Journal articles: 'Unmarried motherhood'

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Thane, Pat. "Unmarried Motherhood in Twentieth‐Century England." Women's History Review 20, no. 1 (February 2011): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09612025.2011.536383.

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Welshman, John. "Sinners? Scroungers? Saints? Unmarried Motherhood in Twentieth-Century England." Contemporary British History 27, no. 3 (September 2013): 376–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13619462.2013.823698.

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Hall, Lesley A. "Sinners? Scroungers? Saints? Unmarried Motherhood in Twentieth-Century England." Population Studies 67, no. 1 (February 12, 2013): 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2013.765215.

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LETAMO, GOBOPAMANG, and ROLANG MAJELANTLE. "FACTORS INFLUENCING LOW BIRTH WEIGHT AND PREMATURITY IN BOTSWANA." Journal of Biosocial Science 33, no. 3 (July 2001): 391–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932001003911.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the socioeconomic, biological and behavioural factors influencing low birth weight and prematurity in Botswana. Data were from the Botswana Obstetric Record covering the years 1990 to 1995, and were analysed with both descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis. The study found that the major positive risk factors for low birth weight were: late and less frequent attendance of antenatal care services, having experienced pregnancy termination before, low or no education, unmarried motherhood and place of birth. With regard to prematurity, age, late and less frequent attendance of antenatal care services, unmarried motherhood and place of birth were found to be the major positive risk factors. The importance of early and regular antenatal care attendance, marriage and place of birth cut across both low birth weight and prematurity.

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Sangster, Joan. "Misconceptions: Unmarried Motherhood and the Ontario Children of Unmarried Parents Act, 1921-1969 (review)." Canadian Historical Review 89, no. 3 (2008): 403–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/can.0.0078.

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Roberts, Patricia Margaret. "Unmarried motherhood: Childhood experiences described by 22 adults whose mother was unmarried when they were born." Health Care for Women International 15, no. 1 (January 1994): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07399339409516097.

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Bumpass, Larry, and Sara McLanahan. "Unmarried Motherhood: Recent Trends, Composition, and Black--White Differ ences." Demography 26, no. 2 (May 1989): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2061525.

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Ruszkiewicz, Dorota. "Negative Aspects of Nonrealization of Motherhood – Opinions and Sentiments of Childless Women." Pedagogika Rodziny 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fampe-2015-0023.

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Abstract The issues presented in this publication are situated within the framework of qualitative research. The research concerns negative aspects stemming from not experiencing motherhood present in the narrative of women aged 35-42 years old. The aim of the research is identifying the disadvantages of childlessness as perceived by mature women. The research was performed on 38 women. The criterion of the research sample selection, apart from age, was being unmarried (a woman’s marital status was “unmarried”, “divorced” or “widow”; women in cohabitational relationships were not excluded) and childless. The surveyed women were therefore asked the question: Do you notice some losses resulting from not functioning in the role of a mother? On the basis of central topics, i.e. topics that prevailed in the interviews, 5 response categories were determined: discrimination in the workplace, social stigma, discrimination in public space, not following the road leading to happiness and fulfilment, and loneliness in old age.

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KIM CHOE, MINJA, SHYAM THAPA, and VINOD MISHRA. "EARLY MARRIAGE AND EARLY MOTHERHOOD IN NEPAL." Journal of Biosocial Science 37, no. 2 (March 16, 2004): 143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932003006527.

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This paper examines age patterns of first marriage and motherhood and covariates of early marriage, delayed consummation of marriage and early motherhood in Nepal using data from the 2000 Nepal Adolescent and Young Adult Survey (NAYA). Both unmarried and married male and female youths (age 14–22) were included in the survey. The analysis is based on 2800 urban youths and 5075 rural youths with complete information on the variables examined. Proportional hazard models are used to estimate covariates of early marriage and early motherhood, and logistic regression models are used to estimate covariates of delayed consummation of marriage. The results show that early marriage and early motherhood are quite common among Nepalese women, especially in rural areas. Early marriage is much less common among men. Delayed consummation of marriage is common among very young brides, especially in rural areas. The main covariates associated with early marriage and early motherhood are respondent’s education, region of residence and ethnicity. The main covariates of delayed consummation of marriage are age at first marriage, region of residence and ethnicity. The study highlights the need to focus on less educated female youths in the Terai region in order to reduce the reproductive and child health risks associated with early marriage and early childbearing.

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Voronova, E. A. "AN “ALIMONY HUNTER” OR A “VICTIM”: SINGLE MOTHER AS A CATEGORY IN THE 1950s AND 1960s SOVIET EVERYDAY LIFE." Вестник Пермского университета. История, no. 2(53) (2021): 173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2021-2-173-185.

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The article shows that in Soviet society single motherhood existed in a variety of forms. The author claims that Soviet single mothers were contradictory figures, as the 1944 Family Law stated that non-marital childbearing women were officially supported by the pro-natal state. Contemporaries usually did not make any difference between war widows with children, unmarried women with children from cohabitation with men, and «real» single mothers. According to the author, between the 1950s and 1960s, the image of single motherhood in USSR fluctuated from the positive model of a woman, trying her best in single child-rearing to a predatory woman, the «gold digger» who was engaged in adultery with married men and ruined «normal» Soviet families. On the basis of letters to the authorities, the author shows how the term «single motherhood» was associated with the positive and negative sides of Soviet motherhood. Mothers usually refused to identify themselves as «single mothers» because of social stigma, so they chose different strategies in self-representation. Finally, the unstable and contradictory position of Soviet single mothers in people’s minds demonstrates both the issues of gender order and social and cultural shifts in the post-war USSR.

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Evans, Tanya. "Unmarried Motherhood in the Metropolis, 1700–1850: Pregnancy, the Poor Law and Provision." London Journal 44, no. 2 (May 4, 2019): 160–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03058034.2019.1617541.

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Levshina, Anastasia, Dmitry Lebedev, Lyudmila Grabarovskaya, and Irina Loseva. "Mother and child”: a comparative analysis of socio-cultural discourses." SHS Web of Conferences 72 (2019): 01022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20197201022.

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This article discusses the phenomenon of motherhood through the prism of dyadic relations "mother-child" in an interdisciplinary context: biological, medical, psychological and social aspects are given. The analysis of factors affecting the occurrence of various kinds of problems in dyadic relations is carried out. The data of various studies in different countries, on various social and age groups of respondents are considered. The aspects affecting the dyad and perception of oneself as a mother that arise after childbirth, as well as factors that arise long before motherhood, are evaluated. The article describes the results of a study among unmarried girls regarding their readiness for motherhood, positioning themselves as expectant mothers. The empirical study involved 319 female full-time students at Southern Federal University, aged 18 to 22 years. According to the results of the study, it was determined that most of the girls are not ready to become mothers, not for reasons related to health, but because of a lack of necessary knowledge and skills. They lack information to complete a holistic view of the upbringing and education of the child.

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Siluyanova, I. V. "Ethical context of legally regulated surrogate and genetic motherhood in Russia." Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction 15, no. 3 (July 9, 2021): 270–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2021.210.

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Aim: to assess the compliance of legal norms regulating surrogate motherhood and moral concepts about motherhood and childhood in society.Materials and Methods. The Articles 55 (clause 9) of the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Health Protection of Citizens in the Russian Federation", the principles of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, and traditional moral concepts common in society of the Russian Federation underwent a comparative analysis.Results. Discrepancies between moral and legal norms were revealed in 3 issues. Issue 1 is related to the rights for surrogacy of unmarried persons and the rights of single citizens. In an ethical context, the statement of their rights does not correspond to the rights of children to a dignified upbringing in a family composed of a mother and father. Issue 2 refers to the ethical incorrectness of compensated surrogacy contracts. Commercial surrogacy cannot be separated from transformed forms of child trafficking. Issue 3 is related to the moral degradation of motherhood upon using technologies of surrogate and genetic motherhood.Conclusion. It is necessary to conduct additional studies on using surrogate motherhood in order to prevent abuse and violations upon its application in Russia as well as open up a public discussion on this matter.

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Laplante, Benoît, Teresa Castro-Martín, Clara Cortina, and Ana Fostik. "Unmarried cohabitation and its fertility in Ireland: Towards post-Catholic family dynamics?" Irish Journal of Sociology 28, no. 1 (July 31, 2019): 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0791603519865410.

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Ireland was known for being conservative in family matters. The 2015 referendum that allowed same-sex marriage and the 2018 one that allowed abortion showed this is no longer true. This article aims at better understanding recent family change in Ireland by looking at changes in values on topics related with family behaviour and change in behaviour related with family formation–the rise of unmarried cohabitation, and childbearing within unmarried cohabitation–with a focus on the Catholic dogma and its role in the Irish society. We use data from the 2008 European Value Survey and from the five censuses conducted between 1991 and 2011. We find that the young have been moving away from the teachings of the Church on unmarried cohabitation, but that a few years before the 2018 referendum, they were still close to it on abortion. There is no clear negative relationship between cohabitation or fertility within cohabitation and education, but the use of cohabitation seems to vary according to education. The most enduring legacy of the Church doctrine seems to be the late development of family policies that make motherhood hard to reconcile with work and might explain why cohabiting women have few children.

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Eremeeva, A. I., and G. V. Dovzhik. "Transforming the structure of unmarried women’s social perceptions of single motherhood through digital technologies." Digital Sociology 3, no. 3 (October 30, 2020): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/2658-347x-2020-3-3-29-34.

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The transformation of the structure of social ideas about marriage and family relations in general and the structure of the modern family has been considered through digital technologies. The problem of the growing number of single mothers has been raised. Statistics for 20 years have been provided. The influence of several factors on the growth dynamics has been analysed. The influence of women`s emancipation, availability of remote work and the image of successful bloggers on changing the fields of social representations of modern unmarried women about single motherhood has been examined. One of the main reasons for changing the attitude of women to the image of single mother, namely the appearance of a new image-”solo-mom”, which is actively used in the digital environment, has been considered. Communities and groups in the social networks Vkontakte, Facebook, Instagram and Odnoklassniki, dedicated to supporting single mothers, have been studied. Blogs of single mothers who position themselves as “solo-mothers”, have been reviewed. The results of an empirical study aimed at identifying a factor that affects the change in the system of views and attitudes of unmarried women in the transition zone and the periphery have been presented. The responses of respondents received in 2014 and 2019 by the free Association experiment have been analysed. The respondents answers were divided into three categories: single mother status, status assessment, qualities of the single mother’s personality. The results of a comparative analysis of women’s social perceptions about single motherhood for the period from 2014 to 2019 have been presented. Based on the results obtained, conclusions about the change in perceptions of single mothers over the past 5 years, the emergence of a new image of a single woman with a child – “solo mom”, have been made.

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Fink, Janet. "Sinners? Scroungers? Saints? Unmarried Motherhood in Twentieth-Century England PAT THANE & TANYA EVANS." Women's History Review 22, no. 6 (December 2013): 1040–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09612025.2013.780809.

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Szreter, Simon. "Pat Thane and Tanya Evans. Sinners? Scroungers? Saints? Unmarried Motherhood in Twentieth-Century England." American Historical Review 119, no. 2 (April 2014): 609–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/119.2.609.

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Greenlees, J. "Pat Thane and Tanya Evans, Sinners? Scroungers? Saints?: Unmarried Motherhood in Twentieth-Century England." Social History of Medicine 27, no. 2 (January 14, 2014): 392–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkt107.

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Wall, Karin. "Pat Thane and Tanya Evans: Sinners? Scroungers? Saints? Unmarried Motherhood in Twentieth-Century England." European Journal of Population 30, no. 4 (October 10, 2014): 469–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10680-014-9331-z.

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Kempińska, Urszula. "Causes and Consequences of Early Maternity." International Journal of Pedagogy, Innovation and New Technologies 4, no. 2 (December 28, 2017): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.5990.

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From a statistical point of view, minor motherhood is a rarity. Getting a job, a college degree, and later decent work are priority in view of procreation decisions. Data show that in developed countries, women are becoming mothers for the first time in later life. The purpose of this article is to try to draw attention to the causes and above all the effects of too early maternity. The age of 13-15 is not suitable for being a mother, primarily because of lack of emotional and social maturity. Most often the juvenile mothers are daughters of teen, unmarried mothers, growing up in families with low education and without father's authority, in which this model of life is passed on to the next generation who are social welfare beneficiaries. Therefore, motherhood at a young age should raise the anxiety of educators and increase their scientific interest in this problem.

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Pooley, S. "Sinners? Scroungers? Saints? Unmarried Motherhood in Twentieth-Century England. By Pat Thane and Tanya Evans." Twentieth Century British History 26, no. 2 (August 4, 2014): 344–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tcbh/hwu038.

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Gallwey, A. "Sinners? Scroungers? Saints? Unmarried Motherhood in Twentieth-Century England, by Pat Thane and Tanya Evans." English Historical Review 129, no. 537 (April 1, 2014): 503–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/ceu059.

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Carabine, Jean. "Constituting Sexuality through Social Policy: The Case of Lone Motherhood 1834 and Today." Social & Legal Studies 10, no. 3 (September 1, 2001): 291–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/a018597.

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Adopting a poststructural approach this article explores the intersection of sexuality and social policy, particularly the role of policies in constituting sexual norms and through these, deserving and undeserving gendered welfare subjects. It examines unmarried and lone motherhood discourses of two periods - the 1830s and the 1990s - and shows that not only do particular representations of lone motherhood persist across the centuries but also that welfare policies perform a normalizing and regulatory role in relation to sexuality. It illustrates also how policy makers dismiss the moral, economic and sexual rationalities of welfare subjects, preferring instead to impose their own set of moral values. In exploring the sexuality-social policy dynamic it demonstrates that not only is social policy 'shot through' with sexuality but also that the two are mutually constitutive. Further, the article demonstrates the shifting dynamics of the normalization process whereby that which was once abhorred is embraced, as well as the ways that sexuality is regulated through social policy without resorting to the power of law or legal method.

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Macvarish, Jan. "Book review: Pat Thane and Tanya Evans Sinners? Scroungers? Saints? Unmarried Motherhood in Twentieth-Century England." Critical Social Policy 34, no. 3 (July 8, 2014): 427–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261018314530354e.

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Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, and Melissa Partin. "Determinants of low birthweight: a comparative study." Journal of Biosocial Science 25, no. 1 (January 1993): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000020332.

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SummaryThe study compares biological, socioeconomic and behavioural determinants of low birthweight in Cameroon and the United States. Some factors in low birthweight are found to be cross-national, but others are specific to the setting. Positive risk factors of low birthweight in both countries include unmarried motherhood, female sex, multiple births, and preterm births. Outcome of the previous pregnancy is a positive risk factor in the US, but not in Cameroon. Significant negative risk factors include prenatal care visits (in both countries), mother's education (in the US only), births to mothers aged 20–34 and birth orders of 2 or more (in Cameroon only). Separate analyses of all births and the subsamples of singleton births reveal that estimates for the two groups differ only marginally.

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Fink, Janet. "For Better or for Worse? The Dilemmas of Unmarried Motherhood in Mid‐Twentieth‐Century Popular British Film and Fiction." Women's History Review 20, no. 1 (February 2011): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09612025.2011.536396.

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Blaikie, Andrew. "Motivation and Motherhood: Past and Present Attributions in the Reconstruction of Illegitimacy." Sociological Review 43, no. 4 (November 1995): 641–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1995.tb00712.x.

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‘Epidemics’ of teenage pregnancy and ‘amazing rises’ in illegitimacy are part of a recurrent moral panic about the social implications of sexual nonconformity. Simultaneously, major social surveys attempt to provide empirical assessments of actual sexual behaviour. There is often a yawning gulf between the images created by press and politicians and the experiences of their subjects. Similarly, in the 1850s when statistics first ruptured the cosy notion that rural Scotland was the home of all that was virtuous and that vice inhabited the cities, perplexed clerics and reformers set about creating convenient fictions to explain high levels of bastardy in farming districts. Their conclusions tell us far more about middle-class suppositions about sexual attitudes than they do about the motives of those that they purported to be investigating. Thus explanation of rural sexual behaviour needs to be sought in ways that reach beyond the ideology of social concern. This paper explores, first, the vocabularies of motive informing social investigation and, secondly, the local contexts in which women conceived, bore and reared their children, and the roles of poor relief, the churches, grandparents and fathers. Far from representing ‘an index of “disorganisation” in an urbanising epoch‘, unmarried motherhood appears to have been both a relevant and culturally sanctioned response to straitened circumstances (Goode, 1961). The discussion considers the pervasiveness of attempts to classify and contain illegitimacy within an underclass interpretation despite clear evidence to the contrary. Against such willing opacity, accessing the motives of the parents themselves remains a tantalizingly difficult exercise, especially when dealing with historical data beyond oral recall. The routes by which intentionality may be inferred are critically assessed.

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Ostalska, Katarzyna. "“A right kind of rogue”: Lisa McInerney’s "The Glorious Heresies" (2015) and "The Blood Miracles" (2017)." Text Matters, no. 9 (December 30, 2019): 237–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2083-2931.09.15.

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The following article analyzes two novels, published recently by a new, powerful voice in Irish fiction, Lisa McInerney: her critically acclaimed debut The Glorious Heresies (2015) and its continuation The Blood Miracles (2017). McInerney’s works can be distinguished by the crucial qualities of the Irish Noir genre. The Glorious Heresies and The Blood Miracles are presented from the perspective of a middle-aged “right-rogue” heroine, Maureen Phelan. Due to her violent and law-breaking revenge activities, such as burning down the institutions signifying Irishwomen’s oppression (i.e. the church and a former brothel) and committing an involuntary murder, Maureen remains a multi-dimensional rogue character, not easily definable or even identifiable. The focal character’s narrative operates around the abuse of unmarried, young Irish mothers of previous generations who were coerced to give up their “illegitimate” children for adoption and led a solitary existence away from them. The article examines other “options” available to “fallen women” (especially unmarried mothers) in Ireland in the mid-twenty century, such as the Magdalene Laundries based on female slave work, and sending children born “out of wedlock” abroad, or to Mother and Baby Homes with high death-rates. Maureen’s rage and her need for retaliation speak for Irish women who, due to the Church-governed moral code, were held in contempt both by their families and religious authorities. As a representative of the Irish noir genre, McInerney’s fiction depicts the narrative of “rogue” Irish motherhood in a non-apologetic, ironic, irreverent and vengeful manner.

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CHUNN, DOROTHY E. "Lori Chambers, Misconceptions: unmarried motherhood and the Ontario Children of Unmarried Parents Act, 1921–1969. (Toronto: The Osgoode Society for Canadian Legal History/University of Toronto Press, 2007.) Pages xi+258. £35.00." Continuity and Change 23, no. 2 (August 2008): 374–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416008006863.

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Nolan, Melanie. "The ‘Playful Pluralist’: The Pioneer Genre-Roaming of ‘Crypto-Feminist’ Coral Lansbury." Literature & History 28, no. 2 (September 14, 2019): 175–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306197319870370.

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Coral Lansbury wrote in a number of different registers and genres. Serially, she was an Australian radio script and ‘soaps’ writer, studied in New Zealand as an expatriate, became a Distinguished Professor of English specialising in British Victorian Studies in the USA and then a novelist. As well as boomeranging between writing careers and countries of the Anglosphere, the thrice-married Lansbury experienced widowhood, unmarried motherhood and divorce; she abandoned her child to her husband and later reconciled with her son. Her life reads like a plot from one of her novels. Lansbury was not active in women’s associations or the organised feminist movement. Her radio work, lectures and book tours in which she expounded her ‘crypto’ and, then later, ‘economic’ and ‘conservative-anarchist’ feminism were ephemeral. I argue that she should be repatriated into the history of postwar Australian feminism because, while mercurial and living in the USA, she pursued an expatriate professional strategy successfully and consistently sought to extend women’s vocation through kinds of popular literature. Her work reveals pluralism as much as contradiction.

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Frost, Ginger. "Pat Thane and Tanya Evans. Sinners? Scroungers? Saints? Unmarried Motherhood in Twentieth-Century England. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. Pp. 232. $110.00 (cloth)." Journal of British Studies 52, no. 4 (October 2013): 1120–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2013.175.

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Frost, Ginger. "Samantha Williams. Unmarried Motherhood in the Metropolis, 1700–1850: Pregnancy, the Poor Law, and Provision. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. Pp. 270. $99.99 (cloth)." Journal of British Studies 58, no. 3 (July 2019): 632–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2019.112.

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HAUX, TINA. "Pat Thane and Tanya Evans (2012), Sinners? Scroungers? Saints?: Unmarried Motherhood in Twentieth-Century England, Oxford: Oxford University Press. £60, pp. 223, hbk." Journal of Social Policy 42, no. 3 (April 8, 2013): 652–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279413000135.

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Shattuck, Rachel M. "Does It Matter What She Wants? The Role of Individual Preferences Against Unmarried Motherhood in Young Women’s Likelihood of a Nonmarital First Birth." Demography 54, no. 4 (July 5, 2017): 1451–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13524-017-0586-y.

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McCrillis, Neal R. "Sinners? Scroungers? Saints?: Unmarried Motherhood in Twentieth-Century England. By Pat Thane and Tanya Evans. (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2012. Pp. 223. $110.00.)." Historian 76, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 883–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hisn.12054_63.

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De Wet-Billings, Nicole. "Single motherhood, social independence and non-communicable disease (NCD) outcomes among young females (15-24 years old) in South Africa." AAS Open Research 4 (August 3, 2021): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.13238.2.

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Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) acquired during youth follow into and affect adulthood. The association between young mother’s social independence and NCD status is of policy interest due to its effect on economic and social development. This study aimed to determine the causal relationship between social independence and NCD outcomes among young, single mothers in South Africa. Methods: Data from the South African National Income Dynamics Survey (NIDS) in 2008 and 2017 was used to determine if single mothers developed hypertension, diabetes or asthma by various indicators of social independence, including highest level of education and employment status. The sample was initially made-up of unmarried females (15-24 years old) without any children in 2008. Both fertility and social independence was followed-up to 2017. Results: In total, 66 young females developed an NCD by 2017 and 87% (n=57) of these women had a child in the interim period. Employment of young females increased from 4.78% in 2008 to 37.79% in 2017, but completion of secondary or tertiary education declined from 67.94% in 2008 to 56.01% in 2017. In addition, half (50.88%) of the young females were partially independent by 2017, with only 11.03% being fully independent at this time. Finally, logistic regression results showed that the likelihood of developing an NCD increased if young females with children were not socially independent. Conclusions: The relationship between social independence and NCDs suggest that policies and programmes in South Africa need to incorporate socioeconomic status as a determinant of disease and in particular, need to address socioeconomic indicators as additive measures and not autonomous indicators.

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De Wet-Billings, Nicole. "Single motherhood, social independence and non-communicable disease (NCD) outcomes among young females (15-24 years old) in South Africa." AAS Open Research 4 (June 14, 2021): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.13238.1.

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Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) acquired during youth follow into and affect adulthood. The association between young mother’s social independence and NCD status is of policy interest due to its effect on economic and social development. This study aimed to determine the causal relationship between social independence and NCD outcomes among young, single mothers in South Africa. Methods: Data from the South African National Income Dynamics Survey (NIDS) in 2008 and 2017 was used to determine if single mothers developed hypertension, diabetes or asthma by various indicators of social independence, including highest level of education and employment status. The sample was initially made-up of unmarried females (15-24 years old) without any children in 2008. Both fertility and social independence was followed-up to 2017. Results: In total, 66 young females developed an NCD by 2017 and 87% (n=57) of these women had a child in the interim period. Employment of young females increased from 4.78% in 2008 to 37.79% in 2017, but completion of secondary or tertiary education declined from 67.94% in 2008 to 56.01% in 2017. In addition, half (50.88%) of the young females were partially independent by 2017, with only 11.03% being fully independent at this time. Finally, logistic regression results showed that the likelihood of developing an NCD increased if young females with children were not socially independent. Conclusions: The relationship between social independence and NCDs suggest that policies and programmes in South Africa need to incorporate socioeconomic status as a determinant of disease and in particular, need to address socioeconomic indicators as additive measures and not autonomous indicators.

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Probert, Rebecca. "Samantha Williams, Unmarried motherhood in the metropolis, 1700–1850: pregnancy, the poor law and provision (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018). Pages xv + 270. £79.99 hardback; £63.99 ebook." Continuity and Change 34, no. 01 (May 2019): 139–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416019000018.

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Dema Moreno, Sandra, Mar Llorente-Marrón, Montserrat Díaz-Fernández, and Paz Méndez-Rodríguez. "Induced abortion and gender (in)equality in Europe: A panel analysis." European Journal of Women's Studies 27, no. 3 (December 9, 2019): 250–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350506819893728.

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Induced abortion is a worldwide practice and its legalisation is a persistent demand of the women’s movement. Although in the academic literature there are numerous studies that address the study of fertility, nowhere near as much attention has been given to the analysis of induced abortion and its determining factors, and even less to the consideration of gender equality as a variable through which to understand it. This article focuses on the influence of gender equality on the rate of induced abortion in different European countries. To that end the authors have constructed an econometric panel data model with information from 26 European countries for the period 2006–2011. They have analysed comparative indicators of the gender gap in terms of education, employment and wages. In addition, they have taken into account sociodemographic covariables such as the average age of motherhood, the migration rate and the percentage of births to unmarried mothers in each country. Also, as contextual factors the authors used the Human Development Index and an indicator of the legislation on abortion in the countries studied, as well as the percentage of the population who identify as having religious beliefs. The results show that the induced abortion rate is conditioned not only by national legislation on abortion, but also by gender (in)equalities, specifically that as gender inequality decreases, so too does the frequency of induced abortions. These findings have clear political implications, showing as they do how improvements in the status of women, particularly with respect to their social and economic rights, impact on women’s reproductive decisions.

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Kearney, Melissa S., and Phillip B. Levine. "Why is the Teen Birth Rate in the United States So High and Why Does It Matter?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 26, no. 2 (May 1, 2012): 141–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.26.2.141.

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Why is the rate of teen childbearing is so unusually high in the United States as a whole, and in some U.S. states in particular? U.S. teens are two and a half times as likely to give birth as compared to teens in Canada, around four times as likely as teens in Germany or Norway, and almost ten times as likely as teens in Switzerland. A teenage girl in Mississippi is four times more likely to give birth than a teenage girl in New Hampshire—and 15 times more likely to give birth as a teen compared to a teenage girl in Switzerland. We examine teen birth rates alongside pregnancy, abortion, and “shotgun” marriage rates as well as the antecedent behaviors of sexual activity and contraceptive use. We demonstrate that variation in income inequality across U.S. states and developed countries can explain a sizable share of the geographic variation in teen childbearing. Our reading of the totality of evidence leads us to conclude that being on a low economic trajectory in life leads many teenage girls to have children while they are young and unmarried. Teen childbearing is explained by the low economic trajectory but is not an additional cause of later difficulties in life. Surprisingly, teen birth itself does not appear to have much direct economic consequence. Our view is that teen childbearing is so high in the United States because of underlying social and economic problems. It reflects a decision among a set of girls to “drop-out” of the economic mainstream; they choose nonmarital motherhood at a young age instead of investing in their own economic progress because they feel they have little chance of advancement.

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Kovacek-Stanic, Gordana. "European accomplishments in regulation of the family status of the child conceived by artificial reproduction technologies." Stanovnistvo 53, no. 2 (2015): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv1502001k.

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In this paper, the author analyzes family status of the child conceived by artificial reproduction technologies using the following treatments: homologues artificial insemination, heterologus artificial insemination (artificial insemination by donor), ovum donation, embryo donation and surrogate motherhood. One specific situation of homologues artificial insemination is posthumous insemination, insemination after the death of the husband/partner. This procedure is allowed in, for instance, United Kingdom, but not allowed in France, Switzerland, and Italy. Considering genetics elements in this situation there is no doubt on fatherhood - father is a man whose sperm is used for insemination, regardless of the fact if frozen sperm or frozen embryo is used in the procedure. Nevertheless, until 2008 in United Kingdom, the husband/partner was not considered as legal father, because of the fact that the child was born after his death. Heterologous artificial insemination could be used in three different situations. First, when subjects are spouses or unmarried partners of different sexes. Second, when subjects are spouses or unmarried partners of the same sex and the third if a single woman is an only subject. Most recent procedure is the one in which subjects are spouses or unmarried partners of the same sex, specifically two women. This procedure is allowed in the United Kingdom and Sweden. In these legislatures, there is a rule that the woman who delivers the child is legal mother, and her spouse/partner is a second parent of the child. The most recent procedure of egg donation is a donation of only a part of an egg, mitochondrial DNA. In this case, there are in fact three genetic parents of the child: two genetic mothers and a father. Legally, the child has one mother (the woman who delivers a child) and a father. One of potential outcomes of the recent research is the ability to create human embryo without any male genetic contribution - by transferring the nucleus of a somatic cell from one woman into an enucleated egg of another. In that case, the child would not have genetic father at all. Bearing in mind the new artificial reproduction technologies and their influence to legal rules of establishment of the family status of the child, it could be said that the legal principle of the autonomy of the parties is widened in comparison to material truth. People who wish to be parents become legal parents although they are not generic parents. Sometimes they cannot be genetic parents due to their infertility and sometimes because they are of the same sex. As a result of artificial reproduction technologies, a child could have a genetic link with one of the parents, only with a mother - in the heterologous insemination, only a father - as in egg donation and genetic surrogacy. The child could have genetic link with both of the parents - as in the gestational surrogacy, or it could have no genetic links with his/her legal parents - as in embryo donation. According to some European legislatures, it is possible for the child to have a mother and the other female parent, or a father and the other male parent. Surrogate mother, as well as donors of the genetic material, are not considered as parents. Radical change in social and individual perception of parenthood could accept the fact the child could have more than two parents with different roles (biological - genetic parents, gestational mother, social - legal parents).

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Bhandari, TR, and G. Dangal. "Abortion Practices in Nepal: What does Evidence Show?" Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 10, no. 1 (August 17, 2015): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v10i1.13186.

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Twenty-five years have passed since the global community agreed in Nairobi to address the high maternal mortality by implementing the Safe Motherhood Initiative. However, every year around 22 million women seek unsafe abortion in developing countries. Globally, the unsafe abortion accounts for 13% maternal deaths. Out of the total aborted women, around five million women were admitted to hospitals as a result of unsafe abortion. Similarly, more than three million women suffer from severe complications from unsafe abortion every year. In 2002, responding to the public voices and high attribution of unsafe abortion on maternal mortality, Nepal granted legal access to safe abortion introducing safe abortion act. Women can seek abortion up to 12 weeks of gestation for any indication. However, sex selective pregnancy termination is prohibited in Nepal. This study aimed to assess the results of various studies on abortion practices in Nepal. Literature published in PubMed, Lancet, Medline, WHO and Google Scholar web pages from 1990 to 2014 were used to prepare this paper. From 2004 to 2014, more than half a million women sought safe abortion care in Nepal. Despite the considerable progress, unsafe abortion is still a major issue in Nepal as it has been estimated that it constitutes half of all abortions undertaken every year. Published literature further showed that still an unmet need of safe abortion services exists in Nepal. However, the overall awareness of legal abortion was found to be high among Nepalese women. We found negative attitude of most people towards women who sought abortion care. Similarly, a large number of unmarried women were found at risk for seeking abortion care due to socio-cultural norms, values and stigmas in Nepal.

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Sheelaa, Wills G., M. Chellatamizh, M. Mohanamba, and P. Vijayalakshmi. "Adolescent gynaecology problems in rural South India: a review of hospital admission in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Ammapettai, Tamil Nadu, India A review of hospital admission in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Ammapettai." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 5 (April 27, 2017): 1920. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20171949.

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Background: Adolescent girl’s knowledge about sexual abuse and awareness of health services is poor. The study is conducted to analyse the gynaecological problems mandating hospitalization and to formulate modalities to improve their health and to ensure safe motherhood. The objectives of this study were to evaluate gynaecological problems in adolescent girls, and to analyse gynaecological emergencies, and to develop modalities to improve adolescent health and for safe motherhood.Methods: Retrospective hospital based observational study of hospital records regarding health issues and awareness of health services among girls in the age group of 13-19 years hospitalized for various medical and surgical problems during the period of January 2015 to January 2016 at Shri Sathya Sai medical college and Research Institute, Ammapettai, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India. 50 age, education, social background, knowledge of available health services, contraception and detailed history of menstruation regarding duration, quantity and previous medication prior to admission and their present cause of admission were analysed.Results: Total admission in the year were 50, medical 34 (including 5 girls who had check curettage for postabortal bleeding with severe anemia) and surgical 16. Early adolescent group were 34 (68%)and late adolescent group were 16 (32%), married were 5 (10%) and unmarried 45 (90%). All 50 girls were from low socioeconomic class, with rural background. 84% were school dropout and 40% were unemployed. 20 % of our study subjects were admitted with unsafe abortion with postabortal bleeding with no knowledge about Health services.16% were sexually abused and were raped. Abnormal uterine bleeding(menorrhagia) is the most common gynaecological problem in adolescent girls in our study. DUB (52%) is the most common cause. Second most common cause for abnormal bleeding is postabortal bleeding (40%). The most common surgical procedure done was check curettage for postabortal bleeding in 10%. Next common surgery was laparotomy for ovarian cyst in 6% cases and for torsion adnexal cyst in 6%.Conclusions: The most important cause for admission was anemia following abnormal excessive bleeding P/V due to DUB or postabortal bleeding. Second most important cause was ovarian tumours. Unprotected coitus, sex abuse and repeated unsafe abortions have increased the rate of PID and ectopic pregnancies. The study emphasizes the need to sensitize these young girls on the issue like excessive menstruation, gender relationships, and sex abuses. Create awareness and promote knowledge regarding medical issue, available health services and contraception to prevent unsafe abortion and its sequelae. Active implementation of projects like ARSH - adolescent friendly reproductive services, where confidentiality is maintained and proper counseling regarding contraception and supplementation of iron and folic acid is given to all adolescent girls who are future mothers and to ensure safe motherhood.

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Semenova, L. E., T. A. Serebriakova, and Yu E. Garahinа. "PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING AND PARENTING EXPERIENCES OF MOTHERS FROM DIFFERENT TYPES OF FAMILIES." Vestnik of Minin University 6, no. 2 (July 14, 2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.26795/2307-1281-2018-6-2-15.

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Introduction: This article is devoted to the problem of personal experience of motherhood of young women from full and incomplete families in the context of their subjective experience of psychological well-being. Some approaches to the study of the phenomenon of psychological wellbeing in modern psychology, as well as the importance of this phenomenon for the implementation of maternal functions are considered. The authors substantiate the importance and relevance of more detailed development of the problem of interconnection of features of manifestation of psychological well-being of young mothers from full and incomplete families and the degree of adoption of parental position.Materials and Methods: The authors conducted a comparative analysis of general and fundamental components of psychological well-being of young mothers from the full and incomplete families, and also the degree of acceptance of their informative aspects of the parental position. The nature of the relationship between psychological well-being and the parent position of married women-mothers and single-parent mothers is determined.Results:The research suggest that single-parent mothers unlike married mothers have lower indices both in most of the main components and the total level of psychological well-being, that allows to consider the mothers from full families to be psychologically wealthier than single-parent mothers on the one hand and on the other hand their acceptance of parental position is stronger than singleparent mothers’ position. The positive nature of the relationship between the level of psychological well-being and the degree of adoption of parental position with married women-mothers as well as the less unambiguous nature of such a relationship withsingle-parent mothers are ascertained.Discussion and Conclusions: According to the results of the study, the authors have proved the influence of the marital status of young mothers (married / unmarried) on the subjective experience of their psychological well-being and on the degree of acceptance of their parental position, as well as the presence of some specificity of statistically significant correlation relationships with mothers from full and incomplete families

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Yarotskiy, Petro L. "Issues of marriage and family with regard in the context of woman’s innovative role in Catholic Church." Religious Freedom, no. 21 (December 21, 2018): 64–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/rs.2018.21.1221.

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The article is based on the value of the human personality and the principle of mercy proposed by Pope Francis. It explores the threats to the modern functioning of the Catholic Church in the context of globalization and secularization of the issues of marriage and family that were submitted to discussion and decision-making by the Extraordinary Synod of the Catholic Church Bishops holding in 2014 – 2016 in Rome. The work of this Synod proved the conservatism and the lack of readiness of the synodal bishops to resolve the crisis situation with modern family which was assessed by Francis as a crisis of synodality and the bishops’ opposition to the modern Catholic Church reform. In order to overcome these negative factors Pope Francis decided to change in a categorical way the current salutation with the clergy's frames formation and processing of an innovative "theology of women" which would become a determining factor in the church’s reform and replace the modern formation of the conservative clergy. The purpose of this study is to identify and characterize the causes and consequences of the modern family’s crisis from theological and religious points of view. As a result of this study it has been proved that cardinals and bishops of the Extraordinary Synod ambiguously and conservatively assess the complex problems of the modern family. And so they appeared to be unable to offer actual preventions to overcome this crisis. The factors of the crisis state of the modern family are revealed and characterized in the further aspects: during last 25 years (in the crossing of second and third millennia) the Catholic Church has lost from 15 up to 30 percent of its parishioners in many countries particularly in Europe and in Latin America; in such circumstances according to Francis the issues of marriage and family are such issues that "disturb” the society and church" since the western ritual parishioners no longer accept church marriages, divorce and marry again outside the church (therefore the church does not recognize such marriages) in the consequence of thereof the exclusion of these people from the church takes place; such form of marital intimate relationships as concubinage is constantly increasing (long-term extra-marital cohabitation with an unmarried woman) that is family status by "faith" not being the official marriage (in the words of people "without a stamp in the passport"); the number of families with mixed-confessional couples and with the problem of denominational education of children is constantly increasing; homosexuality and same-sex marriages acquire legitimacy; the natural conception and birth of children is replaced by surrogate motherhood. Key words: marriage, family, human dignity, mercy, conservatism of the clergy, church reform, "theology of women".

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"On our own: unmarried motherhood in America." Choice Reviews Online 35, no. 06 (February 1, 1998): 35–3604. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.35-3604.

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Crawford, Susan. "Public Attitudes in Canada Toward Unmarried Mothers, 1950-1996." Past Imperfect 6 (February 22, 2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.21971/p77c7x.

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Has the social stigma and shame once attached to unwed motherhood disappeared? A review of the Canadian popular press from 1950 to the present suggests that the stigma is now an economic one. This paper traces public attitudes toward unmarried mothers as viewed primarily through the pages of Maclean's and Chatelaine and concludes that, while the stigma now is mainly an economic one, the sense of shame surrounding unwed motherhood has not disappeared completely.

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Lehana, Tjoetso V., and Lily Van Rhyn. "A phenomenological investigation of experiences of pregnancy by unmarried adolescents in Maseru." Health SA Gesondheid 8, no. 1 (November 4, 2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v8i1.113.

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The transition to motherhood is accompanied by a number of social and psychological consequences that place pregnant adolescents at risk in terms of later life adjustment. Opsomming Verskeie sosiale en sielkundige gevolge gaan gepaard met swanger adolessente se oorgang na moederskap en kan latere aanpassing by die lewe bemoeilik. *Please note: This is a reduced version of the abstract. Please refer to PDF for full text.

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Jordal, Malin, Kumudu Wijewardena, and Pia Olsson. "Unmarried women’s ways of facing single motherhood in Sri Lanka – a qualitative interview study." BMC Women's Health 13, no. 1 (February 6, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6874-13-5.

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Richardson, Laura. "‘Too Unsavoury for Our Fastidious Tastes’: Unmarried Motherhood in South Africa’s Mother City, Cape Town, 1910–1948." South African Historical Journal, June 2, 2021, 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02582473.2021.1927160.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Unmarried motherhood'

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