Academic literature on the topic 'United States – Economic conditions – 1933-1945'
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Journal articles on the topic "United States – Economic conditions – 1933-1945"
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Oliinyk, O. "JAPANESE "ECONOMIC MIRACLE": HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRY IN THE PERIOD OF 1945–1991." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 148 (2021): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2021.148.8.
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The article presents the experience of Japan in the post-war reconstruction of the country in the period 1945–1991. The socio-economic situation of the country after the Second World War was considered. The historical stages of the country's development in the period under study are determined. The historical conditions in which the country found itself in the postwar period are analyzed. Key historical figures who influenced the development of the country were identified. The directions and measures of reforming and development of the country are revealed and presented. The importance of external factors and foreign policy for the country's assertion on the world stage has been proved. The factors of creating an effective political system, effective public administration, sustainable social and human development are formulated. It was proved that the United States has played an important role in forcing both Japan's political and economic systems. The United States provided Japan with significant financial, economic, and food aid to Japan. During the war between the United States and Korea and Vietnam, the United States placed military orders in Japan, which contributed to the development of the country's industrial base. It was found that the quality of the labor force, its general education and professional level played an extremely important role in the reconstruction of the economy. The effective state regulation of economic development in Japan, which on the one hand was aimed at developing the civil sector of the economy, and on the other at concentrating efforts on cooperation between government and private business at the stage of developing solutions to economic development, played a critical role in "Japanese miracle".
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Carmichael, Calum M. "Economic Conditions and the Popularity of the Incumbent Party in Canada." Canadian Journal of Political Science 23, no. 4 (December 1990): 713–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423900020813.
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AbstractThis study measures the effects of macroeconomic conditions upon the popularity of the incumbent party in Canadian federal general elections from 1945 to 1988. In so doing it uses a model similar to the retrospective voting models used in electoral studies in the United States. The results suggest that for the elections from 1945 to 1972, bad economic conditions preceding the election benefited the incumbent party. For the elections from 1974 to 1988, these effects were diminished or reversed. Such results have precedents in separate studies that use Canadian poll data. However, they contradict the general conclusion of American studies that bad conditions hurt the incumbent. This contradiction suggests that the model's assumptions about voting behaviour, which appear to be verified by the American studies, do not apply universally.
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Bushway, Shawn, Matthew Phillips, and Philip J. Cook. "The Overall Effect of the Business Cycle on Crime." German Economic Review 13, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 436–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2012.00578.x.
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Abstract This paper analyses the 13 business cycles since 1933 to provide evidence on the old question of whether recessions cause crime. Using data from the United States, we find that recessions are consistently associated with an uptick in burglary and robbery, and a reduction in theft of motor vehicles. There is no statistical association with homicide. These patterns are suggestive of the relative importance of the various channels by which economic conditions influence crime.
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Andrews, Marcellus. "Book Review: Economic and Social Security and Substandard Working Conditions: Persistent Disparity: Race and Economic Inequality in the United States since 1945." ILR Review 53, no. 2 (January 2000): 333–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979390005300214.
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Sandner, Günther. "Rudolf Modley and the Americanization of Isotype." Journal of Austrian-American History 5, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 32–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jaustamerhist.5.1.0032.
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Abstract Rudolf Modley was an associate at Otto Neurath’s Social and Economic Museum in interwar Vienna, where the Vienna Method of Pictorial Statistics was developed. It became Isotype (International System of Typographic Picture Education) from the mid-1930s. Modley went to the United States as early as 1930 and founded Pictorial Statistics, Inc., in New York in 1934 and Pictograph Corporation in 1940. In the decades after 1945 Modley’s activity profile fanned out, but he continued to be active in the field of information design. In his last twelve years, he codesigned the Glyphs Project with cultural anthropologist Margaret Mead, which aimed to create a limited number of universally understood symbols. Although Modley was strongly influenced by his early professional experiences with Otto Neurath, he evolved in the United States away from the visual education work practiced in Vienna. His work was therefore not a linear continuation of Isotype, but an attempt to adapt the visual language to American conditions.
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Graban, Marcin. "The labor issue in the USA in the first half of the 20th century. The contribution of the Catholic Church to its solution." Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym 20, no. 7 (February 25, 2017): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1899-2226.20.7.10.
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The stance of the Catholic Church in the United States of America on the problems related to workers’ wages is an interesting issue from the point of view of the ethics of economic life and the development of Catholic social thought. The interpretation of the main Catholic social ideas contained in Leo XIII’s encyclical letter Rerum novarum was made by Father John Augustine Ryan (1896–1945), who soon became a major proponent of the idea that a good economic policy can only result from good ethics. In the history of the United States of America, the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries was a time of the development of labor unions, associations and workers’ organizations as well as the consolidation of efforts to achieve equitable remuneration (a living wage) and regulate working conditions. It was also a time of struggling with the ideas of socialism and nationalism. The Catholic Church played a significant role in the discourse on these issues, including the influence of John A. Ryan. His efforts led to one of the most important interpretations of economic life: The Program of Social Reconstruction (1919), and some of its postulates can be found in the New Deal legislation.
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Kutyrev, Georgy. "EU and Latin America Security Cooperation: History and Evolution." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 1 (March 2024): 225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2024.1.20.
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Introduction. This article aims to analyze the process of security cooperation between the European Union and countries in Latin America from the perspective of historical institutionalism and the methodological tools proposed by the Copenhagen School. The author covers the main stages of the development of relations between these two regions, starting with early initiatives in the field of political and economic support and moving towards deeper cooperation in the field of security. Methods. The main theoretical and methodological support of this study is historical neo-institutionalism, which focuses attention on the role of institutional choices made earlier in the historical past, i.e., the “path dependence” principle. The research uses the sector-specific approach to security analysis developed by the Copenhagen School. Analysis and results. In the historical context, three main stages can be distinguished in the development of relations between the EU and the countries of the LCA in the field of security. The first bipolar stage (1945–1991) was characterized mainly by political and economic support from the United States and NATO as the main structure of regional security. Relations between the EU and Latin American countries at this time were sporadic, largely complicated by multiple crises within Latin American countries. However, in the 1960s, relations in the fields of economic cooperation and economic security began to be built between the regions. In the conditions of the second stage, post-bipolar (1991–2014), the concept of strategic partnership begins to be actively developed between regions, not only in the economic but also in the political and military spheres. Also, the EU, trying to simultaneously institutionally build its own security policy and the European army, began to conduct peacekeeping operations during this period with varying success (since 2003). The current stage (from 2014 to present) is characterized by growing contradictions between Russia, Ukraine, and the collective West, consolidated around the United States, as well as the destruction of the newly created post-bipolar regional security system. The LCA countries, which are afraid of being drawn into a conflict, are trying to develop their own course in the field of security policy.
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Anstead, Gregory M. "History, Rats, Fleas, and Opossums. II. The Decline and Resurgence of Flea-Borne Typhus in the United States, 1945–2019." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 6, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6010002.
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Flea-borne typhus, due to Rickettsia typhi and R. felis, is an infection causing fever, headache, rash, and diverse organ manifestations that can result in critical illness or death. This is the second part of a two-part series describing the rise, decline, and resurgence of flea-borne typhus (FBT) in the United States over the last century. These studies illustrate the influence of historical events, social conditions, technology, and public health interventions on the prevalence of a vector-borne disease. Flea-borne typhus was an emerging disease, primarily in the Southern USA and California, from 1910 to 1945. The primary reservoirs in this period were the rats Rattus norvegicus and Ra. rattus and the main vector was the Oriental rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis). The period 1930 to 1945 saw a dramatic rise in the number of reported cases. This was due to conditions favorable to the proliferation of rodents and their fleas during the Depression and World War II years, including: dilapidated, overcrowded housing; poor environmental sanitation; and the difficulty of importing insecticides and rodenticides during wartime. About 42,000 cases were reported between 1931–1946, and the actual number of cases may have been three-fold higher. The number of annual cases of FBT peaked in 1944 at 5401 cases. American involvement in World War II, in the short term, further perpetuated the epidemic of FBT by the increased production of food crops in the American South and by promoting crowded and unsanitary conditions in the Southern cities. However, ultimately, World War II proved to be a powerful catalyst in the control of FBT by improving standards of living and providing the tools for typhus control, such as synthetic insecticides and novel rodenticides. A vigorous program for the control of FBT was conducted by the US Public Health Service from 1945 to 1952, using insecticides, rodenticides, and environmental sanitation and remediation. Government programs and relative economic prosperity in the South also resulted in slum clearance and improved housing, which reduced rodent harborage. By 1956, the number of cases of FBT in the United States had dropped dramatically to only 98. Federally funded projects for rat control continued until the mid-1980s. Effective antibiotics for FBT, such as the tetracyclines, came into clinical practice in the late 1940s. The first diagnostic test for FBT, the Weil-Felix test, was found to have inadequate sensitivity and specificity and was replaced by complement fixation in the 1940s and the indirect fluorescent antibody test in the 1980s. A second organism causing FBT, R. felis, was discovered in 1990. Flea-borne typhus persists in the United States, primarily in South and Central Texas, the Los Angeles area, and Hawaii. In the former two areas, the opossum (Didelphis virginiana) and cats have replaced rats as the primary reservoirs, with the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis) now as the most important vector. In Hawaii, 73% of cases occur in Maui County because it has lower rainfall than other areas. Despite great successes against FBT in the post-World War II era, it has proved difficult to eliminate because it is now associated with our companion animals, stray pets, opossums, and the cat flea, an abundant and non-selective vector. In the new millennium, cases of FBT are increasing in Texas and California. In 2018–2019, Los Angeles County experienced a resurgence of FBT, with rats as the reservoir.
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Marwat, Safi Ullah Khan, and Muhammad Abdullah. "CONSOLIDATION OF US NATIONAL INTERESTS IN ASIA THROUGH ECONOMIC AND MILITARY AID AND ITS IMPACTS: CASE STUDY OF PAKISTAN, 1947-71." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 03, no. 03 (September 30, 2021): 284–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v3i3.250.
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After 1945, the United States of America (USA) was worried about any possible harm to its interests within the Continent of Asia due to the ongoing rapid expansion of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and Peoples Republic of China (PRC) after 1917 and 1949 respectively. Therefore, as a result of its Russo-Sino-phobia, the USA made alliances with the Asian countries based on their mutual national interests. In those relations, the USA was mostly an economic and military aid donor while its allies were recipients of that US-aid. In return, the USA was utilizing the geo-strategic positions of its allies in Asia to counter the USSR and PRC. Pakistan came into being on August 14, 1947 with poor economic and military conditions at home having a conventional rival (India) on its eastern border. The USA offered friendship to it. Pakistan accepted the US-offer and the US started to utilize Pakistan's geo-strategic position against the USSR and PRC. In return, Pakistan got huge US-aid to improve its economic and military infrastructure. The central theme of this research paper is, 'how the US-aid played its role in economic and military development of Pakistan during 1947-71 and what were its impacts? Key Words: National Interests, Economic and Military Aid, Pakistan-US relations, SEATO, CENTO
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Negi, Vansh, and Dr Aparna Shrivastava. "The Shift of Global Political Power from London to Washington (1919-1945): Geopolitics of the Inter-War Period." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 3 (March 31, 2024): 2004–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.59191.
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Executive Summary: The current international order is based on the historical factors that unfolded in the past, one such major historical factor that shaped our current world is the shift of global power from the British Empire to the United States of America. The shift took place in the 20th century due to the unstable and ever-changing circumstances in the geopolitical realm. A host of different factors formed the rise of nationalism in Europe, anti-imperialist sentiments in colonies, and the First World War amongst others had a role to play in the unfolding of the event in question. The inter-war era i.e. the period of 1919-1945 which was the period of peace between the two World Wars could be said to be the most crucial period in this regard. The objective of this paper is to study the shift of political power from London to Washington in the inter-war period and to understand the effects of this seismic geopolitical change on the world at large. This paper will try to examine the shift by analyzing the economic, political, social, and geopolitical realities of the time. The various important events that occurred in the period like the Treaty of Versailles, humiliating conditions placed on Germany, formation of the League of Nations, etc. to understand their direct or indirect impact on the establishment of the United States of America as the global powerhouse that it today and how it first became a contender and them the victor of the cold war. The research uses several different research methods ranging from primary research, secondary sources, and comparative analysis of a few reliable sources that offer insight into the subject.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "United States – Economic conditions – 1933-1945"
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Hachem, Daniel R. (Daniel Raymond). "A Study on U.S. Japanese Foreign Trade." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1995. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278155/.
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This research presents an in depth discussion and analysis on U.S. Japanese foreign trade. It is divided into two parts. The first hypothesis states that the appreciation of the dollar in the early eighties is positively correlated with the U.S. trade deficit, especially with Japan. The second hypothesis states that Friedrich Von Hayek's Theory of Social Order applies to the development of capitalism in that country. This can also be divided into two parts, a) this generation of Japanese consumes, saves, and invests differently than previous generations, and b) Japanese consumption and investment patterns follow U.S. consumption and investment patterns with a lag.
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Millard, Mary J. (Mary Jennifer). "A Comparative Study of the Trends of Comedy and Non-Comedy Television Genres and the Public's Attitudes Toward Economic Well-Being, According to a Survey of Gallup Polls, During a Thirty-Year Period from 1955- 1984." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1986. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500781/.
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This study is concerned with the problem of whether the public's attitudes toward economic well-being could be compared with the types of television programs made popular over a thirty-year period. Two measures were used to determine the public's attitudes toward economic well-being: 1) answers to questions of an economic nature; and 2) answers to questions that asked what was the most important problem. All data were compiled from Gallup polls administered during 1955 through 1984. The television genre data were compiled from sources by Brooks and Marsh, McNeil and Norback and Broadcasting magazine. No association existed among the three measures.
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Killian, Tiffany Noel. "Teaching Points in Comparing the Great Depression to the 2008-2009 Recession in the United States." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc28442/.
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For an introductory macroeconomics course, the discussion of historical relevance helps foster important learning connections. By comparing the Great Depression to the 2008-2009 recession, a macroeconomics instructor can provide students with connections to history. This paper discusses the major causes of each recession, major fiscal policy and monetary policy decisions of both recessions, and the respective relevance in teaching the relationship of each policy to gross domestic product. The teaching points addressed in this paper are directed towards an introductory college-level macroeconomics course, incorporating a variety of theories from historical and economic writers and data from government and central bank sources. A lesson plan is included in an appendix to assist the instructor in implementing the material.
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Nukumi, Tetsuro. "Political Economy of Industrial Keiretsu Groups in Japan and their Impact on Foreign Trade with the United States." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1993. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278301/.
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The postwar transformation of the international environment has caused economic issues to become a main source of contention among industrial states. The trade imbalance between Japan and its trading partners became a major source of conflict. Reciprocity of access and opening the market of Japan became the main point of debate and the major issue affecting relations between Japan and the United States. While the distinction between the domain of domestic and international politics increasingly is blurred, different domestic political economies create bilateral political and economic conflict. The structure and politics of intercorporate groups or vertical keiretsu are a major feature of Japan's industrial structure and political economy. This case study examines how vertical keiretsu in the automobile and home electric appliance industries affect the Japanese political economy and international trade. A political economy approach focuses on the political context of economic phenomena by analyzing both political and economic variables. Case studies of keiretsu were used in order to gain an understanding of Japan's political economy. A number of propositions or assumptions about the political economy and the dynamics of keiretsu were examined in these studies. It was found that vertical keiretsu influences the industrial sector, trade, and foreign policies in Japan. Japan's industrial policies cannot fully be understood without taking keiretsu into consideration. Scholars have not yet fully considered vertical keiretsu as major actors in the Japanese political process. Their political influence on industrial policies has largely been overlooked. Vertical keiretsu in the automobile and home electric appliance industries were found in the case studies to have been shaping industrial policies since the early post war years. Findings about the nature of Japan's political economy help to explain the conflictive bilateral relationships between Japan and the United States. The findings also show that understanding political economies of nations is increasingly important as the world economy grows and greater trade interaction is imminent.
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Arthi, Vellore. "Human capital formation and the American Dust Bowl." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ea2309bd-57fd-463b-ac40-a1c2af870b1f.
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I use variation in childhood exposure to the Dust Bowl, an environmental shock to health and income, as a natural experiment to explain variation in adult human capital. I also examine a variety of mechanisms by which the Dust Bowl influenced later-life wellbeing, and investigate the scope for recovery from this early-life shock. I find that exposure to the Dust Bowl in childhood has statistically significant and economically meaningful adverse impacts on later-life outcomes, for instance, increasing disability and reducing fertility and college completion. These results hold even after accounting for the possibly confounding effects of the Great Depression, migration, and selective fertility or mortality. The effects I find are more severe for those born in agricultural states, suggesting that the Dust Bowl was most damaging via the destruction of agricultural livelihoods. This collapse of farm incomes, however, had the positive effect of increasing high school completion amongst the exposed, likely by reducing the demand for child farm labor where such labor was not essential to production, and thus decreasing the opportunity costs of secondary schooling; in this outcome, unlike in college completion, family income and student ability were irrelevant. Many of the worst adverse effects are found amongst those exposed prenatally and in early childhood, suggesting that congenital complications in capability development, together with low parental incomes in utero and thereafter, may be to blame for such later-life disadvantage. Together, these findings imply that the Dust Bowl acted largely "indirectly," as an economic shock that in turn affected in utero and early-life conditions, rather than "directly," through personal exposure (e.g. dust inhalation) in childhood. Lastly, results - particularly those on New Deal expenditure - imply both that remediation from early-life disaster is possible under the right circumstances, and that post-shock investment may have compensated for rather than reinforced damage to child endowments. The findings in this study are consistent with a multi-stage model of human capability formation, in which investments in one period respond to endowments in a previous one, and may either reinforce or compensate for these endowments.
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Gottwald, Carl H. "The Anglo-American Council on Productivity: 1948-1952 British Productivity and the Marshall Plan." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279256/.
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The United Kingdom's postwar economic recovery and the usefulness of Marshall Plan aid depended heavily on a rapid increase in exports by the country's manufacturing industries. American aid administrators, however, shocked to discover the British industry's inability to respond to the country's urgent need, insisted on aggressive action to improve productivity. In partial response, a joint venture, called the Anglo-American Council on Productivity (AACP), arranged for sixty-six teams involving nearly one thousand people to visit U.S. factories and bring back productivity improvement ideas. Analyses of team recommendations, and a brief review of the country's industrial history, offer compelling insights into the problems of relative industrial decline. This dissertation attempts to assess the reasons for British industry's inability to respond to the country's economic emergency or to maintain its competitive position faced with the challenge of newer industrializing countries.
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Schnoor, Andrea. "Redefining masculinity : the image of civilian men in American home front documentaries, 1942-1945." Virtual Press, 1999. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1133730.
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Redefining Masculinity presents an analysis of the American government's portrayal of civilian men in World War II documentary films. The majority of the films, which serve as a primary source for this study, were created by the Office of War Information (OWI) as a means of stimulating home front support for the war. The government's portrayal of civilian men advocated a significant modification of gender roles. According to the OWI, men understood the politics of war, were aware of the national context of sacrifices, and were able to carry the government's message into American households and defense plants. As a result of their war consciousness, civilian men in government documentary films partially claimed the traditional domestic realm of women and redefined American gender roles as interactive and overlapping. The intersecting gender spheres in OWI films exemplify that men experienced manhood not in isolation from women. This propagandized image of civilian men during the Second World War supports the claims of scholars who criticize the ideology of "separate spheres" to describe socially constructed domains of the male and female gender. In contrast, the thesis findings show that the social, political, and economic definitions of male and female roles can be altered, extended, or adjusted when economically, politically, and culturally expedient.Department of History
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Clark, Benjamin J. "New Deal or "Raw Deal": African Americans and the Pursuit of Citizenship in Indianapolis During FDR's First Term." Thesis, Connect to resource online, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/2009.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Indiana University, 2009.Title from screen (viewed on December 1, 2009). Department of History, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). Advisor(s): Robert G. Barrows, Nancy Marie Robertson, Melissa Bingmann. Includes vitae. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 95-98).
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Alvarez, Luis Alberto. "The power of the zoot : race, community, and resistance in American youth culture, 1940-1945 /." Thesis, Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3008265.
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Coe, Patrick James. "Money, output and the United States’ inter-war financial crisis : an empirical analysis." Thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/8553.
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In the first essay of this thesis I test long-run monetary neutrality (LRMN) using the longhorizon
approach of Fisher and Seater [18]. Using United States' data on M 2 and Net
National Product they reject LRMN for the sample 1869-1975. However, I show that this
result is not robust to the use of the monetary base instead of M2. Nor is it robust to the use
of United Kingdom data instead of United States data. These results are consistent with the
interpretation that Fisher and Seater's result is a consequence of the financial crisis of the
1930s causing inside money and output to move together. Using a Monte Carlo study I show
that Fisher and Seater's rejection of LRMN can also be accounted for by size distortion in
their test statistic. This study also shows that at longer horizons, power is very low.
In the second essay I consider the financial crisis of the 1930s in the United States as
change in regime. Using a bivariate version of Hamilton's [24] Markov switching model I
estimate the probability that the underlying regime was one of financial crisis at each point in
time. I argue that there was a shift to the financial crisis regime following the first banking
crisis of 1930. The crucial reform in ending the financial crisis appears to have been the
introduction of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation in January 1934.1 also find that
the time series of probabilities over the state of the financial sector contain marginal
explanatory power for output fluctuations in the inter-war period.
A problem when testing the null hypothesis of a linear model against the alternative
of the Markov switching model is the presence of nuisance parameters. Consequently, the
likelihood ratio test statistic does not possess the standard chi-squared distribution. In my
third essay I perform a Monte Carlo experiment to explore the small sample properties of the pseudo likelihood ratio test statistic under the non-standard conditions. I find no evidence of
size distortion. However, I do find that size adjusted power is very poor in small samples.
Books on the topic "United States – Economic conditions – 1933-1945"
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Michael, French. US economic history since 1945. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997.
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Issel, William. Social change in the United States, 1945-1983. New York: Schocken Books, 1985.
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1960-, Watts Linda S., ed. Social history of the United States. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO, 2008.
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Fremon, David K. The Great Depression in United States history. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers, Inc., an imprint of Enslow Publishers, Inc., 2014.
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1954-, Bernstein Michael A., and Adler David E, eds. Understanding American economic decline. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
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Moseley, Fred. The falling rate of profit in the postwar United States economy. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991.
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Darity, William A. Persistent disparity: Race and economic inequality in the United States since 1945. Cheltenham, UK: E. Elgar Pub., 1998.
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Boulding, Kenneth Ewart. The structure of a modern economy: The United States, 1929-89. New York: New York University Press, 1994.
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Allen, Frederick Lewis. Only yesterday: An informal history of the 1920's. New York: Perennial Classics, 2000.
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Friedman, Milton. From New Deal Banking Reform to World War II Inflation. Princeton University Press, 2014.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "United States – Economic conditions – 1933-1945"
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Noble, Charles. "The New Deal." In Welfare As We Knew It, 54–78. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195113365.003.0005.
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Abstract For a moment, the Great Depression lowered the barriers to building a European-style, welfare state in America. In a few short years, the relationship between the government and the economy changed dramatically: federal cash and work relief programs were established in 1933, social insurance in 1935, federal regulation of working conditions in 1938. Then, in 1946, with the memory of economic collapse still vivid, the Employment Act created policyplanning institutions to monitor and promote economic growth. By the start of the Korean War, the United States finally had a modern welfare state.
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Swyngedouw, Erik. "The Urban Conquest of Water in Guayaquil, 1945–2000: Bananas, Oil, and the Production of Water Scarcity." In Social Power and the Urbanization of Water. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198233916.003.0017.
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With the end of the war came a partial reversal of the devastating decline associated with the cocoa collapse, paralleled by a profound reconfiguration of class relations. The pre-war bipartisan political structure (Liberals and Conservatives) was replaced by a myriad of new political parties, expressing the divisions within the ruling elites, the rise of Left political parties as a result of growing proletarianization (Maiguashca 1992: 200–1) and, most importantly, the emergence and spectacular growth of populist movements. New forms of class struggle would emerge out of this maelstrom of change, each expressing itself through a mixture of new and old languages, symbols, and activities. It is not surprising, for example, to hear ‘San Lenín’ called upon for assistance alongside saints of the more traditional variety (Maiguashca and North 1991: 99–100). The ferment of this rich mix of class relations through which daily life was organized at the time the world was on fire wrought the conditions from which the post-war intensified water conquest would emerge. Indeed, the turbulent but lean years of the 1940s were followed by the banana bonanza decade of the 1950s. The United States’ fruit corporations, their plantations struck by Panama disease, moved their centre of operations from marginal Central American and Caribbean exporters to Ecuador. It was not only a cheap location, but the Panama disease had not yet moved that far south. In addition, President Galo Plaza Lasso used his excellent relationships with the US United Fruit Company to promote banana production in Ecuador (Nurse 1989). The spiralling demand for bananas from the US fruit companies converted the coastal area of the country (La Costa) into large banana planta tions with their associated socio-ecological relations (Armstrong and McGee 1985: 114; Larrea-Maldonado 1982: 28–34; see also Schodt 1987). While in 1948, banana export receipts amounted to only US$2.8 million, this figure reached US$21.4 million in 1952 and US$88.9 million in 1960, accounting for 62.2% of Ecuador’s total exports (Hurtado 1981: 190; Grijalva 1990; Cortez 1992). By the mid-1950s, the country had become the world’s leading banana exporter. This manufactured ‘banana bonanza’ was organized through a new political economic and ecological transformation.
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Critchlow, Donald T. "Laying the Foundation for Federal Family Planning Policy the Eisenhower-Kennedy Years." In Intended Consequences, 13–49. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195046571.003.0002.
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Abstract In the immediate aftermath of the Second world War, a global war from which the United States emerged as the predommant world power, most Americans felt a heady confidence m their future as a nation. There were those, however, who remamed less sangume about the future. A new enemy threatened humanity: rampant population growth. The fundamental cause of war, these people held, lay in a Malthusian paradox: as civilization advances, population grows at a geometric rate and eventually outdistances food supplies and natural resources. The consequence is famine, war, and death. While the exact population of the world remained unknown in 1945 (demography itself was a much less exact science at the time), it was apparent that many nations, especially in Asia and Africa, suffered from a population cnsis. The Second World war proved all too clearly the consequences of what happens when nations experience food and natural resource shortages and the lack of livmg space to support the1r populations. That there was a circularity to this reasonmg-the last war proved that there was a population crisis, and a population cnsis led to world conflict-did little to dissuade these neo-Malthusians from predicting an impending population explosion that would inevitably create the conditions for global political, social, and economic instability. To make the world safe for American democracy, global population needed to be controlled. American know-how and technology were needed to avert another war.
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LaFeber, Walter. "4. The US rise to world power, 1776–1945." In US Foreign Policy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198707578.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter focuses on the emergence of the United States as a ‘superpower’ in 1945. It begins with a discussion of how America rose from being a group of British colonies to a continental empire containing human slavery during the period 1776–1865. It then examines how the reunification of the country after the Civil War, and the industrial revolution which followed, turned America into the world’s leading economic power by the early twentieth century. It also considers Woodrow Wilson’s empire of ideology and how the United States got involved in World War I, how the American economic system sank into depression between 1929 and 1933, and US role in the Cold War between 1933 and 1945.
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Soeya, Yoshihide. "Diplomatic Normalization and Trade." In Japan’s Economic Diplomacy with China, 1945-1978, 106–33. Oxford University PressOxford, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198292197.003.0006.
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Abstract The previous four chapters illuminated the structure and process of Japan China trade as they evolved during the 1950s and the 1960s in the absence of formal governmental relations. This trade relationship cannot be explained fully by a perspective which emphasizes the supremacy of strategic concerns in international relations. This is not to say, however, that incentives for trade exchanges outweighed strategic concerns between the two countries. Rather, it shows that Japan’s overall behaviour toward China was conditioned by both general political considerations and particular objectives to trade with China, and that Japan’s pursuit of China trade has to be explained primarily by factors which evolved independently of dominant strategic considerations. This ‘two-track’ mechanism is brought home, albeit in a reverse way, by the fact that normalization of diplomatic relations between Japan and China can be ascribed almost exclusively to the transformation of the strategic environment in East Asia, which evolved around the rapprochement between the United States and China in 1971-1972.
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Dallek, Robert. "Farewell to Internationalism." In Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932-1945, 78–98. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195097320.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract CONTRARY TO TRADITIONAL BELIEF, the 1930s were not a time of un relieved isolationism in the United States. During the first two years of his presidency, Roosevelt met not intense isolationism in the country but a general indifference to outside events which left him relatively free to seek expanded American ties abroad. Indeed, in 1933-34, Roosevelt’s policies of economic self-protection and political detachment from other nations represented only one side of his foreign policy. At the same time that he charted a separate economic and political course for the United States, he also moved toward greater cooperation abroad. In the fall of 1933, when domestic and foreign constraints seemed to put international cooperation temporarily out of reach, he channeled his desire for world harmony into improving Soviet-American relations. Strong support for the idea came from American business leaders who hoped that recognition would reopen Russian markets to American manufactured goods. To Roosevelt, there was the additional appeal that recognition might discourage rumored Japanese aggression against the U.S.S.R. But opposition from Catholic and labor leaders and conservative groups like the D.A.R. gave him pause. Though one conservative newspaper publisher belittled the danger of Bolshevism in the United States as “about as great as the menace of sunstroke in Greenland or chilblains in the Sahara,” Roosevelt felt compelled to resolve Soviet-American differences and as sure a consensus before recognizing the Soviet Union.