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Bradbrook, Adrian J., and Judith G. Gardam. "ENERGY AND POVERTY: A PROPOSAL TO HARNESS INTERNATIONAL LAW TO ADVANCE UNIVERSAL ACCESS TO MODERN ENERGY SERVICES." Netherlands International Law Review 57, no. 01 (April 28, 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165070x10100011.
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Sánchez-Jacob, Eduardo, Andrés González-García, Javier Mazorra, Pedro Ciller, Julio Lumbreras, and José Ignacio Pérez-Arriaga. "Joint Optimal Planning of Electricity and Modern Energy Cooking Services Access in Nyagatare." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 6, 2021): 4093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144093.
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In 2019, there were 759 million people globally without access to electricity and 2.6 billion people lacked access to clean cooking. Cooking with electricity could contribute to achieving universal access to energy by 2030. This paper uses geospatially-based techniques—a computer model named REM, for Reference Electrification Model—to show the impact of integrating electric cooking into electrification planning. Three household scenarios were analyzed: one for providing basic electricity access with no electric cooking; another for cooking with electricity; and the third for cooking half of the meals with electricity and half with another fuel, with a clean stacking process. Results of the application of REM to the three scenarios were obtained for the Nyagatare District, Rwanda. The case study showed that electric cooking substantially changes the mix of technologies and the total cost of the least-cost electrification plan. It also showed that electric cooking can be cost competitive compared to LPG and charcoal in grid-connected households and can reduce greenhouse emissions. Stacking with energy-efficient electric appliances provides most of the benefits of full electric cooking at a lower cost and is a pathway worthy of further consideration.
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Olawuyi, Damilola, and Victoria R. Nalule. "Ensuring Universal Access to Modern Energy Services in Times of Pandemic Related Disruptions: Legal Challenges and Potential Responses." Journal of Sustainable Development Law and Policy (The) 12, no. 1 (September 27, 2021): 49–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jsdlp.v12i1.3.
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The significant disruptions to global energy markets across the world, in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, has shown that without robust law and governance frameworks to mitigate and manage pandemic-related disruptions to energy supply, global efforts to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals may be stifled.
This article examines legal and governance aspects of designing and implementing disaster risk reduction and resilience (DRRR) frameworks to ensure the security of energy supply in times of pandemic related disruptions. Various legal and institutional challenges that arise with extant DRRR frameworks, such as weak conceptualization of pandemic related risks in extant legislation; preexisting patterns of uneven energy access; gaps in data collection and sharing with respect to pandemic risks; inadequate cross-sectoral coordination amongst institutional actors, and resource limitations are examined in order to identify the ways in which an integrative legal framework on disaster management and resilience planning can help close these gaps.
The study suggests that clear and comprehensive legislation that recalibrate the scope of energy disruptions and improves data collection and cross-sectoral knowledge sharing by relevant institutional actors are significant steps towards protecting the integrity and resilience of modern energy systems in times of disruptive events such as pandemics.
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Naumenkova, Svitlana, Volodymyr Mishchenko, and Svitlana Mishchenko. "Key energy indicators for sustainable development goals in Ukraine." Problems and Perspectives in Management 20, no. 1 (March 20, 2022): 379–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.20(1).2022.31.
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Transforming the energy sector to provide universal access to reliable and modern energy services is an essential task for Ukraine, one of the Eastern Partnership countries with heavy energy dependence. It will help accelerate the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. The paper is devoted to studying Ukraine’s readiness to generate sustainable energy compared to the EU and other Eastern Partnership countries and the development of an information base for monitoring the achievement of SDG7.The data from the World Energy Council (WEC), the International Energy Agency (IEA), and the State Statistics Service of Ukraine are analyzed. Thus, the study proposed to expand the list of national monitoring indicators that more fully reflect the social, economic, and environmental results of SDG7 “Affordable and clean energy” in Ukraine. The development of an information monitoring base expands the opportunities to assess the availability, sustainability, and balance of national energy policy in green economic transformation. Furthermore, the indicators of energy intensity, carbon intensity, as well as access to sustainable energy for the population and business are emphasized. The findings are aimed to raise the level of awareness of government agencies and make balanced decisions to accelerate the achievement of SDG7 in Ukraine.
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Kuamoah, Catherine. "Renewable Energy Deployment in Ghana: The Hype, Hope and Reality." Insight on Africa 12, no. 1 (January 2020): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0975087819898581.
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Over recent years, few areas of international development research have seen as much transformation as those relating to energy access and low carbon transitions. Ghana, amongst other African economies, has seen an increase in energy demand surpassing the supply of energy in the last decade. The incorporation of the incorporation of renewable energy into the mix is, therefore, seen as a significant role in addressing the energy needs by replacing conventional fuels with clean and reliable domestic electricity with the advantage of local economic opportunities. The country has adopted the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG); SDG goal 7 targets ensuring universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services. This target presents a formidable challenge to Ghana because the country still relies mainly on non-renewable energy sources. The country has a huge potential for renewable energy that remains underexploited. This study, therefore, seeks to assess the current renewable energy resource situation, examine the trend in Ghana’s energy consumption and undertake a comprehensive review and critical evaluation of Ghana’s renewable energy drive and policies.
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Korkovelos, Alexandros, Hisham Zerriffi, Mark Howells, Morgan Bazilian, H.-Holger Rogner, and Francesco Fuso Nerini. "A Retrospective Analysis of Energy Access with a Focus on the Role of Mini-Grids." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (February 27, 2020): 1793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12051793.
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Achieving universal access to electricity by 2030 is a key part of the Agenda for Sustainable Development, and has its own Sustainable Development Goal, SDG 7.1. This is because electricity services are required for almost all aspects of a modern economy, from the cooling of vaccines to irrigation pumping, to manufacturing and running a business. The achievement of SDG 7.1 will require a thoughtful mix of policy, finance, and technology to be designed and implemented at scale. Yet, the pressing need for an electrification ramp-up is not unprecedented. Many countries (now considered “industrialized”) faced similar challenges about a century ago. Although the existing literature covers a great deal of power systems evolution, there is a gap around the specific role and impact of small, isolated power systems in the early stages of electricity uptake. In this paper, we provide insights based on the review of the historical electrification efforts in four (now middle and high-income) countries. The drivers and context of electrification efforts in early stages are described. Those focus particularly on the role of dispersed, small-scale generation systems (mini-grids). Our analysis shows that electrification follows four loosely defined phases, namely: pilot projects, technological roll-out, economic expansion, and social scale-up. We report a selection of historical mistakes and advances that offer lessons of striking importance for today´s energy access efforts, particularly in regards to the development of mini-grids. We find that today, as historically, multi-stakeholder (e.g., planners, regulators, developers, investors, third party actors) collaboration is key and can help build locally adaptable, economically sustainable and community compatible mini-grids that can accelerate—and lower the societal costs of—universal access to electricity.
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Acheampong, Michael, Qiuyan Yu, Funda Cansu Ertem, Lucy Deba Enomah Ebude, Shakhawat Tanim, Michael Eduful, Mehrdad Vaziri, and Erick Ananga. "Is Ghana Ready to Attain Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Number 7?—A Comprehensive Assessment of Its Renewable Energy Potential and Pitfalls." Energies 12, no. 3 (January 28, 2019): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030408.
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Ghana has declared support for the UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) number seven which most importantly target ensuring universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services. This target presents a formidable challenge to Ghana because the country still relies mainly on traditional biomass as its primary source of energy coupled with a chronically fragile hydropower sector. In this study, we assess Ghana’s potential in achieving sustainable goal number seven. Specifically, we comprehensively review the breakthroughs and impediments Ghana has experienced in its efforts towards improving its renewable energy potential. We note that while Ghana has made significant stride toward attaining energy efficiency, its effort at large-scale biofuel development hit a snag due to issues of “land grabbing” emanating both from local and foreign entities. In another breadth, several pilot studies and research initiatives have demonstrated the possibility of diversifying the energy sector with other renewable energy options including solar, wind, and small hydro. In spite of challenges encountered with the development of biofuels, our review concludes that Ghana retains vast reserves of renewable energy potential, which can be harnessed with the constantly improving technological advancements as it pursues SDG number seven.
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Thapa, Rana Bahadur, Bishnu Raj Upreti, Durga Devkota, and Govind Raj Pokharel. "IDENTIFYING THE BEST DECENTRALIZED RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM FOR RURAL ELECTRIFICATION IN NEPAL." Journal of Asian Rural Studies 4, no. 1 (January 25, 2020): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/jars.v4i1.2097.
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Access to electricity is generally recognized as an important factor for economic and social development. Moreover, the world energy consumption depends on the use of limited resources like fossil fuels that induce adverse impact on the environment and society. As an alternative, renewable energies turn into crucial alternative energy ensuring sustainable energy needs and taking care of society, economy and the environment. In order to combat such issues, the United Nations has declared universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy for by 2030. In many cases, different types of renewable energy systems are being developed to serve energy need without considering the best alternative. Thus, this paper tries to prioritize the installed Decentralized Renewable Energy (DRE) systems for rural electrification in Nepal by analyzing nineteen sustainability indicators related to four sustainability dimensions - technical, social, economic and environmental. An Analytical Hierarchy Process-Online Software (AHP-OS) model is used for ranking various DRE systems. Suitable goals, criteria, sub-criteria, and alternatives are developed after reviewing pertinent literature and consultation of the experts. The results reveal that micro-hydropower is the best electrification option followed by the solar home system, solar mini-grid, and wind-solar hybrid for decentralized electrification in Nepal. Biomass is found to be the least prioritized alternative in Nepal. The outcome of the research can help the policy-makers and decision-makers in shaping energy policies, plans, and programs, and foster sustainable energy development in the country. Similarly, the relevant stakeholders will be benefited by improving their products and services in the future.
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Joshi, Chetan. "A Review on EcoSan (Ecological Sanitation)." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 20, 2021): 1806–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36687.
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In today’s world about 2.4billion people from urban and rural areas do not have suitable access to sanitation services. In upcoming 20 years, it is estimated that a surplus of 2 billion will get migrated to urban areas, probably in developing countries, necessitating sanitation. Still greater than 90% of sewage in developing countries is discharged unprocessed polluting water bodies. Traditional sanitation ideas are neither ecofriendly nor cost-effective for developing countries. Ecological Sanitation (EcoSan) is a sanitation system having a cycle of sustainable closed-loop system, which winds up the breach between sanitation and agriculture. The EcoSan technique is resource minded and characterize a universal approach towards ecofriendly and economically healthy sanitation. The primary goal is to close water and nutrient cycle with minimum expenses on energy and material to subsidize a sustainable development. Human excreta is treated as resource and are generally handled on-site and treated off-site. The nutrient contents in excreta are reutilized by using them in agriculture. EcoSan is a complete methodology. Single practices are only measures to termination and may range from near-natural wastewater treatment techniques to compost toilets, uncomplicated domestic installations to complex, mainly decentralized systems. These technologies are not ecofriendly but only in relation with witnessed environment. They are chosen from complete range of available conventional, traditional and modern techniques merging them to EcoSan system.
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Venn, John. "Rapid Access to Modern Energy Services Using Lp Gas." Energy & Environment 16, no. 5 (September 2005): 781–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/095830505774478486.
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Modern energy is not universally available. An estimated two billion people in the world do not yet have access to modern fuels and around one quarter of all energy consumed in developing countries is derived from the burning of wood, charcoal, crop residues and animal dung. Yet a modern energy carrier exists that can meet the thermal energy needs of many of these people from both developing and developed countries. This energy carrier is available now, at low marginal cost. It can rapidly provide a critical step up on the energy ladder from traditional fuels to modern fuels whilst accelerating the socio-economic development of urban and rural regions in a sustainable manner. This modern energy carrier is LP Gas. LP Gas (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) is a by-product of natural gas production and / or crude oil refining. With an annual demand of approximately 250 million tonnes of oil equivalent, LP Gas consumption is now equivalent to approximately 10% of global natural gas consumption. Due to its versatile characteristics, LP Gas has found uses in many applications from being a thermal fuel in domestic applications to being essential in industrial and agricultural uses. LP Gas is now also the world's most popular alternative automotive fuel. Energy demand generally increases with population growth but in many developing countries, the rate of population growth far exceeds the rate of modern energy provision with a result that energy poverty in developing countries is extremely high. Lack of modern energy prevents the socio-economic development necessary to allow communities to move up the energy ladder from traditional fuels to fuels that can support and stimulate a greater level of economic activities. LP Gas is the ideal transition fuel to modern energy carriers such as natural gas. Access can be achieved at relatively low marginal cost through a well-developed global LP Gas industry. Barriers to LP Gas use can often be overcome through effective government policies. The case for government support to the LP Gas sector is based on the positive contribution the fuel can make to sustainable development. Experience from several countries shows that active government support can catalyse the development of the LP Gas market and lead to a virtuous circle of growing market potential, increased investment and expanded availability. LP Gas is available now. There is nothing exotic to invent or improve. The transportation system that moves it is in place and the tanks that store it are available today.
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Pachauri, Shonali, Bas J. van Ruijven, Yu Nagai, Keywan Riahi, Detlef P. van Vuuren, Abeeku Brew-Hammond, and Nebojsa Nakicenovic. "Pathways to achieve universal household access to modern energy by 2030." Environmental Research Letters 8, no. 2 (May 2, 2013): 024015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/024015.
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Bazilian, Morgan, Patrick Nussbaumer, Christine Eibs-Singer, Abeeku Brew-Hammond, Vijay Modi, Benjamin Sovacool, Venkata Ramana, and Peri-Khan Aqrawi. "Improving Access to Modern Energy Services: Insights from Case Studies." Electricity Journal 25, no. 1 (January 2012): 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2012.01.007.
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Reddy, B. Sudhakara. "Access to modern energy services: An economic and policy framework." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 47 (July 2015): 198–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.03.058.
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Bradbrook, Adrian J., Judith G. Gardam, and Monique Cormier. "A Human Dimension to the Energy Debate: Access to Modern Energy Services." Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law 26, no. 4 (November 2008): 526–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02646811.2008.11435198.
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Tazvinga, Henerica, Oliver Dzobo, and Maxwell Mapako. "Towards sustainable energy system options for improving energy access in Southern Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 31, no. 2 (June 14, 2020): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2020/v31i1a6504.
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Access to modern energy services is one of the pre-requisites to improved livelihood, yet the poor, particularly in developing countries, remain tied to unhealthy and inefficient traditional fuels. Renewable energy technologies are increasingly popular energy supply alternatives to fossil-based fuels in many countries. This study presents sustainable energy system implementation options for increasing energy access in developing countries, with special emphasis on Sub-Saharan Africa. A feasibility case study and various implementation options are presented for possible deployment of these systems. Hybrid optimization of multiple energy resources software was used to simulate and validate the proposed hybrid system design and performance. The simulation results indicate that hybrid systems would be feasible options for distributed generation of electric power for remote locations and areas not connected to the electricity grid. Such a hybrid energy system, through providing modern energy services, gives promise to free-up rural communities to engage in productive activities. The opportunity to power or facilitate productive activities such as agro-processing, fabrication and services can potentially reduce poverty.
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Del-Río-Carazo, Laura, Emiliano Acquila-Natale, Santiago Iglesias-Pradas, and Ángel Hernández-García. "Sustainable Rural Electrification Project Management: An Analysis of Three Case Studies." Energies 15, no. 3 (February 7, 2022): 1203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15031203.
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Universal access to energy is a global challenge for sustainable development that requires granting last-mile access to energy services to rural and isolated communities. However, achieving access is not sufficient: it must be done affordably, reliably and with an adequate quality. Universal access to energy goes beyond the mere selection of a technical solution or infrastructure; it demands being able to design management models for projects aiming to guarantee that households may access energy services in a sustainable way. This study analyzes the main elements (i.e., governance, technological and business models) of management models in universal access to energy projects and their impact on the different dimensions of sustainability (i.e., social, environmental, and economic). The study then presents three case studies of rural electrification projects having different configurations of the management model, with special focus on the differences in the business model, and it analyzes their outcomes from a sustainability perspective. The analysis of the three case studies suggests that the choice of the business model is key to ensuring sustainability, with fee-for-service models giving the best results. The analysis also highlights the importance of collaboration and involvement of the communities in projects engaging multiple agents with different roles.
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Ryan, Michael H. "Telecommunications Carriers and the “Duty to Serve”." McGill Law Journal 57, no. 3 (May 4, 2012): 519–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1009066ar.
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Telephone companies share with other public utilities a common law duty to provide their services on demand, at a reasonable price, and without unreasonable discrimination. In Canada, this common law duty exists alongside statutory service obligations imposed on telecommunications carriers and regulatory policies promoting universal access to basic telecommunications services. Some argue that in the modern environment, where a wide range of telecommunications services is available on a near-universal basis from a profusion of suppliers, the duty to serve has become an anachronism and that carriers should now be relieved of such obligations. There are others, however, who caution that the elimination of the duty to serve might jeopardize the continuation of service to geographically remote areas and should therefore be retained. Still others advocate expanding the duty to include broadband in order to facilitate wider access to high-speed Internet services. The debates surrounding these issues reveal that there is no consensus about the scope of the duty to serve. This article seeks to clarify the parameters of the common law duty to serve and discusses how that duty interrelates with carriers’ statutory service obligations and regulatory policies promoting universal service.
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Gyawali, Surya, Sushil Bahadur Bajracharya, Sudarshan Raj Tiwari, and Hans Norve Skotte. "Enhancing Access to Energy Services for Sustainable Development in Rural Communities." Journal of the Institute of Engineering 15, no. 3 (October 15, 2020): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v15i3.32172.
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Access to energy has been based on physical availability, acceptability, adequacy, affordability, reliability, and quality of supply. In addition to physical access, real access to energy services can be limited by the purchasing power of the household, the cost of energy and cost or energy-using equipment. However, ensuring adequate energy for a healthy life implies that the types and amount of energy should meet basic minimum needs without adverse health impacts. The purpose of the paper is to explore the dimensions of energy access to rural communities in developing countries for enhancing sustainable development objectives. The systematic literature review methodology has been used to define approaches of sustainability of energy access and try to understand the linkage between modern energy access to sustainable development for rural communities. The study is stabilized that, redefinition and standard thresholds for sustainable energy services in local community level are crucial for human welfare and health, efficiency and productivity, as well as impacts on the environment, must be linked with sustainable development. Measuring sufficiency or adequacy is harder to define because this may vary from amazingly from region to region depending on climate, customs, and living standards. The study provides a unique insight into the needs, feelings and capabilities of people living with and without modern energy and related innovations and it contributes how these are mobilized and constrained in ways that may extend existing inequalities and the barriers to meaningful access, but also may signify means to overcome them.
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Baxter Chamdimba, Hope, Gad Reuben Mugagga, and Elias Ako. "Prospects and Constraints to Attaining Universal Access to Modern Energy in Malawi: A Review." International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy 10, no. 1 (2021): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijrse.20211001.14.
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Bisaga, Iwona, and Long Seng To. "Funding and Delivery Models for Modern Energy Cooking Services in Displacement Settings: A Review." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 10, 2021): 4176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144176.
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Cooking with modern energy fuels and technologies has a high potential to positively impact the users’ health and well-being, and make cooking safer and less burdensome for women and girls. To date, there have been numerous interventions targeting improved cooking solutions in displacement settings, but very few which have involved modern energy cooking, such as ethanol, biogas, LPG or electric cooking. They have been largely absent from humanitarian programming due to limited availability, affordability and lack of business models that suit those complex settings. Additionally, energy access services in displacement settings have historically relied primarily on grant-based funding. However, grants are limited to relatively short timeframes which do not align with the long-term needs of the displaced. New ways of funding energy access in displacement settings, and particularly modern energy cooking services, are urgently needed to address the scale of the challenge as the number of displaced surpassed 80 million in 2020, with close to 90% having little or no access to adequate cooking fuels and technologies. In this paper, we review modern energy cooking in displacement settings and the common ways of funding and delivering them. We argue that new ways of funding and delivering energy access in displacement settings are urgently needed to address the scale of the challenge and to facilitate transitions to modern energy cooking fuels and technologies, in line with Sustainable Development Goal 7 and the principle of ‘leaving no one behind’.
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Bello, Mukhtar. "Renewable Energy for Sustainable Socio-Economic Development in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Sub-Saharan Africa." Advanced Materials Research 1116 (July 2015): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1116.33.
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Worldwide, developing countries struggle to overcome numerous problems that constrain their socio-economic development. Sub-Saharan African countries represent a good example of developing countries with serious developmental challenges. Thus, this chapter presents a critical analysis on the socio-economic situation in Sub-Saharan Africa and the links between limited access to modern energy services and the prevailing socio-economic circumstance. It discusses the expected roles of renewable energy technologies in increasing energy access in the region and highlights important factors that influence extensive deployment of renewable energy technologies for sustainable development. Reliable statistical data on both the Human Development Index (HDI) and Energy Development Index (EDI) rankings indicate that most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa lie far below the world average and as a region, Sub-Saharan Africa scores least. There is high level of poverty and inadequate social services, which is attributed to acute shortage of modern energy services. In Sub-Saharan Africa, over 70% of the population lack reliable access to electricity and modern cooking fuels, which represents a large proportion of the „energy poor‟ in the world. Lack of access to modern energy services limits economic and agricultural opportunities, negatively affects the environment, promotes gender inequality and constrains delivery of social services such as health care delivery system and education. Thus, one of the biggest developmental challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa is to find effective and pragmatic solutions for increasing energy access. Sub-Saharan Africa is richly endowed with renewable energy resources such as biomass, wind, solar, hydropower and geothermal, which largely remain unexploited. The renewable energy resources are widely available throughout the region unlike the conventional fossil-based resources, that is, coal, oil and gas, which are concentrated within very few countries. Therefore, the renewable energy resources if properly and fully utilized can provide clean, affordable and reliable energy services that will promote socio-economic activities and support sustainable development.
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Poblete-Cazenave, Miguel, Shonali Pachauri, Edward Byers, Alessio Mastrucci, and Bas van Ruijven. "Global scenarios of household access to modern energy services under climate mitigation policy." Nature Energy 6, no. 8 (August 2021): 824–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41560-021-00871-0.
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Dioha, Michael O., and Nnaemeka Vincent Emodi. "Investigating the Impacts of Energy Access Scenarios in the Nigerian Household Sector by 2030." Resources 8, no. 3 (July 18, 2019): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources8030127.
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Lack of access to modern forms of energy continues to hamper socio-economic development in Nigeria, and about 94% and 39% of the Nigerian population do not have access to clean cooking equipment and electricity, respectively. The United Nations Sustainable Energy for All initiative and Sustainable Development Goal number seven seek to provide universal modern energy for all by 2030. However, the implications of these global goals on Nigeria’s energy system have not been well researched in the literature. In this study, we applied the Long-Range Energy Alternatives Planning Systems model to analyse the impacts of different energy access scenarios by 2030 on household energy consumption, CO2 emissions and local air pollutant emissions. We also analysed different scenarios for biomass renewability in order to understand its impact on household net CO2 emissions. We found that achieving a 100% modern energy access by 2030 would reduce final energy demand by around 845 PJ, which is equivalent to a 52.4% reduction when compared to the baseline scenario. A 100% modern access would also significantly reduce local air pollutants, but increase CO2 emissions significantly by 16.7 MtCO2 compared to the baseline scenario. Our analysis shows that the benefits of modern energy access have been limited in Nigeria due to poor financing and low income levels of households. Therefore, we argue that for a 100% modern energy access in Nigeria by 2030, there is a need to explore local and foreign funding sources, and a serious need to couple energy access programs in the country with income-generating activities.
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Jacome, Veronica, Noah Klugman, Catherine Wolfram, Belinda Grunfeld, Duncan Callaway, and Isha Ray. "Power quality and modern energy for all." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 33 (July 29, 2019): 16308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1903610116.
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“Modern energy for all,” an internationally supported initiative to connect populations to electricity services, is expected to help reduce poverty-induced vulnerabilities. It has become a primary strategy for meeting sustainable development goals, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. However, when electricity is supplied by a capacity-constrained grid to a resource-constrained population, the service quality can vary both spatially and temporally. This research explores the quality of electricity services based on a case study of Unguja, Tanzania. Using 1) open-ended interviews, 2) detailed electricity-systems monitoring, and 3) household surveys, we show how voltage quality varies significantly, even within highly localized settings. Fluctuations result in dim lights at best and power outages and broken appliances at worst, denying many Unguja residents the expected benefits of access to modern energy. By combining an extensive understanding of the physical system together with interviews and surveys, this work presents a unique mapping of voltage quality in a system that is financially and physically constrained and highlights the consequences of poor-quality service for poor users.
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Bonan, Jacopo, Stefano Pareglio, and Massimo Tavoni. "Access to modern energy: a review of barriers, drivers and impacts." Environment and Development Economics 22, no. 5 (July 10, 2017): 491–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x17000201.
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AbstractUniversal access to modern energy services, in terms of access to electricity and to modern cooking facilities, has been recognized as a fundamental challenge for development. Despite strong praise for action and the deployment of large-scale electrification programs and improved cookstove (ICS) distribution campaigns, few studies have shed light on the barriers to, the enablers of and the impacts of access to energy on development outcomes, using rigorous methodologies. This paper reviews this recent strand of research, trying to fill these gaps. The authors focus on the demand-side and household perspective. Their main outcomes of interest are electricity connection and ICS adoption for the analysis of barriers, time allocation, labor market outcomes and welfare for the impact analysis. They provide evidence of significant wellbeing impacts of electrification and mixed evidence for cookstoves.
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Reddy, B. Sudhakara, P. Balachandra, and Hippu Salk Kristle Nathan. "Universalization of access to modern energy services in Indian households—Economic and policy analysis." Energy Policy 37, no. 11 (November 2009): 4645–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.06.021.
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Paškevičius, Julius. "The Conceptualization of Energy Justice: The EU Sphere." Baltic Journal of Law & Politics 13, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 163–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjlp-2020-0007.
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Abstract The regulation of the energy sector in the EU adresses different challenges in pursuance of ensuring the functioning of the energy system. One of the most pressing current energy issues in the EU is household access to energy services, which is acknowledged as social justice concern. Provided that access to universal service in the EU is recognised as a right of households, the article aims to introduce the advanced concept of energy justice desiged for the investigation of households’ ability to access sufficient energy service in the EU. The article is organized in three parts. The first part specifies the roots of energy justice. The second part assesses whether the constituent elements of energy justice comply with EU fuonding values. Lastly, the more comprehensive concept of energy justice is presented with underlying rationale.
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Aratskiy, I. D. "The Concept of Access to Sustainable Energy Sources in the Doctrine of International Law." Actual Problems of Russian Law 17, no. 11 (July 11, 2022): 169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2022.144.11.169-182.
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In today’s world, energy is one of the fundamental industries and is essential for economic development, poverty eradication and adaptation to the effects of climate change. Access to sustainable energy sources (RES) is the foundation of modern sustainable energy, and international law has a key role to play in achieving such access. The aim of the study is a theoretical consideration and generalization of the positions of modern scientists within the framework of international energy law in terms of access to RES. The genesis of access to sustainable energy sources in the writings of scholars on international energy law originates from the work of Professor A. D. Bradbrook, who considers such access primarily through the prism of international human rights law and notes the paramount task of achieving universal access to RES in order to reduce poverty. R. D. Heffron formulated the access under study as one of the basic principles of international energy law, at the same time, the main place in the author’s works in this area is given to the concept of energy justice. S. Bruce noted the high importance of the Sustainable Energy for All (SE4All) initiative, the International Renewable Energy Agency and Sustainable Development Goal No. 7 in achieving researched access, and also highlighted a number of international agreements as instruments of particular importance for access to RES.
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Sadath, Anver C., and Rajesh H. Acharya. "ACCESS TO MODERN ENERGY SERVICES AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA: HAS GOVERNMENT POLICIES PAID OFF?" International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 11, no. 3 (April 10, 2021): 432–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.10949.
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Owoeye, Olasupo. "Access to energy in Sub-Saharan Africa." Environmental Law Review 18, no. 4 (December 2016): 284–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461452916678521.
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Energy access is fundamental to the full enjoyment of not only economic and social rights but also civil and political rights. Whilst the campaign for extending energy access to the world’s most vulnerable populations may be validly anchored on the need to mitigate climate change and promote sustainability, it is exigent to also underscore its human rights significance. In Africa, where most countries have weak environmental regulation and enforcement structures, the climate change and sustainable development rhetoric most commonly used in emphasising the importance of energy access may not yield the desired results. Access to energy is a major issue in Africa and South Asia where a very significant proportion of their populations make use of biomass-sourced fuels to meet most of their energy needs. This has come with some major attendant health, environmental and socio-economic consequences. This article argues that energy access has transcended the contours of climate change and has become a human rights issue. It posits that African Union states may be made to take progressive measures to provide modern energy services through the adjudicatory jurisdiction of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights.
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Bizonych Dmytro, Bizonych Dmytro. "ESCО IN THE FIELD OF HOUSING AND COMMUNAL ECONOMY OF MODERN UKRAINE: EXPERIENCE AND PROSPECTS." Socio World-Social Research & Behavioral Sciences 03, no. 01 (January 4, 2021): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/swd0301202152.
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The article highlights and summarizes the experience of ESCOs in the field of housing and communal services of modern Ukraine and identifies further theoretical and practical prospects for its improvement and development. The main conditions for the development of ESCOs in modern Ukraine are clarified. Ways to increase the level of energy efficiency and energy saving in the field of housing and communal services of modern Ukraine are proposed. The potential of energy saving in modern Ukraine is revealed. Further, prospects for the improvement and development of energy services and ESCOs in the field of housing and communal services of modern Ukraine are identified. The current concept of ESCO is given. The concept of energy service and the essence of the concept of energy service are revealed. ESCOs have been identified - barriers (budgetary, economic, institutional, motivational, technical, financial) that need to be addressed by law. Manifestations of unscrupulous behavior of energy service providers at the stages of implementation of the ESCO mechanism have been clarified. Prerequisites and tools for influencing the unscrupulous behavior of energy service providers are identified. Areas for improving the regulatory framework for ESCOs (access to finance, incentives for investment, coordination of supply and demand, promotion of the ESCO market), recommendations for further steps for each of the identified areas. Models of ESCO mechanism are described (widespread - classical, innovative - deepened partnership, perspective - ESCO - energy management). The content of the project on thermal modernization and energy efficiency measures in the buildings of housing and communal services (project goals, main measures, sources of funding, efficiency) is revealed. Keywords: state regulation, public administration, energy efficiency, energy saving, energy saving (energy efficient) measures, energy service, ESCO, ESCO barriers, ESCO mechanism, housing and communal services, models of ESCO mechanism, thermal modernization projects.
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Jorge, Arsenio Arão, and Ana Marcela Ardila Pinto. "Analysis of the producers’ demographic and socioeconomic characteristics that impact on the access to agricultural extension services in Mozambique." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 3 (March 4, 2022): e48411326713. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i3.26713.
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In the last few decades, the agricultural extension services in Mozambique have been focused mainly on the training and strengthening of producer associations, improved technology transfer, and technical assistance. This study aimed to establish the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the producers which impact the access to agricultural extension services. In methodological terms, a logistic regression model was estimated and the variables used were provided by 2010 Agricultural and Livestock Census, also known as CAP- (Portuguese acronym for Censo Agropecuário de 2010). Results showed that despite the universal character of the agricultural extension policy, the distribution of access to these services was very uneven, in terms of variables such as gender and age of the household head, education levels, ability to read, and technology use (irrigation, fertilizers, and pesticides). This information is highly relevant to decision-making, as it can guide future improvements in the services, both in terms of coverage and of quality of the technical assistance.
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Scott, Nigel, Melinda Barnard-Tallier, and Simon Batchelor. "Losing the Energy to Cook: An Exploration of Modern Food Systems and Energy Consumption in Domestic Kitchens." Energies 14, no. 13 (July 2, 2021): 4004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14134004.
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The Modern Energy Cooking Services (MECS) programme has generated data on the amount of energy required to cook meals using different fuels and cooking devices. Fuel stacking is commonplace, especially among households with access to modern fuels. Experience shows that people tend to use modern fuels for quick tasks, such as preparing a cup of tea, but prefer to use biomass fuels for foods that take longer to cook. Therefore, changes in the choice of foods in the household menu have the potential to affect the transition to modern fuels. This paper discusses the potential of innovative and emerging aspects of food systems in low-income countries to impact on households. It starts by looking at the processing of indigenous crops to create convenient and nutritious food products. This leads to an overview of the rapid growth of the food processing industry and future opportunities. Consuming food that has been prepared outside of the home is also a common and rapidly growing practice, which is likely to be driven (and disrupted) by technological innovation. Cooking energy considerations depend largely on fuel stacking behaviours, and the paper argues that modern food systems have the potential to reduce energy consumption in the kitchen, and to play a role in displacing traditional biomass fuels with modern fuels.
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Burke, Paul J. "One Goal, Two Paths: Achieving Universal Access to Modern Energy in East Asia and the Pacific - By World Bank." Asian-Pacific Economic Literature 26, no. 2 (November 2012): 167–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8411.2012.01352.x.
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El-Ashry, Mohamed T. "National Policies to Promote Renewable Energy." Daedalus 141, no. 2 (April 2012): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00150.
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The world is entering a new energy era marked by concerns over energy security, climate change, and access by the poor to modern energy services. Yet the current energy path is not compatible with sustainable development objectives. Global demand for energy will continue to grow; so will CO2 emissions. Achieving a low-carbon energy world will require an unprecedented technological transformation in the way energy is produced and used. That transformation has begun, as renewables capacity continues to grow, prices continue to fall, and shares of global energy from renewables continue to increase. Government policies are the main driver behind renewable energy's meteoric growth. Still, the world is tapping only a small amount of the vast supply of renewable energy resources. There is broad consensus that the role of these resources should be expanded significantly in order to meaningfully address energy security, energy access, and climate change.
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Begnum, Miriam Eileen Nes, Lene Pettersen, and Hanne Sørum. "Identifying Five Archetypes of Interaction Design Professionals and Their Universal Design Expertise." Interacting with Computers 31, no. 4 (June 1, 2019): 372–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iwc/iwz023.
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Abstract Systems and services based on Information and Communications Technology (ICT) are now prevalent in our daily lives. Digital transformations have been, and are still being, initiated across private and public sectors. As such, the consequences of digital exclusion are severe and may block access to key aspects of modern life, such as education, employment, consumerism and health services. In order to combat this, regions and countries such as the USA, Canada, EU and Scandinavia have all legislated universal design (UD) in relation to ICT, in order to ensure as many citizens as possible have the opportunity to access and use digital information and services. However, there has been limited research into how higher educational programs address legislated accessibility responsibilities. This paper looks into the discipline of interaction design (IxD). IxD is the design domain focused on ‘how human beings relate to other human beings through the mediating influence of products’ (Buchanan, R. (2001) Designing research and the new learning. Des. Issues, 17, 3–23). The study presents an analysis of Norwegian higher educational programs within IxD. Based on document analysis, we map the skillsets the study programs state to deliver and investigate to what degree UD expertise is included. Our findings indicate the study programs do not deliver adequate training in UD, in order to fulfill the professional responsibilities related to ICT accessibility. From our findings, we extrapolate five ‘archetypes’ of interaction designers. These personas-like analytical constructs hold slightly different characteristics. For each of the five, we propose UD expertise fitting key skillsets. We hope our contributions are useful both for the higher education sector and the industry and will contribute to raised awareness of UD skills so they can educate interaction designers in their different industry roles with required competences. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS We indicate the current content of interaction design (IxD) programs in higher education and document the lacking focus on universal design (UD). We identify five different archetypes of interaction designers being educated in such programs. We describe key skillsets and strengths for each archetype. We propose UD expertise for the (IxD) profession and link UD expertise to archetype skillsets to emphasize relevance.
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De Botton, Lena, Raul Ramos, Marta Soler-Gallart, and Jordi Suriñach. "Scientifically Informed Solidarity: Changing Anti-Immigrant Prejudice about Universal Access to Health." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 8, 2021): 4174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084174.
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Currently, anti-immigrant sentiment has emerged again in European countries, as witnessed, for example, by the rise of xenophobic parties in many member states. This is a prejudice that is not new but that intensifies in certain circumstances, such as the economic crisis. This change in attitudes towards immigration has an impact on the preferences of citizens regarding the universal access to public resources and rights. The results of this article come from the analysis of certain variables of the Transnational European Solidarity Survey (TESS) conducted during 2016 in 13 member countries of the European Union. Specifically, two packages of variables are analysed regarding the degree of solidarity in relation to the access to public health services for immigrants before and after receiving scientific information about the collective benefits of the provision of health for the entire population, including undocumented immigrants. While there is much literature that analyses how scientific literacy in health and education issues improves the situation of vulnerable groups, few studies have analysed how scientific knowledge helps to modify the prejudices and discriminatory attitudes of the general population, thus contributing to the improvement of the health of the entire population.
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Widyastuti, Aprilina Tri, and Djoni Hartono. "The Association of Financial Inclusion and Multidimensional Energy Poverty in Indonesia." Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi 11, no. 2 (October 6, 2022): 201–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v11i2.26516.
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Financial service could reduce household energy poverty through fund transfer to encourage the ability to access modern energy. This study investigate the role of financial inclusion on household energy poverty in Indonesia. The energy poverty variable is measured by using multidimensional approach with five dimensions and six indicators which are cooking fuels, indoor pollution, lighting, ownership of household appliances, and supporting equipment for basic services such as education, entertainment, and communication. Financial inclusion is measured by using multidimensional approach based on household accessibility to financial institution such as banking, credit, and insurance services. Linear Probability Model (LPM) and Probit model was used to investigate the association between financial inclusion and energy poverty. The result finds that financial inclusion has a negative association with household energy poverty. It implicates strategy for reduce energy poverty by increase financial access such as bank agents, especially in areas which far from banks.How to cite:Widyastuti, A. T., & Hartono, D. (2022). The Association of Financial Inclusion and Multidimensional Energy Poverty in Indonesia. Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 11(2), 201-218. https://doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v11i2.26516.
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Bohnenberger, Katharina. "Money, Vouchers, Public Infrastructures? A Framework for Sustainable Welfare Benefits." Sustainability 12, no. 2 (January 14, 2020): 596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12020596.
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While the social consequences of environmental policies are extensively evaluated in sustainability research, few studies exist on the ecological impact of social benefits and the welfare state. Sustainable welfare is a novel research field that seeks to close this knowledge gap and develop integrated eco-social policies. Within this, researchers are starting to ask how citizen’s needs can be guaranteed in an environmentally sustainable way and how their welfare benefits should be delivered. Should citizens receive a universal basic income, be given vouchers for ecologically beneficial or socially needed goods and services, or be provided with access to socio-ecological infrastructures and services? This article develops a framework for sustainable welfare benefits with six criteria of sustainable welfare and nine different types of welfare benefits that belong to the domains of universal basic income (UBI), universal basic services (UBS), and universal basic vouchers (UBV). Using this framework, existing policy proposals are categorized and evaluated. The advantages and disadvantages of the different types of welfare benefits are discussed and new application areas highlighted. The analysis shows that a successful policy will likely include all forms of welfare benefits, with certain types being more adequate for certain fields and societal circumstances. The framework for sustainable welfare benefits can serve as a starting point for further research on integrated policy design and inform policymakers on the selection of eco-social policies.
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Murtaza, Ghulam, and Muhammad Zahir Faridi. "Causality Linkages among Energy Poverty, Income Inequality, Income Poverty and Growth: A System Dynamic Modelling Approach." Pakistan Development Review 54, no. 4I-II (December 1, 2015): 407–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v54i4i-iipp.407-425.
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The energy services stipulation of a country discloses its importance as a decency of course of action necessary for economic prosperity, lessening the poverty and depolarising the social asymmetry [Barnes, et al. (2011)]. The accomplishment of basic needs of energy services that include excess to electricity, commercial use of energy for production process as well as usage of electricity in the residential areas and modern use of energy sources for cooking purposes portraits an image of high-quality living standard of individuals and offers a way forward to economic development.12 The notion of pro-poor growth is well documented in the recent literature for assurance of thinning the poverty that is congregated through translation of growth into the lives of poor by reshaping the income distribution23 for marginalised group of people. Ekouevi and Tuntivate (2012) and studies of international agencies [AGECC (2010); WHO (2006); UNDP and WHO (2009)] have preliminary acknowledged the need of improving the access to reliable and affordable modern energy services in the developing economies for economic prosperity and social welfare of individuals.
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Luo, Guo-liang, and Xinghua Zhang. "Universalization of access to modern energy services in Tibetan rural households—Renewable energy's exploitation, utilization, and policy analysis." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16, no. 5 (June 2012): 2373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.01.050.
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Stritzke, Susann, Carlos Sakyi-Nyarko, Iwona Bisaga, Malcolm Bricknell, Jon Leary, and Edward Brown. "Results-Based Financing (RBF) for Modern Energy Cooking Solutions: An Effective Driver for Innovation and Scale?" Energies 14, no. 15 (July 28, 2021): 4559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154559.
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Results-based financing (RBF) programmes in the clean cooking sector have gained increasing donor interest over the last decade. Although the risks and advantages of RBF have been discussed quite extensively for other sectors, especially health services, there is limited research-documented experience of its application to clean cooking. Due to the sheer scale of the important transition from ‘dirty’ to clean cooking for the 4 billion people who lack access, especially in the Global South, efficient and performance-proven solutions are urgently required. This paper, undertaken as part of the work of the UKAid-funded Modern Energy Cooking Services (MECS) programme, aims to close an important research gap by reviewing evidence-based support mechanisms and documenting essential experiences from previous and ongoing RBF programmes in the clean cooking and other sectors. On this basis, the paper derives key strategic implications and learning lessons for the global scaling of RBF programmes and finds that qualitative key performance indicators such as consumer acceptance as well as longer-term monitoring are critical long-term success factors for RBF to ensure the continued uptake and use of clean cooking solutions (CCS), however securing the inclusion of these indicators within programmes remains challenging. Finally, by discussing the opportunities for the evolution of RBF into broader impact funding programmes and the integration of energy access and clean cooking strategies through multi-sector approaches, the paper illustrates potential steps to enhance the impact of RBF in this sector in the future.
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Baszyński, Marcin, and Tomasz Siostrzonek. "Flywheel energy storage control system with the system operating status control via the Internet." Archives of Electrical Engineering 63, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 457–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aee-2014-0033.
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Abstract Modern electronics systems consist of not only with the power electronics converters, but also with the friendly user interface which allow you to read the operating parameters and change them. The simplest solution of the user interface is to use alphanumeric display which displays information about the state of the converter. With a few additional buttons you can change the settings. This solution is simple, inexpensive but allows only local control (within walking distance from the system) and the number of displayed information is low. You can create extensive menu, but it causes problems with access to information. This paper presents the example of a rotating energy storage universal solution which is lack of the above mentioned disadvantages
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Kravec, Alla Grigor'evna, and Natal’ia Anatol'evna Sal’nikova. "Method of assigning access rights to applications in corporate mobile network." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Management, computer science and informatics 2023, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-5529-2023-1-71-82.
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The article focuses on studying and implementing a method of assigning access rights to the applications in a corporate mobile network with different requirements for security, which will allow considering the specific activities of multiple users. The existing solutions for assigning access rights to applications and services of the intranet are analyzed, the need to create a method that ensures information security when implementing access in corporate networks with different requirements for the level of security is substantiated. Due to the results of analysis of trends and development prospects of modern corporate mobile networks there has been found a contradiction between the requirements for information security of universal mobile devices with access to secure services and technical capabilities of information security systems that ensure access security in the corporate networks with different security requirements. To solve the problem, a multi-user system has been implemented that ensures operation of any computer equipment and mobile devices of an organization whose DBMS has a client-server architecture. The functional requirements for the developed method include the ability to perform user authorization, providing the administrator with the ability to manage user access rights to various applications, managing application storage, recording user operations, and keeping records. In the course of the software implementation of the method of assigning access rights, the design of the database is described in stages, a model of information flows is built, a physical diagram of the interaction of individual procedures is considered, on the basis of which the database is created, a user interface with forms that display information stored in the database is developed.
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Cavalcanti, Alvaro, Arthur Teixeira, and Karen Pontes. "Regression Model to Evaluate the Impact of Basic Sanitation Services in Households and Schools on Child Mortality in the Municipalities of the State of Alagoas, Brazil." Sustainability 11, no. 15 (August 1, 2019): 4150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154150.
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The aim of this article is to measure the impact of basic sanitation services on the mortality rate of children under five years of age (U5MR) in the municipalities of the State of Alagoas, Brazil. A multivariate multiple linear regression model was applied for all 102 cities of Alagoas for data years 1991, 2000 and 2010. The research findings are evidence that access to basic sanitation services in the municipalities of the State of Alagoas, especially household sanitary sewage, is associated with a statistically significant reduction of U5MR, p < 0.01 . The estimates show that the 10% increase in access to household sanitary sewage is associated to a reduction of 5.7 deaths per 1000 born alive (BA). Based on a simulation of universal basic access sanitation services in the municipalities of the State of Alagoas, it is observed that only this public policy would be able to reduce child mortality by more than 94%. The end results of this study are important subsidies to guide basic sanitation policies not only in the State of Alagoas, Brazil, but also in developing regions all over the world, considering the evidences of social and environmental impact.
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Buba, Abdullahi, Musa Abdu, Idi Adamu, AdamuJibir, and Yusuf Isah Usman. "SOCIO - ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF HOUSEHOLDS FUEL CONSUMPTION IN NIGERIA." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 10 (October 31, 2017): 348–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i10.2017.2312.
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Attainment of universal access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy is one of the goals for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Existing data and statistic suggest that high proportion of households in less developed countries heavily rely on solid fuels for domestic requirements. Also, recent data revealed that in Nigeria over 70 percent of households depend on fuel wood for cooking which indicate the task ahead of policy makers in the country for ensuring access to efficient sources of energy before the expiration of sustainable development goals. In this study we empirically examined socio-economic factors that influence households’ likelihood of energy consumption in Nigeria. In order to achieve our specific objectives, we adopt 2013 demographic health survey dataset for Nigeria and multinomial logistic regression was conducted in analyzing the factors affecting households’ decision for energy demand. Evidence from the study revealed that demographic characteristics, economic status, public awareness and social variables are strong determinants of households’ energy choice in the country and conformed to the propositions of “Energy Ladder Hypothesis”. We concluded by presenting concluding remarks and policy implications for decision making toward ensuring access to affordable, sustainable and efficient energy in Nigeria.
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Mehta, Kedar, Mathias Ehrenwirth, Christoph Trinkl, Wilfried Zörner, and Rick Greenough. "The Energy Situation in Central Asia: A Comprehensive Energy Review Focusing on Rural Areas." Energies 14, no. 10 (May 13, 2021): 2805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102805.
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The northern part of the globe is dominated by industrialisation and is well-developed. For many years, the southern part of the world (South Asia, Africa etc.) has been a target of research concentrating on access to energy (mainly electricity) in rural regions. However, the Central Asian region has not been a focus of energy research compared to South East Asia and Africa. Despite plentiful domestically available energy resources, the energy supply in Central Asia is very unevenly distributed between urban and rural areas. Almost half of the total population of Central Asia lives in rural areas and there is a lack of access to modern energy services to meet primary needs. To analyse the energy situation (i.e., electricity, heating, hot water consumption, cooking, etc.) in rural Central Asia, this paper reviews residential energy consumption trends in rural Central Asian regions as compared to urban areas. Furthermore, the paper illustrates the potential of renewable energies in Central Asia. To perform the study, a qualitative comparative analysis was conducted based on a literature review, data, and statistical information. In summary, the presented article discusses the rural energy situation analytically and provides in-depth insights of Central Asian energy infrastructure.
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Bhawiyuga, Adhitya, Satria Adi Kharisma, Bagus Jati Santoso, Dany Primanita Kartikasari, and Annisa Puspa Kirana. "Cloud-based middleware for supporting batch and stream access over smart healthcare wearable device." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 9, no. 5 (October 1, 2020): 1990–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v9i5.1978.
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In IoT-based smart healthcare services, the heterogeneity of connected wearable sensing devices open up a wide opportunity to develop various healthcare services. However, it also poses an interoperability challenge since each sensing device and application may have different communication mechanisms. Considering that challenge, web platform can be seen as a promising candidate for providing an interoperability layer as we can abstract various devices as single representation i.e. web resource. In this paper, we propose the design of middleware for enabling efficient web of things access over healthcare wearable devices. The proposed middleware consists of three components: gateway-to-cloud device, messaging service and data access interface. The gateway-to-cloud device has a role to perform low level sensor data collection from various wearable sensing device through bluetooth low energy (BLE) communication protocol. Collected data are then relayed to the cloud IoT platform using a lightweight MQTT messaging protocol. In order to provide device abstraction along with access to the stored data, the system offers two kind of interfaces: the Restful HTTP identified by unique universal resource locator (URL) for batch access and MQTT websocket interface identified by unique topic to accommodate access on sensing data in near real time stream manner.
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Dhonju, Hari Krishna, Bikash Uprety, and Wen Xiao. "Geo-Enabled Sustainable Municipal Energy Planning for Comprehensive Accessibility: A Case in the New Federal Context of Nepal." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 11, no. 5 (May 10, 2022): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11050304.
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Energy is a fundamental need of modern society and a basis for economic and social development, and one of the major Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), particularly SDG7. However, the UN’s SDG Report 2021 betrays millions of people living without electricity and one-third of the world’s population deprived of using modern energy cooking services (MECS) through access to electricity. Achieving the SDG7 requires standard approaches and tools that effectively address the geographical, infrastructural, and socioeconomic characteristics of a (rural) municipality of Nepal. Furthermore, Nepal’s Constitution 2015 incorporated a federal system under the purview of a municipality as the local government that has been given the mandate to ensure electricity access and clean energy. To address this, a methodology is developed for local government planning in Nepal in order to identify the optimal mix of electrification options by conducting a detailed geospatial analysis of renewable energy (RE) technologies by exploring accessibility and availability ranging from grid extensions to mini-grid and off-grid solutions, based on (a) life cycle cost and (b) levelized cost of energy. During energy assessment, geospatial and socio-economic data are coupled with household and community level data collected from a mobile survey app, and are exploited to garner energy status-quo and enable local governments to assess the existing situation of energy access/availability and planning. In summary, this paper presents a geo-enabled municipal energy planning method and a comprehensive toolkit to facilitate sustainable energy access to local people.
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Binnington, Chris, and Alessio Russo. "Defensive landscape architecture in modern public spaces." Ri-Vista. Research for landscape architecture 19, no. 2 (January 27, 2022): 238–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/rv-11421.
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By 2030, we should have universal access to safe, inclusive, and accessible green and public places, especially for women and children, the elderly, and people with disabilities, according to the Sustainable Development Goals. However, the increasing privatisation of land and gentrification of the urban landscape is putting a limit on the amount of public space available for people to express themselves and use the city as they desire. This paper investigates and reviews the literature on defensive architecture, as well as its historical foundations, definitions, implementation, and reason for existence. The findings provide a clear reflection on the growing awareness of extreme defensive landscape architecture typologies such as spikes and other aggressive measures. Finally, the paper offers worldwide best-practice examples and recommendations for ensuring inclusion and safety in public spaces. We argue that in order to design sustainable public spaces, a holistic approach that considers both intangible values and social inclusion is required.