Academic literature on the topic 'Universal service obligations'
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Journal articles on the topic "Universal service obligations"
Clegg, Alicia M. "Universal service obligations." Telecommunications Policy 19, no. 6 (August 1995): 509–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-5961(95)97901-j.
Full textPeha, Jon M. "Tradable universal service obligations." Telecommunications Policy 23, no. 5 (June 1999): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0308-5961(99)00019-1.
Full textBel, Germà, and Joan Calzada. "Privatization and Universal Service Obligations." Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 165, no. 4 (2009): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/093245609789919685.
Full textChoné, Philippe, Laurent Flochel, and Anne Perrot. "Universal service obligations and competition." Information Economics and Policy 12, no. 3 (September 2000): 249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-6245(00)00014-7.
Full textWeller, Dennis. "Auctions for universal service obligations." Telecommunications Policy 23, no. 9 (October 1999): 645–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0308-5961(99)00048-8.
Full textGautier, Axel, and Xavier Wauthy. "Competitively neutral universal service obligations." Information Economics and Policy 24, no. 3-4 (December 2012): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infoecopol.2012.04.001.
Full textGautier, Axel, and Xavier Wauthy. "Price competition under universal service obligations." International Journal of Economic Theory 6, no. 3 (August 16, 2010): 311–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-7363.2010.00137.x.
Full textCave, Martin, and Keiko Hatta. "Universal service obligations and spectrum policy." info 10, no. 5/6 (August 15, 2008): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14636690810904715.
Full textPoudou, Jean-Christophe, and Michel Roland. "Equity justifications for universal service obligations." International Journal of Industrial Organization 52 (May 2017): 63–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2017.01.007.
Full textMoloney, Maria, and Liam Church. "Informational Privacy Preservation through Universal Service Obligations." Journal of Internet Technology and Secured Transaction 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20533/jitst.2046.3723.2012.0002.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Universal service obligations"
Bourk, Michael J., and n/a. "Universal service and people with disabilities : an anlysis of telecommunications policy making from 1975-1997." University of Canberra. Communication, 1998. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060608.160344.
Full textMortet, Benjamin. "Organisation industrielle des marchés et équité : le cas du service universel." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTD063.
Full textDefined as a set of public interest measures compatible with a competitive environment, universal service is the obligation for an operator (or a group of operators) to provide a range of basic services of specified quality to all consumers at an affordable rate. In many instances, a uniform price is imposed as an additional requirement to the service provider.Until now, the economic literature has focused essentially on efficiency issues. Nevertheless, this Pareto efficiency argument is not sufficient to justify plainly the universal service. Particularly, the literature stresses on the ethical aspect of USO but without using the recent development in distributive justice and without introducing it in a competitive market benchmark.The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the nature and the justification of USO and its relationship with ethic considerations. Why should USO constraints be imposed? What should a regulator do with social preferences in term of coverage, pricing, and market structure? Indeed, most models on coverage and pricing of USO generally assume their implementation exogenously, but do not give a justification for them.We propose to articulate this thesis around three points. First, we propose the study of the underlying ethical principles of USO, as analyzed in the literature, in order to provide a reading of the industrial organization of USO in terms of equity and justice between the agents involved in transactions. The notion of Tobin specific egalitarianism is traditionaly given to justify the USO. The new economic approaches to equity can allow going further and refining the egalitarian principles with emphasis on trade-off such as equality-responsibility and equality-freedom of choice. Secondly, equity preferences of the regulator are represented by an Atkinson-Stiglitz social welfare function. This allows us to study how to implement equity criteria through USO in a context where there is market constraints (such as monopoly or duopolistic pricing and coverage). This reveal the comparative advantages of each USO instruments in terms of efficiency and equity. This also determines which instruments are substitutes or complements with respect to different equity and efficiency measures.Thirdly, we describe the evolution of the legislative framework of universal service. Then we expose the distributional impacts of market structure changes in network industries. While universal service is often presented as the residual of competition intended to consider the issues of social justice, we show that the introduction of competition is rather fit itself in a distributive logic
Ramos, Boris G. "The impact of universal service obligations and other external and cross subsidies on teledensity in developing countries." Link to electronic thesis, 2006. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-053106-133409/.
Full textKeywords: value added services; cross subsidies; universal service; system dynamics; telecom planning. Includes bibliographical references (p.178-187).
Wavre, Veronique Lisa. "Mechanisms of policy diffusion in the telecommunications sector : Universal Service Obligations and spectrum management in Morocco, Egypt and Jordan." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/20521.
Full textCassou, Matthieu. "About the optimality of competition among health-care providers." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01E024.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is to study the potential effects of an increased competition between health-care providers on the allocative efficiency of the health-care system. In a theoretical framework it discusses the effect of competitive pressure considering the decentralization of treatment decisions, diagnostic tests’ performance, and the organization of care coverage. It is composed of an introduction and three chapters (essays), each of them focusingon a different aspect of the health-care system efficiency. Our findings globally suggest that the canonical effect of competition does not necessarily applies to the health-care market,and detail circumstances in which competition could degrade social welfare. The first chapter analyses the impact of competition on hospitals’ treatment praxis and their regulation through fixed-repayments. The second chapter details the regulation issues related to the incomplete nature of the information on patients’ illness before the decision to perform diagnostic tests.The last chapter of this thesis discusses the possible outcomes of the asymmetry of obligation of services between public and private competitors in an application to the home-care market for the elderly
Bourk, Michael J., and n/a. "A Narrative analysis of Australian telecommunications policy development with particular reference to the universal service obligation." University of Canberra. Communication, 2003. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20050331.101440.
Full textKarl, Estupinan Claudio. "Three essays on the economics of the postal sector." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209834.
Full textIn chapter one, we investigate the consumers' preferences for various kinds of postal services. As such, we begin by reviewing the market and regulatory conditions for Europe and for our case study, Belgium. Then using data provided by the incumbent provider, the Belgian post (Bpost), we estimate demand price elasticities. The data comprises customer transactional information on letter mail, direct mail, parcels & express services, press delivery and value added services for the 2008-2009 period. These categories constitute not only the important lines of services that Bpost offers to its clients but also the main segments that constitute the whole Belgian postal market. As such, and using standard methods, we estimate for each service an equation that explains demand by prices, product varieties (i.e. mixes or combinations of volume, weight, priority and destination, inter alia), income, regulation proxies and other socioeconomic variables. The estimated price elasticities for regulated and partially regulated services are around -1.1, whereas for unregulated segments they fluctuate between -2.1 and -2.8. The lowest price elasticity is obtained for direct mail services (-1.0); the highest ones are associated with value added services (-2.1) and registered mail (-3.3). Price elasticities may be influenced by the cyclical effects during the period of analysis. Therefore, elasticities are higher when compared with the empirical evidence obtained for other countries and through the various methodologies applied over the last decades. The fact that technological substitutes, such as expenditures on telephony and internet access for daily and administrative mail services and, radio and television advertising for direct mail services, could not be accounted for (because there were no data available) may however be considered as a major limitation for the scope of our results.
In the second chapter, we explore theoretically the effects of the USO on unregulated markets. In particular, we are interested in investigating its welfare effects when the provision of services cannot be technologically separated. We present a model in which there is an incumbent who provides two services: a universal service and a non-USO service, the latter opened to competition. This is the case of letter mail and direct (or bulk) mail, services which have quite different purposes and regulatory frameworks (i.e. the former is fully regulated whereas the latter is liberalized under the current European Internal Market framework), but are jointly produce at some stages of the postal value chain. The USO is simplified to two dimensions, affordability and quality, implemented as a price cap and a minimum quality standard (MQS) for the provision of letter mail services. The latter involves the technological aspects that we are interested in. We find that the definition of the USO plays an important role in organizing markets that are open to competition. When it imposes few quality requirements (low MQS), the incumbent is not cost efficient enough to provide the high-quality variant of bulk mail, allowing its competitors to cream-skim the segment. However, because there are cost economies, the firm's participation in the segment yields a higher average quality of mail services at lower prices. When the USO is too comprehensive (high MQS), the incumbent exhibits large cost economies that ensure a dominant position in the provision of bulk mail services. Consumers are worse off as competition induces too much service differentiation in order to make profitable the provision. Relaxing the definition of the USO mitigates the competitive advantage of the USP and so, yields improvements in welfare. In the absence of access costs, firms will find profitable to participate in the bulk mail segment. However, foreclosure happens if the USO induces the incumbent to exhibit significant fixed costs. Therefore, the USP may end up as the sole supplier of bulk mail services if the definition of the USO imposes too many quality requirements (high MQS). In that case, the authority must balance the welfare gains of defining USO with the welfare losses of the consumers of the contested service.
Finally, in the third chapter we consider the ownership aspect of the provision of universal services as an incentive to introduce competition. One can further segment the provision between services for customers located in high-cost areas and services for customers located in low-cost areas. Additionally, under the current EU legislation, the supply is divided between upstream activities (e.g. collection and sorting) and downstream activities (i.e. delivery). The provision of upstream activities in high-cost areas remains in hands of the incumbent firm or the owner of the downstream (delivery) network. The upstream provision in low-cost areas is open to competition, but a retailer may be vertically integrated/separated or legally unbundled with the downstream firm. Legal unbundling means, in our model, that the downstream firm and one upstream firm located in the low-cost area belong legally to the same entity entitled to all profits, whom does not have full control rights over the firms' decisions. That is to say, upstream activities and the downstream services will be managed separately under the same ownership. In this framework we analyze the firm's boundaries in terms of competition development and welfare. We implement two criteria to answer questions like, does vertical separation promotes competition (entry of firms) while covers a larger demand than vertical integration? Does vertical integration demand less public funds to cover demand? Does legal unbundling is worse than ownership separation to promote competition? The first criterion is the probability of entry (of the potential upstream firm), which we determine for each modes of ownership. The second criterion is the cost of public funds. It is implemented by defining a loss function as the difference between the expected consumer surplus when the downstream firm chooses an access fee that maximizes its profits and the consumer surplus when access is priced at marginal cost. The use of both criteria let us conclude that efficient entry occurs when the downstream firm is vertically separated or legally unbundled of the retailer providing services in the low-cost area. However, it is under legal unbundling that the access charge takes its lowest value. The highest cost of public transfers is obtained when firms are vertically separated, but the lowest one is attained when firms are legally unbundled. Therefore legal unbundling constitutes the preferred organizational form to induce competition and to reduce the cost of public funds.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
黃世雄. "A study on Universal service obligations in Telecommunications Environment." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/13628330894408517749.
Full text國立政治大學
行政管理碩士學程
91
【英文摘要】 A Study on Universal Service obligations in Telecommunications Environment Abstract In the past, in order to provide seamless end-to-end communications services for the end users, telecom enterprises that required cost-sunk expenditure, economies of scale and operated an indivisible network had been regarded as a naturally monopolistic business. Moreover, telecommunications as one of public services relevant to the people’s livelihood has to be provided for all nationals at an affordable price and a reasonable level of service quality. As a result, most telecom enterprises worldwide were operated and conducted by the Government. Nevertheless, along with the global trend of telecom liberalization, on July 1 1996 our government reorganized the DGT into a sole telecom regulator and established the state-own holding company, CHT, to provide telecom services, with a view to build up a regulatory regime and to open the telecom market further. To avoid newcomers in a competitive environment tending to focus on high revenue growth telecommunication markets, such as metropolitan areas, resulting in the phenomenon of ‘cream skimming’ and in the impediment to the spirit of public services, there is a need for government intervention in the provision of telecom services. Basically, the concept of universal telecommunications service shall be confined to the basic telecommunication services which are indispensable to every citizens and should be provided on reasonable request at an affordable price and a reasonable level of quality. However, universal telecommunications service might has different definitions over time so as to fulfill its policy objectives in each phase given the development of technologies and the changes in social environment. Accordingly, by conducting Documentary-type method, Delphi method and Case Studies, this dissertation has illustrated with regulatory theory why regulation shall be based on the requirement of the environment. Particularly, during the early stages of telecom liberalization, regulatory involvement at right moment is required for creating a level-playing field when introducing competition. From the websites of several telecom regulators in advanced countries, e.g. US, UK, Australia, HK, etc., and some literatures on telecom liberalization, this dissertation has collected those countries’ management criteria and legal framework for universal service and summed up their universal service objectives, providers, cost calculation methods and obligation sharing mechanisms. Then through a further analysis and comparison, it has tried to propose a universal service mechanism that might better fit our national conditions and offer the authority concerned some practical recommendations for the implementation issues. In conclusion, this dissertation has built up a universal telecommunications service mechanism based on both theoretical analyses and practical considerations. Besides, it has included some key findings as follows: (1) Given the fact that the universal service fund is not one kind of government funds, shall it still be managed through annual official planning and budgeting? (2) From a viewpoint of profitable undertaking, a fixed network operator might want to charge a remote subscriber outside its service area for some extra facilities fees for service installation. This might be reasonable under commercial terms. But shall we allow such extra fees to be subsidized by the universal service fund? (3) Some people might regard the purpose of the universal service fund as an issue on social security or emergency rescue, and hence distort the spirit of universal service fund. (4) It is questionable whether intangible benefits, resulting form the provision of universal service, could be grouped into revenue forgone. (5) Is it appropriate for an operator to recover its costs of providing coastal radio maritime emergency and safety communication services from the universal service fund? Furthermore, it has given several key policy recommendations as follows: (1) For the sake of dispelling people’s doubts and managing the efficiency in universal service fund, all of the accounts of expenditures shall be open and transparent except that the administrative costs must be kept at minimum. (2) In order to protect consumers’ rights, the equipment installation fee should follow a downward trend and must be cost based. (3) To avoid increasing the burden of telecom operators whose costs are ultimately entailed by consumers, budgets for social security or emergency rescue should be supported by national social welfare policies. (4) Intangible revenue that might be calculable by evaluating average effect of advertisement of each operator or top five operators should be grouped into revenue foregone. Or it may be possible to make a sampling survey of consumers’ behavior, finding the average contribution of each potential customer so as to estimate intangible revenue. (5) Grouping a task force to revise measuring criteria for the facilities and maintenance costs in coastal radio services efficiently. Besides, bids for these services may be opened for volunteers, or be coordinated with and incorporated into the function of Coast Guard Administration, Executive Yuan. (6) It is necessary to build up a mechanism of data management and auditing so as to increase the accountability of re-calculating data. (7) To think over the feasibility that mobile phone can be used for the provision of universal service as well by revising the relevant laws, and then in North, Middle, and South Taiwan, try to conduct a field trial in each area for providing universal service by using mobile phone. (8) For Type I telecommunications businesses, universal service committee can exempt them from universal service obligations with the concerns about their operation efficiency and the duration of losing money, and so on. For Type II telecommunications businesses, only those operating voice communications services, including simple resale and internet phone services, should bear the obligations, but whether they need to make contributions to the universal service fund or not can be decided through the evaluation of their business performance.
Ncgobo, Victor Mandla. "Monitoring and evaluation of universal service obligations for mobile network operators in South Africa." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/12764.
Full textUniversal Service Obligations (USOs) have been used, for over a decade, as a regulatory mechanism to bridge the digital divide in South Africa. For USOs to be effective and efficient in bridging the digital divide, it requires close coordination between various impacted and interested stakeholders, such as mobile network operators (MNOs), the ICT regulatory authority (the Independent Communications Authority of South Africa), and the Universal Service and Access Agency of South Africa in order to extend the number of beneficiaries of the USOs. Furthermore, this requires stakeholders to understand the full impact, as well as the costs and benefits (financial and non financial) before imposing the USOs. The evidence from this research confirms that there was no monitoring and evaluation of USOs for MNOs during their implementation. More importantly, the Regulatory Impact Assessment (as a regulatory tool) was never used by ICASA in respect of the USOs initiative. This led to the failure of the initiative in achieving most of its objectives. Such failure can be attributed to lack of understanding by ICASA of the general impact of imposing the USOs upon MNOs, given that no impact assessment was done before such imposition. Recommendations arising from the research include the need for a shared vision on the USOs initiative, the need for clearly identified and defined roles for all stakeholders with an interest in the initiative, the need for a properly analysed and know ICT access gap, the need to balance the use of market and non market mechanisms in respect of USOs, the to ensure a proper funding mechanisms for USOs, and the need to identify effective regulatory governance in respect of USOs.
Santos, Ricardo Manuel Sovela dos. "A sustentabilidade do Serviço Postal Universal na Europa e em Portugal." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/18692.
Full textThe postal universal service is seen as an essential public service, socially relevant, especially for the less technologically and disadvantaged population. Postal sector has evolved more sharply in the last decade. Not by whim, but by necessity, because it could be its economic-financial sustainability, due to the continued fall in the volume of postal mail, as a result of the substitution for alternative communication channels, namely digital. Postal operators have attempted to achieve sustainability by optimizing and reducing the level of service provided to the population. This evolution / adjustment in the universal service has not occurred uniformly in the European Union, with some countries reducing the level of service to increasingly lower (or even below) limits set by the European postal directives. We will observe in each of the European Member States the intensity of adjustment in the SU levels provided to the populations, which occurred in the last decade. That, although in some cases quite intense, does not prove sufficient, and proof of this is the increase of the public financing to the postal operators that provide the universal postal service. In a European context, in Portugal there have been no significant reductions in the US level in the last decade, and the PSU has so far not required any State aid. The postal concession contract is approaching the end (31.12.2020), it is urgent to understand how the universal postal service in Portugal should evolve, how and when it will be financed, pressed in 2018 by the worsening of the objectives set for the quality of the postal service imposed by the NRA.
Books on the topic "Universal service obligations"
Laffont, Jean-Jacques. Universal service obligations in developing countries. [Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2004.
Find full textXavier, Patrick. Universal service obligations in a competitive telecommunications environment. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1995.
Find full textClaire, Milne, Scanlan Mark, and European Commission, eds. Meeting universal service obligations in a competitive telecommunications sector: Report to DG, IV, CEC : March 1994. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1994.
Find full textRekha, Jain. Role of universal service obligation fund in rural telecom services: Lessons from the Indian experience. Ahmedabad: Indian Institute of Management, 2009.
Find full textKenny, Charles. Reforming the posts: Abandoning the monopoly-supported postal universal service obligation in developing countries. [Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2005.
Find full textLaffont, Jean-Jacques, Antonio Estache, and Xinzhu Zhang. Universal Service Obligations in Developing Countries. The World Bank, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-3421.
Full textConsultation paper on issues relating to universal service obligations. [New Delhi: Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, 2000.
Find full textOrganization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Universal Service Obligations in a Competitive Telecommunications Environment (Information Computer Communications Policy). OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-Operation & Dev, 1995.
Find full textEstache, Antonio, and Omar Chisari. Universal Service Obligations in Utility Concession Contracts and the Needs of the Poor in Argentina's Privatizations. The World Bank, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-2250.
Full textRole of universal service obligation fund in rural telecom services: Lessons from the Indian experience. Ahmedabad: Indian Institute of Management, 2009.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Universal service obligations"
Lewis, Charley. "Universal Service Obligations." In Regulating Telecommunications in South Africa, 127–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43527-1_4.
Full textPanzar, John C. "Funding Universal Service Obligations." In Future Directions in Postal Reform, 101–15. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1671-2_6.
Full textDavies, Jim, and Erika Szyszczak. "Universal Service Obligations: Fulfilling New Generations of Services of General Economic Interest." In Developments in Services of General Interest, 155–77. The Hague, The Netherlands: T. M. C. Asser Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-734-0_7.
Full textCremer, Helmuth, Marc De Rycke, and André Grimaud. "Cost and Benefits of Universal Service Obligations in the Postal Sector." In Managing Change in the Postal and Delivery Industries, 22–41. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6321-1_2.
Full textVisco-Comandini, Vincenzo. "Is the Compensation Fund an Appropriate Tool for Financing Universal Postal Service Obligations?" In New Business and Regulatory Strategies in the Postal Sector, 105–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02937-1_9.
Full textSpiegel, Menahem. "Universal Service Obligation." In Expanding Competition in Regulated Industries, 83–96. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3192-7_5.
Full textRawnsley, David, and Nomi Lazar. "Managing the Universal Service Obligation." In Emerging Competition in Postal and Delivery Services, 181–93. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5122-2_12.
Full textZhu, Lei. "Universal Service Obligation in Telecommunications." In Services of General Economic Interest in EU Competition Law, 137–73. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-387-0_5.
Full textDe Donder, Philippe, Helmuth Cremer, and Frank Rodriguez. "Funding the Universal Service Obligation under Liberalisation." In Postal and Delivery Services, 31–52. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0253-7_2.
Full textWavre, Véronique. "Universal Service Obligation (USO) and Spectrum Management." In Policy Diffusion and Telecommunications Regulation, 69–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70745-7_5.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Universal service obligations"
Panadea, Hartasia Susan, and Dadang Gunawan. "Service Quality Analysis of Internet Access From Universal Service Obligations Fund in Indonesia." In 2021 International Conference on Green Energy, Computing and Sustainable Technology (GECOST). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gecost52368.2021.9538671.
Full textAs’ad, Ihwana, and Muh Dahlan. "Management Model Implementation Strategy Universal Service Obligation (USO) Indonesia." In International Conference on Environmental Awareness for Sustainable Development in conjunction with International Conference on Challenge and Opportunities Sustainable Environmental Development, ICEASD & ICCOSED 2019, 1-2 April 2019, Kendari, Indonesia. EAI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.1-4-2019.2287227.
Full textNatchapon, Natchapon, Sermsit Soisodsri, and Yingyos Sriboonruang. "Service Factors Influencing Decision Making Of Universal Service Obligation Uso Net A Case Study of Chonburi Province Thailand." In Seventh International Conference on Advances in Social Science Management and Human Behaviour SMHB 2018. Institute of Research Engineers and Doctors, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15224/978-1-63248-160-3-26.
Full textBaek, Hyunmi, Eunjin Cho, and Jaeho Byun. "Estimating the Cost of Universal Service Obligation: A Review of International Practices and Comparative Analysis." In 2006 Technology Management for the Global Future - PICMET 2006 Conference. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/picmet.2006.296782.
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