Journal articles: 'United Nations Australia'

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Gurry, Meg. "Australia and the United Nations." Australian Historical Studies 45, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 132–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1031461x.2014.877784.

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Trood, Russell. "Australia and the United Nations." Australian Journal of International Affairs 68, no. 2 (December 17, 2013): 246–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2013.866190.

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Adler, Ralph, Mansi Mansi, Rakesh Pandey, and Carolyn Stringer. "United Nations Decade on Biodiversity." Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 30, no. 8 (October 16, 2017): 1711–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-04-2015-2028.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the biodiversity reporting practices and trends of the top 50 Australian mining companies before and after the United Nations (UN) declared the period 2011-2020 as the “Decade on Biodiversity”. Design/methodology/approach Using content analysis and interviews, this study compares the extent and type of biodiversity disclosures made by the Australian Stock Exchange’s top 50 metals and mining companies both before and after the UN’s “Decade on Biodiversity” declaration in 2010. Findings A significant increase in the amount of biodiversity reporting is observed between the 2010 fiscal year preceding the UN’s declaration and the 2012 and 2013 fiscal years following the declaration. The findings reveal, however, that the extent of biodiversity reporting is quite variable, with some companies showing substantial increases in their biodiversity reporting and others showing modest or no increases. In particular, the larger companies in the sample showed a statistically significant increase in their disclosures on biodiversity in 2013 compared with 2010, while the increase in biodiversity disclosures by smaller companies was not significant. While interviewees spoke about their companies being more open and transparent, the biodiversity information that is being reported would not enable external parties to assess the company’s biodiversity performance. Research limitations/implications To minimise an organisation’s use of biodiversity reporting as an impression management tool, it is suggested that biodiversity reporting should be more impact based and organisations should provide a report of their activities and their direct and tangible impacts on short-term and long-term biodiversity in and around their operating sites. A possible limitation of the present study pertains to its focus on companies’ voluntary disclosures made in their annual reports and sustainability reports, as opposed to other possible formal or even informal disclosure mediums. Social implications Australia is one of 17 mega-diverse wildlife countries in the world. Finding ways to support the country’s biodiversity framework and strategy are crucial to this continued status. Due to the mining industry’s significant impact on Australia’s biodiversity, a strong need exists for biodiversity reporting by this industry. Furthermore, this reporting should be provided on a site-by-site basis. At present, the reporting aggregation typically conducted by mining companies produces obscure information that is neither useful for stakeholders who are impacted by the mining companies’ activities nor for policymakers who are vested with responsibility for protecting and sustaining the world’s biodiversity. Originality/value This study examines the biodiversity reporting and discourse practices of mining companies in Australia and develops a 50-item biodiversity reporting index to measure the biodiversity reporting practices.

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Durrant, Jenny. "Aboriginal Children and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child: Pertinent comment from the NCBA Report “Where Rights are Wronged”." Children Australia 18, no. 1 (1993): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200003266.

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Where Rights Are Wronged: A critique of Australia's compliance with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Childwas published in March of this year. It is a report of the National Children's Bureau of Australia for the Children's Rights Coalition by consultants Graeme Brewer and Phillip Swain.

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Kennedy, P. Lynn, and Brian Hilbun. "A Determination Of The Trade Impacts Of The Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 11, no. 1 (December 21, 2011): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v11i1.6672.

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This paper seeks to determine the impact of the Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement (AUSFTA) on the flow of trade between Australia and the United States. To accomplish this, time series data were gathered for 10 SITC REV. 1(0-9) classifications for the years 1985-2009. These data were then sorted into three sub-classes (by direction of trade flow): 1) U.S. exports for that particular SITC class to Australia, 2) vice versa, and then 3) total trade volume for that particular sub-class between the two nations. These three classifications for each SITC class were then regressed against the explanatory variables of GDP (both Australian/U.S.), Population (both Australian/U.S.), the Relative Exchange Rate (AU$/US$), and a dummy trade agreement variable, AUSFTA. The results suggest that AUSFTA has been a greater trade creation catalyst for Australia than for the United States. In fact, for the United States, a greater level of trade diversion has been the result.

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Blackham, Alysia, and George Williams. "The Appointment of Ministers from outside of Parliament." Federal Law Review 40, no. 2 (June 2012): 253–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22145/flr.40.2.6.

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Members of the executive in Australia and other Westminster nations are traditionally appointed only from the ranks of parliamentarians, ostensibly to protect the principle of responsible government. However, there is a growing international trend in nations such as the United Kingdom for the appointment of ministers from outside of Parliament. This article examines the extent to which Australia's constitutional system can accommodate unelected members of a Commonwealth, State or Territory executive. This question is analysed from the perspective of the principle of responsible government and the text of Australia's various constitutional documents. The article also reviews existing practice in comparative jurisdictions and Australian law and practice in order to determine the form that such appointments might take.

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L., J. F. "EDUCATIONAL TIDBITS." Pediatrics 88, no. 5 (November 1, 1991): A57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.88.5.a57.

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A recent report from the Economic Policy Institute says the United States spends less on primary and secondary education than most other industrialized nations. The institute, a research organization in Washington, D.C., compared the percentage of national income spent during 1985 on education from preprimary through high school in 16 nations, including most of Western Europe, Japan, Australia, Canada and the United States. The figure for the United States was 4 percent, less than the spending levels for 11 other countries. If the spending figures are adjusted for the size of the school-age population in each country, only Australia and Ireland spent less than the United States on education from preprimary to 12th grade.

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Hearn, Jane, and Kate Eastman. "Human Rights Issues for Australia at the United Nations." Australian Journal of Human Rights 5, no. 1 (January 1999): 194–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1323238x.1999.11911013.

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Tothill, David. "Australia, South Africa and the United Nations, 1945–1961." Kleio 29, no. 1 (January 1997): 139–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00232089785380071.

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Gooding, Piers, Anna Arstein-Kerslake, Sarah Mercer, and Bernadette Mc Sherry. "Supporting accused persons with cognitive disabilities to participate in criminal proceedings in Australia: Avoiding the pitfalls of unfitness to stand trial laws." Law in Context. A Socio-legal Journal 35, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 64–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.26826/law-in-context.v35i2.15.

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In the 10 years since Australia has ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), the issue of the indefinite detention of persons with cognitive disabilities found unfit to stand trial has received considerable attention. Concerns have been raised by national media, law reform bodies and United Nations human rights agencies. Yet there remain few examples of formal change to unfitness to stand trial laws in Australia. This article focuses on the role of procedural accommodations in meeting CRPD requirements, and other accessibility measures to ensure accused persons with cognitive disabilities are able to take part in criminal proceedings on an equal basis with others. It examines support measures that appear in existing statute and case law within Australia and considers the need to develop new forms of support.

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Spillman, Lyn, Gary P. Freeman, and James Jupp. "Nations of Immigrants: Australia, the United States, and International Migration." Contemporary Sociology 23, no. 2 (March 1994): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2075242.

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Farram, Steven. "Australia and the 1947 United Nations Consular Commission to Indonesia." European Legacy 25, no. 5 (April 19, 2020): 535–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10848770.2020.1751954.

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Haines, Robin. "Nations of Immigrants: Australia, the United States, and International Migration." Population Studies 49, no. 2 (July 1, 1995): 362–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000148636.

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Quinlan, Michael, Gary P. Freeman, and James Jupp. "Nations of Immigrants: Australia, the United States and International Migration." Labour History, no. 65 (1993): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27509225.

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Strong, S. I. "International Commercial Courts in the United States and Australia: Possible, Probable, Preferable?" AJIL Unbound 115 (2021): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2020.77.

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As worldwide interest in international commercial courts grows, questions arise as to whether individual nations can or should seek to compete in the “litigation market” by developing their own cross-border business courts. This essay compares the prospects of the United States and Australia in this regard, focusing on whether it is possible (Section II), probable (Section III), and preferable (Section IV) for one or both of these two federalized, common law nations to develop an international commercial court as part of their national judicial systems. The inquiry is particularly intriguing given that one country (the United States) has had a somewhat uneven relationship with international engagements while the other (Australia) is maintaining or increasing its connections to the rest of the world. Although this discrepancy could be used to explain the relative status of the debate about international commercial courts, which is much more advanced in Australia than in the United States, it is also possible that the distinctions between the United States and Australia are motivated by other factors. While neither country appears poised to create an international commercial court at the moment, the current analysis helps identify the types of factors that policy-makers can and should consider when contemplating reforms of this nature.

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Bakker, Felix Ferdin. "Establish ASEAN-AUSTRALIA Communication In Resolving Humanitarian Issues For International Asylum Seekers and Refugees." Veteran Law Review 4, no. 1 (April 16, 2021): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.35586/velrev.v4i1.2630.

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The current problem of refugees cannot be handled with policies that address the root of the problem. The increasing number of refugees in the Southeast Asian region makes transit countries overwhelmed in dealing with this problem. On the other hand, as a refugee recipient country in the last ten years, Australia has had a strict policy in accepting refugees. Australia's approach to return refugee ships to a transit country is a controversial policy because Australia itself is a country that signed the 1951 convention on refugee status. On the other hand, the existence of refugees and asylum seekers has a significant impact on the local community's social changes, and the current refugee policy arrangement is still in the hands of UNHCR ( United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) under the auspices of the United Nations. There has been no concrete communication to touch the root of the problem of refugees and asylum seekers. Through an enthusiastic approach and communication with community-based management between ASEAN countries and Australia, it is hoped that it can resolve human rights issues related to supervision to empower refugees in society to become citizens of a third country, in this case, Australia.

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Williams, Jacqueline. "Soils Governance in Australia: challenges of cooperative federalism." International Journal of Rural Law and Policy, no. 1 (March 26, 2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ijrlp.i1.2015.4173.

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This paper analyses soil governance in Australia and the challenges facing sustainable natural resource management within the context of a cooperative system of federation and a globalised market economy. With only 6 per cent of the Australian landmass considered arable, one would assume that protecting Australia’s valuable soil resource would be of national significance. However, Australia currently lacks nationally consistent policies and legal instruments to ensure that its soil is protected, maintained and enhanced for future generations. While recognising that soil governance is a broad discipline encompassing many areas of soil science and management, this discussion will only focus on the soil conservation aspects of sustainable ecosystems and sustainable food and fibre in Australia; it will not explore in depth issues of soil contamination and other pollution related areas. The paper discusses: the state of Australian soils and the managers of these resources; current soil governance in Australia (based on the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations definition); and a case study example of an Australian state approach to landuse conflict and the protection of agricultural lands. The paper highlights policies and institutional arrangements required for the protection of Australian soil and the very communities that are attempting to steward these resources for future generations.

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Aliffitria, Bhilla, and Nuriyeni Kartika Bintarsari. "Pengaruh Implementasi United Nations Convention Against Corruption Terhadap Pemberantasan Korupsi di Australia Tahun 2013-2017." Insignia: Journal of International Relations 6, no. 2 (November 24, 2019): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.ins.2019.6.2.1546.

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Abstrak Penelitian ini akan mengkaji pengaruh implementasi United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) terhadap pemberantasan korupsi di Australia periode 2013-2017, mengingat Australia merupakan salah satu negara yang memiliki perhatian terhadap isu korupsi dan telah meratifikasi UNCAC pada tahun 2005. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui bagaimana pengaruh implementasi UNCAC terhadap pemberantasan korupsi di Australia periode 2013-2017. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan metode kepustakaan dan memanfaatkan data sekunder dari berbagai sumber yang diperoleh dari buku, jurnal ilmiah, laporan, situs resmi pemerintah dan media online lainnya. Keseluruhan data akan dianalisis menggunakan teori efektivitas rezim yang terdiri dari indikator output, income, dan impact serta indikitor nilai-niai good governance. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perkembangan korupsi di Australia selama tahun 2013-2017 bersifat fluktuatif, beberapa pengimplementasian pasal-pasal UNCAC dan penerapan nilai-nilai good governance dalam upaya pemberantasan korupsi di Australia periode 2013-2017 masih menemui hambatan dan beberapa kritik. Pengimplementasian UNCAC di Australia hanya berpengaruh pada peningkatan jumlah agensi anti-korupsi baik di tingkat negara bagian maupun federal, namun hal tersebut tidak berbanding lurus dengan semakin berkurangnya kasus korupsi yang terjadi di Australia dan meningkatnya skor serta peringkat Indeks Persepsi Korupsi Australia selama tahun 2013-2017. Kata kunci: Australia, efektivitas rezim, korupsi, UNCAC. Abstract This research aims to analyze the influence of the United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) implementation on eradicating corruption in Australia from 2013 to 2017. Australia is one of the countries that has prioritized on the corruption issue and has ratified the UNCAC in 2005. The purpose of this study is to know how the UNCAC implementation affectedthe corruption eradication efforts in Australia from 2013 to 2017. Data collection techniques with the literature method and utilizing secondary data from various sources obtained from books, scientific journals, reports, official government sites and other online media. Overall data will be analyzed using the regime effectiveness theory that consist of output, income, and impact indicators and also the values of good governance indicators. The results of this study indicate that the development of corruption in Australia during 2013-2017 was fluctuating, some implementations of UNCAC articles and the application of good governance values in efforts to eradicate corruption in Australia in the 2013-2017 period still faced obstacles and some criticism. The implementation of UNCAC in Australia only affected in increasing the number of anti-corruption agencies at the state and federal level, but it was not directly proportional to to the reduction of corruption cases and the increase of Australia Corruption Perception Index score and ranking during 2013-2017. Keywords: Australia, corruption, regime effectiveness, UNCAC

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Osiobe, Ejiro U. "The Effect of Australia’s Declining Fertility Rate 1978-2016." International Journal of Human Resource Studies 9, no. 4 (October 28, 2019): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v9i4.15717.

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The paper presents an analytic framework that describes how the declining fertility rate of Australia between 1978 - 2016 has affected its economy. Issues related to population have long been the subject of debate in the industrialized countries like the United States and European nations following the shift in their population structure. The awareness of the declining fertility rate in Australia remains a concern to the Australian government as the new trend will reshape the country’s demographic pattern. This paper seeks to examine the fertility rate of Australia and how it has affected GDP per capita. The study uses the simple ordinary least squares (OLS) methodology to analyze this effect. Our result showed an inverse relationship between fertility rate in Australia and per capita income.

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Spillman, Lyn. "“Neither the same Nation Nor Different Nations”: Constitutional Conventions in the United States and Australia." Comparative Studies in Society and History 38, no. 1 (January 1996): 149–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500020156.

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Debates in constitutional conventions in the United States in 1787 and Australia in 1897 reveal similarities and differences that illuminate the process by which nations became increasingly meaningful forms of social organization. Although the tone of these debates tended to be technical and pragmatic, focusing on specific concerns about the machinery of “good government,” convention delegates showed in their assumptions, their omissions, and in the claims and comparisons they repeated, what they were coming to perceive as commonalities. Claims about what identified the new nations were part of the repertoire of debate used by delegates as they addressed their tasks. So the conventions distilled ideas available to political elites about what was taken to be distinctive about and shared by prospective citizens.

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Sprengel, Mieczysław. "Political Relations of Australia with the United States: 2000–2017." International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal 23, no. 1 (July 15, 2019): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1641-4233.23.08.

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Relations between Australia and the United States have developed for long time notably during World War II. Over the following decades, cooperation has become more intense as Australians adopt many cultural patterns from the Americans. Australia declared and supported US presidents in military operations, which is why some have called Australia, America’s sheriff for working to stabilize this part of the world. One cannot overlook the personal arrangements between leaders that help shape the dynamic of deepening the mutual relations these two nations. Donald Trump’s personal interactions’ with the Prime Ministers of Australia play a significant role in this regard.

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Alharbi, Musaed Ali, Godfrey Isouard, and Barry Tolchard. "The Development of ICD Adaptations and Modifications as Background to a Potential Saudi Arabia's National Version." Global Journal of Health Science 11, no. 11 (September 19, 2019): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v11n11p158.

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Modified national versions of the WHO’s International Statistical Classification of Diseases, current version ICD-10 with ICD-11 coming into effect in January 2022, have become the standard in many countries for diagnosis and procedure coding to facilitate the submission of medical billing and reimbursement by health insurers. The WHO ICD-10 exists purely as a coded classification of disease. It has no related classification of procedures and lacks the clinical level of diagnostic specificity necessary for the documentation of individual clinical cases and the associated prescribed therapies and interventions, particularly surgical cases. Historically, the US clinical modification of ICD-9, known as ICD-9-CM, established the trend. Australia adopted ICD-9-CM, later adapted it to Australian clinical specifications, and after the launch of the WHO ICD-10 produced the current Australian modification ICD-10-AM, used under license by many other countries. This paper examines a work in progress, rather than offering an academic critique, to illustrate the evolution of national clinical modications with particular reference to those of the United States, Australia and Thailand. The selection is based on the historical ICD-9-CM connection of the US and Australia, and the fact that Thailand is a more advanced developing nation like Saudi Arabia. The study parameters include the Saudi national healthcare system which has not previously employed a classification clinical coding, despite the wealthy developing healthcare system. Nations using their own modification face the burden of upgrading. Saudi Arabia plans to implement the national Australian modification, rather than creating a Saudi national modification.

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Hadlow, Martin. "‘No Propaganda Will Be Broadcast’: The Rise and Demise of Australian Military Broadcasting." Media International Australia 150, no. 1 (February 2014): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x1415000117.

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Radio broadcasting has played an important role as a medium of information, news and entertainment for Australian military personnel in wartime and conflict situations. However, while many nations have comprehensive units tasked to the full-time provision of broadcasting services, such as the Armed Forces Radio and Television Service (AFRTS) in the United States and the British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS) in the United Kingdom, Australia has relied on more ad hoc measures. As contingencies have required, the Australian military has introduced radio broadcasting elements into its table of organisation, the most comprehensive having been the Australian Army Amenities Service (AAAS) during World War II. Now, in a new technological era, perhaps specialised radio for troops will fade completely from the agenda.

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Kurin, Richard. "U.S. Consideration of the Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention." Ethnologies 36, no. 1-2 (October 12, 2016): 325–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1037612ar.

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UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, voted overwhelmingly at the biennial meeting of its General Conference in Paris on October 17, 2003 to adopt a new international Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage. That Convention became international law on April 30, 2006. By the end of 2006 it had been ratified or accepted by 68 countries; today, that number is approaching universal acceptance with more than 160 nations having acceded to the convention. At the 2003 session, some 120 nation-members voted for the convention; more registered their support subsequently. No one voted against it; only a handful of nations abstained – Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States among them. Within some of those nations, debate over whether to ratify the treaty continues. In this paper, the author considers the convention and unofficially examines the U.S. government position with regard to why support for it was withheld in 2003, how deliberations have proceeded since then, and whether or not the U.S. might ultimately accept the treaty.

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Crowley, Kate. "Is Australia Faking It? The Kyoto Protocol and the Greenhouse Policy Challenge." Global Environmental Politics 7, no. 4 (November 2007): 118–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep.2007.7.4.118.

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While Australia has signed both the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, and the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, it has failed to ratify the latter. It is nevertheless committed to meeting its +8% Kyoto target for greenhouse gas emissions, and argues that it is on track to doing so. This paper examines Australia's non-ratification politics and greenhouse policy efforts in an attempt to explain its contrary position of resisting Kyoto, yet embracing and pursuing its emission reduction targets. Australia's behavior as a carbon-intensive nation is highly significant in the global context, and this paper focuses on the domestic factors of interests, ideas and institutions, while also considering international factors in trying to explain Australia's non-ratification of Kyoto and climate change policy development. It finds that while ideas and institutions have been modifying influences in the domestic context, political and economic interests have dominated Australia's greenhouse policy.

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COTTON, JAMES. "AN AUSTRALIAN INTERNATIONALIST PARTS COMPANY WITH THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS: H. DUNCAN HALL AND THE FREUDIAN RESPONSE TO GLOBAL IRRATIONALISM." Modern Intellectual History 13, no. 3 (October 30, 2014): 653–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244314000341.

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The most senior Australian in the League of Nations secretariat, H. Duncan Hall became an established advocate of institutional internationalism as a mitigator of conflict. From 1933, however, the advent of totalitarian movements and his exposure to Freudianism through his association with Dr Robert Waelder led him to the conviction that psychoanalysis provided the key to the irrationality of the times. He endeavoured to use his League position, including his influence in Australia, to convince opinion leaders of the profound dangers of national mass psychosis to the survival of the international order. Frustrated in the League, he then sought to convey the same message in the United States. Although largely unsuccessful in his efforts, and unable to establish an academic vehicle for the study of the issue in America, he was able to help bring to Australia the first practitioners of Freudian psychoanalysis trained in Europe.

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Lowe, David. "Australia at the United Nations in the 1950s: The paradox of empire." Australian Journal of International Affairs 51, no. 2 (July 1997): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10357719708445208.

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Johnson, Edward. "Cotton, J. and Lee, D. (Eds.) (2012).Australia and the United Nations." Diplomacy & Statecraft 25, no. 3 (July 3, 2014): 563–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09592296.2014.936220.

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Mayrl, Damon. "How Does the State Structure Secularization?" European Journal of Sociology 56, no. 2 (August 2015): 207–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975615000119.

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AbstractWhy do similar modern nations accord religion different roles in their public institutions? This paper engages this question by examining trends in religious instruction in the public schools of the United States and Australia from 1850 to 1950. I find that American education secularized farther and faster than Australian education because of its decentralized system of educational administration. In the United States, decentralized educational administration facilitated challenges to religious exercises by religious minorities, fostered professional development among educators, and allowed novel educational practices oriented in new educational theories rather than religion to spread. In Australia, by contrast, centralized state control over education insulated majoritarian religious exercises from minority criticism, suppressed professional development, and helped maintain traditional educational practices that sustained religious instruction. The state thus has both mediating and constitutive effects on secularization, a finding which opens new directions for research into the dynamics of secularization.

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McCoy, Charles Allan. "Adapting Coercion: How Three Industrialized Nations Manufacture Vaccination Compliance." Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 44, no. 6 (August 8, 2019): 823–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03616878-7785775.

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Abstract Context: This research examines the development of vaccination policy in Britain, the United States, and Australia to begin to understand the different forms of coercion that industrialized states utilize to achieve vaccination compliance from the majority of their citizens. Methods: This research applies a comparative-historical analysis of the three countries listed, using a combination of primary and secondary documents. Findings: The different degrees of compulsion in the vaccination policies of Britain, the United States, and Australia is explained through an analysis of the path-dependent ways that each nation adapted coercion in response to civil society resistance. Each nation has moved up and down a continuum of coercion searching for a policy that balances overcoming passive noncompliance without engendering active resistance. Arriving at different balancing points between these two objectives, the three nations have now institutionalized policies with different degrees of coercion. Conclusions: This research shows that vaccination policy is not just created top-down by the state, but through an ongoing interactive process with citizens and civil society. Furthermore, as vaccination is a “wicked problem” that faces ongoing civil society resistance, states will need to perpetually adapt the coerciveness of their policies into the foreseeable future.

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McGaughey, Fiona, Tamara Tulich, and Harry Blagg. "UN decision on Marlon Noble case: Imprisonment of an Aboriginal man with intellectual disability found unfit to stand trial in Western Australia." Alternative Law Journal 42, no. 1 (March 2017): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x17694790.

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On 23 September 2016, the United Nations (UN) Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities found that the Australian government had breached its obligations under the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The case against Australia was brought by Marlon Noble, an Aboriginal man with an intellectual disability who was charged with sexual assault but found unfit to stand trial under the Mentally Impaired Defendants Act 1996 (WA). He was imprisoned indefinitely in 2001 and has been held in civil detention in the community since 2012. This article analyses the current policy and legislative context in Western Australia on this issue and reflects on Australia’s previous responses to individual human rights complaints to UN Committees.

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Sinnreich, Aram, Patricia Aufderheide, and Donte Newman. "Creative Action Under Two Copyright Regimes: Filmmaking and Visual Arts in Australia and the United States." Communication, Culture and Critique 13, no. 3 (June 10, 2020): 384–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ccc/tcaa003.

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Abstract A comparison of the behaviors of two creative populations operating within cross-media environments in the United States and Australia tests the comparative effect of the two nations' legal environments on the range of creative expression and on costs of production in increasingly digitized production processes. The U.S. creators have access to the flexible and expansive exception of fair use, while Australian creators' ability to use third-party copyrighted content are far more constrained. While availability of copyright exceptions plays a crucial role, other factors including demographics, disciplinary norms, and social inequality may also be important in creative practices and professions.

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Mackay, Anita. "The relevance of the United Nations Mandela Rules for Australian prisons." Alternative Law Journal 42, no. 4 (November 27, 2017): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x17732706.

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In 2015, the United Nations updated the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners and named them the Mandela Rules. The Standard Guidelines for Corrections in Australia were based on the previous version of the Rules. This article outlines Australia’s non-compliance with the rules and need to update the Guidelines in five areas: (1) imprisoning people with cognitive disabilities who have not been convicted, (2) solitary confinement, (3) bodily searches, (4) use of restraints, and (5) provision of equivalent medical treatment.

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Merga, Margaret K., and Catherine Ferguson. "School librarians supporting students’ reading for pleasure: A job description analysis." Australian Journal of Education 65, no. 2 (February 15, 2021): 153–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004944121991275.

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Reading for pleasure is an undervalued but highly beneficial practice conferring a range of educative and socio-emotional advantages. School librarians may play a key role in supporting reading for pleasure and associated literature advocacy; however, relatively little is known about how reading for pleasure may be valued within the job description of contemporary school librarians. It cannot be assumed that reading for pleasure is positioned as a valued aspect of the school librarians’ educative role in the United States and Australia, given factors such as evolving demands placed on the profession. Through hybrid content analysis of job description documents, this article explores which aspects of the current school librarian role are related to supporting reading for pleasure, comparing expectations between nations. While there are some similarities in the nature of the reading for pleasure role in the United States and Australia, Australian school librarians are far more likely to be expected to foster reading for pleasure.

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Stevens, Gillian, Hiromi Ishizawa, and Douglas Grbic. "Measuring race and ethnicity in the censuses of Australia, Canada, and the United States: Parallels and paradoxes." Canadian Studies in Population 42, no. 1-2 (March 4, 2015): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6pw39.

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Most national censuses include questions about race, colour, national origins, ethnicity, ancestry, and tribe in an effort to describe subgroups within their population. In this paper, we focus on changes over the last half-century in the racial and ethnic classification schemes of the censuses in three countries that share important historical and demographic features Australia, Canada, and the United States. We show that there are similarities, as well as some idiosyncratic features, in how these three nations define and describe racial and ethnic subgroups. We then argue that the gathering of data on the racial/ethnic subgroups in these three nations has followed a similar progression over the last half-century because of shifts in the understanding of race and ethnicity, data-gathering procedures, and the ongoing dialogue between each national population and its data-gathering institution.

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Bashford, Alison. "Immigration restriction: rethinking period and place from settler colonies to postcolonial nations." Journal of Global History 9, no. 1 (February 12, 2014): 26–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174002281300048x.

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AbstractImmigration acts have long been analysed as instrumental to the working of the modern nation-state. A particular focus has been the racial exclusions and restrictions that were adopted by aspirationally white, new world nation-states: Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the United States. This article looks again at the long modern history of immigration restriction in order to connect the history of these settler-colonial race-based exclusions (much studied) with immigration restriction in postcolonial nation-states (little studied). It argues for the need to expand the scope of immigration restriction histories geographically, temporally and substantively: beyond the settler nation, beyond the Second World War, and beyond ‘race’. The article focuses on the Asia-Pacific region, bringing into a single analytical frame the early immigration laws of New Zealand, Australia, the United States, and Canada on the one hand and those of Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Fiji on the other.

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Lemmon, Cathy. "Worldwide Use of Homeopathy as a Prophylactic: A Brief History and Listing of Results and Resources." Homœopathic Links 29, no. 02 (June 2016): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1584076.

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There are many nations throughout the world where homeoprophylaxis (HP) has been in use for more than 200 years. This essay presents mainly what I, personally, have found in the nations of Germany, England, the Netherlands, Canada, the United States, Australia and India, with a brief mention of the nation of Turkey. Because of the international readership of LINKS, what I have compiled in this survey represents the beginning of an understanding of what is going on in these nations in reference to HP, hoping that it will offer an understanding and acceptance of HP for what it is—a nontoxic choice that is in increasing demand by the people—and a call to encourage further use of HP.

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Ward, Warren. "Psychiatric Morbidity in Australian Veterans of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Somalia." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 31, no. 2 (April 1997): 184–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679709073819.

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Objective: Since World War II, an increasing number of soldiers have been deployed in United Nations (UN) peacekeeping forces. However, little is known about the psychiatric impact of such deployments. The present study investigated the nature, prevalence, aetiology and natural history of psychiatric morbidity in Australian veterans of the United Nations peacekeeping force in Somalia. Method: Fifteen months after their return from Somalia, 117 Somalian veterans completed the 28-item version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), the Impact of Events Scale (IES), the Combat Exposure Scale (CES), and a checklist of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, completed by veterans 12 months previously as part of an evaluation by the Department of Defence. Seventy-seven non-veteran controls also completed the GHQ-28. Results: Veterans scored significantly higher on the GHQ-28 than controls. Twenty-four-point-eight per cent (24.8%) of veterans were GHQ cases (using 4/5 as a cut-off point) compared to 13.0% of controls. Psychiatric morbidity in veterans was associated with combat exposure and a past psychiatric history. Levels of morbidity reduced over time, although they remained substantial at 15 months following soldiers' return to Australia, with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms being reported by approximately 20% of veterans. Conclusions: At least one-fifth of Australian soldiers who served in Somalia had significant levels of psychiatric morbidity 15 months following their return. This was almost twice that of their non-veteran peers. Risk factors for the development of psychiatric morbidity included combat exposure and past psychiatric history. Levels of psychiatric morbidity were much higher than those reported in previous studies on UN soldiers.

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Korwa, Johni R. V. "The Resistance Movement of Aboriginal People To Fight Against The Plans For A Nuclear Waste Dump In South Australia." Papua Law Journal 1, no. 2 (October 25, 2018): 271–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31957/plj.v1i2.592.

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Aborigine is the indigenous people of Australia who have attempted to oppose the proposal for South Australia to host an international nuclear dump. Even though the rights of indigenous people have been recognized by the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, the treatment they receive are not in accordance with the standard of living. The object of this this paper is to examine the struggle of Aboriginal Australia as indigenous people who seek to ensure their basic rights to clean environment from nuclear waste by using normative juridical method. The results of the paper show that Aboriginal people have commenced their struggle by the formation of global movement in the form of local campaign (Kupa Piti Kungka Juta), Australian Nuclear Free Alliance (ANFA), in collaboration with Amnesty International and the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN). All efforts are made to pressure the Australian government not to consider South Australia as a nuclear waste disposal site. This is because nuclear waste can have an impact on public health and environmental damage, trigger nuclear war, and become a threat to the land of Aboriginal people.

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Dani, Micaella, and Muharjono Muharjono. "AUSTRALIAN HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION (AHRC) DALAM MENGURANGI KASUS DISKRIMINASI RAS DI AUSTRALIA TAHUN 2015-2018." Paradigma: Jurnal Masalah Sosial, Politik, dan Kebijakan 24, no. 1 (June 27, 2021): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.31315/paradigma.v24i1.5018.

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This journal discussing about the efforts of the Australian Human RightsCommission (AHRC) to reduce racial discrimination cases in Australia 2015-2018. The AHRC efforts was defined into five rules and procedures for resolving racial discrimination complaints. They are socialization or early warning, collecting complaints and investigation, fulfillment, continuation of legal actions, and public hearings. The Australia’s moment ratified the rules of the United Nations of Human Rights Commissioner (UNHRC), namely the CERD rules concerning the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination which sparked the 1975 Racial Discrimination Act could construct the formation of the AHRC in 1986. The principle of UNHRC is an organization known as regime which adopted in Australia in the form of AHRC. This journal aims to discuss, describe and find out the efforts of the Australian Human Rights Commission in reducing cases of racial discrimination in Australia 2015-2018. Explain the rules and procedures for resolving racial discrimination complaints received by the AHRC through five stages of resolution. Afterwards analyze whether the five rules and procedures implemented by the AHRC implemented optimally to reduce racial discrimination cases which happened in Australia in 2015-2018.

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Johnson, Erik W. "Toward International Comparative Research on Associational Activity." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 43, no. 2_suppl (April 21, 2013): 163S—181S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0899764013484091.

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This article describes the scope and composition of national associational populations in four similar countries (Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and United States), by way of introducing an important new data release on national associational populations. Special attention is devoted to the subset of associations attending to social inequality issues of gender, race/ethnicity, and sexual orientation, and which are of particular interest to social movement and interest group scholars. No evidence is found for the Tocquevillian notion of heightened national-level associational activity in the United States. The nonmembership associational form is, however, particularly prominent in the United States. Associations attending to social inequality issues in the United Kingdom are structured very differently from these other nations, likely as a result of the unitary nature of government in that country rather than a strong federal system.

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Sharma, Ashok. "Australia-US Alliance and Strategic Geometry in the Indo-Pacific Region: An Evaluation." Artha - Journal of Social Sciences 16, no. 4 (October 1, 2017): 39–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.12724/ajss.43.3.

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The 21st Century is witnessing a significant change in the strategic landscape. The US hegemonic power that provided the stability for almost seven decades is in relative decline. Over the past decade, amidst the receding hegemonic status of the US, nation states, and especially the rising powers, are reformulating their foreign policy to reposition themselves in the strategic transformation by enhancing their defence capabilities, asserting militarily and forming countervailing alliances. Countries such as China, Russia, France and Germany, have challenged U.S. unilateralism in the United Nations and other forums such as NATO, whenever their interests have not converged with the United States. This receding trend of hegemonic influence is visible in the Kosovo crisis, Iraq war, and recently in the Ukrainian and Syrian crisis.

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Engel, Madeline, Frances DellaCava, and Norma Kolko Phillips. "Cultural Difference and Adoption Policy in the United States: The Quest for Social Justice for Children." International Journal of Children's Rights 18, no. 2 (2010): 291–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092755609x12488514988991.

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AbstractThis article discusses the impact of cultural difference on adoption in the United States (U.S.) during three historical periods and along three dimensions: religion, race and ethnicity. The focus is on the extent to which national and international definitions of the rights of the child as put forth by the United States, the United Nations and The Hague have affected adoption policy and practice. The article questions the extent to which the failure to respond to cultural differences has diminished the rights of the child and resulted in social injustice. Although focused on the U.S., the argument has relevance for many other countries, including Sweden, Romania, Ukraine, Australia, Korea and China.

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Marks, G. "AVOIDING THE INTERNATIONAL SPOTLIGHT: AUSTRALIA, INDIGENOUS RIGHTS AND THE UNITED NATIONS TREATY BODIES." Human Rights Law Review 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 19–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/2.1.19.

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Gabaccia, Donna R. "Creating Italians in Canada." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 7, no. 2 (September 1998): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.7.2.271.

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The English-speaking world tends to privilege the United States as the paradigmatic “nation of immigrants” produced by two subsequent waves of international migration—the first between 1830 and 1930 and the second between 1965 and the present. Still, foreigners have never represented more than 14% of the US population. Scholars now acknowledge that the US was only one of many nations formed in the cauldron of the massive global migrations of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Argentina, Switzerland, France, Canada, and Australia have all, at various times, had proportionately more foreigners among their populations than the United States.

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Chaminda K, Wijekoon Herath Mudiyanselage. "SRI LANKA’S STRATEGIC LOCATION AND FOREIGN POLICY RESPONSE TOWARDS INDIA AND US ON CHINESE INVESTMENTS IN SRI LANKA." Jurnal Diplomasi Pertahanan 8, no. 2 (June 6, 2022): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.33172/jdp.v8i2.1009.

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Sri Lanka is a small state strategically placed between two powerful States India and China, the island nation is significant for India as its closest maritime neighbor and on the other hand China has become an all-weather friend to Sri Lanka who has not interfered into the internal political issues and a supporting character in international politics. Sri Lanka has been sandwiched between the great power politics of these powerful nations since the U.S. is carrying out its strategy using the strategic alliance of the United States, India, UK, Japan, and Australia to counter the growing influence of China. Most importantly, Sri Lanka being a small state, having balanced relations with the big powers is effective to foster the development goals of the countries. Having understood this paper discusses Sri Lanka’s strategic location and foreign policy response towards India and United States on Chinese investments in Sri Lanka. This paper further discusses external and internal factors, core issues, and intentions of above mentioned powerful nations and Sri Lankan foreign policy towards these powerful nations by fostering closer ties in world politics with two regional giants and the United States.

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Turner, J. Neville. "Schoolchildren's Perception of Their Rights: A Pilot Study." Children Australia 18, no. 4 (1993): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200003709.

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The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child was ratified by Australia in December 1990. The Convention contains 55 articles, 41 of which are substantive, the others being procedural.The Convention has been analysed in legal and other literature in Australia. Its ratification was actively promoted by the National Children's Bureau of Australia and other bodies. Its implementation is the primary responsibility of the Federal and State governments. Periodic reports are required to be made to a Committee of the United Nations established for this purpose. It is foreseen that non-government organisations in each ratifying country will be invited to comment on the performance of their country. This surely means that the NCHA has a role in monitoring the implementation of the Convention.

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McGaughey, Fiona, Teodora Pasca, and Sarah Millman. "The road ahead: Driver’s licensing and the over-incarceration of Aboriginal peoples in Western Australia." Alternative Law Journal 43, no. 3 (August 16, 2018): 184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x18788677.

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Western Australia is the Australian state with the highest incarceration rates of Aboriginal people. This article examines the laws and policies governing driving offences, driver’s licensing, and fines in Western Australia and their implications for Aboriginal people. The Aboriginal rate of imprisonment for licensing offences in Western Australia is significantly higher than the rate for non-Aboriginal people, with the overrepresentation being particularly stark within regional areas. Geographical, cultural, financial, and social barriers inhibit the accessibility of driver’s licensing services for Aboriginal people, while an acute need to drive in Aboriginal communities can lead to unlicensed driving. As a result, Aboriginal people are imprisoned for unlicensed or disqualified driving or fine defaults, with harmful impacts on Aboriginal communities. The article makes recommendations for law reform, to be considered in consultation with Aboriginal communities in adherence with Australia’s obligations regarding self-determination, consultation, representation and consent in the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.

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Lopert, Ruth, and Sara Rosenbaum. "What is Fair? Choice, Fairness, and Transparency in Access to Prescription Medicines in the United States and Australia." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 35, no. 4 (2007): 643–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2007.00187.x.

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The role of government in assuring population access to affordable and appropriate health care represents a central question for any nation. Of particular concern is access to prescription drug coverage, not only because of the vital role played by drugs in modern medicine, but also because of their high costs. This article examines the sharply contrasting prescription drug coverage and payment policies found in Australia and the U.S. – strong political allies and international trading partners – and describes how key U.S. interests have sought, through an aggressive trade agenda, to expand markets for U.S. goods and services, even when market expansions clash with other nations’ contrasting emphasis on social equity and fairness. Indeed, the nation’s bilateral free trade negotiations have brought the contours of this policy schism into sharp relief.

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Kang, Seok, KyuJin Shim, and Jiyoun Kim. "Social Media Posts on Samsung Galaxy Note 7 Explosion: A Comparative Analysis of Crisis Framing and Sentiments in Three Nations." Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research 2, no. 2 (2019): 259–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.30658/jicrcr.2.2.5.

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This study explores the Samsung Galaxy Note 7 explosion crisis by analyzing posts on Twitter in three nations: the United States, Australia, and South Korea. Using the perspectives of generic frames, issue-specific frames, cross-national frames, and user sentiment on Twitter, this study analyzes 600 posts (200 from each nation). Results reveal that Twitter posts frequently framed the crisis using attribution, morality, and conflict frames. Posts about the explosion were more professional frame oriented than national frame oriented. Negative sentiment was dominant in Twitter posts about the explosion. Morality, corporate breakdown, and customer concerns were highly associated with negative sentiment. The results demonstrate how global users respond to a corporate crisis. Study implications and suggestions are discussed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'United Nations Australia'

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