution of social learning to food discovery was significantly lower at high elevation. At both elevations, chickadees with better spatial cognitive flexibility were slower at discovering food sources, likely because birds with lower spatial cognitive flexibility are worse at tracking natural resources and therefore spend more time exploring. Overall, our study supported the prediction that harsh environments should favour less reliance on social learning.
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Kim, Won-Jung. "Legislative improvement plan to strengthen firefighting field response." Korean Public Land Law Association 103 (August 31, 2023): 223–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30933/kpllr.2023.103.223.
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Disasters are unpredictable things that do not know when they will occur in our daily lives and cause a lot of damage to the country, society and people. Due to recent climate anomalies and industrial development, disasters occur regardless of place and time. Natural disasters and social disasters, such as typhoons, fire damage, and rain damage due to excessive rain, occur simultaneously. Disasters do not arise from any single cause. Even if it is a natural disaster, the damage is more serious due to the lack of defense and response.
Therefore, in order to actively and efficiently deal with disasters, the problems of the current legal system must be improved. Firefighting agencies are the first to respond to a disaster scene, especially at a firefighting site. In order for firefighting agencies to perform their duties efficiently, it is necessary to grant authority to strengthen on-site responses to firefighting agencies. In the current legal system, firefighting agencies perform tasks in an auxiliary position rather than having direct supervision.
Due to the absence of command and supervision rights for field responsiveness of firefighting agencies, it is difficult for firefighting agencies to respond efficiently at firefighting sites. Therefore, in order to strengthen the on-site responsiveness of firefighting agencies, this study analyzed the problems in firefighting-related laws such as the “Framework Act on Disaster and Safety Management” and suggested improvement plans to strengthen the on-site responsiveness of firefighting agencies. In order to strengthen the on-site responsiveness of firefighting agencies, public safety must be secured through the improvement of the current legal system.
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Astuti, Khristiana Dwi, S. Sariffuddin, and P. Pangi. "Integrasi Ruang Biru Pada Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Sebagai Instrumen Mitigasi Bencana Banjir di Kota Semarang." TATALOKA 22, no. 2 (May 29, 2020): 236–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/tataloka.22.2.236-248.
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Spatial planning as a guidance in spatial use, arrange various permitted activities in a space by considering various implications including natural disasters which may not be predictable. Semarang City with diverse topographic conditions has the potential for natural disasters, including flood. One of the flood disaster mitigation efforts is based on the existence of green space and blue-space as water catchment areas. But in fact, the substance of spatial planning has not clearly regulated the urban blue space. This study aims to integrate the blue space in the substance of regional spatial planning as a disaster mitigation instrument in the Semarang City. The research was conducted through a review of the substance of the spatial planning and flood disaster mitigation efforts that have been carried out in Semarang City. Based on the results of the studies that have been conducted, the integration of the blue space plan can be integrated in several contents of the regional spatial plan, starting from the formulation of objectives, policies, and spatial planning strategies to the direction of controlling spatial use.
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Subuh, Rahma Do, Ramis Rauf, Farida Maricar, and Afriani Ulya. "The Utilization of Ternate Oral Tradition for The Identification of Potential Disasters." ETNOREFLIKA: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya 13, no. 1 (February 28, 2024): 134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33772/etnoreflika.v13i1.2374.
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Oral traditions, as an integral part of a society's belief system, not only serve as a guide for society in daily life, such as interactions between members of society and other people, and even with nature or the environment, but they also serve as recorders of history and culture, including natural events. This paper aims to describe the oral traditions of Ternate to identify potential natural disasters that hit Ternate City in particular and North Maluku in general. Therefore, the author uses the theory of myth function to embody the main research problem. The approach used in this paper is semiotics, especially in interpreting natural disasters that occurred in the past through codes contained in oral stories or legends. The research results show that the people of Ternate can only explain a few natural events in the past. Then, it is ontologically digested into myth to symbolise the cosmic-mystical realm of thought. Apart from that, the results of this reflection are related to cause-and-effect events, give rise to rules of behaviour, and become local intellectual ideals. However, records of natural phenomena or past events in myths or legends can, in theory, be linked to the truth and thus make cycles of disaster predictable. On the other hand, in a formal educational setting, this legend can be used to teach about mitigation. Legends about the mysterious origins of certain lakes are thought to include aspects of disaster or mitigation in Ternate.
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Wardyaningrum, Damayanti. "News Framing about Physical Construction in Jakarta Flood Management." Jurnal ASPIKOM 7, no. 1 (January 25, 2022): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.24329/aspikom.v7i1.1046.
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The 2020 flood in Jakarta has brought people’s attention as it paralyzed the city’s activities. Different than other kinds of natural disaster like earthquake, tsunami, and mountain eruption, flood in Jakarta is a predictable event that could have been anticipated. In natural disasters, there should be a study to acquire the description of media coverage tendency toward the issue. The objects of this research are news published by Kompas (print media) during and post-flood disaster by using the framing method with four elements syntaxis, script, thematic, and rhetoric. The result suggested that news framing focuses no longer on the victims’ misery but on the comprehensive review with highlighted the rational argumentation flood handling from physical construction and resulted in meaningful information on mitigation effort so that natural events would not transform into disaster.
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Nagy, Rudolf, László Bérczi, Brigitta Sáfár, and Krisztina Kállai. "The Relationship of Environmental Migration and Human Trafficking Concerning Natural Hazards at the Affected Regions of Africa." Journal of Central and Eastern European African Studies 3, no. 1 (2023): 17–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.59569/jceeas.2023.3.1.209.
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It is beyond dispute that the effects of climate change can be experienced more frequently at all parts of the of the ecosystem. The current change of our environment including soil erosion and the decrease of water supply contributes significantly to unpredictable natural disasters, that results increased number of children victims by human traffickers at the devastated areas, which mostly affected some parts of Sub-Saharan Africa. As the overwhelming natural hazards destroy the education system and other social services, human traffickers may take their victims for mainly sexual exploitation. Determination the trauma of the minor trafficked persons that has developed as a result of the exploitation and introducing Sendai Framework as a treatment suggestions. Furthermore as a theoretical backgound, introducing the significances of some natural hazards and human trafficking. Mixed method, quantitative content analysis and comparative document analysis as a desk review by the used documents were applyed. The study proved that its hypotheses that there is a strong and undisputed relationship between human trafficking and environmental migration at some regions of Africa intended to natural hazards. The Sendai Framework, ratified in 2015 can produce solution to this global challenge that affects millions of children. The highlights of the framework clearly summarizes the opportunities to reduce vulnerability and risk concerning the orphaned by natural disasters and who can easily become exploited persons by human traffickers.
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Thuy, Nguyen Thi Thu. "Human Security Perspective from Several Countries Across the World and Recommendations for Vietnam." Asian Social Science 18, no. 2 (January 31, 2022): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v18n2p25.
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Human security is being concerned as a global issue. Human security, which has gone from the theoretical to the practical, has been attracted by national agendas, scientists, international organizations, politicians, policymakers. In the current new context, human life has to face many unpredictable threats and dangers such as the Covid-19 pandemic, natural disasters, environmental pollution, violence, job crisis, etc. This article focuses on analyzing and evaluating approaches to human security in the world through the approaches of international organizations and scientists in different countries around the world. Thereby, learned lessons making recommendations to apply for studying human security in Vietnam contemporary.
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McCarthy, Claudine. "Think long‐term, embrace persistence, flexibility." Student Affairs Today 27, no. 2 (April 25, 2024): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/say.31392.
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Kate Magro's background in domestic and international relief work, helping communities recover from political instability and natural disasters, contributed to her becoming a more effective and innovative student affairs professional. As a self‐described task‐oriented, driven individual, working in those unstable, unpredictable environments where “nothing works as you anticipated,” taught her the importance of flexibility. It came down to finding out “the overarching goal and how to be flexible about getting there,” said Magro, now Associate Vice President for Student Development at Palm Beach Atlantic University and Co‐instructor and Field Supervisor for PBAU's international and community development program.
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Ahmed, Umair Maqbool. "Floods and Climate Change: An Impact on Women and Child Health." Pakistan Journal of Public Health 13, no. 4 (March 3, 2024): 146–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32413/pjph.v13i4.1325.
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The 21st century grapples with numerous challenges, prominently among them being natural disasters and calamities, which endanger human lives globally. Chaotic weather patterns and unpredictable rainfall exacerbate vulnerability, particularly among women and children, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. The perturbation of climatic turmoil disrupts growth and exposes them to health impediments. With floods affecting over two billion people in the past two decades, and climate change exacerbating health risks, urgent action is imperative. The consequences of extreme weather events extend beyond health, impacting human progress and prosperity, with floods alone resulting in significant casualties and financial losses. Women and children, the most vulnerable during such disasters, face immense challenges accessing healthcare and coping with health barriers. Strategic action and compliance with global health authorities are essential to mitigate these challenges and prioritize the well-being of women and children in the face of escalating climate-related incidents.
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Morpeth, David R., and Avice M. Hall. "Microbial enhancement of seed germination in Rosa corymbifera ‘Laxa’." Seed Science Research 10, no. 4 (December 2000): 489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258500000520.
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AbstractGermination of native tree and shrub species from seed can be unpredictable. Germination of Rosa corymbifera ‘Laxa’ was 2% under normal commercial conditions. This was obtained in the presence of the natural microflora found on the seeds. The microflora originated on the hips and the seeds become inoculated during extraction. Exclusion of microbes from such pretreatments resulted in no germination. Inoculation of surface sterilized seeds with members of the natural microflora resulted in 3% germination. The addition of GarottaTM, a commercial compost activator, to the commercial pretreatment increased germination to 95%. This high germination percentage was sustained over a 5 year period using seeds from the same stock bushes. Addition of the compost activator resulted in a 20-fold increase of microbial activity in the pretreatment mixture, indicating that enhanced microbial growth resulted in higher and more predictable germination percentages.
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Bielek, Milan, Boris Bielek, and Juraj Híreš. "Interaction of New Physical-Energy Quantification of Buildings and Renewable Energy Sources as a Dominant Production Technology of Natural Capital." Advanced Materials Research 899 (February 2014): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.899.46.
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Transition to a sustainable society. Transforming of the energy market. The social value of CO2 emissions. Development of technology in architecture for a sustainable society. Change of the value system in society. The dominant production technology of the capital of nature with simultaneous ecosystem restoring. Renewable energy sources of predictable and unpredictable type. Renewable energy sources as a conditioning factor of fundamental concept changes of energy quantification of buildings. Requirements for physical quantification of buildings with a zero energy balance in relation to energy distribution networks. Green buildings with zero heat balance of the network - buildings with nearly zero energy balance of the network. Sustainable buildings with zero energy balance of the network. Sustainable building with an active energy balance in relation to distribution networks.
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Mariani, Maria C., Osei K. Tweneboah, Md Al Masum Bhuiyan, Maria P. Beccar-Varela, and Ionut Florescu. "Classification of Financial Events and Its Effects on Other Financial Data." Axioms 12, no. 4 (April 13, 2023): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms12040372.
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This research classifies financial events, i.e., the collapse of the Lehman Brothers (2008) and the flash crash (2010), and their effects on two different stocks corresponding to Citigroup Inc. (2009) and Iamgold Corporation (2011) to verify if the market data of these years were affected more by the crashes of 2008 or 2010. Applying the four techniques, dynamic Fourier methodology, wavelet analysis, discriminant analysis, and clustering analysis, the empirical evidence suggests that the Lehman Brothers’ event is predictable since the dynamics of the dataset can be likened to that of a natural earthquake. On the other hand, the flash crash event is associated with unpredictable explosions. In addition, the dynamics of the stocks from Citigroup (2009) and Iamgold Corporation (2011) are similar to that of the Lehman Brothers collapse. Hence, they are predictable. The accurate classification of the two financial events might help mitigate some of the potential effects of the events. In addition, the methodologies used in this study can help identify the strength of crashes and help practitioners and researchers make informed decisions in the financial market.
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Liang, Wenhua, Ishmael Rico, and Yu Sun. "An Intelligent System for the Enhancement of Visually Impaired Navigation and Disaster Assistance using Geo-Based Positioning and Machine Learning." International Journal of Grid Computing & Applications 12, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijgca.2021.12301.
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Technological advancement has brought the masses unprecedented convenience, but unnoticed by many, a population neglected through the age of technology has been the visually impaired population. The visually impaired population has grown through ages with as much desire as everyone else to adventure but lack the confidence and support to do so. Time has transported society to a new phase condensed in big data, but to the visually impaired population, this quick-pace living lifestyle, along with the unpredictable nature of natural disaster and COVID-19 pandemic, has dropped them deeper into a feeling of disconnection from the society. Our application uses the global positioning system to support the visually impaired in independent navigation, alerts them in face of natural disasters, and reminds them to sanitize their devices during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Osuka, Koichi. "Special Issue on “What can We do for Developing Search and Rescue Robot?”." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 26, no. 4 (August 20, 2014): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2014.p0435.
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As a disaster-prone country, Japan has endured many earthquake disasters. The latest cases include the 1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake disaster, the 2004 Niigata Chuetsu earthquake, and the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake. Since the 1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake in particular, many robot researchers have started undertaking the research and development of rescue robots. Their practical applications have a long way to go, so to continue ongoing robot research and development, we should also be aware that comparatively few researchers and engineers are actually engaged in such research and development. Great earthquakes (or tsunami) are both rare and unpredictable, which makes it very difficult to establish research policies for rescue robots intended for specialized use in disaster response. We should also realize that Japan is almost constantly hit by one or another every year – e.g., the typhoons that hit Japan directly every year and themselves triggering other disasters caused by landslides or avalanches due to heavy rainfall. The Japanese populace is so accustomed to such happenings but, nevertheless, few actions have been taken unlike those against large-scale earthquakes. It is often said that an effective disaster response system can only be developed after we have experienced many actual disasters. It then occurs to us that we must first construct disaster response systems – rescue robots, etc. – directly targeting daily natural disasters. Any large-scale disaster response system can be built on such constant efforts. On the other hand, any disaster response system against daily natural disasters could only be developed by locally domiciled researchers and engineers. This makes us feel that it is possible to increase the number of personnel who become involved in disaster response research and development. Based on the above context, this special issue provides a wide range of articles on region-specific disasters and disaster response actions, focusing on their localities and specialties. We sincerely hope that this special issue will help in promoting research and development on rescue robots and putting them to practical use.
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Skrylnik, Gennady P. "Anomalous phenomena and geoecological situation in the Russian Far East." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Earth Sciences 21, no. 3 (September 24, 2021): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-7663-2021-21-3-169-178.
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The development of the geosystems of the Russian Far East proceeds under the enormous but contradictory in nature double influence of the continent and the ocean and is carried out through the atmosphere. The goal is to characterize hazardous natural phenomena depending on the differentiated natural tension of the Far East (from maximum in the south to moderate in the north), often causing disasters and creating tense levels of the geoecological situation in general. The article presents comparative-geographical, geophysical, informational methods, as well as author’s development, etc. Further strengthening of the natural continentality of the entire region climate predetermines a directed increase in the geosystems development of the role of hazardous natural processes. If a sharp anthropogenic climate warming occurs, an accelerated rise in the level of the World Ocean is possible, which will cause increased abrasion, avalanches and landslides in the coastal zone. In case of a persisting general cooling, a general extremalization of the entire natural environment will occur. Crisis situations are, to a certain extent, predictable, which can help in optimizing rational nature management.
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Guerraz, Michel, and Brian L. Day. "Expectation and the Vestibular Control of Balance." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17, no. 3 (March 2005): 463–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929053279540.
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Recent experiments have shown that the visual channel of balance control is susceptible to cognitive influence. When a subject is aware that an upcoming visual disturbance is likely to arise from an external agent, that is, movement of the visual environment, rather than from self-motion, the whole-body response is suppressed. Here we ask whether this is a principle that generalizes to the vestibular channel of balance control. We studied the whole-body response to a pure vestibular perturbation produced by galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS; 0.5 mA for 3 sec). In the first experiment, subjects stood with vision occluded while stimuli were delivered either by the subject himself (self-triggered) or by the experimenter. For the latter, the stimulus was delivered either without warning (unpredictable) or at a fixed interval following an auditory cue (predictable). Results showed that GVS evoked a whole-body response that was not affected by whether the stimulus was self-triggered, predictable, or unpredictable. The same results were obtained in a second experiment in which subjects had access to visual information during vestibular stimulation. We conclude that the vestibular-evoked balance response is automatic and immune to knowledge of the source of the perturbation and its timing. We suggest the reason for this difference between visual and vestibular channels stems from a difference in their natural abilities to signal self-motion. The vestibular system responds to acceleration of the head in space and therefore always signals self-motion. Visual flow, on the other hand, is ambiguous in that it signals object motion and eye motion, as well as self-motion.
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Butt, Ayesha Asif, Hafiz Muhammad Umar Aslam, Hmera Shabir, Mohsin Javed, Shabbir Hussain, Sohail Nadeem, Hamid Raza, Shah Muhammad Haroon, and Sidra Arshad. "Climatic Events and Natural Disasters of 21st Century: A Perspective of Pakistan." International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology 11, no. 2 (September 25, 2020): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol11.iss2.2020.445.
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In recent years, the frequent occurrence of natural calamities in the world has gained much attention due to infrastructure and life losses. Increase in global temperature has threatened the earth’s climate, causing unpredictable and extreme weather events more often. These events were both short-term as well as long-term. In spite of insufficient monitoring coverage of inner areas and high altitudes, an intensification of average yearly temperature has been observed after the 20th century in many regions of Asia. Pakistan has faced a number of natural disasters including severe floods, devastating earthquakes, disturbing droughts, distressing smog, extreme temperature and torrential rainfall patterns. These calamities have affected people economically, socially, physically and mentally by posing a threat to earth, its species and their livelihood. This paper was aimed to document the natural calamities in Pakistan since the beginning of 21st century till date. The country is facing the problem of intense and longer summers and has witnessed two intense heat waves. Moreover, in some areas, extensive droughts are threatening crops, freshwater supply and wildlife. In recent years, the problem of smog has emerged in Pakistan, especially in Punjab. The problem is getting worse in every coming year due to overpopulation, cities expansion, increased emission of greenhouse gases, open burning of crop residues and extreme reliance on fossil fuels for energy purpose. So far in this century, Pakistan has faced 3 droughts, 2 heat waves, 10 severe floods, 27 major earthquakes, 2 consecutive sessions of severe smog and extreme high and low temperature events. Some of the deadliest events were; 2005 Kashmir earthquake claiming 87,350 human lives and 2010 flood impacting nearly 20 million people with 1,781 causalities. Change in climate is posing a severe threat to species, livelihood of the human beings and the earth. Global warming is causing warming of oceans and consequently rise in sea level. Climate change affects average as well as extreme temperatures hence increasing the probability climate-related disasters. Thus, global warming is causing a chain of catastrophic events that make the problem even more complex to understand.
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Lee, Dongkwan. "A Study on the Strategy for Responding to Large-Scale Complex Disasters." J-INSTITUTE 8 (August 31, 2023): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22471/disaster.2023.8.46.
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Purpose: A large-scale complex disaster refers to a disaster that develops on a huge scale outside the predictable range as natural disasters and social disasters occur serially or simultaneously. The local community must take into account the diversity of residents' situations and organize an evacuation cooperation system in advance in order to respond to such large-scale, complex disasters. The purpose of this paper is to present a direction for improving community response to disasters through a review of large-scale complex disasters.
Method: This study examines the large-scale flood damage evacuation plan in the 5th district of Koto, Tokyo, Japan, which established an evacuation plan led by the local community after the Great East Japan Earthquake. Evacuation was divided into vertical evacuation, evacuating within the community, and wide area evacuation, evacuating outside the community.
Results: The main features of these evacuation plans were that they encouraged local residents to make independent judgements, to implement the plans, and to proactively request and prepare for administrative support for the parts that were insufficient.
Conclusion: First of all, for efficient evacuation from large-scale-complex disasters, various stakeholders need to be recognized and systematically organize, and cooperation with relevant and upper-level administrative agencies is needed to solve problems that are beyond the capacity of local governments. It is also necessary for residents to recognize their own role in disaster response along with the proper implementation of disaster prevention administration, and for the administration to support factors that residents cannot do as much as possible, as the basic structure of the crisis.
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Mikiela, Irmand, Valentina Lanza, Nathalie Verdière, and Damienne Provitolo. "Optimal strategies to control human behaviors during a catastrophic event." AIMS Mathematics 7, no. 10 (2022): 18450–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/math.20221015.
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<abstract><p>In a world the more and more affected by sudden, unpredictable natural and/or industrial disasters, with few or without warning signs, it is essential to understand, analyze and control population behaviors during such events.</p> <p>Our objective is to model and investigate the actions that can be deployed by operational staff during catastrophic events in order to optimize risk management, reduce panic and save lives. For this purpose, we propose and solve an optimal control problem by using Pontryagin's Maximum Principle. Finally, we determine the best control strategy in the realistic scenario of a tsunami on the French Riviera.</p></abstract>