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1
Moore, Brenda L. "Introduction to Armed Forces & Society." Armed Forces & Society 43, no. 2 (March 1, 2017): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x17694909.
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This Armed Forces & Society issue is on women in the contemporary armed forces in the United States and other nations to include the South African National Defense Force and the Australian Defense Force. This issue contains a collection of nine papers, each reviewing a current aspect of women serving in the military since the post–Vietnam War Era. There are also two review essays of Megan Mackenzie’s book, Beyond the Band of Brothers: The US Military and the Myth That Women Can’t Fight. An overview of changing laws and the expanding role of women in the military is provided in this introduction, as well as summaries of the nine articles, and comments on the two book reviews mentioned above.
2
Mršević, Zorica, and Svetlana Janković. "PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN IN MODERN ARMED FORCES." Strani pravni život 61, no. 1 (January 31, 2017): 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.56461/spz17106m.
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The article exposes the expanded participation of women in modern armed forces. It is noted that since women started in the seventies to enter the army with full military, professional status, the historical pattern of masculine exclusivity of armed forces was challenged. This process was treated as even more profound transformation since the introduction of nuclear weapons, while sceptics doubt in it as potentially dangerous for national defense. There is presented the history of women’s participation in the armed forces of the twentieth century world wars, as well as the individual experiences of countries with prominent proportion of women in the composition of their armed forces, namely the United States of American, Swedish and Israeli experience. It is noted that women in the composition of the armed forces of contemporary world are no longer just a temporary change. In spite of the fact that sometimes they still suffer the unequal soldier status, and in spite of still somewhere existing professional segregation and cultural discrimination, women are no longer peripheral to the military organization since their role is increasingly widening, until the abolition of the last bans of participation of women in combat.
3
Osborne, Victoria A., L. Ashley Gage, and Abigail J. Rolbiecki. "The Unique Mental Health Needs of Military Women: A Social Work Call to Action." Advances in Social Work 13, no. 1 (April 26, 2012): 166–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/1878.
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Women involved in all aspects of the United States Armed Forces face mental health needs that are unique from women in the general population. Because the most recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan are involving more women in combat situations, social workers encounter female clients who are increasingly experiencing post-traumatic stress disorder, substance misuse, and sexual violence. Special attention must be paid particularly to women who serve in the National Guard or Reserves, as they have different concerns than enlisted active duty women. These concerns include less social support and fewer resources upon return from deployment. Thus, it is imperative for social workers in the community to be aware of these military women’s experiences and unique mental health challenges in order to effectively treat their needs.
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Szvircsev Tresch, TIBOR. "CHALLENGES IN RECRUITMENT AND RETENTION IS THERE A SOLUTION?" CONTEMPORARY MILITARY CHALLENGES, VOLUME 2018, ISSUE 20/2 (June 15, 2018): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.20.2.02.
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The recruitment and retention of well-qualified military personnel are essential for any armed forces. This is even more true because most armed forces in Europe have shifted from a conscript-based to an all-volunteer format. Based on presentations and discussions during the 14th ERGOMAS Conference in Athens, Greece, June 26-30, 2017, this special publication of Contemporary Military Challenges focuses on the challenges of recruiting and retaining interested young people in the armed forces. In the ERGOMAS Working Group “Recruitment and Retention”, chaired by Tibor Szvircsev Tresch, 20 papers from different researchers were presented. In the five conference sessions on this issue, we had interesting discussions on various related topics. Session 1 dealt with the subject of minorities in the armed forces, and especially how they can be integrated and how they can participate in the system. In the next session, recruitment and retention in the reserve forces stood as the theme of the presentations. Politics and the military: mutual influence and the effect on military personnel was the topic of session 3, and session 4 analysed the motivational factors and reasons for attrition. The last session focused attention on recruitment and retention strategies. From these five sessions we were able to choose five presentations from all of these topics to adapt as journal articles. In the five articles offered in this journal, recruitment and retention are broadly discussed in historical terms and also based on the most recent research results. In military sociology research has generally addressed the recruitment of volunteers into the active force, but the reserve components and the conscription system should also be reviewed in detail. This special issue also analyzes reserve forces and conscription systems with regard to recruitment and retention. In the past not much attention has been paid to the topic of recruitment and retention in Europe. This was also true during the time of the Cold War for the conscript-based armed forces; the recruitment of new personnel was guaranteed by the conscript system. The advantages of this system were that the conscripted young men (in Europe only men were obliged to enter the armed forces; for women this was on a volunteer basis, and in some countries it was even forbidden for women to join the armed forces, or they could join only in auxiliary positions) could be socialized during their military service and also convinced that a professional military position could be a career for them. In other words, through the conscript system the armed forces were able to win new personnel who could imagine staying in the armed forces as long-term employees. One consequence of this was that the armed forces did not have to recruit new personnel on the free job market. The ‘in-house’ recruiting system provided by conscription was in most cases sufficient to catch enough personnel and – very importantly – well-qualified staff. But with the end of the Cold War and new missions, armed forces had to cover new tasks. These new tasks also required, on the one hand, personnel who were able and willing to stay abroad for a longer time, and on the other hand, new skills to cope with the new circumstances in the missions abroad. With the conflicts in the 1990s such as the Gulf War, the Somali Civil War with the United Missions UNOSMO I and II, the Bosnian War and the Kosovo War with the involvement of NATO, Western European armed forces had huge problems sending qualified personnel to these crises. Paradoxically the European armed forces were at that time much bigger in the number of soldiers than they are today, but in almost every country it was forbidden to send conscripted soldiers on missions abroad. Therefore the situation was that after the end of the Cold War these armed forces were not fit for the new tasks. Through the experience gained within these missions, a process of multi-nationalization and professionalization took place in the European armed forces. Multi-nationalization meant that it was more important for many states to join alliances, especially NATO. In a multi-national framework the aspect of greater interoperability between different armed forces was given heed. This led to more professional structures. This structural change is strongly reflected in the number of armed forces that have suspended conscription. In 1990, just four out of 26 European countries had an all-volunteer force, i.e. no conscription system. Today, most European states have switched to an all-volunteer format for their armed forces. This situation has altered the manning system. The flow of newly conscripted recruits disappeared, and personnel had to be found on the free market. At the same time as the armed forces were changing from conscript-based mass armies to leaner all-volunteer forces, civil society was engaged in a process of changing values. Traditional values such as obedience, discipline, and subordination became less significant for young people, and values such as autonomy and self-determination were esteemed much more. Some reasons for this were urbanization, an increasing level of education, and greater differentiation and specialization in the working environment. This led to a discrepancy between civil values that focus on the individual, and military values, which refer to the group dimension. At the moment the consequences of this process can be seen in the difficulty recruiting military personnel in sufficient quantity and quality. Questions related to human resources have become existential for armed forces; not only filling positions in the armed forces, but also adapting them to the new missions in a multicultural environment requires the urgent efforts of human resources development. Attention is now directed towards widening the recruitment pool. Women and young people with a migrant background should complement the traditional recruitment profile of a young, white male. Or in other words, the new recruiting targets must be on an equal footing with the old traditional recruitment basis. With that in mind the European armed forces must alter their recruitment outlook so that they will be attractive to these new target groups. The papers and research presented in this journal may help to broaden the understanding of this new recruitment and retention process. Have a good read!
5
Kelley, Rosalie J., Tina M. Waliczek, and F. Alice Le Duc. "The Effects of Greenhouse Activities on Psychological Stress, Depression, and Anxiety among University Students Who Served in the U.S. Armed Forces." HortScience 52, no. 12 (December 2017): 1834–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12372-17.
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The mental health of the men and women who served in the U.S. Armed Forces is an area of great concern in the United States. Studies have shown the mental health of university students is also a concern with a growing need for support services and prevention measures. The main objective of this study was to determine the effects of participation in particular greenhouse activities on depression, anxiety, and stress levels of students who served in the U.S. Armed Forces. The study included a control group and a treatment group. Participants completed a pre- and post 21-item Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) survey, along with a questionnaire designed to capture participants’ demographic information and information regarding their military service history. The treatment consisted of a 6-week indoor plant care program. Results of the study found that student veterans who participated in the plant care class had decreased levels of depression and stress when compared with the control group. In the post-test open-ended questions, student veterans described a noticeable feeling of reduced stress along with the ability to relax while having feelings of a sense of place (belonging). Participants also indicated that they would continue to grow plants as a hobby.
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No authorship indicated. "Review of Life in the Rank and File: Enlisted Men and Women in the Armed Forces of the United States, Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 32, no. 3 (March 1987): 285–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/026953.
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Helm, Ann. "Book Review: Life in the Rank and File: Enlisted Men and Women in the Armed Forces of the United States, Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom." Armed Forces & Society 14, no. 2 (January 1988): 294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x8801400211.
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Wilson, Mark R. "The Extensive Side of Nineteenth-Century Military Economy: The Tent Industry in the Northern United States during the Civil War." Enterprise & Society 2, no. 2 (June 2001): 297–337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/es/2.2.297.
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Because most histories of military-industrial relations have rested on the examples of arms production and shipbuilding, balanced accounts of military procurement and technologies during the nineteenth century are difficult to find. In fact, weapons and ships accounted for a relatively small fraction of all the goods and services consumed by nineteenth-century armed forces. This article, which describes the tent industry in the United States during the Civil War, suggests that many military enterprises of the period were characterized by an industrial dynamic that was relatively extensive rather than intensive. In the U.S. tent industry, the leading military contractors were mercantile firms, which stood at the center of disintegrated production and distribution networks. Featuring relatively low-capital production arrangements, large numbers of women workers, and powerful mercantile intermediaries who linked manufacturers and army purchasing agents, the Civil War tent business is an example that challenges traditional accounts of the economic foundations of nineteenth-century military capability.
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Ranald, Margaret Loftus. "War and Its Surrogates: Male Combat Sports and Women's Roles." Theatre Research International 23, no. 1 (1998): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883300018228.
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War and the military life have traditionally been perceived in most cultures as a sacrosanct ex-periental world devoted to masculine maturation and bonding. By definition both these traditionally male organizations have until now excluded women, treating them as objects to be despised (if not feared), and also the target of active opposition. Note, for instance, the gleeful celebrations among cadets when Shannon L. Faulkner, the first woman admitted (after court order) to The Citadel, a single-sex military college in Charleston, SC, decided after one week in August 1995 that she could not survive the harassment, hi refusing to admit her the institution had claimed that her presence ‘would undermine a proud and legitimate tradition dedicated to molding the minds, bodies and spirits of young men’. The counter argument was that she was being denied equal opportunity to take part in ‘a unique academic environment that requires on-campus residence and that is being built around a system of hardship, competition and bonding, […and] also a lifetime of countless, less tangible benefits’. Such was also the basis of the US Supreme Court's majority opinion written by Ruth Bader Ginsberg (1996) mandating the admission of women to the Virginia Military Institute. Though now federal government supported service academies admit women, nostalgia still exists in certain quarters for the days when the comment, ‘If the army had wanted you to have a wife, they would have issued you one’ summed up the distinctly peripheral position held by wives, who were, and are still, classified as ‘dependants’. But now women are in the United States Armed Forces, in command positions and certain combat units, as well as in the medical corps. The transition is difficult.
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Kozicki, Bartosz, and Szymon Mitkow. "A multidimensional comparative analysis of the labor market in the United States in terms of economic security and its impact on providing logistical support for the US Armed Forces stationed in Poland." Systemy Logistyczne Wojsk 54, no. 1 (July 20, 2021): 167–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37055/slw/140381.
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The study uses a multidimensional comparative analysis of the employed and unemployed in respective US states in four groups of dependent variables in the form of months: January 2020, November 2020, December 2020, January 2021 and its impact on providing logistical support to the US Armed Forces stationed in Poland . The research period of the study covers the impact of the crisis caused by the COVID-19 infectious disease pandemic. It led to a sharp increase in unemployment in April 2020. Such a strong and rapid growth dynamics of unemployment rates in the United States has not yet been recorded in history. An analysis conducted by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics indicates serious damage to the US labor market as a result of the COVID-19 infectious disease. At the end of November 2020 there were 9.8 million fewer people employed than in February (excluding agricultural work which is of a seasonal nature) [https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/12/covid19-pandemic-usa- employment-inequality /, status on 03/27/2021]. In 2020, the US national unemployment rate was at 3.6% in January and reached a record 14.7% in April. It has dropped dramatically since then, to around 6.7% in November, but the recovery has been uneven for women and black people, Latinos and young people - still experiencing high levels of unemployment. Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of long-term unemployed has been growing steadily [https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/dec/31/us-unemployment-december-coronavirus as of 03/27/2021]. An analysis of government data from the Pew Research Center shows that job losses during the pandemic hit workers in low-wage jobs particularly hard [https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/02/10/unemployed -americans-are-feeling-the-emotional-strain-of-job-loss-most-have-considered-changing-occupations /, as of 27/03/2021]. From December 2019 to December 2020, the percentage decline in employment in low-wage occupations was more than twice as high as in occupations with average wages (-12.5% vs. -5.3%) while employment in high-wage occupations slightly increased in this period [https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/02/10/unemployed-americans-are-feeling-the-emotional-strain-of-job-loss-most-have-considered-changing- occupations /, as of 27/03/2021]. An estimated 20 million people have lost their jobs in the United States. The data was downloaded from the website: https://www.bls.gov/ to conduct the research. They were grouped, inferred and ranked. The last stage of the research was the calculation of unemployment rates in four groups of dependent variables and outlining a bar chart by applying the ranking with the use of the median in four groups of observed variables.
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Zelenko, Natalia, and Bohdana Kostyuchyk. "Pension provision for Ukrainian military personnel: national and regional dimensions." Galic'kij ekonomičnij visnik 81, no. 2 (2023): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/galicianvisnyk_tntu2023.02.089.
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Over the past year, Ukraine has faced the challenge of protecting the integrity of its borders, the lives and health of its citizens, and the existence of the Ukrainian state as a whole. On February 24, 2022, the russian federation launched a full-scale war against Ukraine. Ukrainian servicemen and women have been defending the country's sovereignty from aggressors on a daily basis. Due to these events, the number of servicemen and their families began to increase significantly throughout Ukraine, given the constant mobilization of citizens to the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine notes that as of 2022, about 11 million people in Ukraine received pensions, of whom more than 540,000 were military pensioners. However, it is worth noting that the average amount of pensions received by the military in 2022 was about UAH 8,500, which confirms the low level of pension payments to this category of citizens. It should be noted that the average pension of a serviceman in Ukraine is several times lower than the average pension of a serviceman in the United States or one of the European countries (10 times lower than in the United States). This proves that the issue of reforming Ukraine's pension system to create an effective pension mechanism that could guarantee an adequate standard of living for military personnel in retirement is currently acute. After all, building an effective system of social protection for military personnel is a direct responsibility of our state. Accordingly, in the article, the authors identify and analyze the main aspects of pension provision for servicemen and their families in Ukraine, in particular in the Lviv region, namely: the amount of pension payments, depending on the types of pensions to which the serviceman is entitled, and the total amount of expenditures on pension provision for servicemen and their families in Ukraine, in particular in the Lviv region. The analysis provides an assessment of the state of pension provision for military personnel and their families, and formulates practical recommendations for improving the pension provision of this category of pensioners for further reform.
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Fuller, Graham E. "Freedom and Security." American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 22, no. 3 (July 1, 2005): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajiss.v22i3.466.
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The DebateQuestion 1: Various commentators have frequently invoked the importance of moderate Muslims and the role that they can play in fighting extremism in the Muslim world. But it is not clear who is a moderate Muslim. The recent cancellation of Tariq Ramadan’s visa to the United States, the raids on several American Muslim organizations, and the near marginalization of mainstream American Muslims in North America pose the following question: If moderate Muslims are critical to an American victory in the war on terror, then why does the American government frequently take steps that undermine moderate Muslims? Perhaps there is a lack of clarity about who the moderate Muslims are. In your view, who are these moderate Muslims and what are their beliefs and politics?
GEF: Who is a moderate Muslim? That depends on whom you ask and what that person’s (or government’s) agenda is. Moderate is also a quite relative term, understood differently by different people. For our purposes here, let’s examine two basically different approaches to this question: an American view and a Middle Eastern view of what characterizes a moderate Muslim. Most non-Muslims would probably define a moderate Muslim as anyone who believes in democracy, tolerance, a non-violent approach to politics, and equitable treatment of women at the legal and social levels. Today, the American government functionally adds several more criteria: Amoderate Muslim is one who does not oppose the country’s strategic and geopolitical ambitions in the world, who accepts American interests and preferences within the world order, who believes that Islam has no role in politics, and who avoids any confrontation – even political – with Israel. There are deep internal contradictions and warring priorities within the American approach to the Muslim world. While democratization and “freedom” is the Bush administration’s self-proclaimed global ideological goal, the reality is that American demands for security and the war against terror take priority over the democratization agenda every time. Democratization becomes a punishment visited upon American enemies rather than a gift bestowed upon friends. Friendly tyrants take priority over those less cooperative moderate and democratic Muslims who do not acquiesce to the American agenda in the Muslim world. Within the United States itself, the immense domestic power of hardline pro-Likud lobbies and the Israel-firsters set the agenda on virtually all discourse concerning the Muslim world and Israel. This group has generally succeeded in excluding from the public dialogue most Muslim (or even non-Muslim) voices that are at all critical of Israel’s policies. This de facto litmus test raises dramatically the threshold for those who might represent an acceptable moderate Muslim interlocutor. The reality is that there is hardly a single prominent figure in the Muslim world who has not at some point voiced anger at Israeli policies against the Palestinians and who has not expressed ambivalence toward armed resistance against the Israeli occupation of Palestinian lands. Thus, few Muslim leaders enjoying public legitimacy in the Muslim world can meet this criterion these days in order to gain entry to the United States to participate in policy discussions. In short, moderate Muslimis subject to an unrealistic litmus test regarding views on Israel that functionally excludes the great majority of serious voices representative of genuine Muslim thinkers in the Middle East who are potential interlocutors. There is no reason to believe that this political framework will change in the United States anytime soon. In my view, a moderate Muslim is one who is open to the idea of evolutionary change through history in the understanding and practice of Islam, one who shuns literalism and selectivism in the understanding of sacred texts. Amoderate would reject the idea that any one group or individual has a monopoly on defining Islam and would seek to emphasize common ground with other faiths, rather than accentuate the differences. Amoderate would try to seek within Islam the roots of those political and social values that are broadly consonant with most of the general values of the rest of the contemporary world. A moderate Muslim would not reject the validity of other faiths. Against the realities of the contemporary Middle East, a moderate Muslim would broadly eschew violence as a means of settling political issues, but still might not condemn all aspects of political violence against state authorities who occupy Muslim lands by force – such as Russia in Chechnya, the Israeli state in the Palestine, or even American occupation forces in Iraq. Yet even here, in principle, a moderate must reject attacks against civilians, women, and children in any struggle for national liberation. Moderates would be open to cooperation with the West and the United States, but not at the expense of their own independence and sovereignty.
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Fuller, Graham E. "Freedom and Security." American Journal of Islam and Society 22, no. 3 (July 1, 2005): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v22i3.466.
Full textAbstract:
The DebateQuestion 1: Various commentators have frequently invoked the importance of moderate Muslims and the role that they can play in fighting extremism in the Muslim world. But it is not clear who is a moderate Muslim. The recent cancellation of Tariq Ramadan’s visa to the United States, the raids on several American Muslim organizations, and the near marginalization of mainstream American Muslims in North America pose the following question: If moderate Muslims are critical to an American victory in the war on terror, then why does the American government frequently take steps that undermine moderate Muslims? Perhaps there is a lack of clarity about who the moderate Muslims are. In your view, who are these moderate Muslims and what are their beliefs and politics?
GEF: Who is a moderate Muslim? That depends on whom you ask and what that person’s (or government’s) agenda is. Moderate is also a quite relative term, understood differently by different people. For our purposes here, let’s examine two basically different approaches to this question: an American view and a Middle Eastern view of what characterizes a moderate Muslim. Most non-Muslims would probably define a moderate Muslim as anyone who believes in democracy, tolerance, a non-violent approach to politics, and equitable treatment of women at the legal and social levels. Today, the American government functionally adds several more criteria: Amoderate Muslim is one who does not oppose the country’s strategic and geopolitical ambitions in the world, who accepts American interests and preferences within the world order, who believes that Islam has no role in politics, and who avoids any confrontation – even political – with Israel. There are deep internal contradictions and warring priorities within the American approach to the Muslim world. While democratization and “freedom” is the Bush administration’s self-proclaimed global ideological goal, the reality is that American demands for security and the war against terror take priority over the democratization agenda every time. Democratization becomes a punishment visited upon American enemies rather than a gift bestowed upon friends. Friendly tyrants take priority over those less cooperative moderate and democratic Muslims who do not acquiesce to the American agenda in the Muslim world. Within the United States itself, the immense domestic power of hardline pro-Likud lobbies and the Israel-firsters set the agenda on virtually all discourse concerning the Muslim world and Israel. This group has generally succeeded in excluding from the public dialogue most Muslim (or even non-Muslim) voices that are at all critical of Israel’s policies. This de facto litmus test raises dramatically the threshold for those who might represent an acceptable moderate Muslim interlocutor. The reality is that there is hardly a single prominent figure in the Muslim world who has not at some point voiced anger at Israeli policies against the Palestinians and who has not expressed ambivalence toward armed resistance against the Israeli occupation of Palestinian lands. Thus, few Muslim leaders enjoying public legitimacy in the Muslim world can meet this criterion these days in order to gain entry to the United States to participate in policy discussions. In short, moderate Muslimis subject to an unrealistic litmus test regarding views on Israel that functionally excludes the great majority of serious voices representative of genuine Muslim thinkers in the Middle East who are potential interlocutors. There is no reason to believe that this political framework will change in the United States anytime soon. In my view, a moderate Muslim is one who is open to the idea of evolutionary change through history in the understanding and practice of Islam, one who shuns literalism and selectivism in the understanding of sacred texts. Amoderate would reject the idea that any one group or individual has a monopoly on defining Islam and would seek to emphasize common ground with other faiths, rather than accentuate the differences. Amoderate would try to seek within Islam the roots of those political and social values that are broadly consonant with most of the general values of the rest of the contemporary world. A moderate Muslim would not reject the validity of other faiths. Against the realities of the contemporary Middle East, a moderate Muslim would broadly eschew violence as a means of settling political issues, but still might not condemn all aspects of political violence against state authorities who occupy Muslim lands by force – such as Russia in Chechnya, the Israeli state in the Palestine, or even American occupation forces in Iraq. Yet even here, in principle, a moderate must reject attacks against civilians, women, and children in any struggle for national liberation. Moderates would be open to cooperation with the West and the United States, but not at the expense of their own independence and sovereignty.
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Byers, Michael. "Canadian Armed Forces under United States Command." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 58, no. 1 (March 2003): 89–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002070200305800105.
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Byers, Michael. "Canadian Armed Forces under United States Command." International Journal 58, no. 1 (2002): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40203814.
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Wong, Siu G. "Siu G. Wong, O.D., M.P.H." Hindsight: Journal of Optometry History 51, no. 2 (April 24, 2020): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/hindsight.v51i2.30282.
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This memoir, written by Dr. Siu G. Wong, chronicles her early influences and education, and profiles her first career as a public health optometrist and her second career as a community activist and public historian. Dr. Wong graduated from the University of California, Berkeley with her doctorate in optometry in 1970 and received her master's in public health in 1973. Her first position as an educator at the University of Houston (UH) included pioneering an interdisciplinary community health program in a low-income neighborhood as well as coordinating the first externship program for UH optometry students with the United States Public Health Service-Indian Health Service (USPHS-IHS). Dr. Wong joined the USPHS in 1978 where she was the first female commissioned officer assigned to the Indian Health Service (IHS), the first chief optometrist of an administrative region, and eventually the first woman to hold the position of chief optometric consultant to the IHS. During her tenure, she spearheaded quality assurance programs and was active in both the American Optometric Association (AOA) and the American Public Health Association (APHA), serving in leadership roles in the AOA's Council on Clinical Optometric Care, Hospital Privileges Committee, the QA Committee, and the Multidisciplinary Practice Section. She also became a member of the APHA's Vision Care Section and the Armed Forces Optometric Society. After retirement, Dr. Wong continued her role in public service, serving as the Clinical Director for the Special Olympics Opening Eyes program and as a clnical consultant. She became active also in public history, joining the Chinese American Citizens Alliance where she works to raise awareness of the contributions of Chinese Americans to American history. This article was annotated by Kirsten Hebert.
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Perepolkin, Serhii M., Valentyna O. Boniak, Vitalii A. Zavhorodnii, Tetiana L. Syroid, and Liudmyla A. Filianina. "Gender equality in states’ armed forces." Linguistics and Culture Review 5, S4 (November 23, 2021): 1938–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5ns4.1882.
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The article aims to disclose the most common challenges faced by women during military service based on the results of the gender equality state’s analysis in the armed forces of various states and to develop suggestions for their solution. The use of the comparative method allowed to compare the existing doctrinal approaches to the women’s gender equality concept in the modern states’ armed forces, to determine the quantitative rates of women’s service in the armed forces of various states, and to analyze the most common challenges faced by women servicemen in the time of service. To solve gender inequalities in the armed forces, their Ministries of Defense should introduce measures promoting women’s rights in the armed forces. Successful implementation of this goal requires the solution of a number of tasks, including the eradication of the following cases: unprofessional behavior; bullying; morally outdated double and inconsistent standards’ application; sexual harassment and assaults on women; the application of any stereotypes based on the violation of women’s equal rights to serve in the armed forces on par with men, etc.
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Meron, Theodor. "Extraterritoriality of Human Rights Treaties." American Journal of International Law 89, no. 1 (January 1995): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203895.
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On the eve of the planned U.S. invasion of Haiti, responding to an appeal from the International Committee of the Red Cross to apply international humanitarian law, the United States stated that [i]f it becomes necessary to use force and engage in hostilities, the United States will, upon any engagement of forces, apply all of the provisions of the Geneva Conventions and the customary international law dealing with armed conflict.Further, the United States will accord prisoner of war treatment to any detained member of the Haitian armed forces. Any member of the U.S. armed forces who is detained by Haitian forces must be accorded prisoner of war treatment.
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PAWLIKOWICZ, Leszek. "THE ORGANISATIONAL STATUS OF SPECIAL FORCES IN THE ARMED FORCES OF NATO STATES." Humanities and Social Sciences quarterly 30, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.7862/rz.2023.hss.29.
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The process of separation of special forces (military special operations units) in the structure of the armed forces of NATO countries began in the 1980s. By the end of the Cold War, two states had done this: the United States and the United Kingdom (1987). By the end of the 20th century, they had been followed by France (1992) and Turkey (1994). This article describes the chronology of changes in this area up to January 2020, by which time 18 out of 29 NATO states had upgraded their special forces to the status of separate branches of their armed forces or troops. Two models of management had been adopted within the framework of the autonomization of the said units, which at the beginning of the 2020s comprised up to 5% of all armed forces.
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Cserkits, Michael. "Representation of Armed Forces Through Cinematic and Animated Pieces: Case Studies." Journal of Advanced Military Studies 12, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 165–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21140/mcuj.20211201008.
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In this article, the author will examine the representation of armed forces in cinematic productions and anime, with case studies of the United States and Japan. e sample will consist of a movie that has a clear involvement of the United States armed forces and of an anime series that was cofinanced by the Japanese Self-Defense Forces. The analytical method used will be textual analysis, in combination with videography, a method that supports interaction analysis of moving images. In comparing those two different approaches of the armed forces of Japan and the U.S. military, the author hopes to shed light on not simply the representation of the groups but also desired self-identification of the respective armed forces.
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Gajewski, Donald, and Robert Granville. "The United States Armed Forces Amputee Patient Care Program." Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 14, Supplement (October 2006): S183—S187. http://dx.doi.org/10.5435/00124635-200600001-00040.
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Pajurek, Monika. "Cybersecurity military entities of the United States of America." Facta Simonidis 10, no. 1 (December 31, 2017): 163–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.56583/fs.141.
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US armed forces have been operating in cyberspace for decades. Due to its position and highly developed digital infrastructure the United States are vulnerable to hackers. These attacks pose restrictions during military operations and can lead to the economic damage of the country. The article focuses on how the Pentagon perceives cybersecurity issues. Military cybersecurity entities include individual commands of the armed forces: USSTRATCOM, USCYBERCOM and Cyberspace Service Components. This article presents the military entities responsible for cybersecurity, pointing to their evolution and increasing importance in providing this kind of security for the country as well as on global scale.
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Scheuner, Maren, Paloma Sales, Susan M. Frayne, Marcelo Palmieri, Rashna Soonavala, Allison Stover Fiscalini, and Laura Esserman. "Abstract P5-19-05: Successful participation of veterans affairs patients in precision medicine research through passive recruitment efforts." Cancer Research 82, no. 4_Supplement (February 15, 2022): P5–19–05—P5–19–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs21-p5-19-05.
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Abstract Background Access to clinical trials and other research opportunities is important to discovering new disease treatments and better ways to detect, diagnose, and reduce disease risk. The WISDOM (Women Informed to Screen Depending on Measures of risk) Study is a multi-site, pragmatic trial with web-based participation based at the University of California at San Francisco (UCSF) that aims to move breast cancer screening away from its current one-size-fits-all approach to one that is personalized based on each woman’s individual risk. We sought to evaluate passive recruitment efforts of Veterans Affairs (VA) patients into a precision medicine research program. Methods We created a hub and spoke recruitment model with the San Francisco VA Medical Center (SFVAMC) serving as the central hub of passive recruitment activities and eligible VA facilities that agreed to participate serving as the spoke recruitment sites. Eligible facilities had at least 3,000 women patients, VA clinical genetic services available, a site lead from the VA Women’s Health-Practice-Based Research Network, and mammography on site. Site participation involved permission for the research team to email eligible patients (women age 40-74 without a prior breast cancer diagnosis) about the WISDOM Study. We evaluated the effectiveness of the recruitment by assessing trends in enrollment and monitoring participation of VA patients in the WISDOM Study. The participating sites were determined to be non-engaged in human subjects research. Results Between May 24th, 2021 and June 30th, 2021, we emailed 29,470 eligible VA patients from seven participating VA facilities. Prior to the VA emailing, 2% of the total WISDOM Study population had served or was currently serving in active duty in any of the United States Armed Forces. After the first month of emails, this percentage increased to 50%. The month following VA emailing was one of the highest accruing months for the study with 2175 women registering, doubling the average of the prior three months, with VA participation accounting for over 50% of total enrollment that month. VA enrollment population was racial and ethnically diverse and changed the demographics of study enrollment. Prior to the VA emailing, the WISDOM Study population (n= 32,3278) included women who are 79% non-Hispanic White, 3% Black/African American and 9% Hispanic/Latina. Between the May 24th, 2021 and June 30th, 2021 emailing period, of the 1665 women enrolled, 64% of which were non-Hispanic White, 16% Black/African American and 12% Hispanic/Latina. Most women veterans enrolled in the study were between the ages of 40-50 (45%), which represented a younger population than the general WISDOM Study population (28%, aged 40-50). Both the VA population and general WISDOM Study population had similar levels education: 72% of the VA population had obtained a college graduate degree compared to 76% of the WISDOM study population with a college graduate degree. Conclusions The VA has recently approved email contact as a method for passively recruiting research participants. Our results demonstrate that there is substantial interest among female veterans in the WISDOM Study, and that emailing VA patients was not only feasible but an effective approach to increased study recruitment and diversity of participants. This data provides a unique opportunity for future trials to engage women veterans as precision medicine becomes a growing area of research in the VA and at academic affiliates. Citation Format: Maren Scheuner, Paloma Sales, Susan M. Frayne, Marcelo Palmieri, Rashna Soonavala, Allison Stover Fiscalini, WISDOM Study/Athena Investigators, Advocate Partners, Laura Esserman. Successful participation of veterans affairs patients in precision medicine research through passive recruitment efforts [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-19-05.
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Duggins, R. K. "Aeronautical Engineering Education for the Armed Forces." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 206, no. 2 (July 1992): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1992_206_250_02.
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A discussion is given of the arrangements that have been made for aeronautical and aerospace engineering education of members of the armed forces in the United Kingdom, the United States of America, West Germany and Australia. A striking feature of the comparisons is shown to be the extent of the differences in the arrangements in the various countries. A less detailed and less rigorous version of the paper was presented at the Aerotech 92 conference (1).
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Kulebyakin, Vyacheslav N., and Elena E. Pronina. "Regulation of Private Military and Security Companies in National and International Law." Moscow Journal of International Law 96, no. 4 (December 30, 2014): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2014-4-4-15.
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Increasingly states engage in armed confl icts private military and security companies. It is believed that they are more mobile and effective in comparison with the regular national armed forces. However, the legitimacy of the activities of such companies in the armed confl ict is doubtful. In this connection, the article discusses some of the laws of the United States, the United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, Germany, Russia, applicable to the activities of PMSCs, and explores the question of the degree of regulation in international law.
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Moquin, Ross R., and James M. Ecklund. "Socioeconomic issues of United States military neurosurgery." Neurosurgical Focus 12, no. 4 (April 2002): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/foc.2002.12.4.7.
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Although the practice of neurosurgery in the United States (US) Armed Forces is in many ways similar to the civilian practice of neurosurgery, there are many differences as well. The unique challenges, duties, and opportunities US military neurosurgeons are given, both in peacetime and in times of conflict, are discussed, as are pathways for entering into service. The advantages of military service for neurosurgeons include sponsored training, decreased direct exposure to tort actions, little involvement with third-party payers, significant opportunities for travel, and military-specific experiences. The most appealing aspect of military practice is serving fellow members of the US Armed Forces. Disadvantages include the extreme gap between the military and civilian pay scales, lack of support personnel, and in some areas low surgery-related case volume. The greatest concern faced by the military neurosurgical community is the failure to retain experienced neurosurgeons after their obligated service time has been completed, for which several possible solutions are described. It is hoped that future changes will make the practice of military neurosurgery attractive enough so that it will be seen as a career in itself and not an obligation to endure before starting practice in the “real world.”
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Park, Roberta J. "“Happy and Cheerful in This Fine Camp”: Sports, Recreation, and the United States Army at Fort Ord and Camp Roberts, 1940 to 1945." Journal of Sport History 42, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jsporthistory.42.1.21.
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Abstract In the introduction to their recent book Sport and the Military: The British Armed Forces, 1880-1960 (2010) Tony Mason and Eliza Riedi state that sport has been “poorly served in histories of the British armed forces.” This is followed by the assertion: “The study of the roles played by sport in the United States military is somewhat more developed” (pp. 1-3). Given the extensive growth that has occurred since the 1970s/1980s in studying “the history of sport” this lack of attention in both countries seems rather surprising. Although histories of sports and physical fitness programs conducted by the United States Navy during World War II have received at least a modicum of attention, those involving the United States Army barely exist.
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Minaev, Maxim. "Armed Forces in the present United States and Britain military policy. Main Trends." Russia and America in the 21st Century, no. 6 (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760029541-2.
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The article presents the United States and United Kingdom Armed Forces evolvement main trends in the warfare below the threshold of war context. The point at issue is United States Special Operations Forces (US SOF), British Army and United Kingdom Special Forces (UKSF). The focus of the research paper on: the US Theater Special Operations Commands - Special Operations Command Africa, Special Operations Command Europe and others; British Army new units - Ranger Regiment, Army Special Operations Brigade, 11th Security Force Assistance Brigade and others. The organizational and establishment of these units, their warfighting and combat training functions, tactical battle employment the spot is on. The article consciously thinks the Future Soldier British Army reform program and its role in the battle units adapting to the new type of conflicts - hybrid warfare below the threshold of war. The special attention is given to the US Military Operation in Syria (Operation Inherent Resolve) and American-British military assistance to Ukraine Armed Forces. The article is also reviewing the CIA Special Activities Center military role in Ukraine and 22nd Special Air Service regiment (UKSF) Syria combat presence.
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Moloeznik, M. P. "75 years after the end of World War II: considerations on Mexico’s participation as a belligerent." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos 8, no. 1 (August 23, 2020): 46–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2020-8-1-46-60.
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The article attempts to explain the role that Mexico played during World War II (1939-1945). The Mexican armed forces, in particular the 201st air squadron, were directly involved in the hostilities at the end of the armed conflict, which had more of a symbolic significance. Nevertheless, it is necessary to emphasize the contribution of the army of Mexican workers – the Braceros, as well as of the thousands of Mexicans who sacrificed their lives in the uniform of the United States armed forces. In the present review of literature and key historical sources relevant to the topic, the author talks about Mexican heroes, World War II soldiers and considers the armed participation of Mexico in the war in the general context of the national development of this country, which borders with the United States. For Mexico, participation in World War II was an important event in the framework of the Mexican “economic miracle”, the modernization of the national armed complex, and the construction of the new world order (Mexico was one of the founders of the United Nations, taking an active part in the conference of San Francisco).
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Millett, Richard L. "The United States and Latin America’s Armed Forces: A Troubled Relationship." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 39, no. 1 (1997): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166500.
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When Commodore David Porter resigned from the US Navy to accept the post of commander-in-chief of Mexico’s nascent naval forces, he began a tradition of US involvement with Latin American armed forces that has endured to the present day. Porter’s decision was supported by President John Quincy Adams, who hoped that it would both strengthen the US influence in Mexico and act as a curb on possible Mexican efforts to seize Cuba, a prize which the president coveted himself (for details, see Long, 1970). These objectives signaled another enduring heritage: efforts by the United States to use ties with Latin American military institutions to promote agendas that were frequently unrelated to, or even at variance with, national interests in Latin America. This would be especially true whenever the United States perceived itself as competing with other nations for influence in the region. In 1826, the rival was Great Britain; in this century, it was first Germany and then the Soviet Union, but, in all cases, the bottom line was the same: a determination to make Washington’s influence paramount.
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Francis M. Carroll. "United States Armed Forces in Northern Ireland During World War II." New Hibernia Review 12, no. 2 (2008): 15–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nhr.0.0011.
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WÓJTOWICZ, PhD, Tomasz, and Dariusz KRÓL. "MULTI-DOMAIN BATTLE. NEW DOCTRINE OF THE UNITED STATES ARMED FORCES." Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Sztuki Wojennej 112, no. 3 (March 11, 2019): 64–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.0879.
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This article describes the newest doctrine of the U.S. Armed Forces, i.e. the Multi- Domain Battle (MDB) concept. It constitutes a description of several operational principles related to a potential conflict with the People’s Republic of China or the Russian Federation, such as the time and space for conducting military operations, the operating environment, the forces (base of operations), the target, the concentration of forces and the operational leeway. The article looks at the origins of the doctrine, the circumstances under which it was formed and people who contributed to its development. The authors also refer to historical U.S. doctrines, such as the AirLand Battle or AirSea Battle concepts. Along with the authors’ enthusiastic approach to MDB, the article also features some critical opinions which imply that the U.S. Army is not ready for MDB operations. The research methods that were used by the authors included analysis, synthesis, comparison and generalisation. Much space is devoted to analysing the U.S. Army’s official documents, including Multi-Domain Battle: Evolution of Combined Arms for the 21st Century 2025-2040, FM 3-0 Operations and TRADOC Multi-Domain Battle: Combined Arms for the 21st Century. The authors believe that Multi-Domain Battle is about to become the official military doctrine of the U.S. Armed Forces. In spite of the criticism, transformations of individual combat teams in the MDB spirit should be expected in the upcoming years. This doctrine also provides a military response to the geo-political changes occurring in the world, manifested as the United State’s limited role in certain regions, China’s growing power and Russia’s aggressive foreign policy. The conclusions formulated in the article may serve as the starting point for further studies dealing, inter alia, with the Polish Army’s readiness for conducting military operations, based on the MDB doctrine, jointly with the U.S. Army, the Polish Anti-Access/Area Denial (A2AD) capabilities and the role of military technologies in the MDB doctrine. The article makes use of the exact translation of the term, i.e. “Multi-Domain Battle.” However, the reader should bear in mind that it describes capabilities not only at the tactical level but also in operational terms, enabling the accomplishment of the strategic objective.
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Waschefort, Gus. "Implications of Children’s Rights for Military Justice in the Context of Members of the Armed Forces Younger than the Age of Eighteen." Journal of International Peacekeeping 20, no. 3-4 (August 17, 2016): 275–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18754112-02003008.
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A number of States lawfully enlist persons younger than eighteen (but at least sixteen) into their national armed forces. While such enlistment is consistent with the relevant States’ international law obligations, a number of additional obligations are triggered that the State owes towards the child enlistee by virtue of international children’s rights. This article engages with these additional obligations as they apply to child members of the armed forces who are in conflict with the law. In particular, focus is placed on States that maintain a separate and distinct military justice system, and the examples of Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom are relied upon for illustrative purposes. In order to properly engage with State obligations, in this regard, the article also endeavors to address the nature of the duty of care owed by the armed forces in respect of child members.
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Waters, Christopher. "Beyond Lawfare: Juridical Oversight of Western Militaries." Alberta Law Review 46, no. 4 (August 1, 2009): 885. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr209.
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While civilian supremacy over the armed forces is accepted as a matter of faith in Western countries, this supremacy often means little more than supremacy of the executive branch of government over top generals. Indeed, efforts to regulate armed forces through broader domestic or international legal frameworks, including international criminal law, have been resisted in some military quarters (particularly in the United Kingdom and the United States) with the military and its backers raising concerns of “legal encirclement” or “lawfare.” The author argues for broad civilian and democratic oversight of armed forces, including through increased judicial and quasi-judicial scrutiny of overseas military actions at the domestic and international levels. The author concludes that broad democratic oversight not only promotes compliance with international legal norms but supports operational effectiveness as well.
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Liang, Liqiao. "The Construction of U.S. Armed Forces` Image Through Translation Activities in Hollywood Blockbusters." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 4, no. 10 (October 29, 2021): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2021.4.10.17.
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This paper studied 22 influencing Hollywood war films, and extracted translation behaviors among them. Some of the most influencing Hollywood blockbusters themed on wars would be examined to see the role they played in depicting the image of the United States Armed Forces hope to build through the plot(s) of translation activities performed in theatre. From such changes can see the change of people`s attention, as well as the effect Hollywood blockbusters contributed on the building of the U.S. Armed Forces` images. Video productions (especially films) are some of the most welcomed ones. The United States has one of the most powerful film-making industries in the world, which successful products of its are popular around the world, definitely have the American way of thinking and judgment spread and accepted by the film-lovers around the world. Research conducted on such films would reveal how the U.S. Armed Forces` image has changed on cinema screens, and provide a collection of data for translation researchers who has an interest in the field combining translation (behaviors) with the mass media.
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Perepolkin, Serhii M., Valentyna O. Boniak, Vitalii A. Zavhorodnii, Tetiana L. Syroid, and Liudmyla A. Filianina. "The Place of Women in the Armed Forces: Legislation and State Compliance with Gender Equality Policies." Feminist Encounters: A Journal of Critical Studies in Culture and Politics 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2024): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.20897/femenc/14235.
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The purpose of this comparative study is to analyse the challenges and problems faced by women during military service based on the state of gender equality in different countries. The study analysed international law and international judicial practise, which are the driving forces behind making adjustments and changes to the legislation of different countries. The main research method was to compare the existing doctrinal approaches to the study of gender inequality in the armed forces of different countries, to display quantitative indicators of women’s military service in those countries, as well as to analyse and compare the nature of the challenges faced by women during their military service. The study also conducted a thorough analysis of the works of scholars in this area, which confirmed the existence of this problem of gender inequality in the armed forces. It was concluded that the authorised bodies of states should allocate significant resources and efforts to implement measures to ensure the rights of women in the armed forces.
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Izyumov, D. B., and E. L. Kondratyuk. "EDUCATIONAL-TRAINING FACILITIES OF GROUND US FORCES." Innovatics and Expert Examination, no. 27 (2019): 168–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.35264/1996-2274-2019-2-168-176.
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The article discusses issues related to the development and use of training means and facilities in order to improve the level of training of US Army personnel. An overview of the main simulators used in the US Armed Forces at present is given, and the prospects for the development of the United States in this area are presented.
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Kovačević, Nenad, Tina Kovačević, and Vinko Žnidaršič. "One approach to comparing command posts of tactical units in the Serbian armed forces and foreign armed forces." Vojno delo 76, no. 1 (2024): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vojdelo2401039k.
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Exercising command over units, as an element of capabilities of all armed forces, in armed conflicts represents a highly complex process. It is done in compliance with factors and principles, and through documents, and it is carried out from superiors to the subordinates. Command posts are part of the area of operation where commands or staffs (in their entirety or their segments) plan operations and activities, where from those decisions, in the form of orders and commands, are distributed to subordinate units. This paper draws a comparison between tactical-level command posts in the Serbian Armed Forces, armed forces of the Russian Federation and the United States of America by criteria of conceptual determination (purpose and types) and organisation (composition and manner of functioning). Apart from the comparative method, the research utilised other methods as well: definitions and classification, content analysis and analysis and synthesis. The aim of the research is to describe the purpose, composition and work organisation at command posts of foreign armed forces, and compare them with command posts of the Serbian Armed Forces. The research results have unequivocally indicated that the purpose and types of command posts in the Serbian Armed Forces and in foreign armed forces are rather similar, while the composition, organisation and structure, and the manner of functioning are partially different.
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Moreno, Jonathan D. "Bioethics and the National Security State." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 32, no. 2 (2004): 198–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2004.tb00466.x.
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it is mandatory that in building up our strength, we enlarge upon our technical superiority by an accelerated exploitation of the scientific potential of the United States and our allies. National Security Council, NSC-G8: United States Objectives and Program for National Security April 14, 1950 Innovation within the armed forces will rest on experimentation with new approaches to warfare, strengthening joint operations, exploiting U.S. intelligence advantages, and takingfull advantage of science and technology. George W Bush, The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, September 17,2002
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SHUNYAKOV, D. V., and V. V. ZAPARIY. "REFORM OF THE SOVIET ARMED FORCES DURING THE KHRUSHCHEV THAW (1953-1964)." History and Modern Perspectives 5, no. 3 (September 29, 2023): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2658-4654-2023-5-3-59-67.
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The experience of military reform of the Soviet Armed Forces during the years of N.S. Khrushchev at the head of the Soviet Union is analyzed. It is stated that a radical change in the geopolitical situation required the reorganization of the Armed Forces, which passed two stages of military construction. During the first stage, which took place in 1953-1959. The Soviet government took peaceful initiatives to reduce military-political escalation, formed a military-political bloc. The Warsaw Pact Organization, as a counterweight to NATO, saw a significant reduction in the number of armed forces, created nuclear parity with the United States. During the second stage (1960-1964), it was supposed to sharply reduce the number of armed forces and return to the police recruiting system that existed in the USSR in the 1930s. Due to the sharp aggravation of the international situation, these plans had to be abandoned, the usual means of armed struggle received a sharp impetus for development. N.S. Khrushchev's radical reforms were shown to antagonize the military leadership, leading to the latter's support for his resignation in October 1964.
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Centkowski, Marek. "Procedury karne w stosunku do żołnierzy sił zbrojnych Stanów Zjednoczonych oraz członków ich personelu cywilnego przebywających na terytorium Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej." Studia Prawnoustrojowe, no. 42 (April 8, 2019): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/sp.5008.
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The subject of this work is to clarify the issues of criminal jurisdiction set forth in articles 13-15 of the Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Poland and the Government of the United States of America regarding the status of the armed forces of the United States of America on the territory of the Republic of Poland of December 11, 2009 in Warsaw. The author simultaneously conducts analysis of the provisions in article VII NATO SOFA, a supplemental agreement between the Governments of Poland and the United States. In addition, memorandum of Understanding between the Minister of Justice of the Republic of Poland and the Command of the Armed Forces of the United States of America in Europe regarding foreign criminal jurisdiction, signed on October 23, 2014 in Warsaw is discussed. The memorandum specifies the provisions of the above-mentioned two international agreements, describing, among other things, how to proceed with American soldiers and members of their civilian staff as perpetrators of prohibited acts. Furthermore, this document contains templates for letters addressed to US military authorities, and Polish judicial authorities with respect to the priority of jurisdiction, as well as arrangements related to the performance of official duties by the perpetrator at the time of committing a prohibited act. The authorities that supervise or conduct preparatory proceedings against members of the United States forces and their civilian personnel are military prosecutors of the regional or the district prosecutor’s offices. The Police, on the other hand and Military Police are law enforcement agencies carrying out procedural activities at the scene and carryingout activities commissioned by the military prosecutor.
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Mackey, J. "The United States Military Mountain Medicine Course and its relevance to the United Kingdom armed forces." Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service 104, no. 1 (2018): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jrnms-104-53.
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AbstractWorking in mountainous terrain, often at high altitude, presents a unique set of challenges to military medical personnel both in deployed roles and on adventurous training expeditions. Courses such as the increasingly popular Diploma in Mountain Medicine can provide clinicians with the knowledge and skills required to work in this environment. This article describes the current provision of mountain medicine education in the United Kingdom (UK). It also details the United States Military Mountain Medicine course as an example of military specific mountain medicine training and its relevance to UK armed forces medical personnel.
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La Forte, Robert S. "Resistance in Japanese Prison Camps during World War II." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 12, no. 1-2 (2003): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187656103793645306.
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AbstractWhen instructing men who might become prisoners of war, Article 3 of the United States Armed Forces Code of Conduct, issued in 1955, states in part: “If I am captured I will continue to resist by all means available. I will make every effort to escape and aid others to escape.” No such code existed in World War II.
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Dimou, Antonia. "Advancing Women in Peace And Security." Security science journal 2, no. 1 (August 5, 2021): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37458/ssj.2.1.2.
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Overcoming gender bias has been increasingly important to counter ongoing threats to national and international security. The article focus on the institutional framework that exists for the participation of women in peace and security at the United Nations and NATO levels. It expands to the success story of women’s inclusiveness in the Jordanian armed forces, as well as to the challenges of health security, and concludes with a set of concrete policy recommendations.
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Beiter, Kaylin J., Zachariah J. Wentlent, Adrian R. Hamouda, and Bolaji N. Thomas. "Nonconventional opponents: a review of malaria and leishmaniasis among United States Armed Forces." PeerJ 7 (January 25, 2019): e6313. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6313.
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As the United States military engage with different countries and cultures throughout the world, personnel become exposed to new biospheres as well. There are many infectious pathogens that are not endemic to the US, but two of particular importance are Plasmodium and Leishmania, which respectively cause malaria and leishmaniasis. These parasites are both known to cause significant disease burden in their endemic locales, and thus pose a threat to military travelers. This review introduces readers to basic life cycle and disease mechanisms for each. Local and military epidemiology are described, as are the specific actions taken by the US military for prevention and treatment purposes. Complications of such measures with regard to human health are also discussed, including possible chemical toxicities. Additionally, poor recognition of these diseases upon an individual’s return leading to complications and treatment delays in the United States are examined. Information about canine leishmaniasis, poorly studied relative to its human manifestation, but of importance due to the utilization of dogs in military endeavors is presented. Future implications for the American healthcare system regarding malaria and leishmaniasis are also presented.
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Leung‐Shea, Charmaine, and Patrick J. Danaher. "Q Fever in Members of the United States Armed Forces Returning from Iraq." Clinical Infectious Diseases 43, no. 8 (October 15, 2006): e77-e82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/507639.
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Seifried, Chad, and Matt Katz. "The United States Armed Forces and Their “Bowl” Games From 1942 to 1967." Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies 22, no. 2 (December 30, 2014): 231–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1548051814564572.
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Webb, Jeff A. "VOUS-Voice of the United States: The Armed Forces Radio Service in Newfoundland." Journal of Radio Studies 11, no. 1 (May 2004): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15506843jrs1101_8.
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Haida, V., Yu Dyrman, Yu Karpenko, and O. Chebakov. "NATO STANDARDS AND THEIR ROLE IN THE COUNTRY'S DEFENCE CAPABILITY ENSURING." Наукові праці Державного науково-дослідного інституту випробувань і сертифікації озброєння та військової техніки 20, no. 2 (July 4, 2024): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37701/dndivsovt.20.2024.18.
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The research examines the current problems of NATO standards implementation in the security and defence sector. The author analyses the regulatory and legal governance in the field of national security and the main problems related to the security and defence sector and searches for areas of adaptation in accordance with NATO standards. Today, Ukraine is a key regional strategic partner of the United States, which is making tremendous efforts to reform its armed forces and increase their interoperability with the armed forces of NATO member states. The US-Ukraine Strategic Partnership Pact focuses on the importance of maintaining bilateral cooperation and the continued commitment of the United States to support Ukraine's aspirations to engage with NATO. The United States and its allies have established an Intergovernmental Joint Commission and a Joint Intergovernmental Training Centre to coordinate actions to assist Ukraine in building the necessary defence capabilities. Relations between Ukraine and NATO are essential for ensuring peace and stability in the Euro-Atlantic area. NATO standards will open up new opportunities for the development, production and sale of weapons and military equipment for the Ukrainian defence industry, as well as identify new areas of cooperation with Western partners. NATO standards will open up new opportunities for the development, production and sale of weapons and military equipment for the Ukrainian defence industry, as well as identify new areas of cooperation with Western partners. It is cooperation with NATO that will make it possible to organize joint ventures and production facilities, as well as create attractive investment conditions that will allow the transfer of the latest technologies for the production of components and assemblies to Ukraine in order to create conditions for the completion of weapons systems for the national armed forces, as well as joint production to enter the markets of third countries.
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Lochovský, Jan. "Arabic for the Purposes of the Armed Forces in the United States and the United Kingdom." Vojenské rozhledy 28, no. 2 (June 7, 2019): 67–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3849/2336-2995.28.2019.02.067-081.
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