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Journal articles on the topic 'Universal service obligations'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Clegg, Alicia M. "Universal service obligations." Telecommunications Policy 19, no. 6 (August 1995): 509–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-5961(95)97901-j.

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2

Peha, Jon M. "Tradable universal service obligations." Telecommunications Policy 23, no. 5 (June 1999): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0308-5961(99)00019-1.

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3

Bel, Germà, and Joan Calzada. "Privatization and Universal Service Obligations." Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 165, no. 4 (2009): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/093245609789919685.

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4

Choné, Philippe, Laurent Flochel, and Anne Perrot. "Universal service obligations and competition." Information Economics and Policy 12, no. 3 (September 2000): 249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-6245(00)00014-7.

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5

Weller, Dennis. "Auctions for universal service obligations." Telecommunications Policy 23, no. 9 (October 1999): 645–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0308-5961(99)00048-8.

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6

Gautier, Axel, and Xavier Wauthy. "Competitively neutral universal service obligations." Information Economics and Policy 24, no. 3-4 (December 2012): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infoecopol.2012.04.001.

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7

Gautier, Axel, and Xavier Wauthy. "Price competition under universal service obligations." International Journal of Economic Theory 6, no. 3 (August 16, 2010): 311–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-7363.2010.00137.x.

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8

Cave, Martin, and Keiko Hatta. "Universal service obligations and spectrum policy." info 10, no. 5/6 (August 15, 2008): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14636690810904715.

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9

Poudou, Jean-Christophe, and Michel Roland. "Equity justifications for universal service obligations." International Journal of Industrial Organization 52 (May 2017): 63–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2017.01.007.

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10

Moloney, Maria, and Liam Church. "Informational Privacy Preservation through Universal Service Obligations." Journal of Internet Technology and Secured Transaction 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20533/jitst.2046.3723.2012.0002.

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11

Gautier, Axel, and Keizo Mizuno. "GRADUAL NETWORK EXPANSION AND UNIVERSAL SERVICE OBLIGATIONS." Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics 82, no. 2 (May 9, 2011): 97–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8292.2011.00432.x.

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12

Nett, Lorenz. "An alternative approach to allocate universal service obligations." Telecommunications Policy 22, no. 8 (September 1998): 661–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0308-5961(98)00046-9.

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13

Burkart, Patrick. "Moving targets: Introducing mobility into universal service obligations." Telecommunications Policy 31, no. 3-4 (April 2007): 164–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2007.01.002.

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14

Xavier, Patrick. "Should broadband be part of universal service obligations?" info 5, no. 1 (February 2003): 8–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14636690310473854.

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15

Jaag, Christian, and Urs Trinkner. "Tendering Universal Service Obligations in Liberalized Network Industries." Competition and Regulation in Network Industries 10, no. 4 (December 2009): 313–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/178359170901000401.

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16

Poudou, Jean-Christophe, and Michel Roland. "Efficiency of uniform pricing in universal service obligations." International Journal of Industrial Organization 37 (November 2014): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2014.08.006.

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17

Mirabel, F., J. C. Poudou, and M. Roland. "Universal service obligations: The role of subsidization schemes." Information Economics and Policy 21, no. 1 (February 2009): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infoecopol.2008.07.003.

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18

Ryan, Michael H. "Telecommunications Carriers and the “Duty to Serve”." McGill Law Journal 57, no. 3 (May 4, 2012): 519–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1009066ar.

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Telephone companies share with other public utilities a common law duty to provide their services on demand, at a reasonable price, and without unreasonable discrimination. In Canada, this common law duty exists alongside statutory service obligations imposed on telecommunications carriers and regulatory policies promoting universal access to basic telecommunications services. Some argue that in the modern environment, where a wide range of telecommunications services is available on a near-universal basis from a profusion of suppliers, the duty to serve has become an anachronism and that carriers should now be relieved of such obligations. There are others, however, who caution that the elimination of the duty to serve might jeopardize the continuation of service to geographically remote areas and should therefore be retained. Still others advocate expanding the duty to include broadband in order to facilitate wider access to high-speed Internet services. The debates surrounding these issues reveal that there is no consensus about the scope of the duty to serve. This article seeks to clarify the parameters of the common law duty to serve and discusses how that duty interrelates with carriers’ statutory service obligations and regulatory policies promoting universal service.
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19

Crampes, Claude, and Mathias Laffont. "Connection Pricing and Universal Service Obligations in Distribution Networks." Competition and Regulation in Network Industries 15, no. 1 (March 2014): 32–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/178359171401500102.

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20

Panzar, John C. "A methodology for measuring the costs of universal service obligations." Information Economics and Policy 12, no. 3 (September 2000): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-6245(00)00013-5.

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21

Choné, Philippe, Laurent Flochel, and Anne Perrot. "Allocating and funding universal service obligations in a competitive market." International Journal of Industrial Organization 20, no. 9 (November 2002): 1247–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-7187(01)00077-7.

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22

Luck, David. "Future funding of the telecommunications universal service obligations in Australia." Telecommunications Journal of Australia 57, no. 2/3 (December 2007): 32.1–32.26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2104/tja07032.

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23

Mirabel, François, and Jean-Christophe Poudou. "Mechanisms of funding for Universal Service Obligations: the electricity case." Energy Economics 26, no. 5 (September 2004): 801–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2004.04.030.

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24

Madden, Gary, Scott Savage, and Michael Simpson. "Regional information access: The use of telecentres to meet universal service obligations." Telematics and Informatics 14, no. 3 (August 1997): 273–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0736-5853(97)00003-8.

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25

Harker, Michael, and Antje Kreutzmann-Gallasch. "Universal service obligations and the liberalization of network industries: taming the Chimera?" European Competition Journal 12, no. 2-3 (September 2016): 236–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17441056.2016.1257314.

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26

Willington, Manuel, and Jorge Li Ning. "Regulating a monopoly with universal service obligations: The role of flexible tariff schemes." Telecommunications Policy 38, no. 1 (February 2014): 32–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2013.04.005.

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27

Estache, Antonio, Jean-Jacques Laffont, and Xinzhu Zhang. "Universal service obligations in LDCs: The effect of uniform pricing on infrastructure access." Journal of Public Economics 90, no. 6-7 (August 2006): 1155–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2005.07.002.

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28

Leith, P. "Europe's Information Society project and digital inclusion: universal service obligations or social solidarity?" International Journal of Law and Information Technology 20, no. 2 (April 6, 2012): 102–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlit/eas004.

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29

Calzada, Joan. "Universal service obligations in the postal sector: The relationship between quality and coverage." Information Economics and Policy 21, no. 1 (February 2009): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infoecopol.2008.07.002.

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30

Jaag, Christian. "Liberalization of the Swiss Letter Market and the Viability of Universal Service Obligations." Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics 143, no. 3 (July 2007): 261–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03399240.

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31

De Ridder, John. "Who are you going to call? The future of the Universal Service Obligation." Australian Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 3, no. 4 (December 29, 2015): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/ajtde.v3n4.27.

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This paper draws upon a research paper prepared for the Australian Communications Consumer Action Network. The focus of this paper is on the best way to provide every adult with universally available, accessible, affordable and empowering communications. Special attention is given affordability leading to a litmus test of an affordable broadband tariff. The paper proposes two options for delivering universal service objectives in future. One does not require any carrier to be nominated as the universal retail service provider. The other extends Telstra’s current obligations.
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32

De Ridder, John. "Who are you going to call? The future of the Universal Service Obligation." Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 3, no. 4 (December 29, 2015): 108–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v3n4.27.

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This paper draws upon a research paper prepared for the Australian Communications Consumer Action Network. The focus of this paper is on the best way to provide every adult with universally available, accessible, affordable and empowering communications. Special attention is given affordability leading to a litmus test of an affordable broadband tariff. The paper proposes two options for delivering universal service objectives in future. One does not require any carrier to be nominated as the universal retail service provider. The other extends Telstra’s current obligations.
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33

Šarac, Dragana, Miloš Kopić, Katarina Mostarac, Momčilo Kujačić, and Bojan Jovanović. "Application of Set Covering Location Problem for Organizing the Public Postal Network." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 28, no. 4 (August 31, 2016): 403–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v28i4.1962.

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Most countries of the European Union ensure certain obligations (criteria) which universal service providers must meet to ensure the realization of the universal service. These criteria vary from country to country, giving their own choice of an optimal model for the density of the postal network. Such postal network of the operator providing universal postal service must be organized so that post offices are accessible at the optimal distance from the user. This paper presents two different approaches. The first one is based on the population criteria determined in the previous study. The second one is new, a general method created to determine the minimum number of postal unit applications of Set Covering Location Problem. The authors apply both methods on real data collected from the Serbian municipalities and finally, compare the obtained results.
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34

Ramos, Boris, Khalid Saeed, and Oleg Pavlov. "The impact of Universal Service Obligations and International Cross-subsidies on the dispersion of telephone services in developing countries." Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 44, no. 2 (June 2010): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2009.08.003.

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35

Dobrodolac, Momčilo, Predrag Ralević, Libor Švadlenka, and Valentina Radojičić. "Impact of a New Concept of Universal Service Obligations on Revenue Increase in the Post of Serbia." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 28, no. 3 (May 27, 2016): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v28i3.1835.

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The European postal directives and Serbian legislation as well define the quality standards for universal service obligations at the aggregate level, i.e. for all postal items transferred by the postal operator. This paper proposes a new concept where the transit time is defined by the customer and specified for each shipment. The paper considers three different models of this new concept. However, the one where a customer could choose between two alternatives: D+1 and D+3 transfer, is analysed in details. By using the attitudes of examined customers, forecasting methods and analysis of revenues from the past, it is assessed at what price the new postal service should be offered to achieve the highest revenue. The proposed methodology was tested and verified in the case of the Post of Serbia. The results indicate that the best would be to offer the service D+1 at the 40% increased price compared to the existing prices.
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36

Downes, Tom, and Shane Greenstein. "Understanding why universal service obligations may be unnecessary: The private development of local Internet access markets." Journal of Urban Economics 62, no. 1 (July 2007): 2–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2006.10.004.

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37

Dienbauer, Christian, Benedikt Pittl, and Erich Schikuta. "A Penalty-Aware Cloud Monitoring System based on Blockchains." Journal of Data Intelligence 2, no. 3 (September 2021): 301–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/jdi2.3-1.

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Today, traded cloud services are described by service level agreements that specify the obligations of providers such as availability or reliability. Violations of service level agreements lead to penalty payments. The recent development of prominent cloud platforms such as the re-design of Amazon's spot marketspace underpins a trend towards dynamic cloud markets where consumers migrate their services continuously to different marketspaces and providers to reach a cost-optimum. This leads to a heterogeneous IT infrastructure and consequently aggravates the monitoring of the delivered service quality. Hence, there is a need for a transparent penalty management system, which ensures that consumers automatically get penalty payments from providers in case of service violations. \newline In the paper at hand, we present a cloud monitoring system that is able to execute penalty payments autonomously. In this regard, we apply smart contracts hosted on blockchains, which continuously monitor cloud services and trigger penalty payments to consumers in case of service violations. For justification and evaluation we implement our approach by the IBM Hyperledger Fabric framework and create a use case with Amazon's cloud services as well as Azures cloud services to illustrate the universal design of the presented mechanism.
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38

Hasbi, Maude. "Universal service obligations and public payphone use: Is regulation still necessary in the era of mobile telephony?" Telecommunications Policy 39, no. 5 (June 2015): 421–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2015.03.004.

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39

Dyduch, Jan. "Obowiązki i prawa rodziny w świetle posoborowych dokumentów kościelnych." Prawo Kanoniczne 37, no. 1-2 (June 15, 1994): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/pk.1994.37.1-2.01.

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The Catholic Church observes the year 1994 as International Year of the Family in accordance to the announcement made by the United Nations. For this reason it is proper to talk over the obligations and the rights which a family exercises in a secular society and in the Curch. These rights and obligations are contained and treated in the following postconciliar documents of the Church: 1. The Encyclical Humanae Vitae, 1968; 2. The Adhortation Familiaris Consortio, 1981; 3. The Codex of Canon Law, 1983; 4. The Charter of the Family Right, 1983; 5. The Adhortation Christifideles Laici, 1988. Propagating of the family rights and obligations is necessary in view of the situation of the contemporary family, encountered by a multiple crisis. Calling in question of the sense of the family, the mentality adverse to life, and divorces are the most severe indications of that crisis. The basic right and obligation of a family is its service to the life itself, expressed in the procreating and upbringing of children. Doing this, a family needs protection and support from a civil authority which ought to maintain the appropriate policy favourable for the family and its development. A Christian family, sacramentally incorporated into the organism of the Universal Church, constitutes a „Home Church” and participates in Christ’s triple mission: prophetic-evangelizing, priestly-santifying and royal-apostolic. The family is a subject of the Church’s constant pastoral care.
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40

Sayers, Dave, Jamie Harding, Jena Barchas-Lichtenstein, Michael Coffey, and Frances Rock. "Speeding up or reaching out?" Journal of Language and Politics 16, no. 3 (April 25, 2017): 388–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.15005.say.

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Abstract The Welsh Assembly, a devolved legislature in the UK, and its executive the Welsh Government, have a distinctly intensive commitment to equality – emphasising universality with weighty obligations on public services. This article uses the ‘discourse-historical approach’ (DHA) to critically review an eleven-year social service reform strategy (produced in 2007), and to weigh up its emphasis on fiscal efficiency and universal equality. We refer to these competing priorities as ‘speeding up’ and ‘reaching out’, respectively. Our findings show an imbalance towards the former, largely sidelining the possible value of services to those currently under-served. The article discusses this mismatch in respect of the dominant policymaking framework of ‘New Public Management’ and its emphases on productivity, efficiency, and quantifiable accountability. We also show the value of DHA in analysing ‘fights for dominance’ – in this case between competing discourses within a flagship policy document.
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41

Popovych, T. P. "THE HUMAN RIGHT TO THE PROTECTION OF PERSONAL DATA ON THE INTERNET: THEORETICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 2 (July 6, 2021): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2021.02.9.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of theoretical and legal aspects of the human right to the protection of personal data on the Internet. The author believes that at the present stage the field of personal data protection on the Internet is becoming especially important, linking it with the universal importance of communication that occurs within the Internet, as well as the threat of unauthorized dissemination of information through it. The right to the protection of personal data is considered as one of the forms of realization of the human right to the respect for his private, family life, in the context of his inviolability on the Internet. Scientific intelligence begins with a review of information protection models that have emerged in the world. Yes, we are talking about the American, European and mixed models. However, the article provides an overview of the acts adopted by the relevant European institutions in this area. In addition, the article examines the experience of some foreign countries in ensuring the human right to the protection of personal data on the Internet, in particular Brazil, France and the Republic of Belarus. The author notes that the protection of personal data involves a number of positive and negative obligations of the state and individuals. Negative obligations are aimed at prohibiting the processing of personal data without the consent of the person to whom the specific information relates. The positive obligations of public organizations and individuals (organizations) are to comply with the established legal regime of personal data processing, including the use of appropriate technical means. That is, the author emphasizes that the legal obligations in the context of ensuring the right to protection of personal data on the Internet are imposed not only on the state, but also on Internet service providers, owners of online services and websites, etc., given the possibility that they have access to personal information.
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42

Romanovska, Oksana. "Features of the legal status of the bodies of the state executive service of Ukraine." Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu. Serìâ: Pravo 10, no. 19 (2020): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-3047-2020-10-19-89-96.

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The article provides a thorough analysis of the essence of the concept and structure of the administrative and legal status of the state executive service in Ukraine, which is a complex and multi-stage process, as it provides for the need to highlight the functioning of the state executive service in the legal system of Ukraine. The purpose of the article is a complete study of the administrative and legal status of the state executive service in Ukraine, for which the author analyzed such legal categories as "status", "legal status", "administrative and legal status" and formulated their features. The author's definition of legal status is given as a set of normatively regulated subjective rights, legal obligations and responsibilities of the participants of the relevant legal relations, which formulate the legal status of individuals and legal entities in society. Its features are: the legal status is defined as the presence of rights and obligations only in individuals; ambiguity in the interpretation of legal status and its varieties; is determined by the presence of a legal relationship of the subject of law with other subjects, and also includes the entire range of relations (connections) of the subject of law; formulates individual features of subjects of law and reflects their actual state in the system of relevant relations in certain conditions; endowed with a universal character, covering the various statuses of legal entities, both individual and collective; determines the legal position (position) of the subject of law in the relevant relationship with other entities, which does not depend on the participation of the subject in specific legal relations.
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43

Martins, Rita, Luís Cruz, Eduardo Barata, and Carlota Quintal. "Assessing social concerns in water tariffs." Water Policy 15, no. 2 (November 1, 2012): 193–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2012.024.

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In the European Union, water supply services are referred to as ‘services of general interest’, meaning that they are subject to multiple, potentially conflicting, public service obligations. This paper considers empirical data for Portuguese municipalities and provides a comprehensive approach to assessing the social dimension by evaluating whether the concerns of universal access to water services for basic needs, affordability and equity are embodied in the corresponding water supply tariffs. Accordingly, ‘essential minimum quantities’ (EMQs) of water for representative households are calculated and then compared with the lowest tariff block's upper limit, by water utility. Next, charges underlying the EMQs are calculated and compared with the average income of each representative household, by municipality. The results show that, in general, the EMQs are enclosed in the first block of consumption and also that the corresponding water charges do not represent a disproportionate burden on average household size and income. Nonetheless, our findings indicate that, when considering the 20% poorest households, the water charges raise affordability concerns in an important number of municipalities. Further, the results show that there is a socio-economic inequity that favours the better-off households.
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44

Nepal, Surya, and Shiping Chen. "Dynamic Business Collaborations Through Contract Services." International Journal of Systems and Service-Oriented Engineering 2, no. 4 (October 2011): 60–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijssoe.2011100104.

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New applications have recently emerged within the domains of e-Health, e-Science, e-Research and e-Government that require the formation of dynamic collaborations between independent, autonomous business organizations for the duration of a project designed with a specific purpose. To successfully create and manage such collaborations, there is a need of a standard way to specify: (a) what resources are required, (b) who will contribute resources, (c) the type of access required to these resources, (d) agreement and obligations of the partners within the business collaboration, with the terms and conditions specified in the agreement, and (e) how to instantiate, maintain and terminate such business collaborations easily and in a well understood manner. The authors address these issues through the creation, negotiation and execution of an agreed electronic contract. First, this paper provides a framework for an electronic contract (e-Contract) by introducing a Web Service Collaborative Context Definition Language (WS-CCDL), which was developed in the context of dynamic business collaboration. Then, the authors illustrate its use with a universal (anywhere) connectivity service for a tele-Collaboration application in the context of e-Research domain. Both architectural design and implementation considerations are provided to highlight the feasibility and complicity of the technologies.
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45

Krivokapić, Boris. "PRAVNO UREĐENJE POLOŽAJA PRIVATNIH VOJNIH KOMPANIJA." FBIM Transactions 9, no. 1 (April 15, 2021): 58–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.12709/fbim.09.09.01.06.

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In our time, private military and security companies, known as private military companies (PVK), are becoming increasingly important. Their growing number, increasing financial and armed strength, the fact that they employ an increasing number of people, and especially the very nature of their business in terms of providing services in the field of security, intelligence, weapons, logistics, etc., up to direct participation in armed operations, even those outside the borders of the state in which they are based, lead to the fact that these entities have an increasing role not only in events within individual states but also in international relations. After a brief review of the concept of PVK and some of the legal issues related to them, the author deals with the problem of international regulation of the position of PVK at the universal and regional level and considers the Montreux Code of Conduct for Private Security Service Providers and some other documents. The author concludes that everything indicates that it is necessary to create new international legal frameworks at the universal level as soon as possible, which would regulate the most important issues such as defining the most important terms; unification of conditions and ways for the establishment, licensing, and registration of PVK; rights and obligations of PVK and their staff; international supervision of PVK and their staff; the responsibility of all actors involved; the difference between a PVK staff member and a mercenary; rules related to the crossing of PVK weapons and equipment across state borders, etc. For now, much remains controversial - what and how should be regulated by a universal international treaty, who should be its members, what mechanisms of international supervision should be provided for, etc., and even on whether it is at all necessary at this time.
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46

Blackman, Colin R. "Universal service: obligation or opportunity?" Telecommunications Policy 19, no. 3 (April 1995): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-5961(94)00020-s.

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47

Thomas, Rachel. "Contact-ability framework for the delivery of universal services." Australian Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 3, no. 4 (December 29, 2015): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/ajtde.v3n4.30.

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The Universal Service Obligation (USO) ensures access to voice communication services to all Australians. The obligation has changed very little in comparison to the telecommunications market and consumers’ use of services. This presents a number of gaps and risks for consumers as safeguards do not exist for the communications services that are used today, such as data and mobile services. However, updating the obligation to include these services alone will likely fail consumers. Furthermore, focusing on distributing resources does not take into consideration the resulting outcome for consumers; how they utilise the opportunities that they have or the barriers that they may face. This paper outlines the imperative for action in this area and argues for a new framework based on a principal of contact-ability. This new framework will have four key areas; availability, affordability, accessibility and service standards. A further two additional areas; online service delivery and literacy and empowerment, are also needed to fully ensure contact-ability is achieved.
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48

Thomas, Rachel. "Contact-ability framework for the delivery of universal services." Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 3, no. 4 (December 29, 2015): 140–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v3n4.30.

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The Universal Service Obligation (USO) ensures access to voice communication services to all Australians. The obligation has changed very little in comparison to the telecommunications market and consumers’ use of services. This presents a number of gaps and risks for consumers as safeguards do not exist for the communications services that are used today, such as data and mobile services. However, updating the obligation to include these services alone will likely fail consumers. Furthermore, focusing on distributing resources does not take into consideration the resulting outcome for consumers; how they utilise the opportunities that they have or the barriers that they may face. This paper outlines the imperative for action in this area and argues for a new framework based on a principal of contact-ability. This new framework will have four key areas; availability, affordability, accessibility and service standards. A further two additional areas; online service delivery and literacy and empowerment, are also needed to fully ensure contact-ability is achieved.
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49

Mostarac, Katarina, Zvonko Kavran, and Estera Rakić. "Accessibility of Universal Postal Service According to Access Points Density Criteria: Case Study of Bjelovar-Bilogora County, Croatia." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 31, no. 2 (April 16, 2019): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v31i2.3019.

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Abstract:
Universal service providers have an obligation to provide a minimum required set of postal services – known as universal service obligation. To ensure universal service obligation, regulatory measures (criteria) which service providers must fulfil are often set up. In this paper, a geographical analysis of these criteria is conducted using current regulatory framework in the Republic of Croatia as an example. Based on the framework of the gravity model, accessibility of postal service is presented. The goal of the proposed research is to investigate the application of the gravity model for determining postal service accessibility, with special emphasis on rural areas. To our knowledge, this method has not been used in previous studies to determine accessibility of postal services. The results of the applied model could be used in future planning of access density criteria with various transportation modes.
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50

Gjika, Jonida. "Universal Servicein Albania." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 1, no. 4 (April 30, 2016): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v1i4.p211-215.

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Abstract:
Approximation of national legislation in the sector of electronic communications services as well as in the sector of postal services by the acquis communautaire of the EU and harmonization with the policy sector and mid-term strategies for the development of networks and electronic communications services and postal services constitute the first steps and important for inclusion and consideration of universal service in the two respective sectors, the electronic communications and postal services. The next important stage is their implementation in practice for defining the elements of universal service in both sectors, to assess their national circumstances, to identify the social groups and different categories of who should be the beneficiaries of universal service respective by sector considering a set of principles concerning the necessity of their endurance by all users in financial terms,regardless of their geographic location, have access to the services offered and in this regard, the need to be cost-oriented evaluating and monitoring their principles for the fees to be the same for the same services and the obligation for the provider / providers of universal service that the respective services together with their charging and non-discriminatory, in order not to harm its competitiveness and development of the postal sector.
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