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Journal articles on the topic 'University patenting'

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Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Huggett, Brady. "University biotech patenting." Nature Biotechnology 31, no. 7 (July 2013): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2637.

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Huggett, Brady, and Kathryn Paisner. "University biotech patenting 2013." Nature Biotechnology 32, no. 6 (June 2014): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2918.

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3

Leydesdorff, Loet, Henry Etzkowitz, and Duncan Kushnir. "Globalization and growth of US university patenting (2009–2014)." Industry and Higher Education 30, no. 4 (August 2016): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950422216660253.

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Following a pause, with a relatively flat rate, from 1998 to 2008, the long-term trend of university patenting rising as a share of all patenting has resumed, driven by the internationalization of academic entrepreneurship and the persistence of US university technology transfer. The authors disaggregate this recent growth in university patenting at the US Patent and Trademark Organization (USPTO) in terms of nations and patent classes. Foreign patenting in the United States almost doubled during the period 2009–2014, mainly due to patenting by universities in Taiwan, Korea, China and Japan. These nations compete with the United States in terms of patent portfolios, whereas most European countries – with the exception of the United Kingdom – have more specific portfolios, mainly in biomedical fields. In the case of China, Tsinghua University holds 63% of the university patents in USPTO; followed by King Fahd University with 55.2% of the national portfolio.
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4

Kim, J. W. "University patenting and scientific productivity." European Management Review 5, no. 2 (2008): 111–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/emr.2008.11.

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5

Huggett, Brady, and Kathryn Paisner. "Erratum: University biotech patenting 2013." Nature Biotechnology 32, no. 9 (September 2014): 952. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0914-952b.

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6

Hussler, Caroline, Paul Muller, and Patrick Rondé. "University Knowledge Networks in Space." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 11, no. 4 (November 2010): 307–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/ijei.2010.0003.

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Modern universities are increasingly urged to operate more entrepreneurially, leading them to try to diffuse their knowledge production more systematically, most obviously through scientific articles and patents. The authors investigate the role of universities as knowledge brokers and delimit more precisely the sphere of emergence and influence of university-derived knowledge. The main issue empirically addressed is whether the likelihood of a patenting team being geographically widespread depends on the characteristics of the inventing academic scientists' publishing network. In so doing, the authors estimate the respective influences of scientists' publishing patterns on the range of their entrepreneurial behaviours (represented by their patenting activity).
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7

Baldini, Nicola. "University patenting: patterns of faculty motivations." Technology Analysis & Strategic Management 23, no. 2 (January 31, 2011): 103–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2011.543329.

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8

Acosta, Manuel, Daniel Coronado, and M. Ángeles Martínez. "Does technological diversification spur university patenting?" Journal of Technology Transfer 43, no. 1 (April 28, 2015): 96–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10961-015-9414-y.

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9

LOPEZ, SARA FERNÁNDEZ, LUÍS OTERO, DAVID RODEIRO, and ALFONSO RODRÍGUEZ. "ENTREPRENEURIAL UNIVERSITY, TRANSFER TECHNOLOGY AND FUNDING: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS." Journal of Enterprising Culture 17, no. 02 (June 2009): 147–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495809000308.

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Universities are now responsible for economic and social development. This new mission is transforming the traditional university into an entrepreneurial university. This entrepreneurial activity has mainly been carried out by transferring technology to industry, in particular, by patenting. The objective of this paper is to understand why some Spanish universities are more successful than others at patenting. In order to determine the factors that influence the patenting activity, we used a sample made up of 47 Spanish Public On-Campus Universities existing in 2003. Firstly, we applied the Poisson model. Secondly, after finding overdispersion in the data, the two approximations of the binomial negative were estimated (NEGBIN I and NEGBIN II). Lastly, we compared the results obtained with the three regression models. The results show that university patents are significantly positively associated with research funding, university size, technology transfer experience and resources and scientific areas with a greater market orientation. On the contrary, our results support the idea that university's research quality has a negative effect on the patent outputs. This study contributes to the literature on university patenting activity. First, there are no similar empirical studies about Spanish universities. Second, our findings provide quantitative evidence of the importance of funding research and university support policies in patent production. As a consequence, we can set out several policies to improve the dissemination of scientific knowledge and technology transfer activities.
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서중해. "Empirical Analysis of University Patenting in Korea." KDI Journal of Economic Policy 32, no. 4 (December 2010): 115–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.23895/kdijep.2010.32.4.115.

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11

GURMU, SHIFERAW, GRANT C. BLACK, and PAULA E. STEPHAN. "THE KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION FUNCTION FOR UNIVERSITY PATENTING." Economic Inquiry 48, no. 1 (January 2010): 192–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2008.00172.x.

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12

MARKIEWICZ, KIRA R. "UNIVERSITY PATENTING AND THE RATE OF KNOWLEDGE EXPLOITATION." Academy of Management Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (August 2003): C1—C6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2003.13792263.

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13

Thursby, Jerry, Anne W. Fuller, and Marie Thursby. "US faculty patenting: Inside and outside the university." Research Policy 38, no. 1 (February 2009): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.09.004.

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14

THAYER, ANN M. "University Technology Moves to Market via Patenting, Licensing." Chemical & Engineering News 70, no. 34 (August 24, 1992): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v070n034.p017.

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15

Fabrizio, K. R. "University patenting and the pace of industrial innovation." Industrial and Corporate Change 16, no. 4 (July 11, 2007): 505–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtm016.

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16

Corona, Leonel. "Patenting in the University and Public Research Centers Considering Their Knowledge Profiles." International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management 12, no. 03 (June 2015): 1540001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219877015400015.

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One important agent in the process of converting scientific knowledge into technology are University Research Centers (RCs), which are engaged in scientific research (Sc), technology development (Tech), technical services (S), and teaching activities (t). The products of these activities are the publication of "papers", graduation of students, mainly Masters and Ph.Ds., services and patents which are part of technology development and technology transfer (TT) to industry. The mix of these functional activities and products defines the RC's profile. This paper focuses on how patents contribute to the Mexico National University (UNAM [note: UNAM is the Spanish acronym of the National Autonomous University of Mexico.]) RCs' profiles. The statistical analysis shows no direct effect of technology intensity on patenting. There is no sustained increase in UNAM patenting for the period 1975–2007, although two maximum peaks of patent granted appeared in 1993 and in 2005 which were triggered by a variety of internal and external events. One explanation of this pattern is the role played by the UNAM's Technology Transfer Offices (TTO) which have moved forward and backwards changing from being a centralized agency to a more flexible and diverse organization within RCs, showing a lack of a proactive university policy on patenting and TT. An overlapping policy of the disciplinary UNAM's RC structure with entrepreneurial attitudes could provide better dynamics for applied science and technology, and would have a positive impact on TT.
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17

TAHMOORESNEJAD, LEILA, and CATHERINE BEAUDRY. "DOES GOVERNMENT FUNDING HAVE THE SAME IMPACT ON ACADEMIC PUBLICATIONS AND PATENTS? THE CASE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN CANADA." International Journal of Innovation Management 19, no. 03 (May 27, 2015): 1540001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1363919615400010.

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University patenting has become an important research outcome in the past few decades. There has been an increase in the number of faculty patents and individual scientists listed as inventors on patent applications. The effective allocation of funding to universities is of great concern to policymakers. In this paper, we evaluate whether an increase in government funding for academic scientists enhances the performance of researchers in both scientific publications and academic patents or if this merely increases publications in the academic realm. We provide summary statistics from nanotechnology data in Quebec, compare it with other provinces in Canada, and build econometric models of various publication, patenting and grant databases. The analysis illustrates the strong relationship between funding and publication productivity as well as the citation impact of publications. In the light of research performance in patenting activities of academic researchers, this empirical study finds a strong influence on the number of patents. Moreover, increased funding appears to strengthen the citation impact of patents in Quebec, which affects the citation impact of patenting activities.
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18

Perkins, Jason F., and William G. Tierney. "The Bayh–Dole Act, Technology Transfer and the Public Interest." Industry and Higher Education 28, no. 2 (April 2014): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/ihe.2014.0198.

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Passed to stimulate innovation and economic growth in 1980, the Bayh–Dole Act caused research universities in the USA to increase their focus on patenting and licensing activities. While Bayh–Dole appears to have led to an escalation in licensing and patenting applications through technology transfer offices, some question the Act's utility and influence with regard to the traditional mission of the university. This paper describes the Act's operation and influence, and analyses its consequences for academia, industry and the mission of research universities.
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19

Fisch, Christian O., Tobias M. Hassel, Philipp G. Sandner, and Joern H. Block. "University patenting: a comparison of 300 leading universities worldwide." Journal of Technology Transfer 40, no. 2 (July 8, 2014): 318–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10961-014-9355-x.

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20

Baldini, Nicola. "Negative effects of university patenting: Myths and grounded evidence." Scientometrics 75, no. 2 (March 8, 2008): 289–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-007-1865-y.

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21

Ferri, Salvatore, Raffaele Fiorentino, Adele Parmentola, and Alessandro Sapio. "Patenting or not? The dilemma of academic spin-off founders." Business Process Management Journal 25, no. 1 (February 4, 2019): 84–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bpmj-06-2017-0163.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of patenting on the performance of academic spin-off firms (ASOs) in the post-creation stage. Specifically, our study analyses how the combination of knowledge transfer mechanisms by ASOs and patents can foster ASOs’ early growth performance.Design/methodology/approachThe authors explored the relations between patenting processes and spin-off performance through econometric methods applied to a broad sample of Italian ASOs. The research adopts a deductive approach, and the hypotheses are tested using panel data models by considering the sales growth rate as the dependent variable regressed over measures of patenting activity and quality and assuming that firm-specific unobservable drivers of growth are captured by random effects.FindingsThe empirical analysis shows that the incorporation of knowledge transferred by the parent university and academic founders through patents affects the performance of ASOs. Specifically, the authors find that the number of patents is a positive driver of ASOs’ performance, whilst patent age does not have a significant impact on growth. Moreover, spin-offs with a larger endowment of patents obtained before foundation, surprisingly, grow less on average.Practical implicationsThe findings have implications for ASO founders by suggesting that patenting processes reap benefits. However, in the trade-off of external knowledge access vs internal knowledge protection, it may be better to begin patenting after the foundation of ASOs.Originality/valueThe authors enrich the on-going debate about the connections between knowledge transfer and organizational performance. This paper combines the concepts of patents and ASOs by providing evidence on the role of patenting processes as a transfer mechanism of explicit knowledge in ASOs. Furthermore, the authors contribute to the literature on costs and benefits of patents by hinting at unexpected findings.
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22

Ge, Yeyanran, Wei Yu, Dongbo Shi, and Jianwei Dang. "China’s Bayh-Dole Act and University Patenting: A Contingency Perspective." Academy of Management Proceedings 2020, no. 1 (August 2020): 18538. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2020.18538abstract.

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23

Temel, Serdal, Marina Dabić, Ilker Murat Ar, Jeremy Howells, Ali Mert, and Rustem Baris Yesilay. "Exploring the relationship between university innovation intermediaries and patenting performance." Technology in Society 66 (August 2021): 101665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101665.

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24

Baldini, Nicola. "University patenting and licensing activity: a review of the literature." Research Evaluation 15, no. 3 (December 1, 2006): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3152/147154406781775878.

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25

Sellenthin, Mark O. "Technology transfer offices and university patenting in Sweden and Germany." Journal of Technology Transfer 34, no. 6 (March 3, 2009): 603–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10961-009-9108-4.

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26

Raines, Lisa J. "{BLR 861} Patent and Trademark Office - Animal Patenting - Harvard University." Biotechnology Law Report 7, no. 6 (November 1988): 470–559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/blr.1988.7.470.

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27

Hvide, Hans K., and Benjamin F. Jones. "University Innovation and the Professor's Privilege." American Economic Review 108, no. 7 (July 1, 2018): 1860–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20160284.

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National policies take varied approaches to encouraging university- based innovation. This paper studies a natural experiment: the end of the “professor's privilege” in Norway, where university researchers previously enjoyed full rights to their innovations. Upon the reform, Norway moved toward the typical US model, where the university holds majority rights. Using comprehensive data on Norwegian workers, firms, and patents, we find a 50 percent decline in both entrepreneurship and patenting rates by university researchers after the reform. Quality measures for university start-ups and patents also decline. Applications to literature on university technology transfer, innovation incentives, and taxes and entrepreneurship are considered. (JEL I23, L26, M13, O31, O33, O34)
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28

Špurek, Miroslav, and Štefan Rehák. "Development of Academic Patenting in European Regions – A Large Scale Analysis." GeoScape 16, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/geosc-2022-0012.

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Abstract In this article, we analyze academic patenting on an unprecedented scale - for 29 European countries. The comprehensive identification phase captures both groups of academic patents, in and outside of the ownership of universities. With stronger patent rights of universities, the share of university-owned patents is increasing faster. Nevertheless, even today, universities own only one third of their patents while the other two thirds remain in the property of individuals and companies. Universities have recently accounted for 13% of regional patent production and compared to firms their contribution to region’s innovation performance remains small. The share of academic patents is higher in Eastern Europe and in regions where innovative companies are lacking, in capital regions, and in regions with a strong tradition in academic patenting. The contribution of universities to the innovation performance of the most innovative regions is relatively small, although there are large differences, and the size of the contribution can vary significantly for similar levels of patent intensity. Given the effects of university research, it has been known since the 1990s that increasing university spending on research is driving innovation on the part of companies and within the region. However, such an effect is limited to high quality research and is most effective in terms of regional policy in poor regions where innovative companies are lacking. In this paper, instead of research expenditure, university patents filed with the EPO represent university research, as other patents are assumed to be a product of companies. We have found that the latter can be predicted by the volume of academic patents.
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29

Calderón, María Guadalupe, and Pilar Perez. "Academic patents and entrepreneurial intention. To what extent are other knowledge transfer mechanisms affected in a Mexican university?" Journal of Evolutionary Studies in Business 6, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 126–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1344/jesb2021.2.j094.

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This research aims to expand the explanations about the debate on academic entrepreneurship and other knowledge transfer mechanisms, to respond to what extent entrepreneurial intention affects the diffusion and dissemination of knowledge in a Mexican university. The lack of indicators of commercial activity, leads us to propose the analysis of a pre-commercial stage of technology that we call entrepreneurial intention. After the literature review, we present a database of academic inventors in patents granted to the university, identifying patenting with an entrepreneurial intention, following Lomas (1993) knowledge transfer taxonomy. Data about publications and received citations by academic inventors is also considered for knowledge diffusion; as well as the supervision of end-of-degree projects in undergraduate and graduate studies; before and after the patent was granted, for knowledge dissemination. Using a binomial model, we estimated two data sets, one for the period 1984-2000 and the second for 2001-2020. Our findings reveal, an average increase of 60% in the number of patents obtained. We also found that the characteristics of the research group are significant in both models, but in the 2001-2020 period it is more important to integrate foreign inventors than patenting with firms, the dissemination of knowledge is more significant and has greater importance in the model. To respond to what extent entrepreneurial intention affects the diffusion and dissemination of knowledge, greater attention should be paid to the diffusion of knowledge since in both models the variable that represents publications after patenting is not significant. The explanation about the dissemination of knowledge improves substantially from one period to another.
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30

Lissoni, Francesco, Michele Pezzoni, Bianca Poti`, and Sandra Romagnosi. "University Autonomy, the Professor Privilege and Academic Patenting: Italy, 1996–2007." Industry & Innovation 20, no. 5 (July 2013): 399–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2013.824192.

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31

Crespi, Gustavo, Pablo D’Este, Roberto Fontana, and Aldo Geuna. "The impact of academic patenting on university research and its transfer." Research Policy 40, no. 1 (February 2011): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2010.09.010.

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32

Acosta, Manuel, Daniel Coronado, and M. Ángeles Martínez. "Spatial differences in the quality of university patenting: Do regions matter?" Research Policy 41, no. 4 (May 2012): 692–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2012.01.002.

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33

Baldini, Nicola. "Do royalties really foster university patenting activity? An answer from Italy." Technovation 30, no. 2 (February 2010): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2009.09.007.

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34

Apple, Rima D. "Patenting University Research: Harry Steenbock and the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation." Isis 80, no. 3 (September 1989): 374–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/355081.

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35

Sandelin, Jon. "Patenting and licensing university research results: the challenges of ‘disruptive technologies’." R & D Enterprise: Asia Pacific 3, no. 1-2 (May 2000): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/impp.2000.3.1-2.24.

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36

Carayol, Nicolas. "ACADEMIC INCENTIVES, RESEARCH ORGANIZATION AND PATENTING AT A LARGE FRENCH UNIVERSITY." Economics of Innovation and New Technology 16, no. 2 (March 2007): 119–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10438590600982855.

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37

Funk, Mark. "Patent sharing by US universities: an examination of university joint patenting." Economics of Innovation and New Technology 22, no. 4 (June 2013): 373–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10438599.2012.757033.

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38

Beale, Andrew, David Blackaby, and Lynn Mainwaring. "University Patenting in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland: a Comparative Analysis." Higher Education Quarterly 62, no. 1-2 (January 2008): 101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2273.2008.00377.x.

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39

Baldini, Nicola, Riccardo Fini, Rosa Grimaldi, and Maurizio Sobrero. "Organisational Change and the Institutionalisation of University Patenting Activity in Italy." Minerva 52, no. 1 (January 4, 2014): 27–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11024-013-9243-9.

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40

Romano, Marco, Manlio Del Giudice, and Melita Nicotra. "Knowledge creation and exploitation in Italian universities: the role of internal policies for patent activity." Journal of Knowledge Management 18, no. 5 (September 2, 2014): 952–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jkm-06-2014-0253.

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Purpose – This paper aims at identifying factors that might affect academic patent activities. It investigates the characteristics of universities acting on the number of academic patents, thus classifying elements of differentiation among universities able to determine the level of patent activity. Design/methodology/approach – Three hypotheses are tested through a regression analysis, considering various academic variables. Findings – Results demonstrate that the patent activity is mainly influenced by the presence of universities’ internal policies that regulate such a field. The adoption of a regulation is a signal for academics of the university inclination and attempt to develop an environment conducive to patent activities, and to offer structured support to inventors in the different phases of the patenting process. Research limitations – The study, as it focuses on a single country, Italy, may reflect some peculiarities of the national system. Future research may extend it to different geographical areas in which institutional and environmental factors are different, or, maintaining the geographical location, study the impact of institutional factors to the change over time in the rate of patenting universities. Originality/value – Unlike the great number of studies which focus on institutional factors affecting university patent activity, the present study explores the academic elements able to valorize and exploit scientific knowledge, providing also a practical guidance for university governance.
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41

Packer, Kathryn. "The Role of Patenting in Academic—Industry Links in the UK." Industry and Higher Education 9, no. 5 (October 1995): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095042229500900505.

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In this follow-up article to her paper in the December 1994 issue of Industry and Higher Education, Kathryn Packer summarizes and assesses the views of industrial liaison (IL) staff and university researchers on the activities in UK universities that are designed to promote academic-industry relations in general and increased revenue through patenting in particular. She also looks at the government policy instruments intended to facilitate and speed up these changes. The paper explores the perceptions IL staff have of the changes that have taken place in their own institutions with regard to patenting, what forms of contact they currently have with research staff and what the role of the Department of Trade and Industry sponsored technology audits has been in promoting these links. The author then discusses IL staff's recommendations for future policy activities and changes in the law relating to intellectual property rights.
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42

Singeo, Lindsey. "The Patentability of the Native Hawaiian Genome." American Journal of Law & Medicine 33, no. 1 (March 2007): 119–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009885880703300104.

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In 2003, the University of Hawaii proposed patenting the Native Hawaiian genome with the purpose of generating both economic- and healthrelated benefits for the Native Hawaiian people. This proposal, however, was strongly opposed by the Native Hawaiian community, which viewed it as an unwelcome imposition of Western property concepts upon their traditional ideology. Population-based genetic databases are not an entirely new concept. The governments of Iceland and Estonia have created national genetic databases and assumed authority over their ownership and operation. Iceland has even licensed its genome to a private company. Furthermore, the United States has previously been involved in patenting the genetic code of other indigenous groups, such as the Hagahai tribe in Papua New Guinea and the native inhabitants of the Solomon Islands. A patent on the Native Hawaiian genome, however, would be unique because it would concern the rights of American citizens.
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43

Bianchi, Nicola, and Michela Giorcelli. "Scientific Education and Innovation: From Technical Diplomas to University Stem Degrees." Journal of the European Economic Association 18, no. 5 (September 11, 2019): 2608–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvz049.

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Abstract This paper studies the effects of university STEM education on innovation and labor market outcomes by exploiting a change in enrollment requirements in Italian STEM majors. University-level scientific education had two direct effects on the development of patents by students who had acquired a STEM degree. First, the policy changed the direction of their innovation. Second, it allowed these individuals to reach top positions within firms and be more involved in the innovation process. STEM degrees, however, also changed occupational sorting. Some higher-achieving individuals used STEM degrees to enter jobs that required university-level education, but did not focus on patenting.
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44

van der Heide, Sjors, Peter van der Sijde, and Cees Terlouw. "Exploring ‘Transnational’ University Cooperation in Knowledge Transfer." Industry and Higher Education 24, no. 1 (February 2010): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000010790877353.

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The dissemination and transfer of knowledge are an important source of value-added in research activities, and the transfer of new knowledge to society is now seen as a key responsibility of universities. Transnational research cooperation is pivotal to European research funding and, with this in mind, the authors examine the state of cooperation among European universities in knowledge transfer activities. They identify the key modes of academic knowledge transfer as patenting and licensing; spin-offs and enterprise creation; university–industry networks; and continuous professional development. From their study it appears that, although universities wish to increase the extent of cooperation, structural cooperation in knowledge transfer does not seem to be the ambition of many universities. The study thus confirms that knowledge transfer in Europe remains largely a regional and national affair.
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45

Luan, Chunjuan, and Bowen Song. "Chinese university patenting, patent commercialization and economic growth: A provincial-level analysis." COLLNET Journal of Scientometrics and Information Management 13, no. 2 (July 3, 2019): 291–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09737766.2020.1716644.

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46

Breschi, Stefano, Francesco Lissoni, and Fabio Montobbio. "University patenting and scientific productivity: a quantitative study of Italian academic inventors." European Management Review 5, no. 2 (2008): 91–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/emr.2008.9.

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47

Geuna, Aldo, and Lionel J. J. Nesta. "University patenting and its effects on academic research: The emerging European evidence." Research Policy 35, no. 6 (July 2006): 790–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2006.04.005.

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48

Lubango, Louis Mitondo, and Anastassios Pouris. "Is patenting activity impeding the academic performance of South African University researchers?" Technology in Society 31, no. 3 (August 2009): 315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2009.03.011.

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49

Sterckx, Sigrid, Julian Cockbain, and Guido Pennings. "Patenting medical diagnosis methods in Europe: Stanford University and time-lapse microscopy." Reproductive BioMedicine Online 34, no. 2 (February 2017): 166–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2016.10.014.

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Helmers, Christian, and Mark Rogers. "The impact of university research on corporate patenting: evidence from UK universities." Journal of Technology Transfer 40, no. 1 (November 12, 2013): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10961-013-9320-0.

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