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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Checking theory and grammatical functions in universal grammar. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.

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2

1975-, Teo Lee-Peng, ed. Weil-Petersson metric on the universal Teichmüller space. Providence, R.I: American Mathematical Society, 2006.

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3

Kalnins, E. G. Models of q-algebra representations. Hamilton, N.Z: University of Waikato, 1992.

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4

Kalnins, E. G. Models of q-algebra representations. Hamilton, N.Z: University of Waikato, 1992.

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5

Freese, Ralph. Commutator theory for congruence modular varieties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

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6

Foundations and functions of theology as a universal science: Theological method and apologetic praxis in Wolfhart Pannenberg and Karl Rahner. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1996.

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7

Xu, Ding. Functional categories in Mandarin Chinese. The Hague: Holland Academic Graphics, 1997.

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8

Function, selection, and innateness: The emergence of language universals. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.

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9

Vasanthi, T. Optimum Reliability Analysis of Mobile Adhoc Networks using Universal Generating Function under Limited Delivery Time and Cost. Edited by Kokula Krishna Hari K and K. Saravanan. Tiruppur, Tamil Nadu, India: Association of Scientists, Developers and Faculties, 2016.

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10

Herms, Ronald. An apocalypse for the church and for the world: The narrative function of universal language in the book of Revelation. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2006.

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11

Herms, Ronald. An apocalypse for the church and for the world: The narrative function of universal language in the book of Revelation. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2006.

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12

Borzyh, Stanislav. Pananthropea. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1218149.

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The monograph is dedicated to the supercontinent Pananthropea, which was created by the efforts of people, and therefore is named in his honor. It consists of all purely geographical continents, as well as all land areas, representing a single organism that functions exactly as a whole, but at the same time divided by nature itself. The relevance of this approach is shown as follows, as described in the three chapters of the text. First, it demonstrates the physical connectivity of all regions of our planet with each other, which is expressed in a change in the logic of the topology, today planted and controlled by man. Secondly, the presence of this huge and unbroken array is evidenced by the biological component of the world economy, which we have also transformed to suit our needs, thereby redrawing the natural course of affairs in this area and turning it into a global one. Third, the same is true of the cultural domain of our life, which at some point became universal, which again was achieved for the sake of our goals and interests, as a result of which we are all now members of a single interconnected association. It is of interest to both specialists and a wide audience and will be useful for us to understand both ourselves and the reality that we have constructed.
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13

Osipov, Viktor P. Globalʹnai︠a︡ rolʹ sery v ėvoli︠u︡t︠s︡ii planety i v proiskhozhdenii zhizni na Zemle: Sulphur universal function in planet evolution and in the origin of life on the Earth. Vladivostok: Nauchno-tekhn. assot︠s︡iat︠s︡ii︠a︡ "Intellektualʹnai︠a︡ sobstvennostʹ", 1996.

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14

Moench, Mel. Planet earth home: Introducing the functional, efficient, ecologically balanced, need-oriented, energy-independent, food-independent, simple, durable, non-polluting, single family, universal, minimal existence, living system built in the image of nature itself. Buffalo, MN: Osprey Press, 1995.

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15

Redbooks, IBM. Universal Management Agent: Functions and Integration. Ibm, 1999.

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16

Advanced Functions and Administration on DB2 Universal Database for Iseries. Ibm, 2001.

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17

Haspelmath, Martin. An Implicational Map for Indefinite Pronoun Functions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198235606.003.0004.

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This chapter describes a two-dimensional implicational map for representing nine functions of indefinite pronouns. It first considers indefiniteness markers as grammatical categories, the use/function-based approach, and a geometric representation of implicational universals. It then discusses the implicational map for the uses/functions of indefiniteness markers and shows how it works with three languages: English, Russian, and Nanay (Manchu-Tungusic). The distribution of indefinite pronoun series over the functions on the map in each language is illustrated. These three examples demonstrate how the semantic map captures cross-linguistic generalizations about indefinite pronoun systems and makes universal predictions. The chapter proceeds by explaining the distributional schemas of forty languages that include French, Swedish, Italian, Romanian, Bulgarian, modern Greek, Lithuanian, Irish, Korean, and Persian. Finally, it looks at further restrictions on combinations of functions and earlier formulations of typological implications.
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18

Stored Procedures, Triggers And User Defined Functions on DB2 Universal Database for Iseries. IBM.Com/Redbooks, 2004.

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19

Stored Procedures, Triggers, and User-defined Functions on DB2 Universal Database for iSeries. Vervante, 2006.

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20

Phillips, Andrew J. K. The function of sleep. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778240.003.0003.

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The function of sleep was a longstanding mystery in neuroscience, but there is now compelling empirical evidence for several key functions of sleep. Elucidating these functions and their underlying pathways is a hot area for the field of sleep research today, and many open questions remain. What we have gleaned from recent data is that it is important to view sleep as a synthesis of processes that enable improved functioning during wakefulness. There is no single universal function of sleep, but rather a collection of synergistic functions that are each of varying importance to different species. In humans, sleep plays critical roles in consolidating memories, restoring energy stores in the brain, clearing wastes from the brain, immune function, metabolic function, and overall health.
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21

Worthing, Mark William. Foundations and Functions of Theology As Universal Science: Theological Method and Apologetic Praxis in Wolfhart Pannenberg and Karl Rahner (European University Studies, Series Xxiii, 576). Peter Lang Pub Inc, 1996.

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22

Culicover, Peter W. Language Change, Variation, and Universals. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865391.001.0001.

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This volume is about how human languages get to be the way they are, why they are different from one another in some ways and not others, and why they change in the ways that they do. Given that language is a universal creation of the human mind, the puzzle is why there are different languages at all, why we don’t all speak the same language. And while there is considerable variation, there are ways in which grammars show consistent patterns. The solution to these puzzles, the author proposes, is a constructional one. Grammars consist of constructions that carry out the function of expressing universal conceptual structure. While there are in principle many different ways of accomplishing this task, the constructions that languages actually use are under pressure to reduce complexity. The result is that there is constructional change in the direction of less complexity, and grammatical patterns emerge that reflect conceptual universals. The volume consists of three parts. Part I establishes the theoretical foundations: situating universals in conceptual structure, formally defining constructions, and characterizing constructional complexity. Part II explores variation in argument structure, grammatical functions, and A′ constructions, drawing on data from a variety of languages, including English and Plains Cree. Part III looks at constructional change, focusing primarily on English and German. The study ends with some observations and speculations on parameter theory, analogy, the origins of typological patterns, and Greenbergian ‘universals’.
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23

Kanzieper, Eugene. Painlevé transcendents. Edited by Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744191.013.9.

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This article discusses the history and modern theory of Painlevé transcendents, with particular emphasis on the Riemann–Hilbert method. In random matrix theory (RMT), the Painlevé equations describe either the eigenvalue distribution functions in the classical ensembles for finite N or the universal eigenvalue distribution functions in the large N limit. This article examines the latter. It first considers the main features of the Riemann–Hilbert method in the theory of Painlevé equations using the second Painlevé equation as a case study before analysing the two most celebrated universal distribution functions of RMT in terms of the Painlevé transcendents using the theory of integrable Fredholm operators as well as the Riemann–Hilbert technique: the sine kernel and the Airy kernel determinants.
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24

The Universal Generating Function in Reliability Analysis and Optimization. Springer, 2005.

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25

The Universal Generating Function in Reliability Analysis and Optimization. London: Springer-Verlag, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-84628-245-4.

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26

Haspelmath, Martin. Indefinite Pronouns. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198235606.001.0001.

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Most of the world's languages have indefinite pronouns, that is, expressions such as someone, anything, and nowhere. This book presents an encyclopaedic investigation of indefinite pronouns in the languages of the world, mapping out the range of variation in their functional and formative properties. It shows that cross-linguistic diversity is severely constrained by a set of implicational universals and by a number of unrestricted universals. Topics include formal and functional types of indefinite pronoun, theoretical approaches to the functions of indefinite pronouns, the grammaticalization of indefinite pronouns, and negative indefinite pronouns.
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27

Cunningham, Lawrence A. Accounting and Financial Reporting. Edited by Jeffrey N. Gordon and Wolf-Georg Ringe. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743682.013.15.

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This chapter examines the functions of corporate accounting and financial reporting around the world, with particular emphasis on how local realities that explain persistent diversity often pose a barrier to aspirations for a universal system. It first charts the history and progress of contemporary efforts to move accounting from its diverse local roots to a unified global stage before turning to a discussion of the varying functions of accounting and reporting laws around the world. It then looks at aspects of accounting that are affected by national variation, including securities regulation, corporate governance, and corporate finance. Finally, the chapter explains how related forces contribute to persistent divergence in financial reporting.
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28

Baldwin, Thomas. Russell on Modality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786436.003.0007.

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This essay presents a synoptic account of Russell’s changing views concerning possibility and necessity. The essay shows how an intuitionist view of logical necessity, according to which it is a fundamental, indefinable property that is ‘purely and simple perceived’, swiftly gives way in Russell’s work to scepticism concerning whether necessity exists at all, since he holds that it cannot be explained by analyticity. The essay then shows how Russell returns, in effect, to both Aristotle and Hume with the thought that necessity is grounded on the universal truth of the relevant propositional function, and an attendant feeling of necessity. The essay also addresses Russell’s later suggestion that the domain of quantification of propositional functions is possible worlds—the idiom was familiar to him from his early book on Leibniz—and argues that Russell’s commitments point towards what in contemporary modal theory would be called a quasi-linguistic modal ersatzism.
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29

A, Stein-Schabes Jaime, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. On the locality of the no hair conjecture and the measure of the universe. [Batavia, Ill.]: Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, 1988.

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30

Haspelmath, Martin. Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198235606.003.0009.

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This book has explored indefinite pronouns in the world's languages in order to identify cross-linguistic generalizations. The study of indefinite pronouns has important implications for semantics, pragmatics, syntax, and morphology. This chapter summarizes the book's main findings and considers possible further typological connections. One significant finding is that most languages have indefinite pronouns of some kind, and that their shapes are fairly uniform across languages. In particular, such pronouns are generally of one of two types: either derived from interrogative pronouns by means of an indefiniteness marker or based on generic nouns such as ‘person’ or ‘thing’. The book has also shown that functional explanations are prominent in negative indefinite pronouns, and that the regularities of diachronic change are explained by the theory of grammaticalization. The main synchronic typological generalizations took the form of universal implications among different functions of indefinite pronouns, expressed by the implicational map.
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31

Fessler, Daniel M. T., and Edouard Machery. Culture and Cognition. Edited by Eric Margolis, Richard Samuels, and Stephen P. Stich. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195309799.013.0021.

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The article provides an overview on the approaches used to study the relation between culture and cognition. Psychological universals can be defined as those traits, processes, dispositions, or functions that recur across cultures, with at least a subset of each population exhibiting the trait. The strongest test of the universality of a given psychological trait is to search for it across maximally disparate cultures because traits may recur across cultures due to cultural influences alone. One methodological concern, however, is that whether or not a trait is identified in different cultures will depend in part on how the trait is defined. Some traits may be psychological universals because they are homologies. A trait is generatively entrenched if its development is a necessary condition for the development of other traits. Most modifications of a generatively entrenched trait are selected against because they prevent the development of these other traits. The approximate number sense, evident in cultures as diverse as small-scale hunter-horticulturalist societies and modern, technologically complex societies, is also present in numerous animal species. A number of uniquely human psychological traits are also universal because their development has been canalized during the evolution of human cognition. Natural selection selects against development pathways that rely on specific environmental inputs when these environmental inputs vary, when variation in these environmental inputs cause the development of variable traits, and when there is a single optimally adaptive variant.
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32

Hogh-Olesen, Henrik. Fiction and Narrative. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190927929.003.0009.

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Humans also create stories and dramatic settings that deal with the theme of what it means to be human. Humans live in narratives, and narratives are everywhere. This chapter looks at why humans spend that much time and resources on telling each other stories and dramatizing common human experiences. Which themes do these narratives revolve around? Are there universal themes? And what function do these symbolic universes have for our development and survival as individuals and as a species? Moreover, how and why do artistic expressions, themes, and forms change over time? The chapter lists existential, cognitive, and social functionalities .
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33

Roberts, Ian. Parameter Hierarchies and Universal Grammar. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804635.001.0001.

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This book develops a minimalist approach to cross-linguistic morphosyntactic variation. The principal claim is that the essential insight of the principles-and-parameters approach to variation can be maintained—albeit in a somewhat different guise—in the context of the minimalist programme for linguistic theory. The central idea is to organize the parameters of Universal Grammar (UG) into hierarchies which define the ways in which properties of individually variant categories and features may act in concert. The hierarchies define macro-, meso-, and microparameters as a function of the position of parametric options in a given hierarchy. A further leading idea, which is consistent with the overall goal of the minimalist programme to reduce the content of UG, is that the parameter hierarchies are not directly determined by UG. They are emergent properties stemming from the interaction of the three factors in language design. Universal Grammar, the first factor, provides a template for the underspecification of the formal features in terms of which parameters are defined. The second and third factors determine the organization of these formal options into hierarchies: two third-factor effects (Feature Economy and Input Generalization) play a central role. Cross-linguistic variation in word order, null subjects, incorporation, verb-movement, case/alignment, wh-movement, and negation are all analysed in the light of this approach. This book represents a significant new contribution to the formal study of cross-linguistic morphosyntactic variation on both the empirical and theoretical levels.
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34

LoLordo, Antonia. Gassendi on the Problem of Universals. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190608040.003.0002.

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Gassendi argues against universals and claims that the work traditionally thought to require them can in fact be done by general ideas. His arguments against universals are puzzling because they are almost entirely aimed at the doctrine of universals in re, a kind of realism which none of his contemporaries accepted. This chapter argues that Gassendi’s attack on universals is mainly intended to serve a rhetorical function—to emphasize the newness of his system and its anti-Aristotelian credentials. The chapter also provides an explanation of Gassendi’s theory of general ideas, focusing on its application to natural kinds. Finally, it analyzes Gassendi’s distinction between two different kinds of general ideas and how it bears on the distinction between intellect and imagination.
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35

Haspelmath, Martin. The Grammaticalization of Indefinite Pronouns. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198235606.003.0006.

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This chapter discusses the grammaticalization of indefinite pronouns, focusing on the ways in which such pronouns arise and change over time in different languages and the regularities in these changes. It first considers diachronic typology before describing four main source constructions for indefiniteness markers: the ‘dunno’ type, the ‘want/pleases’ type, the ‘it may be’ type, and the ‘no matter’ type. It then examines the six parameters of grammaticalization, three of which are paradigmatic (integrity, paradigmaticity, paradigmatic variability) and three are syntagmatic (scope, bondedness, syntagmatic variability). It also looks at desemanticization, with particular emphasis on three competing theories of semantic grammaticalization, before concluding with an overview of the indefinites that express the free-choice functions and their use as true universal quantifiers.
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36

Stecker, Robert. Intersections of Value. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789956.001.0001.

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This book is about the universal human need to aesthetically experience the world around us. To this end, it examines three appreciative contexts where aesthetic value plays a central role: art, nature, and the everyday. The book concludes by asking: what is the place of the aesthetic in a good life? An equally important theme explores the way the aesthetic interacts with other values—broadly moral, cognitive, and functional ones. No important appreciative practice is completely centered on a single value and such practices can only be fully understood in terms of a plurality of intersecting values. Complementing the study of aesthetic appreciation are: (1) An analysis of the cognitive and ethical value of art; (2) an attempt to answer fundamental questions in environmental aesthetics, and an investigation of the interface between environmental ethics and aesthetics; and (3) an examination of the extent to which the aesthetic value of everyday artifacts derives from their basic practical functions. The book devotes special attention to art as an appreciative context because it is an especially rich arena where different values interact. Artistic value is complex and pluralistic, a value composed of other values. Aesthetic value is among these, but so are ethical, cognitive, and art-historical values.
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37

Haspelmath, Martin. Formal and Functional Types of Indefinite Pronoun. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198235606.003.0003.

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This chapter examines formal and functional types of indefinite pronoun. It first presents some examples of different indefinite pronoun series in a variety of languages, focusing on a formal element shared by all members of an indefinite pronoun series, such as some and any in English. This element is called indefiniteness marker, an affix or a particle which stands next to the pronoun stem. The chapter proceeds by discussing two main types of derivational bases from which indefinite pronouns are derived in the world's languages: interrogative pronouns and generic ontological category nouns like person, thing or place. It also looks at the main functional types of indefinite pronoun, namely: negative indefinite pronouns and negative polarity (or scale reversal). Finally, it analyses some alternatives to indefinite pronouns, including generic nouns, existential sentences, non-specific free relative clauses, and universal quantifiers.
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38

Haspelmath, Martin. Overview. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198235606.003.0001.

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This book examines the connections between the formal and functional (semantic and syntactic) properties of indefinite pronouns. It considers the main theoretical debates surrounding the semantic and syntactic properties of indefinite pronouns as well as the diachronic sources of the markers of indefinite pronouns. It describes the new generalizations that emerge from the typological and diachronic research and provides explanations. It also outlines the goals and methods of the typological approach, focusing on the important preconditions for typology such as the availability of data from a variety of languages. Other topics covered by the book include the space of formal and functional variation found in indefinite pronouns, implicational universals, theoretical approaches to the functions of indefinite pronouns such as the tradition of structuralist semantics, the grammaticalization of indefinite pronouns, further sources of indefinite pronouns that cannot be easily subsumed under grammaticalization, and the cross-linguistic patterning of negative indefinite pronouns.
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39

Idris, Murad. War for Peace. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190658014.001.0001.

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Peace is the elimination of war, but peace also authorizes war. We are informed today that this universal ideal can only be secured by the wars that it eliminates. The paradoxical position of peace—opposed to war, authorizing war—is encapsulated by the claim that “war is for the sake of peace.” War for Peace is a genealogy of the political theoretic logics and morals of “peace.” It examines peace in political theory, as an ideal that authorizes war, in the writings of ten thinkers, from ancient to contemporary thought: Plato, Abū Naṣr al-Fārābī, Thomas Aquinas, Desiderius Erasmus, Alberico Gentili, Hugo Grotius, Ibn Khaldūn, Thomas Hobbes, Immanuel Kant, and Sayyid Quṭb. It argues that the ideal of peace functions parasitically, provincially, and polemically. In its parasitical structure, peace is accompanied by other ideals, such as friendship, security, concord, and law, which reduces it to a politics of consensus. In its provincial structure, the universalized content of peace reflects its idealizers’ desires, fears, interests, and constructions of the globe. In its polemical structure, the idealization of peace is the product of antagonisms and it then enables hostility. As idealizations of peace are disseminated across political thought, a core that valorizes peace and necessitates war insistently remains. War for Peace uncovers the genealogical basis of peace’s moralities and the political functions of its idealizations, historically and into the present.
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40

Fine, Terrence. Mathematical Alternatives to Standard Probability that Provide Selectable Degrees of Precision. Edited by Alan Hájek and Christopher Hitchcock. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199607617.013.11.

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This chapter challenges the nearly universal reliance upon standard mathematical probability for mathematical modeling of chance and uncertain phenomena, and offers four alternatives. In standard practice, precise assignments are made inappropriately, even to the occurrences of events that may be unobservable in principle. Four familiar examples of chance or uncertain phenomena are discussed, about which this is true. The theory of measurement provides an understanding of the relationship between the accuracy of information and the precision with which the phenomenon under examination should be modeled mathematically. The model of modal or classificatory probability offers the least precision. Comparative probability, plausibility/belief functions and upper/lower probabilities are carefully considered. The selectable precision of these alternative mathematical models of chance and uncertainty makes for an improved range of levels of accuracy in modeling the empirical domain phenomena of chance, uncertainty, and indeterminacy. Knowledge of such models encourages further thought in this direction.
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41

Anderson, James A. Software. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199357789.003.0004.

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Digital computers are “protean” in that they can become almost anything through software. Their basic design elements came from a 19th-century British tradition in logic, exemplified by Boole and Babbage. It seemed natural to have logic realized in hardware. This tradition culminated in the work of Alan Turing who proposed a universal computing machine, now called a Turing machine, based on logic. Although hardware that computes logic functions lies at the core of digital hardware, low-level practical machine operations are grouped together in “words.” Programs are based on hardware operations controlling computation at the word level. This chapter presents a detailed example of what a computer does when it actually “computes.” Because human cognition finds it hard to use such an alien device, there is a brief discussion of how programming became “humanized” with the invention of software tools like assembly language and FORTRAN.
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42

Hemerijck, Anton. Social Investment and Its Critics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790488.003.0001.

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The introduction to the volume surveys the emergence, diffusion, limits, merits, and politics of social investment as an ‘emerging’ welfare policy paradigm for the knowledge-based economy. After revisiting its intellectual roots, the chapter surveys the criticisms that are levelled against the social investment perspective in the academic literature. Provoked by critics, and also the growing evidence of social investment headway and theoretical progress, the chapter subsequently develops a multidimensional life-course taxonomy of three complementary social investment functions: (1) easing the ‘flow’ of contemporary labour-market and life-course transitions; (2) raising the quality of the ‘stock’ of human capital and capabilities; and (3) maintaining strong minimum-income universal safety nets as income protection and economic stabilization ‘buffers’, as a heuristic template for analysing the interdependent character of social investment policy reform through the lens of the life-course contingencies of the knowledge economy and modern family demography.
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43

Hernandez, Rebecca Skreslet. Authority by Aggregation and Abstraction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805939.003.0005.

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In addition to his views on ijtihād and tajdīd, al-Suyūṭī’s lasting influence in Islamic legal thought lies in the area of legal precepts (pithy maxims or questions that sum up areas of the law). Al-Suyūṭī’s al-Ashbāh wa-l-naẓāʾir stands as a core work in this genre of legal literature and is still a popular textbook for students at Egypt’s premier institution of religious learning, al-Azhar. Using the pragmatic theory of Grice and others, I argue that legal precepts fulfill a number of key discursive functions for the jurist. It is with al-Suyūṭī’s Ashbāh that he is most successful in asserting his authority as an aggregator, abstractor, and framer of the law. The power of framing lies in the ability to distill key universal principles from the vast corpus of Islamic substantive law and to assert that these principles represent the essence and spirit of the Sharīʿa.
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44

Peach, Ken. Health and Safety. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796077.003.0014.

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This chapter discusses health and safety, as ensuring health and safety is one of the most important functions of management. Health and safety rules are, generally speaking, universal: they cover employees and others in the workplace. Employees have a responsibility to take reasonable care of both themselves and others while at work, and to comply with all relevant laws and regulations pertaining to their work. Employers and managers have a duty to provide a safe working environment, and to ensure that employees are properly trained and have access to all relevant information to enable them to carry out their work without risk to their or others health. It is important to understand the chain of delegation: while it is possible to delegate the authority to a subordinate to deal with health and safety issues, the responsibility itself is not delegated. In this chapter, requirements for health and safety are discussed briefly, with examples.
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45

Grossberg, Stephen. Conscious Mind, Resonant Brain. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190070557.001.0001.

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The book is the culmination of 50 years of intensive research by the author, who is broadly acknowledged to be the most important pioneer and current research leader who models how brains give rise to minds, notably how neural circuits in multiple brain regions interact together to generate psychological functions. The book provides a unified understanding of how, where, and why our brains can consciously see, hear, feel, and know about the world, and effectively plan and act within it. It hereby embodies a revolutionary Principia of Mind that clarifies how autonomous adaptive intelligence is achieved, thereby providing mechanistic explanations of multiple mental disorders, biological bases of morality, religion, and the human condition, as well as solutions to large-scale problems in machine learning, technology, and Artificial Intelligence. Because brains embody a universal developmental code, unifying insights also emerge about all living cellular tissues and about how mental laws reflect laws of the physical world.
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46

Wierzbicka, Anna. Speaking about God in Universal Words, Thinking about God outside English. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190636647.003.0002.

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The chapter argues that vocabulary that is not intelligible to many “ordinary speakers” and not translatable into most languages of the world imprisons its users in a conceptual space defined by culture-specific English words and prevents genuine cross-cultural dialogue about God and religion. It seeks to demonstrate that it is possible to speak about God without relying on such complex and culturally shaped concepts and to think about God and religion afresh, in a new conceptual language based on the lexical and grammatical common core of all languages. As a result of a programme of cross-linguistic investigations, researchers believe that we now have a very good idea of what the shared lexical and grammatical core of all languages looks like and believe that different language-specific versions of this common core can function as minimal languages and be used for furthering understanding across cultures without bias.
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47

Reber, Arthur S. The First Minds. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190854157.001.0001.

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The book presents a novel theory of the origins of mind and consciousness dubbed the Cellular Basis of Consciousness (CBC). It argues that sentience emerged with life itself. The most primitive unicellular species of bacteria are conscious, though it is a sentience of a primitive kind. They have minds, though they are tiny and limited in scope. There is nothing even close to this thesis in the current literature on consciousness. Hints that cells might be conscious can be found in the writings of a few cell biologists, but a fully developed theory has never been put forward before. Other approaches to the origins of consciousness are examined and shown to be seriously or fatally flawed, specifically ones based on: (a) the assumption that minds are computational and can be captured by an artificial intelligence (AI), (b) efforts to discover the neurocorrelates of mental experiences, the so-called Hard Problem, and (c) looking for consciousness in less complex species by identifying those that possess precursors of those neurocorrelates. Each of these approaches is shown to be either essentially impossible (the AI models) or so burdened by philosophical and empirical difficulties that they are effectively unworkable. The CBC approach is developed using standard models of evolutionary biology. The remarkable repertoire of single-celled species that micro- and cell-biologists have discovered is reviewed. Bacteria, for example, have sophisticated sensory and perceptual systems, learn, form memories, make decisions based on information about their environment relative to internal metabolic states, communicate with one another, and even show a primitive form of altruism. All such functions are indicators of sentience. Conversations with a caterpillar function as a literary vehicle Finally, the implications of the CBC model are discussed along with a number of related issues in evolutionary biology, philosophy of mind, the possibility of sentient plants, the ethical repercussions of universal animal sentience, and the long-range impact of adopting the CBC stance.
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Boudreau, Joseph F., and Eric S. Swanson. Templates, the standard C++ library, and modern C++. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198708636.003.0017.

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This chapter is devoted to programming techniques which rely on the C++ template mechanism. This mechanism, which is the basis of a computing style known as generic programming, allows whole families of functions and classes to be easily written. It is described early in the chapter. A host of extremely useful template functions and classes is universally available in the C++ standard library, including container classes (vector, list, set, and map) and algorithms used to sort, shuffle, and otherwise manipulate or query their contents. The chapter closes with an introduction to the newer constructs of modern C++: smart pointers, lambda functions, the auto keyword, range-based for loops, and more. An application to group theory is explored in the exercises.
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49

Inductive Synthesis of Functional Programs: Universal Planning, Folding of Finite Programs, and Schema Abstraction by Analogical Reasoning (Lecture Notes in Computer Science). Springer, 2003.

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50

Garzonio, Jacopo, and Cecilia Poletto. The distribution of quantifiers in Old and Modern Italian. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747307.003.0012.

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This chapter considers the distribution of VO and OV orders in Old Italian when the object is represented by a quantified constituent. The investigation takes into consideration cases of VO/OV variation with complex analytic verb forms where V is the past participle and O contains a universal or a negative quantifier. It is shown that while OV with non-quantified DPs and complex QPs is optional, universal bare quantifiers always precede the past participle. It is proposed that bare quantifiers undergo obligatory movement to a dedicated position, which is a function of their internal structure. Moreover, it is argued that the modern stage of the language has preserved the movement of the quantifier, but this is not always visible because of a change in the movement properties of the verb: in generalized verb-second Old Italian the past participle remains trapped inside the vP left-periphery while it raises higher in Modern Italian.
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