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Journal articles on the topic 'United Nations – European Union countries'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Muharremi, Robert. "The Role of the United Nations and the European Union in the Privatization of Kosovo's Socially-Owned Enterprises." German Law Journal 14, no. 7 (2013): 889–925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200002066.

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The privatization of Kosovo's socially owned property and enterprises differs significantly from privatization programs undertaken in other countries, especially in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe when they transitioned from communism to democracy and free market systems. What is unique about Kosovo's privatization program is that it was designed and implemented under the authority of the United Nations at a time when Kosovo was directly administered by the United Nations. It is perhaps so far the only privatization program that was initiated and implemented by the United Nations under Chapte

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Alaca, Mehmet Fatih, and Sait Akbaşlı. "Some Indicators Regarding Early Childhood Education and Care in Türkiye and Their International Comparison." International Journal of Educational Spectrum 7, no. 1 (2025): 80–95. https://doi.org/10.47806/ijesacademic.1531542.

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This study aims to compare Türkiye's early childhood education and care (ECEC) indicators, such as enrollment rates, duration of education, age of access, mandatory school start age, student-to-teacher ratios, and allocated budgets, with those of the top six European countries ranked in the United Nations Human Development Index 2024. The comparison is based on reports from UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund), OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), EU (European Union), UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), UNDP (United Nations De

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den Heyer, Garth. "Police as Nation Builders: Distinguishing between Countries that Contribute Police Officers to United Nations Peace Operations." Journal of International Peacekeeping 17, no. 1-2 (2013): 74–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18754112-1702003.

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The involvement of police in post-conflict peacekeeping has experienced exceptional growth. As a result, the countries contributing police officers to United Nations and European Union Missions is increasing. The countries that have contributed police officers to the 24 United Nations Missions that took place between January 2006 and December 2012 are examined and compared with those of military peacekeeping contributing countries. The countries identified as contributing police to peacekeeping missions during this period are different from those contributing military forces and are principall

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Barbosa Sá Leitão Di Pasquale, Adriana Isabelle. "APPROACHES FOR A CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN EUROPEAN UNION AND ITS EFFECTS IN THIRD COUNTRIES: PROMOTING A VALUES-BASED DIALOGUE BETWEEN THE EU AND LATIN AMERICA?" Spanish Journal of Legislative Studies, no. 6 (December 20, 2024): 1–26. https://doi.org/10.21134/z183nk79.

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The United Nations and the European Union are natural partners, once the European Union’s external actions are guided by the principles that have consolidated its own creation, and that are also enshrined in the United Nations Charter and in International Law. The European Union approach for implementing sustainable development and consequently the 2030 Agenda runs through the achievement of a circular economy, but the plastic pollution problem – a global transboundary crisis – arises as a challenge and an obstacle to implement sustainable development across the world. In attempts to handle th

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Balendr, Andrii V., Vasyl O. Korolov, Oleksandr V. Adamchuk, Anatolii V. Iakymchuk, Serhii V. Sinkevych, and Ihor H. Bloshchynskyi. "BORDER GUARDS’ DISTANCE LEARNING DEVELOPMENT IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Information Technologies and Learning Tools 71, no. 3 (2019): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.33407/itlt.v71i3.2749.

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The research reveals the peculiarities of the Distance Learning (DL) development in the framework of border guards training in the European Union (EU) countries. Theoretical and practical concepts, modern stage and peculiarities of border guards’ DL development were substantiated in the article. The special attention was paid to possibilities of educational web platforms, which are widely utilized in the training of personnel of the border guard agencies, namely: Web Platform Virtual Aula of the FRONTEX Agency; E-Net Web Platform of the CEPOL (The European Police College); EU Coast Guard Funct

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Roman, Michał, Monika Roman, and Arkadiusz Niedziółka. "Spatial Diversity of Tourism in the Countries of the European Union." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (2020): 2713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072713.

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The aim of the article is to present the spatial diversity of tourism in the countries of the European Union (EU). The main objective of the article can be divided into three immediate goals, each of which is to determine countries that are similar by means of: (1) accommodation base; (2) tourism traffic; and (3) tourism-related expenditures and revenues. In order to group countries, Ward’s cluster analysis method is used. The aim is verified with the use of 2017 United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and Eurostat data. The analysis covers all EU member states. The research conducte

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Mary, Frei. "THE EUROPEAN PEACE FACILITY: YET ANOTHER IMPORTANT STAGE FOR THE EXTERNAL RELATIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION." JURISGRADIBUS 4 (January 7, 2025): 1–30. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14610266.

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<strong>Abstract: </strong>The present work aims to investigate the sector of external relations of the European Union and especially the common security and defense policy of the Union through a new important step, i.e the European Peace Facility, as a choice of the Union to help countries that find themselves in conflict. An exemplary example is the situation in Ukraine and how the European Peace Facility instrument has opened the way for the maintenance of peace and security based on the principles of the United Nations. Development cooperation within the external relations of the Union was

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Polish, European Community Studies Association (PECSA) Warsaw (Poland). "The Eastern Borders of the European Union in the Field of Migration." Review of European Affairs 3, no. 1 (2019): 5–21. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14063557.

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The paper explores the characteristics and the significance of the European Union's eastern border in regular and irregular migration processes considering that migration is on the top of the European Union's agenda as well as of the United Nations. It focuses on problematic and positive aspects of migration issues at the eastern border of the European Union. The investigation pays attention to European acts on migration policy and law, eastern border countries and neighbours of the European Union; it analyses dimensions of the European Union's eastern border, migration challenges of the easte

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Aldona, Migała-Warchoł, Vitas Arturas, Prusaitiene Dalia, Warchoł Maciej, and Buckiūnienė Olga. "Welfare State differences in Selected European Union Countries under Conditions of Uncertainty." Annals of Mathematics and Physics 8, no. 2 (2025): 045–56. https://doi.org/10.17352/amp.000145.

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The article discusses the welfare state models developed for some European Union countries in situations of uncertainty, such as economic crises, the COVID-19 pandemic, and growing social inequalities. The research explores Goal 8 of United Nations Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development: to ensure that economic growth is continuous, inclusive, and durable; and labor is productive, secure, and decent , available to all. The analysis has also brought out the imperative of attaining an inclusive economy within the frame of modern global challenges, including unemployment, inequality, and environ

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Borsetti, Giacomo. "Quantifying Foreign Policy Europeanization: A Comprehensive Approach." European Foreign Affairs Review 28, Issue 1 (2023): 72–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2023005.

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This article seeks to address the question of how membership in the European Union (EU) affects the foreign policy positions of its Member States. Most of the existing research has focused on single case studies and relied on qualitative methods, encountering difficulties in providing a systematic and consistent general picture about the causal effect of membership. Instead, this study adopts a comprehensive and quantitative approach. Drawing from constructivist theory in International Relations, it clarifies a general theoretical framework for Foreign Policy Europeanization. It then employs n

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Nezirović, Senada, Ana Živko, Belma Durmišević, and Amna Hodžić. "Stabilisation and association agreement between the Western Balkan countries and the European Union." Journal of Geography, Politics and Society 12, no. 2 (2022): 36–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/jpgs.2022.2.05.

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The European Union (EU) represents a certain partnership and alliance between states and countries. It is not governed as the United States of America, nor intergoverned as the United Nations. Member States of the EU are sovereign countries united to become privileged and globally successful. Every enlargement of the Union is significant, but the fifth enlargement has been recognised, so far, as the most significant, showing the unification of Eastern and Western Europe. However, the most significant enlargement is yet to come with the Western Balkan countries becoming Member States of the EU

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Turcea, Vlad. "United Nations' sustainable development goals review: Dual analysis of Romania and Denmark." Ekonomika poljoprivrede 67, no. 4 (2020): 1309–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ekopolj2004309t.

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The present paper aims to highlight the discrepancies between two countries of the European Union, Romania and Denmark, in the perspective of the Sustainable Development Goals. As Denmark is seen as a primer European and Global nation in achieving the United Nations' targets, Romania can use this example as a guideline on how to act and to obtain the most notable results. The article proposes some key principles that Romanians could follow in order to successfully fulfill the 2030 Action Plan having, as an example, the strategies and indicators reached by Denmark. The current work paper is str

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Pérez De Las Heras, Beatriz, David Fernández Rojo, and Inmaculada Herbosa Martínez. "European Union-Asia Pacific: Working Together on Global Security." European Foreign Affairs Review 26, Issue 3 (2021): 359–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2021032.

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The Asia Pacific is not only the world’s largest and most populous region, it is also home to some of its fastest growing economies. At the same time, it is also a region that contains complex security hotspots, including tensions on the Korean Peninsula and maritime disputes in the East and South China Seas. The United States and China are vying for economic and military influence in the region, affecting the balance of power and security dynamics on a global scale. In recent years, the European Union (EU) has become a key trading partner for most countries in the Asia-Pacific region and is a

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Alexandru, Alina. "Strategies and Policies for New Technologies: The United Nations, The United States and the European Union." Land Forces Academy Review 26, no. 4 (2021): 348–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/raft-2021-0045.

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Abstract New technologies have marked the beginning of the Forth Industrial Revolution era. While the advantages of new technologies for our day-to-day life are undeniable, we cannot fail to notice that emerging and disruptive technologies also imply challenges and risks for individuals, societies and countries. Moreover, in the absence of regulations and norms internationally accepted and assumed, risks associated to the misuse of new technologies tend to increase, transforming the domain into a competition arena. States and international organizations perceive the pressure to address emergin

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Sophia Yuliantini, Lisa, and Achmad Nurmandi. "The The Impact of the E-Government Development Index (EGDI) on the Worldwide Governance Indicator (WGI) in European Union Countries." Policy & Governance Review 7, no. 2 (2023): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.30589/pgr.v7i2.732.

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This study aims to analyze the impact of the e-Government Development Index (EGDI) on the Worldwide Governance Indicator (WGI) in European Union member countries. The EGDI is an index measurement that displays conditions related to the development of e-Government implementation in the member country of the United Nations, while the WGI is a series of governance indicators issued by the world bank that measures six dimensions of governance. The research method used in this research is a mixed method with collecting and analyzing data quantitatively by using Smart PLS 0.3 version, then collectin

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IGNATOV, AUGUSTIN. "GOVERNANCE EFFICIENCY, ECONOMIC SECURITY AND FEDERALISATION. THE EUROPEAN UNION AT CROSSROADS — IS IT TIME FOR CONSOLIDATION?" Global Economy Journal 19, no. 01 (2019): 1950003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2194565919500039.

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The European Union (EU) has certainly reduced its influence in the global economic affairs. Despite the fact that it unites 28 nations, including the former great powers such as the United Kingdom, Germany, France and Italy, the political and economic power of the community has considerably decreased starting with the second half of 2000s. The present research is undertaken with the aim of increasing the readers’ awareness regarding the necessity of enforcing the EU economic security through consolidating the authority of the supranational bodies in relation with national representatives. The

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Noiriel, Gérard. "“Civil Rights” Policy in the United States and the Policy of “Integration” in Europe: Divergent Approaches to a Similar Issue." Journal of Policy History 6, no. 1 (1994): 120–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600003651.

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Comparing European and North American policies with respect to “civil rights” is a difficult exercise for two reasons. First, it is important to emphasize that Europe and the United States are not political entities of a same nature. Granted, the fact that the nations that today comprise Europe are heirs of common history explains in part the similarities in their political behavior and distinguishes them as a group from the “New World.” Yet in the American case, despite the country's federalist structure and the existence of fifty states within the Union, we are dealing with a single nation,

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Da Costa e Silva, Vera Luiza. "Protocol to eliminate illicit trade in tobacco products: the dawn of a new era." Salud Pública de México 59 (March 31, 2017): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21149/8208.

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The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) is the United Nations tobacco control treaty, fostering public health in previously neglected areas. 179 countries as well as the European Union are WHO FCTC Parties, and it comprises both the Northern and Southern hemispheres. Intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations are active observers. It is a powerful alliance for a serious problem – the huge global epidemic caused by tobacco...

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ŚLUSARCZYK, Bogusław, and Małgorzata A. KOZŁOWSKA. "LEVELS OF ROAD SAFETY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND ITS SPATIAL DIVERSITY." Humanities and Social Sciences quarterly 30, no. 2 (2023): 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7862/rz.2023.hss.20.

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Road safety is one of the most important global social issues. According to data from the United Nations, every year, around 1.2 million people worldwide die as a result of road accidents; that is, on average, one person dies every 30 seconds. Children and teenagers make up 40% of the fatalities. An additional 30–50 million people are injured as a result of these accidents; some of them become permanently disabled. The main types of accident risks are well documented; they concern a large range of factors, most often related to the behavior of drivers, especially in terms of speed. This articl

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Makarova, Vera V. "Characteristics of Sustainable Development Strategies of Integration Associations and Recommendations for the EAEU." Общество: политика, экономика, право, no. 11 (November 22, 2023): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24158/pep.2023.11.19.

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The article conducts an analysis of sustainable development strategies at various levels of economic integra-tion, exemplified by the experiences of member countries of the European Union (EU), African Union, Com-mon Market of South American Countries (MERCOSUR), and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), with the objective of identifying distinctive features and successful practices, as well as offering rec-ommendations for incorporating international experience into the strategic documents of the Eurasian Eco-nomic Union (EAEU) in the field of sustainable development. To achieve

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F., Müge ALGAN. "Green Governance: A Blessing or a Burden?" Uluslararası Akademik Birikim Dergisi 7, no. 4 (2024): 541–53. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13952415.

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<em>The magnitude of climate change problems and the inability of countries to address these problems have caused global actors to step in to find solutions. Thus, green governance has become a critical and widespread form of governance. The United Nations (UN) leads global efforts in the field of green governance with initiatives like United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement, and Sustainable Development Goals. The European Union (EU) carries out initiatives such as The EU Green Deal, Taxonomy Regulation and sustainability legislation. Sustainabili

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Hrebeniuk, D. "The genesis of the European Parliament and its transformation to supra statehood." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, no. 72 (2022): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.72.5.

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The article examines the European Union as a unique association of European countries, which was created as an organizational form for political, economic and social cooperation between member countries, candidates for membership and partner countries that are not part of the union. The European Union symbolizes the diversity of nations and European cultures and aims to achieve peace and prosperity. Independent countries united for the sake of a common goal and sacrificed part of their sovereignty in order to become economically stronger, so it is not surprising that the official motto of the

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Stychynska, Anna. "Choosing the civilisational path of modern society in post-Soviet countries based on European values of quality of life." EUROPEAN CHRONICLE 8, no. 2 (2023): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.59430/euch/2.2023.26.

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European values, such as democracy, human rights, freedom of speech, equality, and social justice, are considered key components of the quality of life. The study of the impact of these values on society and their acceptability in post-Soviet countries is relevant today and is of immense importance for their future development. The purpose of this study was to investigate the basic European values, their perception, and application in post-Soviet countries. Methods: analysis, comparison, generalisation. The study analysed the extent to which post-Soviet countries such as Ukraine, Georgia, Mold

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Murrillo, Marilyn. "On Utilizing Artificial Intelligence to Impact Healthcare in Low-Income Countries." International Journal of Translational Medical Research and Public Health 8 (March 20, 2024): e004. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/ijtmrph_512.

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Artificial intelligence (AI) is impacting the society with incredible innovations across the globe, as evidenced by recent media coverage. Integrating AI into healthcare holds promise for improving outcomes in low-income nations. Addressing the reliability, validity, and fairness of algorithms is essential to reduce bias. Global organizations such as the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the European Union promote ethical AI use, guiding its application in healthcare. Philanthropic investment in research is cruci

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Catalano, Theresa, and Grace E. Fielder. "European spaces and the Roma: Denaturalizing the naturalized in online reader comments." Discourse & Communication 12, no. 3 (2018): 240–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750481318757772.

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With the entry of several Eastern European nations into the European Union (EU), a ‘third’ space has developed in the discourse for nations perceived as not fully integrated ‘inside’ the EU system. This article investigates the construction of this ‘third space’ in the resultant ‘moral panic’ about undesired immigration from other EU countries and its potential drain on the social services of the United Kingdom and links it to Euroskeptic discourse in British media. The article uses construal operations from cognitive linguistics combined with critical discourse studies as a way of denaturaliz

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Korecki, Zbyšek. "United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali." Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 41, no. 3 (2019): 155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.41.3.9.

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UNITED NATIONS MULTIDIMENSIONAL INTEGRATED STABILIZATION MISSION IN MALIThe security and political instability of West and Central African countries is influenced by several factors and is a topical issue for the United Nations UN and the European Union’s EU foreign policy. The security of the region decreased to a low level after the declaration of the war on terrorism in 2003. According to the Global Peace Index GPI, which takes into account the militarization and security of society, countries such as Mali 2.686 — 144, Central African Republic 3.236 — 155 or Libya 3.262 — 157 compared to ot

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Zlat, Milovanovic. "Migrations in the European Union: Looking Ahead to 2050." AICEI Proceedings 8, no. 1 (2013): 63–81. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4543789.

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Migration can be defined as a process whereby people move from one place to another, either for a certain period of time or forever. Europe was built on migrations and its peoples have helped populate other continents. The European Union (EU) is an international organization sui generis which has a new form of migration – intra organizational migration. If the EU decides to close its doors to further immigration from outside the EU (or to end the process of enlargement), its economic development will be at risk. Its aging population will not be able to compete in the global market as suc

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Perzyńska, Joanna, and Małgorzata Klaudia Guzowska. "The Feminisation of Poverty in European Union Countries—Myth or Reality?" Sustainability 16, no. 17 (2024): 7594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16177594.

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The feminisation of poverty is a complex, multidimensional phenomenon related to gender inequality in various aspects of life. Women are disproportionately affected by the gender pay gap, unequal intra-household resource distribution, unpaid domestic work, caregiving responsibilities, single motherhood, employment or educational barriers, violence, gender discrimination, and period poverty. Combating poverty and inequality are among the main goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 25 September 2015, and their great importance is fu

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Wong, Alfred, and Roxanne Gomes. "Societal and Economic Elements of Trafficking in Human Beings into the European Union." Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology 7, no. 3 (2016): 831–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21301/eap.v7i3.11.

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The European Union (EU) is an early signatory of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. During the past decade, the EU has been undertaking various measures to conform to the "Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons". The mitigating strategy has been largely based on the enforcement of existing and new laws, inside as well as outside of the EU. To date, the results have been largely ineffective. Addressing the societal and economic elements of home and host countries could be a more enduring means to alleviate the problem of trafficking in

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Divyansh Jai Purohit. "A Comparative Analysis of the Legal Aspects of Data Privacy in Developed Versus." Innovative Research Thoughts 11, no. 2 (2025): 56–62. https://doi.org/10.36676/irt.v11.i2.1624.

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In an era where data is the new currency, the legal frameworks surrounding data privacy have gained unparalleled significance. This research paper undertakes a comparative analysis of data privacy laws in developed and developing countries, highlighting key differences in legislation, enforcement mechanisms, and public awareness. Using case studies from the European Union, the United States, India, Brazil, and Nigeria, the paper explores how socioeconomic and political factors influence the evolution of privacy laws. The paper concludes that while developed nations have well-established legal

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Fernández-Portillo, Antonio, Manuel Almodóvar-González, José Luís Coca-Pérez, and Héctor Valentín Jiménez-Naranjo. "Is Sustainable Economic Development Possible Thanks to the Deployment of ICT?" Sustainability 11, no. 22 (2019): 6307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226307.

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Achieving sustainable economic development is one of humanity’s greatest challenges, and, in this regard, the United Nations has promoted a line of research based on sustainable economic development. In view of this, our study focused on the sustainable economic development of nations, specifically, development through the deployment of information and communication technologies (ICTs). Academic researchers recognize the importance of ICT for economic and sustainable development, but there is controversy in the literature regarding two opposing points of view. First, there is a view that advan

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Missirian, Anouch, and Wolfram Schlenker. "Asylum Applications and Migration Flows." American Economic Review 107, no. 5 (2017): 436–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20171051.

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We discuss an underutilized dataset to examine the causes of migration. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees publishes annual binational asylum applications and the resulting decisions. Asylum is granted to protect individuals from persecution. They are a small part of overall migration patterns: one-tenth of overall migration flows into OECD countries. The European Union receives the largest share of asylum applicants and has a low acceptance rate, but the rate increases when source countries have positive deviations from historic trends. Countries outside the EU and OECD receive

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Ostanin-Golovnya, Vasily, and Anna Pavliukova. "MEDITERRANEAN REFUGEE TRAFFIC: MAIN ROUTES AND PROBLEMS OF CONTROL." Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS 5, no. 41 (2024): 27–36. https://doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran520242736.

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The article analyzes the Mediterranean routes used by refugees from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) on their way to the European Union. The authors cite data from reports by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, the World Organization against Torture, and a number of other international institutions. The relevance of this area of research is due to the fact that today there are about 118.3 million refugees and internally displaced persons in the world, and their main countries of origin are

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Freier, Luisa Feline, and Jean-Pierre Gauci. "Refugee Rights Across Regions: A Comparative Overview of Legislative Good Practices in Latin America and the EU." Refugee Survey Quarterly 39, no. 3 (2020): 321–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdaa011.

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Abstract The office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has identified a number of legislative good practices in Latin American asylum and refugee laws. At the same time, academics and policy-makers have long called for cross-regional comparative analyses of policies and laws to allow different regions to learn from each other’s best practices. In this article, we compare refugee legislations of Latin American countries with European Union protection standards based on UNHCR’s legislative good practices across three areas: (i) Core Principles and Scope of Protection; (

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Beainy, Richard Hanna, and Cesar Antoine Kamel. "Finance for Life Instead of Death." Migration Letters 20, no. 6 (2023): 1051–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.59670/ml.v20i6.4882.

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The pursuit of a world free from hunger and poverty has been a long-standing challenge on the global stage, and a Goal for many esteemed publication sites and scholars. This research endeavor conducted by financial experts, guided by a comprehensive analysis of data from prestigious institutions such as The United States Government, European Union, International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, United Nations, and the World Nuclear Association, seeks to shed light on critical aspects of this multifaceted issue. Our study begins by critically examining the prevailing notion that advanced na

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Järvelaid, Peeter. "Estonian Legal Culture on the Threshold to the 21st Century." International Journal of Legal Information 29, no. 1 (2001): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500000858.

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The Republic of Estonia is one of those European countries for which the year 1918 meant a deep and radical change in the development of their states. During the last decade, these states – Austria, Hungary, the Czech Republic (the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic in 1918), Poland, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia – have all become Member States of or applicant countries to the European Union. On 28 July 1922, the Republic of Estonia was de jure recognized by the Government of the United States. This was an important act, since soon afterwards, on 22 September 1922, Estonia became a mem

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Labella, Álvaro, Juan Carlos Rodríguez-Cohard, José Domingo Sánchez-Martínez, and Luis Martínez. "An AHPSort II Based Analysis of the Inequality Reduction within European Union." Mathematics 8, no. 4 (2020): 646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8040646.

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Nowadays, sustainability is an omnipresent concept in our society, which encompasses several challenges related to poverty, inequality, climate change and so on. The United Nations adopted the Agenda 2030, a plan of action formed of universal Sustainable Developments Goals (SDGs) and targets, which countries have to face in order to shift the world toward a sustainable future. One of the most relevant SDGs since the onset of the financial crisis in 2007 has been the so-called reduced inequalities, which consists of dealing with the inequality of opportunities and wealth between and within coun

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Jurkowska, Beata. "Konflikt cypryjski i jego wpływ na proces integracji Turcji z Unią Europejską." Gospodarka w Praktyce i Teorii 29, no. 2 (2011): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1429-3730.29.04.

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Cyprus dispute lasts over 35 years. Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan announced that Ankara would not accept Cyprus as the chairman of the council of the European Union in the second half of 2012 year, if there is no earlier agreement concerning uniting of the island. Cyprus was divided in 1974 in response to a coup made by the Cypriot National Guard on the President of Cyprus Makarios III. In 1983, The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus declared itself independent from the Republic of Cyprus. The country was condemned by the United Nations, and is not recognized by any countries

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TAMPU, Stelian. "THE POLITICAL HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE 1989 GDR REFUGEES PASSING THROUGH HUNGARY." Strategic Impact 79, no. 2 (2021): 145–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/1841-5784-21-10.

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Raising awareness on the political-historical background of the popular movements of the 20th century is very important because behind the stories there were often ill-considered political decisions. It is interesting to see how the last century leaders of the great powers represented their self-interests, and what political games they had developed to achieve their political goals. The interests of nations living in countries were often not interesting to take into consideration. The Soviet Union was not a nation-state, but neither was the United States of America, while at that time most of

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Lisiankova, Katerina, and Robert E. Wright. "Demographic Change and the European Union Labour Market." National Institute Economic Review 194 (October 2005): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0027950105061497.

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If current demographic trends continue, the combined population of the twenty-five countries that currently make up the European Union will age rapidly and decline in size in the coming decades. As the EU population ages and declines, so will its labour force, which will likely constrain the labour market and generate lower rates of economic growth. Data from the most recent round of United Nation population projections is used to illustrate the scale of these changes.

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Androniceanu, Armenia, and Irina Georgescu. "E-Government in European Countries, a Comparative Approach Using the Principal Components Analysis." NISPAcee Journal of Public Administration and Policy 14, no. 2 (2021): 65–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nispa-2021-0015.

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Abstract The digitalization of public administration is a necessary condition for the economic and social development of each country. In this context, e-government is developing and diversifying its forms of implementation, contributing significantly to the efficiency of public administration, to increasing the degree of transparency and to reducing corruption in public institutions. The aim of the research was to know how the states of the European Union evolved from the point of view of e-government and what influence it had on the economic development of the analyzed states and on the Euro

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Karobliene, Vilma, and Vaida Pilinkiene. "The Sharing Economy in the Framework of Sustainable Development Goals: Case of European Union Countries." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (2021): 8312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158312.

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The aim of this research study was to establish a framework for the relationships between the sharing economy and the Sustainable Development Goals (hereinafter, SDGs) set by the United Nations. There are 17 SDGs with 169 targets, which, in the scientific literature, are classified into sustainability dimensions: economic, social, and environmental. Thus, the objective of the current research was to perform an economic assessment of the sharing economy in the context of SDGs by analyzing European Union countries with a particular emphasis on their economic growth. Although the sharing economy

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Jasiński, Leszek Jerzy. "A Comparative Analysis of Key Integration Blocks." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 27, no. 1 (2024): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1508-2008.27.02.

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Why is integration progressing successfully in some parts of the world but not in others? Why are only some integration blocks hugely important for member countries? And why this is not the case globally? This article provides a comparative analysis of international economic structures, aiming to identify the factors that contribute to the validity and effectiveness of integration. The article examines eight economic blocks: the European Union, the Agreement between the United States of America, the United Mexican States and Canada, the Southern Common Market, the Association of Southeas

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Mukhtar, Sohaib, Muhammad Fayaz, and Malieka Farah Deeba. "Afghan Refugees in Pakistan and Syrian Refugees in European Union: A Comparative Analysis." Journal of Economics, Trade and Marketing Management 5, no. 1 (2023): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jetmm.v5n1p1.

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Displaced persons are Refugees, cross borders under coercion by force, leave motherland and difficult to return safely to home of parents. Root word is ‘refuge’ from which ‘refugee’ is derived, it means hiding and shelter from danger. Pakistan is not signatory of Refugee Convention 1951 but member of the United Nations (UN). Afghan refugees are living in Pakistan for approximately four decades, the Government of Pakistan provides favorable treatment and atmosphere to Afghan Refugees in Pakistan. Resultantly, Pakistan has been suffering terrorism, political instability, and economic dropdown th

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Prokhorenko, I. L. "The strategy of Spain in the United Nations." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2020-2-9-18.

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The article explores potential, resources and strategy of Spain in the United Nations from the moment when the resolution of the socalled Spanish question was adopted and Spain joined this influential intergovernmental international organization in 1955 to the present date. The author focuses on key problems which directly deal with national interests of Spain, including: a dispute with the United Kingdom about the ownership of Gibraltar, perennial problem of the Western (Spanish) Sahara conflict management, the initiative and the UN programme Alliance of Civilizations, co-sponsored by Spain,

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Prokhorenko, I. L. "The strategy of Spain in the United Nations." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos 8, no. 2 (2021): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2020-8-2-9-18.

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The article explores potential, resources and strategy of Spain in the United Nations from the moment when the resolution of the socalled Spanish question was adopted and Spain joined this influential intergovernmental international organization in 1955 to the present date. The author focuses on key problems which directly deal with national interests of Spain, including: a dispute with the United Kingdom about the ownership of Gibraltar, perennial problem of the Western (Spanish) Sahara conflict management, the initiative and the UN programme Alliance of Civilizations, co-sponsored by Spain,

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Prokhorenko, I. L. "The strategy of Spain in the United Nations." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2020-2-9-18.

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The article explores potential, resources and strategy of Spain in the United Nations from the moment when the resolution of the socalled Spanish question was adopted and Spain joined this influential intergovernmental international organization in 1955 to the present date. The author focuses on key problems which directly deal with national interests of Spain, including: a dispute with the United Kingdom about the ownership of Gibraltar, perennial problem of the Western (Spanish) Sahara conflict management, the initiative and the UN programme Alliance of Civilizations, co-sponsored by Spain,

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Sadowski, Józef. "The critical infrastructure protection. The genesis." AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 19, no. 6 (2018): 1237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2018.259.

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The concept of critical infrastructure was already known in a number of ancient civilizations across different continents. Critical infrastructure was considered vital, enabling civilization a proper functioning. The purpose of this article is to present reason and sequence of practice actions for selected Poland associated administrative offices and countries organizations. A cause and an historical overview of the preparation of the United States, European and Polish critical infrastructure protection was provided. According to the manuscripts, critical infrastructure of majority of nations

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Mujuzi, Jamil Ddamulira. "Prosecuting International Money Launderers in Europe and Returning Property Confiscated in Criminal Proceedings in Europe to Africa: Reflecting on Equatorial Guinea v. France Cases Before the International Court of Justice." European Criminal Law Review 14, no. 3 (2024): 277–300. https://doi.org/10.5771/2193-5505-2024-3-277.

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Corruption remains a problem in many countries. As a result, national and international mechanisms have been put in place to prevent or combat it. The international measures include the adoption of United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organised Crime (the Palermo Convention) and the United Nations Convention against Corruption. Each of the two Conventions has been ratified or acceded to by over 180 countries including the European Union. There is evidence that some people who commit corruption and other economic crimes in African countries launder some of the proceeds of crimes in s

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Tumalavičius, Vladas, and Anatolijs Kriviņš. "SOME ASPECTS OF ACTIONS TO RESPONSE TO EXTERNAL SECURITY THREATS AND CRISES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION." Sociālo Zinātņu Vēstnesis=Social Sciences Bulletin 38, no. 1 (2024): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.9770/szv.2024.1(6).

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The European Union is taking action in various areas of security to improve its ability to respond to crises and increase its resilience to future challenges, so this article examines the evolution of crisis response actions of the European Union countries in the face of challenges and threats in a rapidly changing geopolitical environment in relation to European security. This, in turn, is reflected in the speed of decision-making by the competent associations of the European Union regarding legal regulation that corresponds to the current situation. The authors identify and analyze the main

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