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Castiglioni, Rossana. "The Politics of Retrenchment: The Quandaries of Social Protection under Military Rule in Chile, 1973–1990." Latin American Politics and Society 43, no. 4 (2001): 37–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2001.tb00187.x.
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AbstractChile's military government replaced the country's universalistic social policy system with a set of market-oriented social policies. Taking evidence from three areas (pensions, education, and health care), this study seeks to explain why the military advanced a policy of deep retrenchment and why reform of health care was less thorough than it was in pensions and education. The radical transformation of policy relates to the breadth of power concentration enjoyed by General Pinochet and his economic team, the policymakers' ideological positions, and the role of veto players. The more limited reform of health care is linked to the actions of a powerful veto player, the professional association of physicians.
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Schnell, Jim. "A rhetorical analysis of the Unitarian Universalist Association Organizational Chart as operations management case study." BOHR International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 2, no. 1 (2023): 256–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.54646/bijsshr.2023.58.
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The purpose of this report is to interpret processes that transpired at the Unitarian Universalist 2023 General Assembly using the lens of historical polity and to do so as an operations management case study. I believe a fundamental venue for addressing such phenomena is to focus on the Unitarian Universalist Association Organizational Chart as it serves as a foundation for what transpired at the June 21–25, 2023 Unitarian Universalist Association General Assembly. The Unitarian Universalist Association Organizational Chart provides context for much of what transpired in that it frames the manner of approach that is practiced.
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Martin, Paul. "Chávez, the Organization of American States, and Democracy in International Law." Alberta Law Review 46, no. 4 (August 1, 2009): 933. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr211.
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This article examines the Organization of American States (OAS) intervention in the dispute over the democratic character of Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez’s political reforms as a case study of the institutionalization by international organizations of the democratic entitlement. The author first summarizes the democratic entitlement argument before moving to analyze the history of the OAS’s institutional commitment to the concept of democracy protection and promotion. The author argues that the tension between the OAS’s universalist rhetoric and the reality of American hegemony has contributed to what he calls a “post-imperial sensibility” within the organization, which manifests itself in potentially productive ways in the OAS’s operationalization of the democratic reform. The author briefly examines OAS involvement in Venezuela since 2002 as an example of this operationalization and concludes by suggesting that opposition to the democratic entitlement by critical scholars is misplaced, and that efforts to establish it as a principle of international law should be supported.
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Mathes, Valerie Sherer. "Nineteenth Century Women and Reform: The Women's National Indian Association." American Indian Quarterly 14, no. 1 (1990): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1185003.
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Churnin, Ian, Joel Michalek, and Ali Seifi. "Association of Resident Duty Hour Restrictions on Mortality of Nervous System Disease and Disorder." Journal of Graduate Medical Education 8, no. 4 (October 1, 2016): 576–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4300/jgme-d-15-00306.1.
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ABSTRACT Background The impact of the 2003 residency duty hour reform on patient care remains a debated issue. Objective Determine the association between duty hour limits and mortality in patients with nervous system pathology. Methods Via a retrospective cohort study using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2000–2010, the authors evaluated in-hospital mortality status in those with a primary discharge level diagnosis of disease or disorder of the nervous system. Odds ratios were calculated, and Bonferroni corrected P values and confidence intervals were determined to account for multiple comparisons relating in-hospital mortality with teaching status of the hospital by year. Results The pre-reform (2000–2002) and peri-reform (2003) periods revealed no significant difference between teaching and nonteaching hospital mortality (P > .99). The post-reform period (2004–2010) was dominated by years of significantly higher mortality rates in teaching hospitals compared to nonteaching hospitals: 2004 (P < .001); 2006 (P = .043); 2007 (P = .042); and 2010 (P = .003). However, data for 2005 (P ≥ .99), 2008 (P = .80), and 2009 (P = .09) did not show a significant difference in mortality. Conclusions Teaching and nonteaching hospital mortality was similar in patients with nervous system pathology prior to the duty hour reform. While nonteaching institutions demonstrated steadily declining mortality over the decade, teaching hospital mortality spiked in 2004 and declined at a more restricted rate. The timing of these changes could suggest a negative correlation of duty hour restrictions on outcomes of patients with nervous system pathology.
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Tuttle, Georgia. "Overview of the American Medical Association Health System Reform Proposal." Endocrine Practice 14, no. 4 (May 2008): 505–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4158/ep.14.4.505.
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Zaiets, Olena. "Decentralization reform: land law aspect." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 1 (May 5, 2021): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.1.2021.48.
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In Ukraine, the reform of decentralization of power has been going on since 2014 – the transfer of a significant part of powers,finances, other resources and responsibilities from the state power as close as possible to the people – local governments.
The process of voluntary association of territorial communities and formation of capable united territorial communities belongsto the same sphere. The issue of formation of the inseparable territory of OTG (requirement of Article 4 of the Law of Ukraine “OnVoluntary Association of Territorial Communities”) in the aspect of transfer of a significant part of state-owned lands to communal onesis still relevant, insufficiently regulated by law.It is absolutely necessary to analyze modern judicial practice. in cases related to the redistribution of state and communal landsduring decentralization, as it indicates the shortcomings of current legislation in this area. One of the tasks set by the Concept ofReforming Local Self-Government and Territorial Organization of Government is to determine a reasonable territorial basis for theactivities of local self-government bodies and executive bodies capable of ensuring the availability and proper quality of public servicesprovided by such bodies.Ways of transfer of lands to communal ownership are succession, methods of acquisition provided by item 5 of Art. 83 of theLand Code, transition to communal ownership of collectively owned lands in accordance with the Law of Ukraine “On Amendmentsto Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine Concerning Resolving the Issue of Collective Land Ownership, Improving Land Use Rules inAgricultural Land, Preventing Raids and Stimulating Irrigation in Ukraine”. Today, the so-called land audit, which differs significantlyfrom the land inventory and is carried out by non-governmental organizations on a commercial or grant basis, helps territorial communitiesto collect land “in a heap”.At the same time, the main, initial basis for the transfer of land to the ownership of territorial communities should be a largescaleone-time delimitation of state-owned land on land that remains in state ownership and land that becomes communal property.This is one of the tasks of the Draft Law № 2194 “On Amendments to the Land Code of Ukraine and Other Legislative Acts toImprove the System of Management and Deregulation in the Sphere of Land Relations”.
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Tanne, J. H. "American Medical Association backs health reform despite challenges from some members." BMJ 342, jun27 2 (June 27, 2011): d4060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d4060.
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Chrenka, Allan. "The Michigan Association for Career Education: Catalyst for educational reform." Journal of Career Development 15, no. 4 (June 1989): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01321966.
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Chrenka, Allan. "The Michigan Association for Career Education: Catalyst for Educational Reform." Journal of Career Development 15, no. 4 (March 1989): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089484538901500405.
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Levicki, Jeffrey. "Does a Non-Extreme Answer to Extremism Exist?" University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, no. 52.4 (2019): 829. http://dx.doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.52.4.does.
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Fallon, Harold J. "Residency Reform: A Perspective from the Association of Professors of Medicine." Annals of Internal Medicine 116, no. 12_Part_2 (June 15, 1992): 1041. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-116-12-1041.
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Mathes, Valerie Sherer. "Helen Hunt Jackson, Amelia Stone Quinton, and the Mission Indians of California." Southern California Quarterly 96, no. 2 (2014): 172–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/scq.2014.96.2.172.
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Helen Hunt Jackson, the author of an 1883 government report and a book on the condition of California’s Mission Indians as well as the novel Ramona, came late to the cause of Indian reform. Others, including Amelia Stone Quinton, had earlier founded organizations such as the Women’s National Indian Association (WNIA) to pressure Congress for reform and to engage directly in assisting Native American peoples. Correspondence between Jackson and Quinton illuminate their different methods of and proposals for Indian reform, yet it was Jackson’s published work, based on research and direct observation, that inspired many WNIA members.
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Huch, Ronald K. "The National Association for the Promotion of Social Science: Its Contribution to Victorian Health Reform, 1857–1886." Albion 17, no. 3 (1985): 279–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4048958.
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The campaign for better public health was a major social issue in England during the second half of the nineteenth century. As in the case of Poor Law and factory reform, Edwin Chadwick stands as the person who directed public interest toward the need for sanitary reform. He did this through his association with the Poor Law Commission in the late 1830s, then through his seminal and widely read 1842 Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population. Chadwick's report captured the minds of many in the British upper middle class. The Health of Towns Association, founded in 1844, helped to diffuse information on the “physical and moral evils that result from the present defective sewerage, drainage, supply of water, air, and light. …” Although the sanitary reformers had made some minor gains by 1847, they had failed to produce a satisfactory bill that would allow government some role in coordinating sanitary improvement. At this point, neither Chadwick, nor any other leading proponent of sanitary legislation wanted to put full authority in the hands of the central government, but they did desire a more efficient combination of local and national control.The sanitary reformers, and particularly Chadwick, achieved a measure of success in 1848 when the Public Health Bill received parliamentary approval. It was hoped the Act would bring about a useful consolidation of responsibility for drainage, sewerage, water supply, and road maintenance. Instead, the legislation spurred a furious debate over how much national government interference was acceptable. It did little to improve public health because the argument over government interference for a time took attention away from critical issues of sanitation reform. Although never completely overcome, the argument over principles faded in the 1850s in the face of an urgent need for reform.
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Suhaimi, Nurul Shuhada, Haswira Nor Mohamad Hashim, and Nurrulhuda Ahmad. "Comparative Analysis of Legislative Reform of Admission by Apologetic Discourse." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 7, SI7 (August 31, 2022): 449–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v7isi7.3814.
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This study compares the protection of admission by apologetic discourse through legislative reform in selected Common Law jurisdictions. The legislative reform provides a solution to the long-standing problem of adverse legal effects of admission by apologetic discourse made by professionals/practitioners who had breached their duty of care, code of ethics, or conducts. A similar problem is reported in Malaysia due to similarities in evidentiary rules, insurance contract clauses and statutory limitation law attributed to the Common Law system. The findings of this comparative study help towards the development of the law that protects admission by apologetic discourse for professional negligence and misconduct in Malaysia. Keywords: Apologetic discourse; admission; legislative reform; professional negligence and misconduct eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2022. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v7iSI7%20(Special%20Issue).3814
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Topuzov, Volodymyr. "PROBLEMS OF REFORM OF GOVERNMENTAL DECENTRALIZATION IN UKRAINE." Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu. Serìâ: Pravo 10, no. 20 (2020): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-3047-2020-11-20-74-80.
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The article deals with the governmental decentralization in Ukraine; it studies association of territorial communities and increasing their own financial capabilities, as a result of decentralization. An analysis of the reform of local self-government at the basic level – the association of territorial communities is conducted. The article studies the theoretical principles of decentralization, systematizes its forms and tools, summarizing the conclusions of the leading scientists in this field. The author identifies the key advantages and disadvantages of decentralization in Ukraine along with revealing related threats. Based on the analysis, the concept of decentralization of power is defined, and it is proposed to conduct a list of actions for the proper functioning of local authorities. Modern research in the field of reforming public authorities and local self-government is analyzed. The historical aspect, which created the need for reform of local self-government, is considered. The experience of governmental reform in other countries and its impact on Ukraine is presented. Based on the analysis, the concept of decentralization of power is defined, it is proposed to conduct a list of actions for the proper functioning of local government. Considered acts adopted under the reform. As a result, the process of decentralization needs a careful complex approach by qualified persons and understanding of capabilities by the local communities. Importance of implementation of the reform of decentralization of power for development of Ukraine as democratic constitutional state is proved. The legislative framework for implementation of the reform of decentralization of power is analyzed. The necessity of carrying out constructive changes in the functioning of local government is substantiated. An approach to scientific capability analysis is proposed newly formed territorial communities can be used to develop systemic mechanism to ensure the formation of capable territorial communities and their further development, improving the implementation of reforms with decentralization in Ukraine. The components of the implementation of decentralization of power are given, namely, the development of political, legal, organizational and economic components.
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&NA;. "Roles for medical education in health care reform. Association of American Medical Colleges." Academic Medicine 69, no. 6 (June 1994): 512–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001888-199406000-00023.
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Luo, Chunxia. "Association Rule Mining Algorithm and College Wushu Teaching Reform based on Multimedia Technology." International Journal of Database Theory and Application 9, no. 11 (November 30, 2016): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijdta.2016.9.11.17.
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Melnychuk, Anatoliy, and Anna-Maria Moskalenko. "VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATION OF TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES AND ADMINISTRATIVE COMPLETION OF UKRAINIAN ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL SYSTEM REFORM: SOLUTIONS AND FORMATION OF DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS." GEOGRAPHY AND TOURISM, no. 62 (2021): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2308-135x.2021.62.32-38.
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The aim. The article is aimed at revealing the advantages and difficulties of the model of the reform of the administrative-territorial structure implemented in Ukraine and the effectiveness of the formation of the administrative-territorial structure basic level at two key stages of the reform. Methodology. The analysis of the legal framework for the formation of a new basic level of the administrative-territorial structure of Ukraine in terms of determining the configuration of communities is carried out. The main approaches to the formation of territorial communities of the basic level are analyzed. The regions are compared in terms of the formation of small communities in terms of population. The Results. The number and localization of communities with a small number of populations in two different stages of the formation of the basic level of the new administrative-territorial structure of Ukraine has been established. The advantages and disadvantages of the voluntary stage of unification of territorial communities in Ukraine in 2015-2019 have been identified. The conformity to the declared needs of the formation of territorial communities with sufficient development potential at the final administrative stage of the formation of the basic level of the new administrative-territorial structure of Ukraine has been determined. It focuses on the threats to ensuring local development and the accumulation of community development problems as the basis for a new reform of the administrative-territorial structure of Ukraine in the future. The novelty of the research. For the first time, on the basis of analytical studies and statistical data, an assessment of the formation and regional distribution of small in terms of population territorial communities of the basic level, which were formed after the administrative stage of the reform of the administrative-territorial structure of Ukraine, was carried out. The practical significance. The studies carried out made it possible to analyze, compare and evaluate the effectiveness of two key stages of the reform of the administrative-territorial structure of Ukraine in terms of the formation of territorial communities with limited demographic development potential. The question was raised about the need to resolve the shortcomings of the formation of the basic level of the administrative-territorial structure of Ukraine in the future.
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Niehoff, Leonard. "Policing Hate Speech and Extremism: A Taxonomy of Arguments in Opposition." University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, no. 52.4 (2019): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.52.4.policing.
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Hate speech and extremist association do real and substantial harm to individuals, groups, and our society as a whole. Our common sense, experience, and empathy for the targets of extremism tell us that our laws should do more to address this issue. Current reform efforts have therefore sought to revise our laws to do a better job at policing, prohibiting, and punishing hate speech and extremist association. Efforts to do so, however, encounter numerous and substantial challenges. We can divide them into three general categories: definitional problems, operational problems, and conscientious problems. An informed understanding of these three categories of arguments is indispensable to any effort that seeks to reform the law in ways that will survive constitutional scrutiny. This Article provides a detailed legal and normative analysis of those arguments and common objections raised to them. It contends that the arguments raised in opposition to more expansive regulation of hate speech and extremist association largely get things right. And it concludes that more expansive regulation could have dire and unintended consequences that would disserve the interests of all, including the groups who advocate for such regulation.
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Zhao, Yi. "Innovation of Network Ideological and Political Education in Universities Facing the New Era of Internet 5G." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (June 25, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7439862.
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Relying on the reform of the learning field curriculum system of ideological and political education courses in colleges and universities, the association rules between data mining and soft computing technology are used to mine the association relationship between the software professional courses of the department, and the ideas and methods of optimizing the course setting are proposed. Several approaches for analyzing difficulties in the reform and development of ideological and political education in colleges and universities, as well as proposing improvements and optimization strategies, have been offered. The countermeasures to improve the effectiveness of ideological and political education in universities are proposed to solve the timeliness problems of ideological and political education reform in colleges and universities. Here the 5G network can get initialized. Then, the input education details are preprocessed, and the clustering of the educational information is performed by using the hybrid fuzzy K-means approach. Then, the features can get extracted by using the extensibility ant component analysis. Then, the impact was evaluated by using the mixed ensemble approach. Then, after checking the information viability, it can be stored in the database for further analysis. Then, the viable information can be sent to the student ID through improved TCP. The findings demonstrate that the mechanism presented exceeds the other algorithms examined, by expressing high accuracy especially concerning viable education information generation and transmission.
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Goo, Say, and Bryane Michael. "What Does Corporate Governance Regulation in Hong Kong Teach Us About Incremental Legal Change?" Business Law Review 38, Issue 3 (May 1, 2017): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2017014.
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Why does regulatory change occur much more slowly in some jurisdictions than in others? In this article, we look at the gradualist pace of Hong Kong’s corporate governance-related regulatory reform – particularly with regard to shareholder protection. We extend the concept of ‘legal transactions costs’ to explain such slow change. Costs of learning, experimenting and satisfying various constituencies about the advantages to their own interests of such reform represent some of these legal transactions costs. We describe how such legal transactions costs have worked against the creation of a minority shareholders’ association, the professionalization of board-directorships and the incorporation of soft law provisions in the Hong Kong Stock Exchange’s Listing Rules into hard law. We describe what the end result of such reform might look like – to assess the gap between current and possibly reformed corporate governance.
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Rangel, Sammy. "Keynote Address." University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, no. 52.4 (2019): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.52.4.keynote.
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The following is a transcription of Mr. Rangel’s keynote address presented at the University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform Symposium, Alt Association: The Role of Law in Combating Extremism on November 17, 2018, at the University of Michigan School of Law. The transcript has been lightly edited for clarity.
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Cohen, J. J. "Association of American Medical Colleges and American Medical Association joint statement on physician workforce planning and graduate medical education reform policies." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 272, no. 9 (September 7, 1994): 712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.272.9.712.
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Lee, Jung Chan, and Kye Hyun Kim. "Physicians’ perception of the reform of the review and assessment system of national health insurance reimbursement claims." Journal of the Korean Medical Association 65, no. 12 (December 10, 2022): 841–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2022.65.12.841.
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Background: The Korean government has been promoting the reform of the review and assessment system of national health insurance reimbursement claims. The aim of this study was to find out physicians’ perception and evaluation of the health insurance review and assessment system and present the direction for the government’s reform plan.Methods: The 2020 Korean Physician Survey questionnaire was sent to 57,714 members of the Korean Medical Association from November 19, 2020 to January 10, 2021. A total of 6,507 physicians (11.5%) responded; of these, the responses of 4,454, including the self-employed and employed, professors, and fellows, were included for analysis. The respondents’ perception of the current health insurance review system and of the government’s reform plan were analyzed.Results: It was found that 84.2% of the respondents evaluated the current health insurance review system negatively—particularly in terms of medical autonomy, transparency of the review standards, the standard development and application process, and the post-review adjustment process. Furthermore, only 0.7% of the respondents evaluated the government’s reform plan positively—particularly, the utilization of clinical practice guidelines for review standards, introduction of the professional review committee, and expansion of the link between the review and assessment system.Conclusion: Policymakers should understand physicians’ perception and evaluation of the health insurance review system. In addition, the reform plan should be thoroughly communicated to physicians.
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Joffe, Steven. "Revolution or Reform in Human Subjects Research Oversight." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 40, no. 4 (2012): 922–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2012.00721.x.
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Over the past 40 years, a complex review and oversight system has grown within the United States and internationally to regulate the conduct of human subjects research. This system developed in response to revelations of abuses of human subjects in experiments such as those conducted in the Nazi concentration camps, the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male, the Willowbrook Hepatitis Studies, and the studies described by Beecher in his 1966 article in the New England Journal of Medicine. The oversight system is based on a foundation, first implemented by the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) in 1966 and by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1971, of prior review and approval of a written experimental protocol by an independent committee. The World Medical Association articulated the ethical centrality of independent review in its 1975 revision of the Declaration of Helsinki, and the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research endorsed the requirement in its flagship Belmont Report.
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Belousov, Viktor P. "Constitutional Reforms and Legal Foundations of Local Self-Governance in CIS Countries in 2020–2023: Novations or Efforts to Enshrine the Existing Position." Теория и практика общественного развития, no. 8 (August 30, 2023): 252–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24158/tipor.2023.8.33.
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The article reveals relevant information about the constitutional reforms in the CIS member states, which took place in 2020–2023 and affected the legal foundations of local self-government models implemented in the states of the association. Based on the analysis of changes in the constitutional and sectoral legislation on local governance and self-governance of the designated countries, the author draws conclusions regarding the compliance of reforms and their results with international legal standards and principles of local self-governance organization, including recommendations of the CIS bodies. In most of the unification countries, the implementation of local self-governance reform based on constitutional and legal norms was aimed at pre-serving the existing subordinate position of municipalities to the state administration. As an example of reverse tendencies, it is worth considering the constitutional-legal reform and the reform of local self-government in Turkmenistan, as a result of which a system of local self-government bodies was established in the country, which corresponds to both national-cultural traditions and international legal principles of local self-government.
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Burduli, Irakli. "Modern Georgian corporate law in the mirror of European law. General review of the reform." Journal of Human Security and Global Law 2 (December 21, 2023): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/jhsgl.38.
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One of the obligations under the Georgia-EU Association Agreement was to undertake reforms of Georgian corporate law. Since 1 January 2022, Georgia has had a new corporate law, which is built on a regulatory function. From the point of view of law policy, it is based upon the regime of dispositional arrangement, though regulation of joint-stock companies constitutes an exception. Saturation of modern Georgian corporate law with legislative norms is the best way to overcome corporate impasses. As a result of the recent reform, the new corporate law contributes to the foreseeability and predictability of the corporate-legal relationships, which at once should provide more confidence for both foreign and domestic investors. The norms contained in the present reform are also equipped with a didactic function, which is especially necessary for the post-Soviet corporate economy.
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Isanshyna, G., and O. Dubynska. "Tax decentralization under local government reform conditions." Galic'kij ekonomičnij visnik 66, no. 5 (2020): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/galicianvisnyk_tntu2020.05.093.
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The primary objective of the paper is to investigate the main directions of decentralization reform, trends in local budget revenues in Ukraine, to assess the impact of decentralization reform on the structure and composition of local budgets financial resources, to identify the ways of their optimization. The main components of decentralization reform, the main practical results of territorial and fiscal decentralization in Ukraine are formulated in this paper. Analysis of the development of voluntary territorial communities association in the country during the last five years is carried out. The principles of public administration and the development of normative regulation of local self-government, voluntary association of territorial communities and their cooperation are investigated. It is determined that the practical result of administrative-territorial decentralization is to ensure the creation of new capable territorial entities – united territorial communities. The practical result of tax decentralization is the increase of financial capacity of the united territorial communities. The dynamics of the share of local taxes and fees in own revenues of the general local budgets fund is considered, special attention is paid to such national tax as personal income tax. The dependence of local budgets on transfers from the state budget is noted. And all this on the basis of achievement the ratio of state and local budget revenues of most EU countries is 50:50. The directions of reducing the risk of financial unreliability of local governments under COVID-19 conditions are determined. The difficulties of tax administration of large taxpayers; the main factors determining the size of the shadow economy in the country are investigated. There is no direct relationship between the level of taxation in Ukraine and the level shadow economy. The assessment of the extent of concealment and incomplete reporting of domestic businesses according to the survey in the framework of the SHADOW project is made. The consequences of increasing shadow economy share in the country are determined. The experience of several European countries in personal income taxation is studied, the peculiarities of granting the right to apply the social tax benefit from the personal income tax is determined. Recommendations for optimizing the taxation of individuals in terms of taxation of dividends are provided in this paper.
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Mappiasse, Sulaiman, Nanang Bagus Subekti, and Supriadi Supriadi. "Religious Teachers’ Quality of Life After More Than a Decade of Reform." EDUKASI: Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Agama dan Keagamaan 19, no. 2 (August 27, 2021): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32729/edukasi.v19i2.965.
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AbstractThis research examines religious teachers’ quality of life after more than a decade of teacher reform in Indonesia. The research utilizes a survey that involves a total sample of 212 religion teachers. They represent more than one thousand religion teachers teaching at elementary and secondary schools in Manado City, North Sulawesi. While the data collection employs a simple random sampling, the analysis applies a non-parametric procedure so-called the independent Chi-square test. The results of the study show that teacher certification, the most outstanding feature of the education reform in Indonesia, has improved teachers' objective quality of life. Hence this certification, we assume, would have some association with their stress level, job satisfaction, and life satisfaction due to the increasing workloads and changing demands. Such association, however, does not exist. Instead, this study suggests that religious teachers responded to the reform in a neutralized manner, and at the same time, the government and schools failed to create a professional yet challenging environment for them during the reform processes.AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kualitas hidup guru agama setelah lebih dari satu dekade proses reformasi guru di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survei yang melibatkan sampel sebanyak 212 orang guru agama. Jumlah ini merepresentasikan sekitar seribu lebih guru agama yang ada di sekolah dasar dan menengah di Kota Manado, Sulawesi Utara. Sementara pengumpulan data menggunakan metode sampling acak sederhana, analisa data menempuh prosedur non parametrik, yakni tes Chi kuadrat independen. Hasil studi ini menunjukkan bahwa sertifikasi guru, elemen reformasi guru yang paling menonjol, telah meningkatkan kualitas hidup obyektif mereka. Kami berasumsi bahwa sertifikasi ini akan memiliki hubungan dengan tingkat stres, kepuasan kerja dan kepuasan hidup mereka karena adanya peningkatan dan perubahan beban dan tuntutan kerja. Namun demikian, hubungan seperti itu sama sekali tidak muncul. Studi ini, dengan demikian, berpandangan bahwa guru-guru agama telah merespon reformasi tersebut secara netral tanpa beban. Pada saat yang bersamaan, pemerintah dan sekolah gagal menciptakan lingkungan yang profesional sekaligus menantang bagi mereka selama proses reformasi berlangsung.
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Wheatland, Fiona Tito. "Medical Indemnity Reform in Australia: “First Do No Harm”." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 33, no. 3 (2005): 429–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2005.tb00510.x.
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Medical indemnity is not usually the stuff of high political and social drama in Australia. When the biggest medical defense organization went into voluntary liquidation in 2002, this all changed. Newspapers carried stories on an almost daily basis about the actual or possible negative impact of the “crisis” on doctors, hospitals, and communities. Doctors became increasingly vocal in their criticisms and expansive in their claims. Their political organization, the Australian Medical Association, lobbied powerfully and successfully for government intervention to address the problem of dramatically escalating premiums for some doctors. This, combined with a broader public relations campaign about public liability insurance, resulted in significant changes in the law at both the federal and state level - not just in the area of medical negligence but in relation to most personal injury litigation.The genesis of and reasons for current medical indemnity problems in Australia have been the subject of much speculation and little rigorous analysis.
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Heaston, William R., Matthew C. Mitchell, and Jeffrey A. Kappen. "Institutional Reflections on Organizational Corruption Control." Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations 26, no. 3 (September 17, 2020): 403–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19426720-02603007.
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Abstract This article applies and expands on a typology of organizational corruption control to analyze the various mechanisms used to address corruption within the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). It uses case study evidence in tandem with insights from neo-institutional theory to construct a conceptual framework in which corruption control types are more completely examined within their broader institutional context. Using this framework, the article shows how the persistence of corruption in FIFA and its checkered reform process are attributable to an organizational filtering phenomenon that has limited the operation of internal and external corruption controls. Finally, it discusses some implications of this framework for transnational organizational governance reform.
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Lan, Zhiyong. "Local Government Reform in the People's Republic of China: Stipulations, Impact, Cases and Assessment." Chinese Public Administration Review 1, no. 3-4 (July 2002): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22140/cpar.v1i3.4.25.
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This paper traces the locus of China's local government reforms in recent years. It discusses cheir impact and searches for future directions; for further changes. The author argues (hat China's local government reforms may have come a long way, but what happens next will be more important in determining whether China's local government reforms will enjoy lasting Success. (A previous version of this paper was presented at the 2001 Annual Political Science Association Conference. San Francisco, Aug. 20, Sept 3.)
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Kumohin, Aleksandr, and Ruslan Kachaev. "Educational complexes as a stage of reform general education – is optimization for the good?" Applied psychology and pedagogy 6, no. 4 (October 4, 2021): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2500-0543-2021-6-4-173-182.
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The article considers the issues of the processes of merging, consolidation, and unification of various educational organizations (preschool educational organizations and municipal general education schools) into educational complexes (on the example of Moscow and the Moscow region). The accumulated experience of the existence of educational complexes is summarized, the positive and negative aspects of the association of educational organizations in general education are described. Among some positive results, the availability and opening of additional high schools were noted; accessibility, openness and diversity of specialized classes; some "strong" schools managed to pull up more "weak" schools. Among the negative aspects of the association, the following are highlighted: the gap in continuity between various links: primary, secondary and senior; low psychological safety of participants in the educational process in educational complexes; the achievements of schoolchildren in different divisions of the educational complex and in different classes are uneven and can vary greatly; additional paid education for children is additionally costly for their parents; the possibility of undermining the psychosocial and age-related aspects of normal socialization and personal development of a student due to the heavy workload of academic subjects; disproportionate funding between the structural divisions of the complex; reduction of teacher rates; destruction of a unique director's corps (directors and his deputies within one school as an established team of professionals); loss of the individuality of the educational organization, established values and traditions; a preschool educational organization can become, as it were ,an "appendage" of the school; with a large number of children in the educational complex, the phenomenon of depersonalization can occur, students become a "gray mass" , etc. It is emphasized that not only economic and managerial efficiency is important, but also pedagogical. Education specialists need to take into account the existing shortcomings of already operating educational complexes in order, as a result, to achieve the goals and content of education, primarily for students.
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Feldman, David, and Mark Gould. "Legalism and English Administrative Law: Comment on Sterett." Law & Social Inquiry 17, no. 01 (1992): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1992.tb00932.x.
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In a recent issue of this journal (Volume 15, Number 4, Fall 1990), Susan Sterett examined the role of the Law Commission in the development of English administrative law. She suggested that the Commission mimicked a “peak association” and adopted an “idiom of legalism” in order to justify its reform proposals. This comment disagrees with Sterett on three grounds. First, the role and constitutional position of the Commission is far more complex than Sterett suggests, and this affects the way in which the Commission works. Second, judges and academic lawyers were central to the reform of substantive principles of judicial review in the 1960s and 1970s, making it unnecessary for the Law Commission to act in this field. Finally, it is wrong to ignore the fact that much administrative law occurs outside the judicial review procedure.
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Ginanjar, Wahyu Rozzaqi, and Ali Maksum. "The Political Dynamics of Southeast Asia and the Identity Transformation of ASEAN in Post-Cold War and Post-Economic Crisis 1997-1998." JISPO Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik 12, no. 1 (July 16, 2022): 81–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/jispo.v12i1.15766.
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In general, regional integration takes the form of political economy initiatives focused on commercial interests to achieve broader socio-political and security goals. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a regional organization in Southeast Asia. After the end of the Cold War, ASEAN underwent changes, especially in terms of norms, governance, and collective identity. This article aims to explain the institutional reform and transformation of ASEAN's identity as a regional organization after the end of Cold War era. Using Alexander Wendt's concept of Collective Identity, this article argues that the 1997-1998 crisis and political dynamics in Southeast Asia unraveled the weaknesses of ASEAN's traditional principles as a regional organization. This led to skepticism towards the credibility and function of ASEAN. In order to restore its image and credibility, ASEAN conducted institutional reform in some stages. The institutional reform started with conceptualizing shared ideas through the establishment of the ASEAN Community, which was then institutionalized in a set of norms through the ASEAN Charter. These institutional reforms gave birth to a common set of ideas and norms for the member states. These shared ideas and norms indicate the transformation of ASEAN's collective identity as a regional organization that is more in line with universal norms such as human rights, democracy, and good governance.
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REDDY, Pujari Sudharsana, Chaya BAGRECHA, and Muthu Gopala KRISHNAN. "Did the Economic Reforms Change the Macroeconomic Drivers of the Indian Economy in the Post-Reform Era? An ARDL Bounds Test Approach." Theoretical and Practical Research in Economic Fields 14, no. 2 (December 20, 2023): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/tpref.v14.2(28).10.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the macroeconomic forces that have been driving the Indian economy during both the pre-reform and post-reform eras, that is, from 1950-1951 to 1990-1991 and from 1991-1992 to 2022-2023 respectively.
Problem: The Indian economy underwent significant economic and financial sector reforms in 1991-92, with the goal of reviving its stagnant growth. These reforms are intended to spur the economic growth of India. What were the main forces behind the Indian economy before and after the reforms? Is the research question. The goal of the current study is to determine if the economic reforms shifted or maintained the pre-reform era’s driving forces for the Indian economy in the post-reform era.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The gross domestic product (GDP), the gross domestic savings (GDS), the private consumption expenditure (PFCE), the government final consumption expenditure (GFCE), the inflation rate, the exchange rate, the exports, the imports, the internal and external borrowings of the government, personal remittances, foreign direct investment (FDI), and foreign portfolio investments (FPI) are all taken into consideration in order to fill the research gap that has been identified as a result of the comprehensive review of the literature. Following an analysis of the selected variables' fundamental characteristics, an econometric model is developed using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds Test Model.
Findings: There is no evidence of long-run causation and association between the variables, but the findings of the ARDL Bounds Test showed that in the pre-reform period, PFCE is the major driver of the GDP in the short-run, with strong support from imports. However, since the reform, PFCE, GDS, and Exports are the primary short- and long-term contributors to GDP.
Practical Implication: These findings indicate that India's macroeconomic system is shifting. The Indian economy has undergone a dramatic shift, moving away from a reliance on imports and toward one that is consumer-driven and export-driven. As savings and consumer expenditures are the main drivers of the Indian economy’s growth in the post-reform era, policies should be designed to increase savings and consumption as well as increase exports.
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Norouzi, Sayna, Bo Zhao, Ahmed Awan, Wolfgang C. Winkelmayer, Vivian Ho, and Kevin F. Erickson. "Bundled Payment Reform and Dialysis Facility Closures in ESKD." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 31, no. 3 (February 4, 2020): 579–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.2019060575.
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BackgroundIn 2011, inclusion of injectable medications into an expanded ESKD payment bundle prompted concerns that dialysis facilities facing higher costs might close, disrupting care delivery and access to care. Whether this policy change influenced dialysis facility closures is unknown.MethodsTo examine whether facility closures increased after 2011 and whether factors influencing closures changed, we analyzed US Renal Data System registry data to identify all patients receiving in-center hemodialysis from 2006 through 2015 and to track dialysis facility closures. We used interrupted time series logistic regression models and estimated marginal effects to examine immediate and longer-term changes in the likelihood of being affected by facility closures following payment reform. We also examined whether associations between selected predictors of closures indicating populations at “high risk” of closure (patient characteristics, facility characteristics, and geography-related characteristics) and closures changed after payment reform.ResultsDialysis facility closures were uncommon over the study period. In adjusted models, the relative odds of experiencing a closure declined by 37% (odds ratio [OR], 0.63; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.59 to 0.67) immediately after payment reform and declined by an additional 6% (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.91 to 0.97) annually thereafter, corresponding to a 0.3% lower absolute probability of closure in 2015 in association with payment reform. Patients who were black and who dialyzed at small, hospital-based facilities experienced slight increases in closures following payment reform, whereas Hispanic and Medicare/Medicaid dual-eligible patients experienced slight decreases in closures.ConclusionsExpansion of the ESKD payment bundle was not associated with increased closure of dialysis facilities, although the likelihood of closures changed slightly for some higher-risk populations.
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Voloshyn, Yuriy, and Olha Strieltsova. "IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ASSOCIATION AGREEMENT BETWEEN UKRAINE AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS." Slovo of the National School of Judges of Ukraine, no. 4(37) (July 7, 2022): 6–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37566/2707-6849-2021-4(37)-1.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the constitutional principles of implementation of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union. It is determined that the important factors of constitutional support for the implementation of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union are, first, the consolidation of the pro-European foreign policy of the state, which is a kind of constitutional guarantee of continuity and consistency in implementation and association activities in Ukraine EU and, secondly, the improvement of constitutional provisions on the interaction of national and international law, in particular those governing the implementation of international treaties into the national legal system. Attention is drawn to the need for more systematic constitutional and legal regulation of international and domestic law, in particular, it is proposed to include in the formation of a «package» of systemic constitutional changes, items on the relationship between international and national law, which will create the basis for: 1) to consolidate the superiority (primacy) of properly implemented international legal norms over the national law of Ukraine (except for the Constitution of Ukraine, which should have supremacy and priority in the national legal system); 2) to regulate the application of other sources of international law in Ukraine (first of all, generally accepted principles and norms of international law, as well as acts of international organizations); 3) specify the forms of expressing consent to the binding nature (methods of implementation) of an international agreement for Ukraine; 4) determine the place of international treaties of Ukraine in the hierarchy of normative legal acts; 5) to expand the range of subjects of implementation of international agreements and to regulate the status and hierarchy of intergovernmental and interdepartmental agreements accordingly. The ongoing process of constitutional reform in Ukraine creates a legal basis for the systematic elimination of shortcomings and gaps in the Constitution of Ukraine in the field of interaction between national and international law. Key words: Constitution of Ukraine, Constitutional Reform, Constitutionalization, European Union, Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU, Implementation.
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Kaiser, Andrea Hannah, Niccolò Rotigliano, Steffen Flessa, Björn Ekman, and Jesper Sundewall. "Extending universal health coverage to informal workers: A systematic review of health financing schemes in low- and middle-income countries in Southeast Asia." PLOS ONE 18, no. 7 (July 11, 2023): e0288269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288269.
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Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) is a priority of most low- and middle-income countries, reflecting governments’ commitments to improved population health. However, high levels of informal employment in many countries create challenges to progress toward UHC, with governments struggling to extend access and financial protection to informal workers. One region characterized by a high prevalence of informal employment is Southeast Asia. Focusing on this region, we systematically reviewed and synthesized published evidence of health financing schemes implemented to extend UHC to informal workers. Following PRISMA guidelines, we systematically searched for both peer-reviewed articles and reports in the grey literature. We appraised study quality using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklists for systematic reviews. We synthesized extracted data using thematic analysis based on a common conceptual framework for analyzing health financing schemes, and we categorized the effect of these schemes on progress towards UHC along the dimensions of financial protection, population coverage, and service access. Findings suggest that countries have taken a variety of approaches to extend UHC to informal workers and implemented schemes with different revenue raising, pooling, and purchasing provisions. Population coverage rates differed across health financing schemes; those with explicit political commitments toward UHC that adopted universalist approaches reached the highest coverage of informal workers. Results for financial protection indicators were mixed, though indicated overall downward trends in out-of-pocket expenditures, catastrophic health expenditure, and impoverishment. Publications generally reported increased utilization rates through the introduced health financing schemes. Overall, this review supports the existing evidence base that predominant reliance on general revenues with full subsidies for and mandatory coverage of informal workers are promising directions for reform. Importantly, the paper extends existing research by offering countries committed to progressively realizing UHC around the world a relevant updated resource, mapping evidence-informed approaches toward accelerated progress on the UHC goals.
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Frazer, Eva, Roger A. Mitchell, LaQuandra S. Nesbitt, Mallory Williams, Edith P. Mitchell, Richard Allen Williams, and Doris Browne. "The Violence Epidemic in the African American Community: A Call by the National Medical Association for Comprehensive Reform." Journal of the National Medical Association 110, no. 1 (February 2018): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnma.2017.08.009.
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Hanna, Daniel R., Jennifer A. Campbell, Rebekah J. Walker, Aprill Z. Dawson, and Leonard E. Egede. "Association between Health and Wealth among Kenyan Adults with Hypertension." Global Journal of Health Science 13, no. 4 (March 5, 2021): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v13n4p86.
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BACKGROUND: This paper examines the relationship between hypertension and wealth in a national sample of Kenyan adults.
METHODS: Data from 27,552 individuals from the Demographic and Health Survey Program (DHS) for Kenya were analyzed. Wealth index, a cumulative measure of household standard of living, was the outcome. The final analysis was stratified by gender with covariates added in blocks (demographics, economic, and cultural) to investigate the independent association of hypertension with wealth index.
RESULTS: Approximately 7.6% of those with hypertension had a wealth index above the median. For women and men, hypertension was significantly associated with higher wealth index (women ß=0.26; CI=0.19; 0.34; men ß=0.36; CI=0.19; 0.53). After adjusting for age, rural location, children, employment, education, ethnicity, and religion, hypertension maintained statistical significance with wealth index for both women and men (women ß=0.06; CI=0.01; 0.11; men ß=0.20; CI=0.08; 0.31).
CONCLUSIONS: As Kenya as a nation undergoes health care reform while also experiencing a high burden of hypertension, the results presented here provide preliminary evidence that may be used in support for decision makers for the wealth effects of health interventions. Additional work is needed to understand the longitudinal relationship between hypertension and wealth at the national level.
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Liao, Qinsi. "English Teaching Project Quality Evaluation Based on Deep Decision-Making and Rule Association Analysis." Journal of Combinatorial Mathematics and Combinatorial Computing 118 (December 31, 2023): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.61091/jcmcc118-09.
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A large amount of course data has been accumulated in the long-term teaching activities of universities. It is of great research value to use the data resources to analyze the course teaching status and provide decision support for improving the course teaching quality. In this paper, we design and implement a course evaluation system based on association rules and cluster analysis, analyze the functional requirements of the course evaluation system, and pre-process the course evaluation data. Students’ performance data are analyzed by FP-growth association rules, and then clustered by K-means, which can improve the accuracy of data evaluation.The evaluation index system of university English teaching quality under the concept of “Thinking and Government” is established. With the results of the sample survey, the main problems of the evaluation method are summarized and analyzed, and corresponding suggestions are put forward, which provide an important reference for promoting the reform of college English course.
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Scheim, Ayden I., Nazlee Maghsoudi, Zack Marshall, Siobhan Churchill, Carolyn Ziegler, and Dan Werb. "Impact evaluations of drug decriminalisation and legal regulation on drug use, health and social harms: a systematic review." BMJ Open 10, no. 9 (September 2020): e035148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035148.
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ObjectivesTo review the metrics and findings of studies evaluating effects of drug decriminalisation or legal regulation on drug availability, use or related health and social harms globally.DesignSystematic review with narrative synthesis.Data sourcesWe searched MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science and six additional databases for publications from 1 January 1970 through 4 October 2018.Inclusion criteriaPeer-reviewed articles or published abstracts in any language with quantitative data on drug availability, use or related health and social harms collected before and after implementation of de jure drug decriminalisation or legal regulation.Data extraction and synthesisTwo independent reviewers screened titles, abstracts and articles for inclusion. Extraction and quality appraisal (modified Downs and Black checklist) were performed by one reviewer and checked by a second, with discrepancies resolved by a third. We coded study-level outcome measures into metric groupings and categorised the estimated direction of association between the legal change and outcomes of interest.ResultsWe screened 4860 titles and 221 full-texts and included 114 articles. Most (n=104, 91.2%) were from the USA, evaluated cannabis reform (n=109, 95.6%) and focussed on legal regulation (n=96, 84.2%). 224 study outcome measures were categorised into 32 metrics, most commonly prevalence (39.5% of studies), frequency (14.0%) or perceived harmfulness (10.5%) of use of the decriminalised or regulated drug; or use of tobacco, alcohol or other drugs (12.3%). Across all substance use metrics, legal reform was most often not associated with changes in use.ConclusionsStudies evaluating drug decriminalisation and legal regulation are concentrated in the USA and on cannabis legalisation. Despite the range of outcomes potentially impacted by drug law reform, extant research is narrowly focussed, with a particular emphasis on the prevalence of use. Metrics in drug law reform evaluations require improved alignment with relevant health and social outcomes.
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Kinzer, Bruce L. "The 1870 Education Bill and the Method of J. S. Mill's Later Politics." Albion 29, no. 2 (1997): 223–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4051811.
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The last fourteen years of John Stuart Mill's life (1859-1873), which followed the death of Harriet Taylor, possessed a hefty political content. They saw the publication of his essays on parliamentary reform and Considerations on Representative Government, his impassioned identification with the North in the American Civil War, the eventful parliamentary career sandwiched between the Westminster elections of 1865 and 1868, and a final phase of activity associated with causes such as women's suffrage and land tenure reform. When Mill acted politically he usually did so with strong feeling, but in his search to give deeply held principles practical effect he understood the need for dispassionate adaptation of means to ends. Both the feeling and the adaptation are evident in his treatment of the elementary education question in 1870, a treatment that vividly illustrates how Mill operated during the decade and a half before his death.Of the host of legislation Gladstone's first administration proposed, only one item, the 1870 Education Bill, elicited a congregation of public responses from Mill. Of course, Mill's political activity in the several years following his defeat at Westminster in autumn 1868 was not confined to the adoption of a stance on ministerial measures. With respect to women's suffrage and land reform Mill was not about to wait on any government, and his conspicuous connections with the National Society for Women's Suffrage and the Land Tenure Reform Association attracted notice at the time and have been the subject of comment since. Moreover, during his last years Mill continued to cultivate his contacts in the world of London working-class radicalism, particularly with George Odger, William Randal Cremer, and George Howell. Whereas Mill's parliamentary career has been explored in some detail, the political character of his post-Westminster years has received less attention.
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Mackintosh, Alan. "Warfare and the launch of medical reform in Britain, 1793–1811." Medical History 65, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 267–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2021.18.
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AbstractUntil the beginning of the nineteenth century, registering and regulating the training of any medical practitioners in Britain had rarely been attempted, unlike in many other European countries. During the Revolutionary War with France, fevers swept through British armies, leading to numerous fatalities and crushing military defeats, especially in the disastrous expedition to St Domingo. The problem, as forcibly advocated by Robert Jackson, the leading expert on military fevers, seemed to be poor medical care due to both lack of compulsory medical training and the unsuitability of whatever training was available for army medical practitioners. With the simultaneous rapid advance of French military and civilian medical training and the threat of a French invasion, regulating British medical training and excluding the unqualified became a military necessity, and suddenly medical reform was receiving widespread attention. Emphasising the benefits to the Britain’s fighting ability, the reform effort, led by Edward Harrison, a very provincial Lincolnshire physician, under the patronage of Sir Joseph Banks, the President of the Royal Society, gained the support of leading politicians, including three Prime Ministers. For a short time, comprehensive medical reform seemed inevitable: but the opposition of the medical corporations, especially the London College of Physicians, could not be circumvented, and although Harrison persisted in his efforts for 6 years, no legislation was achieved. Nevertheless, within months, the Association of Apothecaries continued the process by pressing for a more limited reform, culminating in the 1815 Apothecaries Act. The long march towards the full regulation of doctors in Britain was started by the perceived military needs of the country during the war with France.
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Rajaram, Ravi, Jeanette W. Chung, Andrew T. Jones, Mark E. Cohen, Allison R. Dahlke, Clifford Y. Ko, John L. Tarpley, Frank R. Lewis, David B. Hoyt, and Karl Y. Bilimoria. "Association of the 2011 ACGME Resident Duty Hour Reform With General Surgery Patient Outcomes and With Resident Examination Performance." JAMA 312, no. 22 (December 10, 2014): 2374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.15277.
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Стрєльцова, Ольга, and Сергій Прилуцький. "CONSTITUTIONALIZATION OF THE ASSOCIATION PROCESS BETWEEN UKRAINE AND EUROPEAN UNION: MEANINGFUL AND IMPLEMENTATING ASPECTS." Constitutional and legal academic studies, no. 3 (May 12, 2021): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2663-5399.2020.3.07.
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The purpose of the article is to research the process of constitutionalization of associative relations between Ukraine and European Union. The authors distinguish and reveal two significant aspects of this process: meaningful and implementing.
It is determined that the meaningful constitutionalization by its essence is the constitutional modernization, where the meaningful updation of the Constitutional provisions is being made in order to form the constitutional pillars for further democratization of social and political life in Ukraine, the approximation of the national political and legal system in accordance with the European values and principles, the improvement of the internal legal framework. The implementing aspect of constitutionalization means the purposeful formation of constitutional preconditions for the implementation of Association Agreement’s provisions to the national legal system. The authors stipulate that the fulfillment of both meaningful and implementing constitutionalization of Ukraine's association with EU shall be implemented mainly by incorporating of this process directly into the context of the constitutional reform in Ukraine.
The article analyzes the organizational and legal measures aimed at the realization by Ukraine of its European integration purpose and determines that such measures should be carried out by three fundamental directions. Such tendencies include: 1) reformation of the meaningful and implementing principles of the Fundamental Law of Ukraine in order to ensure the constitutional support of this process; 2) concretization and detalization of the constitutional norms and principles in legislation (primarily, in those legislative and bylaws that refer to the harmonization of national law with EU law); 3) legal and law enforcement activity of national public authorities, and especially judicial bodies of constitutional and general jurisdiction, in order to ensure the implementation of Association Agreement’s provisions.
The special attention is paid to certain problems of the reformation of Constitution of Ukraine ensuring the European integration. The authors express the critical reservations related to the amendments to the Constitution with the provisions of strategic orientation of Ukraine for the long term perspective.
The authors conclude that the implementation of constitutional reform and the establishment of associative relations with the EU are two interrelated processes. Therefore, only a high-level synchronization of measures carried out within these areas, the determination of their priorities, the coordination and concordance of current tasks will allow to develop a comprehensive strategy of a constitutional reform and provide a holistic nature to constitutional transformations.
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Miller, Lisa, and Martin E. P. Seligman. "Beliefs about Responsibility and Improvement Associated with Liberal-Conservative Justice Beliefs." Psychological Reports 84, no. 1 (February 1999): 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.1.329.
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This study investigated the association between belief in the possibility of human improvement, beliefs about responsibility, and liberal-conservative beliefs about justice. 510 predominantly middle-class subjects were administered the Attributions of Responsibility Questionnaire and asked to respond to a series of policy-related issues concerning either distributive justice or retributive justice. Analyses indicated that liberal-conservative beliefs about justice were associated with beliefs about the possibility of human improvement and beliefs about responsibility. Findings may be interpreted to suggest that self-identified liberals and conservatives may hold differing pragmatic views about the anticipated effectiveness of reform, rehabilitation, and re-allocation of resources.
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Lee, Yen-Han, Timothy Chiang, and Ching-Ti Liu. "Residents’ educational attainment and preventive care utilization in China." International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance 31, no. 1 (February 12, 2018): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhcqa-01-2017-0001.
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Purpose China launched a comprehensive health reform in 2009 to improve healthcare quality. Because preventive care utilization in China has not been frequently discussed, the purpose of this paper is to focus on the association between education level and preventive care before and after the initiation of the reform. Education has been referred to as the best health outcome indicator and China’s educational reform has been progressive, such as the health reform. Design/methodology/approach The authors analyzed data from four China Health and Nutrition Surveys (CHNS): 2004 (n=9,617); 2006 (n=9,527); 2009 (n=9,873); and 2011 (n=9,430). Variables were selected based on Andersen’s healthcare utilization model (predisposing, enabling and need factors). Multivariable logistic regression models, odds ratios (ORs) and 95 percent confidence intervals (95 percent CI) were conducted and reported. Findings In the adjusted multivariable logistic regression models, the authors found that general education was associated (p<0.05) with access to preventive care in 2004, 2009 and 2011, but not in 2006. Individuals with higher education had higher ORs for utilizing preventive care, compared with lower education (primary school education or none). Practical implications Policy implications include providing educational protocols regarding preventive care’s significance to residents educated at lower level schools, especially younger individuals. Originality/value To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first comparative assessment on education level and preventive care utilization before and after the implementation of the Chinese health reform.