Journal articles: 'United States Accidents'

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Lin, Chen-Yu, Mohd Rapik Saat, and Christopher PL Barkan. "Quantitative causal analysis of mainline passenger train accidents in the United States." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 234, no. 8 (September 19, 2019): 869–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409719876128.

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The need for shared freight and passenger rail corridors in the United States is increasing due to the growing demand for regional and intercity passenger transport. Several researches have been conducted on reducing the risk of freight train accidents, but little research has been done on the risk of passenger train accidents. The accident rates of passenger trains have declined in the past two decades; however, faster and more frequent passenger train services require even higher safety standards, and therefore further reduction to the risk of passenger train accidents is needed. The research presented in this paper analyzed the passenger train accidents in the United States using the Federal Railroad Administration train accident database to understand the trend of passenger train accident rates, the frequency and severity of different types of accidents, and to explore the major factors that cause them. Derailments and collisions were identified as the most significant types of passenger train accidents, and track failures and human factors, respectively, were the primary causes of those accidents. Accidents caused due to human factors and train operations such as train speed violations and failure to obey signals are often high-consequence accidents and therefore pose the greatest risk. Higher risk infrastructure-related factors include track geometry defects and broken rails or welds. This study on passenger train accidents provides a solid foundation for further research on improving the safety of passenger rail and shared-use rail corridors.

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Fala, Nicoletta. "An Analysis of Fixed-Wing Stall-Type Accidents in the United States." Aerospace 9, no. 4 (March 24, 2022): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9040178.

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Spin training has not been required for students working towards their private or commercial certificates for the past 70 years. Switching to a stall-prevention mindset within training aimed to make spin recovery unnecessary; however, stall-type accidents, consisting of stalls, spins, and spirals, still occur and are highly fatal. Although past studies have analyzed accidents, interviewed pilots at different levels, and made recommendations for changes in the industry, stall-type accidents are no less fatal now, at a fatality ratio of approximately 40–50% yearly. The research discussed in this paper aims to summarize and present accident stall-type statistics in aggregate over the past five decades and motivate future pilot- and training-centered research to address the high presence of stall-type accidents in aviation. Specifically, this article uses NTSB accident reports to answer the research question of whether there have been changes in the prevalence of spins among both fatal and non-datal fixed-wing accidents in the United States over the past sixty years. The methodology breaks down the accident analysis in three groups, based on the time period in which they occurred, due to differences in the reporting methods used. This paper finds that the prevalence and fatality ratio of stall-type accidents has remained high over the past six decades and that stall-type accidents are more than twice as fatal as an average accident. To remedy the high accident count, we recommend experimental ground and simulator-based training to improve pilot knowledge, skill, and performance.

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Samarra, Joana, Luís F. F. M. Santos, Ana Barqueira, Rui Melicio, and Duarte Valério. "Uncovering the Hidden Correlations between Socioeconomic Indicators and Aviation Accidents in the United States." Applied Sciences 13, no. 14 (July 8, 2023): 7997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13147997.

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Rules and regulations for accident mitigation have been implemented between all players. It is necessary to use new technologies and resources for human factors to mitigate future accidents to decrease accidents. It has been verified that accidents by sabotage are currently non-existent and that most of the fatalities are during the flight and in the runway approach phase. Severe accidents with associated fatalities are a small number that tend to decrease over time. Human errors, although with all the mitigations over time, are still the most significant cause of accidents; although accidents have decreased, other factors may be related to this type of error, such as the lack of personnel for the operation of a flight. Accidents can also be related to other factors, such as economic factors. GDP growth is positively correlated with accidents, and inflation is negatively correlated. It is also found that the inflation factor is also related to the number of flights due to a lack of demand.

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Ball, John, and Shane Vosberg. "A Survey of United States Tree Care Companies: Part I - Safety Training and Fatal Accidents." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 36, no. 5 (September 1, 2010): 224–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2010.030.

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Tree work has a high accident rate compared to many other occupations. News accounts of recent accidents can be easily accessed through the internet, though this may not provide a true picture of the number and types of accidents occurring. U.S. government bureaus and agencies have produced reports citing the number and circumstances of fatal accidents in the profession. The government’s information is obtained from many sources and may not accurately identify types or frequency of these accidents. A survey of the accidents and safety training among tree care companies was conducted using a mail questionnaire based on the Tailored Design Method. The company managers responding to the survey overwhelming identified having trained field workers as very important yet only about two-thirds of their companies conducted any training. The training most often conducted was on aerial lifts, chain saws, and chipper, which was provided by company employees in a field setting. Driver’s training was not part of a formal safety program for most of the companies. Aerial rescue was practiced by about one-fourth of the surveyed companies. The most common fatal accidents involved contact with an electrical conductor followed by being struck by a falling limb. The relative number of fatal accidents by event or exposure in this survey was similar to that identified by two federal government reports on fatal accident in the field.

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Flannery, Aimee, and Tapan K. Datta. "Modern Roundabouts and Traffic Crash Experience in United States." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1553, no. 1 (January 1996): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196155300115.

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Roundabouts have become popular in Australia and many countries in Europe during the past few decades. In the United States of America, however, roundabouts are just beginning to be recognized as an alternative treatment for roadway intersections. An effort was made to collect traffic and traffic crash data for existing roundabouts in the United States and to perform a statistical analysis to determine the effectiveness of roundabouts as a treatment for intersecting roadways. General information about thirteen roundabouts located in Maryland, Florida, Nevada, and California was collected and is included for readers’ use. In addition, six retrofitted roundabout sites with accident data ranging from 1 to 3 years before and after were analyzed. In all but one case, the reduction in accidents for roundabout sites was in the range of 60 to 70 percent. A chi-squared test and a normal approximation test were performed using the accident data from these six roundabout sites. Both of these tests indicated a significant difference in the reduction of frequency and mean of accidents at 95 and 99 percent confidence levels, respectively, between pre-roundabout and post-roundabout periods. Results, though limited, are encouraging and in line with findings of past European and Australian studies involving roundabouts. Additional studies on the safety performance of U.S. roundabouts should be conducted in the future when more data are available to reinforce these findings.

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Lim, Jeeyoung, Kiyoung Son, Chansik Park, and Daeyoung Kim. "Suggestions for Improving South Korea’s Fall Accidents Prevention Technology in the Construction Industry: Focused on Analyzing Laws and Programs of the United States." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 12, 2021): 4254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084254.

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Since the enactment of the Occupational Safety and Health Act in 1981, the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency has endeavored to prevent fall accidents in the construction industry. However, many fatalities still occur in the South Korean construction industry. Meanwhile, the United States improved various systems and conducted studies to prevent fall accidents, significantly reducing such occurrences in the construction industry. The objective of this study is to present improvements to South Korea’s fall prevention technology by analyzing the laws and programs of the United States. To achieve this, this study has analyzed the United States’ fall prevention technology and derived improvements applicable in South Korea through an expert opinion survey. This study suggests to (1) set the height standard of a fall accident to 2 m, (2) adopt an active fall prevention system, (3) create a map of fallen fatalities, and (4) employ safety experts to support foreign workers. In the future, the results of this study are expected to be used as basic data for policies and programs related to fall accidents in the construction industry.

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Majumdar, Neelakshi, Karen Marais, and Arjun Rao. "ANALYSIS OF GENERAL AVIATION FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS INVOLVING INFLIGHT LOSS OF CONTROL USING A STATE-BASED APPROACH." Aviation 25, no. 4 (December 21, 2021): 283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/aviation.2021.15837.

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Inflight loss of control (LOC-I) is a significant cause of General Aviation (GA) fixed-wing aircraft accidents. The United States National Transportation Safety Board’s database provides a rich source of accident data, but conventional analyses of the database yield limited insights to LOC-I. We investigate the causes of 5,726 LOC-I fixed‑wing GA aircraft accidents in the United States in 1999–2008 and 2009–2017 using a state-based modeling approach. The multi-year analysis helps discern changes in causation trends over the last two decades. Our analysis highlights LOC-I causes such as pilot actions and mechanical issues that were not discernible in previous research efforts. The logic rules in the state-based approach help infer missing information from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) accident reports. We inferred that 4.84% (1999–2008) and 7.46% (2009–2017) of LOC-I accidents involved a preflight hazardous aircraft condition. We also inferred that 20.11% (1999–2008) and 19.59% (2009–2017) of LOC-I accidents happened because the aircraft hit an object or terrain. By removing redundant coding and identifying when codes are missing, the state-based approach potentially provides a more consistent way of coding accidents compared to the current coding system.

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van Doorn, Robert R. A. "Accidents in Agricultural Aviation in the United States." Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000053.

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A 28-year (1982–2009) retrospective investigation was carried out for 3,102 fixed-wing agricultural aircraft involved in the aerial application (Part 137) of pesticides or fertilizers (crop dusting). In total, 64% of the pilots remained uninjured, while 10% of accidents were fatal. This type of aviation is unique as proportionally more accidents occurred during the maneuvering / aerial application and landing phases, involving low-altitude crashes. Collision with poorly visible obstacles in the landscape was involved in 27% of the crashes. These accidents were more likely to involve fatalities, occurred predominantly during maneuvering at the application site, and were often attributed to human error (inappropriate visual lookout and clearance). Recommendations discussed include markings on objects that may improve low-altitude navigation.

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Wald, Niel. "Injuries from Nuclear Accidents." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 1, S1 (1985): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00045246.

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In view of public concern about health impairment from accidental radiation exposure, the record of forty years experience in the utilization of nuclear energy was reviewed. All reported exposure incidents producing health effects from external radiation sources and internal radionuclide contamination in the United States and some in other countries have been included. Preparations for the management of such accidents will be considered briefly. The relationship of this actual accident experience to the unresolved problems in management planning and professional and public education for future accidents like that at the Three Mile Island nuclear power station in Middletown, Pennsylvania, March 1979, but with potential associated health impairment, was discussed. The complete paper is published in the Proceedings of the 3rd World Congress for Emergency and Disaster Medicine, organized by the “Club of Mainz” in Rome, Italy, 1983 (see Manni, C and Magalini, S, Springer Publ, Heidelberg, 1984).

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Calder, C. Jill, and R. Lee Kirby. "Fatal Wheelchair-related Accidents in the United States." American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 69, no. 4 (August 1990): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002060-199008000-00003.

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Derezinski, Daniel D., Michael G. Lacy, and Paul B. Stretesky. "Chemical Accidents in the United States, 1990-1996." Social Science Quarterly 84, no. 1 (March 2003): 122–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-6237.00144.

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Derezinski, Daniel D., Michael G. Lacy, and Paul B. Stretesky. "Chemical Accidents in the United States, 1990-1996*." Social Science Quarterly 84, no. 1 (March 2003): 122–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-6237.00144-i1.

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Laukkala, Tanja, Robert Bor, Bruce Budowle, Pooshan Navathe, Antti Sajantila, Markku Sainio, and Alpo Vuorio. "Pilot Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Fatal Aviation Accidents." Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors 8, no. 2 (September 2018): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000144.

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Abstract. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) database was searched to identify fatal accidents in aviation related to trauma and stressor-related disorders in the United States and the medical requirements of aviation authorities were assessed. Between 2000 and 2015, eight pilots with a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; of which two were aviation-related PTSDs) died in aviation accidents. These results indicate a minimum frequency of history of diagnosed PTSD in aviation fatalities to be 8 out of 4,862 fatal accidents (0.16%) in the United States. The guidance from aviation regulatory authorities is to medically assess pilots with a prior history of PTSD based on individual functional impairment and treatment response. The assessment of individual impairment would be significantly improved by the systematic data collection following aviation- and work-related traumatic events. It is also important for investigators to recognize the traumatization that occurs in aviation accident and incident investigations.

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Namias, Nicholas, Enrique Ginzburg, Gerd D. Pust, Antonio Marttos, Gabriel Ruiz, Patricia M. Byers, Rodrigo Olvera, Daniel D. Yeh, Shevonne S. Satahoo, and Sara S. Solano. "Accident Mechanisms and Demographic Distribution of Train-related Accidents in the United States." Panamerican Journal of Trauma, Critical Care & Emergency Surgery 11, no. 2 (August 31, 2022): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10030-1385.

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Farmer, M. T., M. Corradini, J. Rempe, R. Reister, and D. Peko. "United States Department of Energy Severe Accident Research Following the Fukushima Daiichi Accidents." Nuclear Technology 196, no. 2 (November 2016): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/nt16-42.

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Love, Tyler S., and Kenneth R. Roy. "A Study of Safety Issues and Accidents in Secondary Education Construction Courses within the United States." Sustainability 15, no. 14 (July 14, 2023): 11028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151411028.

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Hands-on learning is paramount to teaching concepts about construction and the built environment; however, this poses some inherent safety risks. This study analyzed a subsample of 119 teachers from a national safety study, focusing on those who taught secondary-level construction courses. The current study aimed to examine the demographics of construction teachers, accident occurrences in construction courses compared to other secondary-level technology and engineering education (TEE) courses, and safety factors and items associated with accident occurrences in construction courses. The analyses revealed that a significantly higher number of minor accidents occurred in construction courses compared to other TEE courses during a five-year span. Additionally, 20 safety factors were found to be significantly associated with increases or decreases in accident occurrences. Most notably, increases in major accident occurrences increased with marginal significance when average class sizes (occupancy load) exceeded 20 students. Construction courses were also found to have significantly more accidents involving hand and power tools compared to other TEE courses. This research contributes to the limited literature on this topic and has implications for proactively limiting potential safety hazards and resulting risks. It also provides data to inform the safety efforts of post-secondary construction programs and the construction industry.

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Smith, J. Stanley. "Hospital Disaster and Evacuation Planning." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 5, no. 4 (December 1990): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00027114.

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The world population is becoming increasingly reliant upon nuclear fission for the generation of electric power. In the wake of this activity, there have been two major accidents: Three Mile Island (TMI), near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, United States, in 1979; and Chernobyl, near Kiev, Ukraine, Soviet Union, in 1986. It is noteworthy that both of these accidents were related to human error and not to malfunction of the emergency back-up systems. So far, nuclear energy production plant accidents have occurred when either the data were misinterpreted or systems misguided by human function.The major problem associated with a nuclear energy generating plant accident is the release of radiation. Even though the medical facilities may not be destroyed physically, they may be rendered useless because of contamination by radiation. Unfortunately, in the event of such an accidental release of radiation, all of the health-care facilities in the area will be contaminated. Therefore, all patients in hospitals and nursing homes will need to be evacuated to facilities outside of the contaminated area and not just relocated within the contaminated area.

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Leishear, Robert A. "From Water Hammer to Ignition." Mechanical Engineering 136, no. 12 (December 1, 2014): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2014-dec-3.

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This article focuses on various aspects of research theory and development work concerning accidental combustion in nuclear facility and oil industry pipelines. The theory has safety implications for any pipeline where explosive gases can form in liquid-filled systems, and is consistent with pipeline accidents in nuclear power plants, such as Three Mile Island. Nuclear reactor accidents deserve further investigation, since reactor fires and explosions were ignited by sources that were reported to be unknown. The NRC documented extensive actions to improve reactor safety after the Three Mile Island accident; however, this new ignition theory has yet to be fully evaluated with respect to off-normal reactor operations in the United States and abroad. Several nuclear reactor fires and explosions warrant consideration. This new theory confirms a source of ignition. Reactor explosions can be stopped to improve nuclear reactor safety, prevent deaths, and avoid environmental disasters.

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Hsieh, Ming-Li, and Melanie-Angela Neuilly. "Within and Inter-Institutional Differences Between Death Certifiers on Autopsy Conclusions." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, no. 5 (May 3, 2016): 1063–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516647006.

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This study seeks to establish whether medico-legal practitioners differ in their autopsy conclusions within and across medico-legal institutions. Data include 459 violent deaths (homicides, suicides, and accidents) autopsy reports written by more than 20 death certifiers from four medico-legal institutions in two countries (France and the United States). Multinomial models show that compared with accidental deaths, weapon use and decedents’ characteristics both influence a homicide verdict, but not a suicide one. In addition, French practitioners are more likely than Americans to reach a conclusion of homicide or suicide compared with accident, and homicides are more likely to be certified by male practitioners.

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Kustra, Victor. "Connected Vehicle Technology: An All Too Convenient Solution to Roadway Problems in the United States." Pittsburgh Journal of Technology Law and Policy 16, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/tlp.2015.180.

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Automobile accidents and roadway infrastructure problems are increasing in the United States. Specifically, 5.7 million automobile accidents were reported in 2013. The number of automobile accidents caused by lane drifting has increased over the past fifteen years, given the increased number of drivers on the road. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) have developed a cumulative solution to these problems. Connected Vehicle technology is part of the USDOT’s “Intelligent Transportation Systems” (ITS) initiative. The ITS initiative targets automobile crash avoidance and better traffic flow through the use of automated technologies.[1] Id. at v.

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Carrier, Paul J. "Comparisons Between Macedonian and A U.S. State’s Automobile Accident Insurance Law." SEEU Review 18, no. 2 (December 1, 2023): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/seeur-2023-0092.

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Abstract This paper explores some of the basic similarities and differences between fault-based and no-fault systems of automobile accident insurance from the perspective of a U.S. state and the laws of Macedonia. The majorities of U.S. states have adopted an at-fault system of compensation and therefore share more similarities with Macedonia than the laws of a dozen U.S. states that have adopted a no-fault system. Whereas Macedonia employs a system of nearly universal health care, such is not the case in the United States. The respective states have adopted either a fault-based system or a no-fault system, but in either case issues of coverage for automobile accidents is more complicated for the lack of a nationalized health care system that at minimum acts as a safety net for treatment of injuries related to automobile accidents. It is posited that complications relating to the lack of universal health care coverage in the United States has led to significantly heightened regulatory intervention by the several states such that the similarities between the free-market approach of the states and of civil law (code) systems are greater than the differences. The paper is not based on empirical data of the legal systems or the medical systems, nor is the undeniable interrelation between a medical system and the corresponding legal system with regard to insurance coverage of primarily health-based issues considered other than to highlight how both may play a part in regulation of the automobile accident insurance industry in light the involvement of public health, safety and welfare.

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Turla, Tejashree, Xiang Liu, and Zhipeng Zhang. "Analysis of freight train collision risk in the United States." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 233, no. 8 (November 19, 2018): 817–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409718811742.

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Rail transportation is pivotal for the national economy. Despite being rare, a train accident can potentially result in severe consequences, such as infrastructure damage costs, casualties, and environmental impacts. An understanding of accident frequency, severity, and risk is important for rail safety management. In the United States, extensive prior research has focused on risk analyses of train derailments and highway–rail grade crossing accidents. Relatively less work has been conducted regarding train collision risk. The US Federal Railroad Administration identifies various accident causes, among which the authors of this study have analyzed the major collision causes. For each major accident cause, the authors have analyzed its resultant collision frequency, severity (in terms of damage cost or casualties), and correspondingly the risk, which is the combination of the frequency and severity. The analysis was based on train collision data in the United States from 2001 to 2015. This analysis focuses on freight trains in the United States, due to their immense traffic exposure. On the temporal scale, collision rate (the number of collisions normalized by traffic exposure) has an approximately 5% annual reduction. In terms of collision cause, failures to obey signals, overspeeds, and violations of mainline operating rules accounted for more collisions than other causes. Two alternative risk measures, namely the expected consequence and conditional value at risk, were used to evaluate the freight train collision risk on main tracks, accounting for both the average and worst-case scenarios. This collision risk analysis methodology may provide the US Department of Transportation and railroad industry with information and decision support for identifying, evaluating, and implementing cost-effective risk mitigation strategies.

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Goans, R. E., and N. Wald. "Radiation accidents with multi-organ failure in the United States." British Journal of Radiology Supplement_27, no. 1 (January 2005): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr/27824773.

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Fultz, Andrew J., and Walker S. Ashley. "Fatal weather-related general aviation accidents in the United States." Physical Geography 37, no. 5 (July 25, 2016): 291–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02723646.2016.1211854.

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Sobieralski, Joseph B. "The cost of general aviation accidents in the United States." Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 47 (January 2013): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2012.10.018.

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Eck, Ronald W., and E. Darin Simpson. "Using Medical Records in Non-Motor-Vehicle Pedestrian Accident Identification and Countermeasure Development." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1538, no. 1 (January 1996): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196153800107.

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A study was conducted to determine the feasibility of using emergency room and emergency medical service records in quantifying rural non-motor-vehicle pedestrian accidents and in developing countermeasures to reduce injuries resulting from such accidents. A literature review indicated that although non-motor-vehicle pedestrian accidents are a significant injury problem in the United States, there does not appear to be an effective process for collecting data about those accidents that corresponds to the data collection methods used at present for motor-vehicle accidents. A multistep process for obtaining detailed pedestrian accident data using a combination of medical records and telephone surveys is described. Data collection was time consuming and labor intensive. Therefore, it was concluded that it is not practical for traffic engineers to use medical records on a routine basis for pedestrian accident analysis. The method outlined yields a data base rich in details about pedestrian fall accidents, making it valuable in research. Whereas the results of the telephone survey did not produce a large enough sample size to extrapolate to pedestrian accidents in general, they did point out the importance of surface condition to pedestrian safety. Two general types of surface-condition problems were identified: slippery surfaces caused by accumulation of snow and ice and surface holes or openings.

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Saucer, Patrick R. "Confirmation of Tabachnick and Klugman's Hypothesis That the Death Instinct is Constant." Perceptual and Motor Skills 74, no. 3_suppl (June 1992): 1065–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00315125920740s301.

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In reporting the accident death rate and the chronic liver disease death rate for 1980, the Bureau of the Census divided the United States into nine areas. To test Tabachnick and Klugman's hypothesis that the amount of death instinct per capita remains constant across regions, the 1980 death rates for accidents and chronic liver disease were correlated. Contrary to earlier studies, the present study gave support for Tabachnick and Klugman's hypothesis.

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Murrell-Blanco, Manfred. "The relationship between the economic cycle and work accidents in the United States: A time series analysis." Tec Empresarial 17, no. 1 (January 2, 2023): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18845/te.v17i1.6433.

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This study analyzes the relationship between the economic cycle and work accidents in the United States. The empirical strategy is based on vector autoregression models (VAR) for time series and panel-data settings on a sample of 40 US States during 2003-2018. The results confirm a bidirectional causal relationship in the short-run between economic activity—i.e., Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per worker—and work accidents in 28 States. Additionally, the empirical evidence suggests that this relationship is heterogeneous. In line with increased awareness on how the economic cycle affects the temporal trajectory of work accidents across territories, policy implications and future research avenues are discussed.

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Vuorio, Alpo, Robert Bor, Antti Sajantila, Anna-Stina Suhonen-Malm, and Bruce Budowle. "Commercial Aircraft-Assisted Suicide Accident Investigations Re-Visited—Agreeing to Disagree?" Safety 9, no. 1 (March 12, 2023): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety9010017.

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Background: The number of aircraft-assisted suicides can only be considered a rough estimate because it is difficult and, at times, impossible to identify all cases of suicide. Methods: Four recent reports of accidents occurring in 1997 in Indonesia, 1999 in Massachusetts in the United States, 2013 in Namibia, and 2015 in France related to commercial aircraft-assisted suicides were analyzed. This analysis relied on data extracted from the accident reports that supported aircraft-assisted suicide from the: (a) cockpit voice recorder (CVR) and flight data recorder (FDR), (b) medical history, (c) psychosocial history, (d) toxicology, (e) autopsy, and (f) any methodology that utilized aviation medicine. There are some limitations in this study. Although all analyzed accident investigations followed ICAO Annex 13 guidelines, there is variability in their accident investigations and reporting. In addition, accident investigation reports represent accidents from 1997 to 2015, and during this time, there has been a change in the way accidents are reported. The nature of this analysis is explorative. The aim was to identify how the various aircraft accident investigators concluded that the accidents were due to suicidal acts. Results: In all four accident reports, FDR data were available. CVR data were also available, except for one accident where CVR data were only partially available. Comprehensive medical and psychosocial histories were available in only one of four of the accident reports. Conclusion: To prevent accidents involving commercial aircraft, it is necessary to identify the causes of these accidents to be able to provide meaningful safety recommendations. A detailed psychological autopsy of pilots can and likely will assist in investigations, as well as generate recommendations that will substantially contribute to mitigating accidents due to pilot suicide. Airborne image recording may be a useful tool to provide additional information about events leading up to a crash and thus assist in accident investigations.

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Dyer, Michael G. "Hazard and Risk in the New England Fishing Fleet." Marine Technology and SNAME News 37, no. 01 (January 1, 2000): 30–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.2000.37.1.30.

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The United States Coast Guard and the Volpe National Transportation Systems Center studied the 102 serious fishing vessel accidents (1993–1997) in Coast Guard District 1 (New England and Long Island, New York), U.S. national fleet accident data, and international fishing vessel safety programs for the purpose of establishing risk factors and formulating options for future action by the Coast Guard to enhance fleet safety. The 102 regional accidents involved total vessel losses and/or death(s), excluding strictly occupational cases. Each accident was studied in detail to determine causality among human and organizational, fishery and operational, and preventive safety factors. Causality in each case was assigned among the factors, summing to 1.0 and weighted according to the outcome of the accident, i.e., numbers of deaths and injuries. The results quantify (1) the aggregate "significance" of the causal factors; (2) the average weighted outcome of accidents by type (e.g., capsize, collision); and (3) the sensitivity of (1) and (2) to varied relative weightings of vessel losses and deaths.

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Vuorio, Alpo, Tanja Laukkala, Ilkka Junttila, Robert Bor, Bruce Budowle, Eero Pukkala, Pooshan Navathe, and Antti Sajantila. "Aircraft-Assisted Pilot Suicides in the General Aviation Increased for One-Year Period after 11 September 2001 Attack in the United States." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11 (November 12, 2018): 2525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112525.

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Pilot aircraft-assisted suicides (AAS) are rare, and there is limited understanding of copycat phenomenon among aviators. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible effect the 11 September 2001, terrorist attacks had on pilot AASs in the U.S. Fatal aviation accidents in the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) database were searched using the following search words: “suicide”, “murder-suicide” and “homicide-suicide”. The timeline between 11 September 1996, and 11 September 2004, was analyzed. Only those accidents in which NTSB judged that the cause of the accident was suicide were included in the final analysis. The relative risk (RR) of the pilot AASs in all fatal accidents in the U.S. was calculated in order to compare the one, two, and three-year periods after the September 11 terrorist attacks with five years preceding the event. The RR of a fatal general aviation aircraft accident being due to pilot suicide was 3.68-fold (95% confidence interval 1.04–12.98) during the first year after 11 September 2001, but there was not a statistically significant increase in the later years. This study showed an association, albeit not determinate causal effect, of a very specific series of simultaneous terrorist murder-suicides with subsequent pilot AASs.

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Heefner, Gretchen. "Nuclear Accidents Will Happen." Modern American History 2, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mah.2018.40.

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In January 2018, the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (BAS) moved its Doomsday Clock closer to midnight: it now reads 11:58. The last time the minute hand was this close to the hour of Armageddon was 1953, just after the United States and Soviet Union tested thermonuclear bombs. Since then the stylized clock has ticked backward and forward, each year metaphorically registering civilization's proximity to global catastrophe. “To call the world's nuclear situation dire,” the group warned in its January statement, “is to understate the danger—and its immediacy.”

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Abouk, Rahi, and Scott Adams. "Texting Bans and Fatal Accidents on Roadways: Do They Work? Or Do Drivers Just React to Announcements of Bans?" American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 5, no. 2 (January 1, 2013): 179–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.5.2.179.

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Since 2007, many states passed laws prohibiting text messaging while driving. Using vehicular fatality data from across the United States and standard difference-in-differences techniques, bans appear moderately successful at reducing single-vehicle, single-occupant accidents if bans are universally applied and enforced as a primary offense. Bans enforced as secondary offenses, however, have at best no effect on accidents. Any reduction in accidents following texting bans is short-lived, however, with accidents returning to near former levels within a few months. This is suggestive of drivers reacting to the announcement of the legislation only to return to old habits shortly afterward. (JEL D12, K42, R41)

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Belvederesi, Chiara, Megan S. Thompson, and Petr E. Komers. "Canada’s federal database is inadequate for the assessment of environmental consequences of oil and gas pipeline failures." Environmental Reviews 25, no. 4 (December 2017): 415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2017-0003.

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In Canada, the National Energy Board (NEB) regulates inter-provincial oil and gas pipelines and maintains historical records that contain data on oil and gas pipeline accidents; these data include information about operators, the accidents’ cause, and the resulting consequences. New inter-provincial pipelines are being built in Canada to transport fuels, but no comprehensive statistical analysis of the risk to environmental receptors exists. This study assesses the quality and quantity of NEB pipeline failure data available in Canada with a focus on environmental consequences and investigates differences between Canada and a more thoroughly studied jurisdiction, the United States, in tracking accident data. The discrepancies in agencies’ jurisdiction and regulated mileage are analyzed, along with reporting criteria and initial recording year. The level of detail provided by the two agencies is compared, identifying deficiencies in data collection. The Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) regulates 76% of pipelines in the United States, whereas the NEB only monitors 9% of pipelines in Canada. PHMSA provides four databases that include accidents from the 1980s for most pipelines and from 2011 for liquefied natural gas facilities; the NEB database includes accident data starting from 2008, which derive primarily from transmission pipelines. Information about environmental consequences is quite detailed in the US database, which reports 21 descriptive fields, whereas in Canada only two NEB database fields describe environmental outcomes. Moreover, dissimilarities in accident reporting criteria prevent the combination of data from the two agencies. Consequently, the NEB database does not allow for statistically robust and system wide analysis of the environmental consequences of pipeline failures in Canada. Furthermore, to calculate failure rates (annual number of accidents per kilometre of pipeline) for regulated pipelines, annual total mileage estimates are required. Mileage per year is provided by PHMSA for gas gathering, transmission, and distribution pipelines starting from 1984, and for hazardous liquid pipelines from 2004; the NEB provides annual mileage from 2010, a shorter period of record. The Canadian federal agencies are encouraged to improve accuracy and consistency in recording past accidents and in collecting pipeline data, with the goal of preventing and minimizing future pipeline failures.

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Billheimer, John W. "Evaluation of California Motorcyclist Safety Program." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1640, no. 1 (January 1998): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1640-13.

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The California Motorcyclist Safety Program (CMSP) is a legislatively mandated, statewide program that has trained more than 100,000 motorcyclists in the 10 years since its implementation in July 1987. The program is mandatory for riders under 21 seeking a California motorcycle license. The current evaluation traces motorcycle accident trends before and after the formation of the CMSP, compares accident trends in California with those in the remainder of the United States, and analyzes the riding records of matched pairs of 2,351 trained and untrained Southern California riders. Analyses of statewide accident trends indicate that fatal motorcycle accidents have dropped 69 percent since the introduction of the CMSP, falling from 840 fatal accidents per year in 1986 to 263 in 1995. If accident trends in California had paralleled those in the rest of the United States over this period, the state would have experienced an additional 124 fatalities per year. In the case of novice riders with less than 805 km (500 mi) of prior experience, a matched-pair analysis indicates that trained riders experience fewer than half the accident rates of their untrained counterparts for at least 6 months after training. Beyond 6 months, riding experience begins to have a leveling effect on the differences between the two groups. In the case of riders with more than 805 km (500 mi) of experience prior to training or interviewing, no significant differences in accident rates were detected between the two groups, either before or after riders took the basic training course. There was no evidence that riders electing to enter a safety course voluntarily rode any more safely than their untrained counterparts before taking training.

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Bledsoe, Bryan E., and Michael G. Smith. "Medical Helicopter Accidents in the United States: A 10-Year Review." Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 56, no. 6 (June 2004): 1325–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ta.0000109001.35996.af.

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Murphy, Gordon K. "Fatal Air Transport Accidents Involving Athletic Teams from the United States." Journal of Forensic Sciences 42, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 14070J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs14070j.

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Adefabi, Adekunle, Somtobe Olisah, Callistus Obunadike, Oluwatosin Oyetubo, Esther Taiwo, and Edward Tella. "Predicting Accident Severity: An Analysis of Factors Affecting Accident Severity Using Random Forest Model." International Journal on Cybernetics & Informatics 12, no. 6 (October 7, 2023): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijci.2023.120609.

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Road accidents have significant economic and societal costs, with a small number of severe accidents accounting for a large portion of these costs. Predicting accident severity can help in the proactive approach to road safety by identifying potential unsafe road conditions and taking well-informed actions to reduce the number of severe accidents. This study investigates the effectiveness of the Random Forest machine learning algorithm for predicting the severity of an accident. The model is trained on a dataset of accident records from a large metropolitan area and evaluated using various metrics. Hyperparameters and feature selection are optimized to improve the model's performance. The results show that the Random Forest model is an effective tool for predicting accident severity with an accuracy of over 80%. The study also identifies the top six most important variables in the model, which include wind speed, pressure, humidity, visibility, clear conditions, and cloud cover. The fitted model has an Area Under the Curve of 80%, a recall of 79.2%, a precision of 97.1%, and an F1 score of 87.3%. These results suggest that the proposed model has higher performance in explaining the target variable, which is the accident severity class. Overall, the study provides evidence that the Random Forest model is a viable and reliable tool for predicting accident severity and can be used to help reduce the number of fatalities and injuries due to road accidents in the United States.

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Roohullah, Fazli Wahid, Sikandar Ali, Irshad Ahmed Abbasi, Samad Baseer, and Habib Ullah Khan. "Accident Detection in Autonomous Vehicles Using Modified Restricted Boltzmann Machine." Security and Communication Networks 2022 (June 30, 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6424835.

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Accident detection in autonomous vehicles could save lives by reducing the time it takes for information to reach emergency responder. One of the most common reason for the death of humans is accident. Indeed, it was determined throughout the survey that road accidents are indeed the second greatest cause of death in the United States for people aged 30 to 44 years, representing for 1/3 among all deaths. The transportation industry is increasingly relying on mathematical methods and new data assets to detect injuries. Many machine learning and deep learning models have already been proposed for accident detection but still there is much space for further improvement to be done to save human lives in case of accident detection, if accidents are not identified well. In our present study, we proposed modified restricted Boltzmann machine for accident detection. Our proposed methodology consists of the following steps. In the first step, we took different accidental and nonaccidental images as an input. In the second step, we applied our proposed deep learning technique modified restricted Boltzmann machine. In the third step, when weight acceleration and coefficient adjustments are run as a generalization mechanism, then we check our model performance after applying through multiple procedures. As a result, multiple images are classified as accidental and nonaccidental images of vehicles. Proposed methodology has been applied for data set, and data have been divided into different training and testing ratios. The proposed MRBM model has an accuracy of 98% in classification of both accidental and nonaccidental images of vehicles. The proposed model outperforms the competition significantly than other in which they are compared like artificial neural network, support vector machine, and restricted Boltzmann machine techniques.

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Sagaragouda, Sahana. G, Malagali, Srujana C.H., Dr. Pavithra G., and Dr. T.C.Manjunath. "Connecting safety on the railway tracks : A novel train accident prevention strategy & its implementation in Indian Railways." international journal of engineering technology and management sciences 7, no. 6 (2023): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.46647/ijetms.2023.v07i06.001.

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In this paper, the concept of Connecting safety on the railway tracks : A novel train accident prevention strategy & its implementation in Indian Railways is being presented. The Train Accident Prevention Project aims to enhance railway safety by employing a multifaceted approach. By addressing objectives such as reducing collision incidents, improving infrastructure safety, and mitigating human errors, the project seeks to minimize train accidents in the United States. Leveraging advanced technologies, including predictive maintenance, real-time monitoring, and data analytics, this project seeks to improve passenger and crew safety while ensuring regulatory compliance and cost-effectiveness. Public awareness campaigns and community engagement are key elements, contributing to a comprehensive strategy fostering a railway safety culture. The anticipated outcomes include significantly reducing train accidents, improved public awareness, and a safer and more efficient railway system. The work carried out is the seventh semester main-project by the students of Electronics & Communication Engineering under the guidance of the faculties supervision (guide).

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Järvinen, Jari, and Waldemar Karwowski. "A Questionnaire Study of Accidents in Advanced Manufacturing Systems." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 37, no. 14 (October 1993): 1004–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129303701415.

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Manufacturing automation has eliminated many traditional risks of injury, but new types of risks have appeared. In the United States only a limited amount of data is available on automated manufacturing-related accidents, or these data cannot be distinguished from general accident data. The purpose of this study was to collect data on accidents related to advanced manufacturing systems (CIMS). A questionnaire requesting information on one serious computer-integrated accident that occurred in the respondent's plant was used to collect the data. The presented results are based on the analysis of 85 cases. The cases included six fatal injuries, as well as several severe injuries that led to amputation. The results confirm the need to pay more attention to prevention of production disturbances in CIMS, especially in the case of material handling equipment. A relatively large amount of cases involving defeated safety devices calls for the design of intelligent safety systems that protect the human operator, but do not interfere with the work to be done, even during the disturbance situations.

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Zhang, Zhipeng, and Xiang Liu. "Safety risk analysis of restricted-speed train accidents in the United States." Journal of Risk Research 23, no. 9 (July 15, 2019): 1158–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2019.1617336.

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Siler-Evans, Kyle, Alex Hanson, Cecily Sunday, Nathan Leonard, and Michele Tumminello. "Analysis of pipeline accidents in the United States from 1968 to 2009." International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection 7, no. 4 (December 2014): 257–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcip.2014.09.002.

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Lasisi, Ahmed, Pengyu Li, and Jian Chen. "Hybrid Machine Learning and Geographic Information Systems Approach — A Case for Grade Crossing Crash Data Analysis." Advances in Data Science and Adaptive Analysis 12, no. 01 (January 2020): 2050003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2424922x20500035.

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Highway-rail grade crossing (HRGC) accidents continue to be a major source of transportation casualties in the United States. This can be attributed to increased road and rail operations and/or lack of adequate safety programs based on comprehensive HRGC accidents analysis amidst other reasons. The focus of this study is to predict HRGC accidents in a given rail network based on a machine learning analysis of a similar network with cognate attributes. This study is an improvement on past studies that either attempt to predict accidents in a given HRGC or spatially analyze HRGC accidents for a particular rail line. In this study, a case for a hybrid machine learning and geographic information systems (GIS) approach is presented in a large rail network. The study involves collection and wrangling of relevant data from various sources; exploratory analysis, and supervised machine learning (classification and regression) of HRGC data from 2008 to 2017 in California. The models developed from this analysis were used to make binary predictions [98.9% accuracy & 0.9838 Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) score] and quantitative estimations of HRGC casualties in a similar network over the next 10 years. While results are spatially presented in GIS, this novel hybrid application of machine learning and GIS in HRGC accidents’ analysis will help stakeholders to pro-actively engage with casualties through addressing major accident causes as identified in this study. This paper is concluded with a Systems-Action-Management (SAM) approach based on text analysis of HRGC accident risk reports from Federal Railroad Administration.

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Hong, Tae-Seok. "Criteria for Judgment of Negligence in Medical Accidents and Countermeasures: Reference to the cases of Japan and the United States." Wonkwang University Legal Research Institute 29 (June 30, 2023): 51–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22397/bml.2022.29.51.

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Medical accidents are occurring frequently. This is a problem of negligence and there are many difficulties in proving it. Medical accidents are related to negligence offenders, and in some cases, the sentence is lighter than intentional offenders or there are no regulations at all. For such medical accidents, the victim or the victim's family may suffer damage that they do not need to suffer, which may not only be mentally difficult, but also difficult to prove. On the other hand, from the standpoint of medical staff, if criminal punishment for medical accidents is strengthened, it is not easy to strengthen criminal punishment as it can be passively treated. In recent years, a series of serious medical negligence cases have led to a lot of discussions on the prevention of this and criminal responsibility for medical personnel, and cases of medical negligence are often leading to criminal cases. In recent years, it is pointed out that even if criminal responsibility is removed for medical negligence, the prevention effect of medical accidents does not improve the quality of medical care, and for example, it does not function as a normal medical system by reducing emergency medical care and passing on patients. Meanwhile, medical malpractice cases in the United States are often not subject to criminal punishment. However, even in the United States, criminal prosecutions for medical negligence have not been carried out at all, and in particular, medical negligence cases seem to be on the rise recently. Although the number of medical malpractice cases has been on the rise since the 1980s, it seems to be quite small compared to Japan. However, in the United States, in addition to the punishment for medical negligence, there are various systems including sanctions, which cannot be simply compared with Japan. As mentioned above there are many cases of medical negligence, but an in-depth discussion is needed on the issue of criminal responsibility for this. Since the U.S. and Japan also have different systems of negligence, it is thought that it will be meaningful to review the criteria for judging medical negligence and countermeasures. Therefore, in this paper we reviewed what the criteria for judging negligence in the United States and Japan are and how they respond to medical negligence.

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Phark, Chuntak, Shineui Kim, and Seungho Jung. "Development to Emergency Evacuation Decision Making in Hazardous Materials Incidents Using Machine Learning." Processes 10, no. 6 (May 24, 2022): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10061046.

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Chemical accidents are the biggest factor that hinders the development of the chemical industry. Issuing an emergency evacuation order is one of effective ways to reduce human casualties that may occur due to chemical accidents. The present study proposes a machine learning-based decision making model for faster and more accurate decision making for the issuance of an emergency evacuation order in the event of a chemical accident. To implement the decision making model, supervised learning by the 1-Dimension Convolutional Neural Network based model was carried out using the HSEES and NTSIP data of ATSDR in the United States. An action—victim matrix was devised to determine the validity of emergency evacuation orders and the decision making model was made to learn the matrix so that the decision making model could recommend whether to execute the emergency evacuation orders or not. To make the decision making model learn the chemical accident situations, the embedding technique used in text mining was applied, and weighted learning was carried out considering the fact that learning data are asymmetric. The AUROC value for the results of the decision making by the model is 0.82, which is at a reliable level. Establishing such an emergency response decision making model using the method proposed in the present study in the mitigation stage will help the process. Among the chemical accident emergency management stages, constructing a database for the model, and using the model as a tool for quick decision making for an emergency evacuation order, is also thought to be helpful in the establishment and implementation of emergency response plans for chemical accidents.

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Wang, Yufei, Honghai Zhang, Zongbei Shi, Jinlun Zhou, and Wenquan Liu. "Nonlinear Time Series Analysis and Prediction of General Aviation Accidents Based on Multi-Timescales." Aerospace 10, no. 8 (August 16, 2023): 714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace10080714.

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General aviation accidents have complex interactions and influences within them that cannot be simply explained and predicted by linear models. This study is based on chaos theory and uses general aviation accident data to conduct research on different timescales (HM-scale, ET-scale, and EF-scale). First, time series are constructed by excluding seasonal patterns from the statistics of general aviation accidents. Secondly, the chaotic properties of multi-timescale series are determined by the 0–1 test and Lyapunov exponent. Finally, by introducing the sparrow search algorithm and tent chaotic mapping, a CSSA-LSSVM prediction model is proposed. The accident data of the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) of the United States in the past 15 years is selected for case analysis. The results show that the phase diagram of the 0–1 test presents Brownian motion characteristics, and the maximum Lyapunov exponents of the three scales are all positive, proving the chaotic characteristics of multi-timescale series. The CSSA-LSSVM prediction model’s testing results illustrate its superiority in time series predicting, and when the timescale declines, the prediction error reduces gradually while the fitting effect strengthens and then decreases. This study uncovers the nonlinear chaotic features of general aviation accidents and demonstrates the significance of multi-timescale research in time series analysis and prediction.

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Pandya, Sachin S. "The First Liability Insurance Cartel in America, 1896–1906." Law and History Review 29, no. 2 (May 2011): 375–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248011000022.

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This article studies the rise and fall of the first liability insurance cartel in the United States. In 1886, insurance companies in America began selling liability insurance for personal injury accidents, primarily to cover business tort liability for employee accidents at work and non-employee injuries occasioned by their business operations. In 1896, the leading liability insurers agreed to fix premium rates and share information on policyholder losses. In 1906, this cartel fell apart.

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Kim, Mi Yeon, Han Na Lee, Yun Kyeong Lee, Ji Soo Kim, and Haeryun Cho. "Analysis of research on interventions for the prevention of safety accidents involving infants: a scoping review." Child Health Nursing Research 28, no. 4 (October 31, 2022): 234–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2022.28.4.234.

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Purpose: This study aimed to conduct a scoping review of studies on interventions for the prevention of safety accidents involving infants. Methods: The scoping review method by Arksey and O'Malley was used to conduct an overview based on information spanning a wide range of fields. Multiple electronic databases, PubMed, CINAHL, RISS, and KISS, were searched for articles written in English or Korean published from 2012 to the present on safety accident prevention interventions. A total of 2,137 papers were found, and 20 papers were ultimately analyzed. Results: Most studies were conducted in the United States (55.0%) and in the medical field (45.0%), and most were experimental studies (35.0%). The results were organized across five categories: 1) preventive precautions, 2) characteristics of children's developmental stages, 3) encouraging voluntary participation, 4) continuity of interventions, and 5) teaching methods. Conclusion: Safety accident prevention interventions should cover the establishment of a safe home environment, include voluntary participation, and provide routine follow-up interventions. Additionally, practical training and teaching methods that incorporate feedback rather than a lectureoriented approach should be adopted.

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Flick, Cassandra, and Kimberly Schweitzer. "Influence of the Fundamental Attribution Error on Perceptions of Blame and Negligence." Experimental Psychology 68, no. 4 (July 2021): 175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000526.

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Abstract. Automobile accidents are a frequent occurrence in the United States and commonly result in legal ramifications. Through a fundamental attribution error (FAE) framework ( Ross, 1977 ), the current research examined how individuals perceive blame and negligence in these cases. In Study 1 ( N = 360), we manipulated the driver (you vs. stranger) of a hypothetical accident scenario and the situational circumstances surrounding the accident (favorable vs. unfavorable). Supporting the FAE, individuals' situational blame attributions only varied as a function of situational circumstances when they themselves were hypothetically driving. However, neither the driver nor the situation significantly predicted dispositional blame attributions. Yet, Study 1 provided initial support for the importance of an individual's trait tendency to neglect situational constraints when making dispositional blame attributions. In Study 2 ( N = 212), we again manipulated situational circumstances surrounding the hypothetical accident, but within the context of a mock civil trial. Results provided additional support for the importance of this trait tendency and expanded our findings of dispositional blame attributions to perceptions of negligence. Implications include the importance of considering trait individual differences in the likelihood to ignore situational demands when individuals are making legally relevant judgments about automobile accidents.

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Journal articles on the topic 'United States Accidents'

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