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1
Lam, Andrew. "Give Me the Gun." Boom 4, no. 1 (2014): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/boom.2014.4.1.18.
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Using his family’s experience of coming to the United States as refugees from Vietnam, Andrew Lam meditates on the history and future of children who come to the United States as refugees from violent places. In addition to examining the writer’s own life, the essay discusses Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, the brothers responsible for the bombs at the 2013 Boston marathon, and considers how success and failure in the United States shapes the refugee children who come to this country.
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Bátori, Anna. "The Flux of Transmigrant Identities in Thomas Arslan’s Brothers and Sisters." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Film and Media Studies 14, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ausfm-2017-0003.
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Abstract The paper investigates Brothers and Sisters (Geschwister-Kardeşler, 1995), the first piece of Thomas Arslan’s Berlin-trilogy. While putting the film into the socio-historical context of the newly united German Republic, the study aims to highlight the characters’ struggle and constant shift between their Turkish and German identity. Through the narrative and textual analysis of Brothers and Sisters, the paper reveals the visual forms of social exclusion and concludes that in Arslan’s film, the characters bear with no social identity but various stages of identification, which keep them in an in-between, insecure position.
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Alonso, Alexandra Délano. "The Rebels Who Fought Mexican and US Oppression." Current History 122, no. 841 (February 1, 2023): 78–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2023.122.841.78.
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In 2022, Mexico commemorated the centenary of the death of Ricardo Flores Magón, whose work with his brothers as newspaper publishers and leaders of a political movement helped bring about the fall of a Mexican dictator. Their cross-border activities also challenged white supremacy in the United States.
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Clark, Mark. "Peter Comestor and Peter Lombard: Brothers in Deed." Traditio 60 (2005): 85–142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0362152900000246.
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According to medieval legend, Gratian, Peter Lombard, and Peter Comestor were bro7thers. What united these men in the medieval imagination were the three great works they produced, respectively, over the course of the twelfth century: theDecretum, theSentences, and theHistoria scholastica. The two Peters, in particular, were connected. Stephen Langton, one of the most prominent teachers of Scripture and theology at Paris during the last decades of the twelfth century, praised both Peters for their mastery of Sacred Scripture. The joint ascendancy of the reputations of Peter Lombard and Peter Comestor can also be seen in the tradition of medieval chroniclers such as Otto of St. Blaise, who wrote that “in those days Peter Lombard and Peter Comestor shone forth as distinguished masters at Paris.”
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Seitz, John C. "Stoic Brothers and Feeling Men: Contemporary Clerical Masculinities in the United States." American Catholic Studies 132, no. 2 (2021): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/acs.2021.0019.
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Popov, Tervel. "The Branichevo Principality of Darman and Kudelin Brothers." Istoriya-History 29, no. 5 (September 22, 2021): 447–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/his2021-5-1-bran.
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In 1273 or about 1280 the brothers Darman and Kudelin, nobles of Bulgarian-Kuman origin, take over the Branichevo region from the Hungarian Kingdom. Their small principality very soon became stronger. Darman and Kudelin paid little attention to their neighbours due to their strong army, numerous mercenaries and strong fortresses. On several occasions the brothers defeated and fought off Hungarians and also beat the Hungarian vassal Stephan Dragutin. When however their enemies united their forces the two Branichevo nobles could not stand their enemy offensive and sought refuge in the North of the Danube. The fall of the Branichevo principality represented a loss not only for Darman and Kudelin but also for Bulgaria due to the fact that for centuries Bulgarian Tsardom had ruled over the Branichevo region.
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James, Harold. "Networks and financial war: the brothers Warburg in the first age of globalization." Financial History Review 27, no. 3 (November 5, 2020): 303–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565020000141.
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This article examines the geo-economic consequences of the financial panic of October 1907. The vulnerability of the United States, but also of Germany, contrasted with the absence of a crisis in Great Britain. The experience showed the fast-growing industrial powers the desirability of mobilizing financial power, and the article examines the contributions of two influential brothers, Max and Paul Warburg, on different sides of the Atlantic. The discussion led to the establishment of a central bank in the United States and institutional improvements in German central banking: in both cases security as well as economic considerations played a substantial role.
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Frolova, Anna. "Remake/remix: Shakespeare’s code in Brothers Presnyakov’s works." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 9, no. 2 (November 30, 2018): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.3257.
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Art researchers of modern literature are connected with the classical heritage.The remake becomes one of the forms of the code conversion of classics, which gives context and allows the creation of “an expressive sociocultural portrait of our time”. The remix assumes a creation of the secondary work in a more modern option and often presents the “text pieces” rearranged in any order. In the modern literature process it is possible to note the paradoxical phenomenon when the same plot is portrayed by the same author twice. The Brothers Presnyakovs create works at an interval of five years with the identical name, “Playing the Victim”, but in different genres (the play and the novel). Texts are connected by special relations: they have a distinct subject similarity, an identical system of images and are united with their correlation to Shakespeare’s tragedy “Hamlet”. In this article, there is an attempt to understand why the authors readdress the mastered material and how the meanings of the universal language of classics based on absolute values are transformed.
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Van Ness, Carl. "The Braga Brothers Collection at the University of Florida." Latin American Research Review 21, no. 2 (1986): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100016010.
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The Braga Brothers Collection is a recent addition to the University of Florida's Latin American Library and is one of the principal sources for the study of late colonial Cuba and Republican Cuba before Castro. It is by far the best single source available in the United States for the study of the Cuban sugar industry in the twentieth century. The collection was donated to the University of Florida on 24 November 1981 as a gift from B. Rionda Braga and the late George A. Braga, and it occupies some seven hundred linear feet of shelf space. The essential arrangement of the collection was completed in the summer of 1985, and the collection is now open to qualified researchers. A finding guide will be published by the University of Florida Library in 1986.
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Liu, Jin. "Language, identity and unintelligibility: A case study of the rap group Higher Brothers." East Asian Journal of Popular Culture 7, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/eapc_00038_1.
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The Chengdu-based quartet Higher Brothers recently became the first China-born hip hop group to gain global fame. As rap music – originally a local, ethnic African American culture in the United States – has been continually relocalized all over the world and thus globalized, the Higher Brothers have undergone another process of glocalization. This presents a new case study to further examine the dynamics between the global and the local. Because rap is an intensely verbal art, this article explores how the Higher Brothers construct and negotiate their complicated and multiple (local, national and global) identities from the perspective of language. It analyses the language used in their songs – Sichuan Chengdu Mandarin, Standard Mandarin (Putonghua) and English – before and after they signed with 88rising, the media company that brought the group to the West. Due to the rappers’ distinctive ways of vocal production, many of their trap-style songs prove hard to understand not only for global audiences but also for most Chinese national audiences and even for the quartet’s local audiences. Drawing on recent studies of mumble rap, this article explores the politics and sonic aesthetics of unintelligibility of the Chinese trap music.
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Gibson, Gary M. "Justice Delayed is Justice Denied." Ontario History 108, no. 2 (July 23, 2018): 156–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1050593ar.
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In 1811, William and James Crooks of Niagara built the schooner Lord Nelson. A year later, that vessel was seized by the United States Navy for violating American law, beginning a case unique in the relations between the United States, Great Britain and Canada. Although the seizure was declared illegal by an American court, settlement was delayed by actions taken (or not taken) by the American courts, Congress and the executive, the Canadian provincial and national governments, the British government, wars, rebellions, crime, international disputes and tribunals. It was 1930 before twenty-five descendants of the two brothers finally received any money.
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VERMAZEN, BRUCE. "“Those Entertaining Frisco Boys”: Hedges Brothers and Jacobson." Journal of the Society for American Music 7, no. 1 (February 2013): 29–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752196312000478.
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AbstractCharles Frederick (Freddie) Hedges (1886–1920), his brother Elven Everett Hedges (1889–1931), and Jesse Jacobson (1882–1959) converged as Hedges Brothers and Jacobson in 1910 in San Francisco. Elven played piano, saxophone, and guitar, and all three sang and danced. In 1910–11, critics in San Francisco, Chicago, New York, and smaller cities greeted the act as something new and exceptionally good. Instead of pursuing more general fame in North America, the trio accepted a music-hall contract in England, where they became leaders in creating a craze for American ragtime singing, a craze that prepared the English public for the momentous arrival of jazz after the First World War. The trio recorded eight released songs for Columbia in 1912–13. In 1913, they also performed in Paris and South Africa. In 1914, after eight months back in the United States, they returned to English success but soon dissolved the act and performed separately until 1919, when they reunited to accept an unprecedented contract (£30,000 for six years). Early in 1920, Freddie killed himself. Forest Tell (b. 1888) replaced him in the trio, and the new group recorded six released songs for Zonophone in 1920. The trio disbanded at the end of the contract. Elven retired shortly afterward, but Jesse stayed in show business at least through World War II.
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Pudrovska, Tetyana, and Deborah Carr. "Age at First Birth and Fathers' Subsequent Health: Evidence From Sibling and Twin Models." American Journal of Men's Health 3, no. 2 (November 7, 2007): 104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988307306424.
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Using a sample of 540 siblings and twins from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States, this study examines the relationship between the age at which men become biological fathers and their subsequent health. The analysis includes both between-family models that treat brothers as independent observations and within-family models that account for unobserved genetic and early-life environmental endowments shared by brothers within families. Findings indicate that age at first birth has a positive, linear effect on men's health, and this relationship is not explained by the confounding influences of unobserved early-life characteristics. However, the effect of age at first birth on fathers' health is explained by men's socioeconomic and family statuses. Whereas most research linking birth timing to specific diseases focuses narrowly on biological mechanisms among mothers, this study demonstrates the importance of reproductive decisions for men's health and well-being.
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FRAMPTON, MARTYN, and EHUD ROSEN. "READING THE RUNES? THE UNITED STATES AND THE MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD AS SEEN THROUGH THE WIKILEAKS CABLES." Historical Journal 56, no. 3 (August 5, 2013): 827–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x13000150.
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ABSTRACTThe aftermath of Hosni Mubarak's forced abdication as president of Egypt in 2011 brought the culmination of a long-running debate over whether Western governments should engage with the Muslim Brotherhood. At the heart of that debate was the question of how to judge the Brothers: as ‘moderates’ with whom the US might do business, or as part of a movement ultimately hostile to American interests. As this article demonstrates, the idea of engaging in some form of dialogue with the Brotherhood is itself nothing new to United States diplomats. An examination of the Wikileaks cache of documents confirms that contacts of varying kinds have existed since the first half of the 1980s (with dialogue only abandoned for a brief period during the early years of the ‘war on terror’). Such contacts were a product of the normal, low-level political intelligence-gathering conducted by all American embassies; at no stage were they allowed to jeopardize America's key strategic alliance with the Mubarak regime. Nevertheless, the cables pertaining to the Muslim Brotherhood do reveal the limits of such diplomacy, with officials often struggling either to understand the character of the Brotherhood, or read the runes of its internal contours. In particular, the question of whether the Muslim Brothers should indeed be seen as ‘moderates ‘– and as suitable partners for the US – is shown to be one of enduring, but unresolved, concern. The history of this relationship thus serves as a crucial backdrop to contemporary debates and developments.
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Gilhooly, Daniel, and Eunbae Lee. "The Karen resettlement story: A participatory action research project on refugee educational experiences in the United States." Action Research 15, no. 2 (January 14, 2016): 132–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1476750315625338.
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This study discusses Karen refugees and their education experiences in the United States via a participatory action research. A White male American English tutor and three adolescent Karen brothers took a road trip and visited with the Karen diaspora communities throughout the United States. Researchers in collaboration designed the study, collected qualitative data (interviews, participant observations, artifacts), and analyzed the data and identified five challenges facing Karen youth in- and out-of school: English language divide, parental involvement in their children’s schooling, bullying, gangs, and gender. We discuss how involvement in such a participatory action research can promote new awareness and agency for minority youth. Furthermore, we suggest ways for teachers, school administrators, and community members to help refugee youth better adapt to their communities and schools.
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Abinader, Edward G. "Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Japan and the United States in brothers but not identical twins." American Journal of Cardiology 94, no. 7 (October 2004): 981. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.01.077.
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Masud, Muhammad Khalid. "Religion and State Are Twin Brothers: Classical Muslim Political Theory." ICR Journal 9, no. 1 (September 22, 2020): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52282/icr.v9i1.135.
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The current reluctance for democratic transition in Muslim societies is mostly attributed to Islamic political theories that do not allow a separation between religion and politics. Extremist views often reject democracy because it is perceived to be anti-religion. This paper examines the thread of classical Islamic political theory that considers religion and state to be inseparable twin brothers. Exploring the origins of this thread in Sassanid and tenth century Islamic thought, analysis of the doctrine reveals that Muslim political thought more generally has traditionally been more pragmatic on political issues (siyasah), with Muslim jurists continuously marking boundaries between religion and culture in their fatawa, particularly concerning bid’ah (innovation) and tashabbuh bi’l kuffar (imitation of the infidels). Indeed, all definitions of religion that make it inseparable from the state are seen to be a modern phenomenon, in which religion is defined in terms of the ideology of political power, with secularism perceived as its rival. Analysing diverse interpretations of the doctrine from the Abbasid period to the twenty-first century, the paper finds that, like twin brothers, religion and politics are separate in Islam albeit united in their origin. This perspective becomes more meaningful in modern times if we recognise the role of social consensus (ijma’), besides the political and the religious spheres.
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Erskine, Kristopher C. "“American Public Diplomacy with Chinese Characteristics: The Genesis of the China Lobby in the United States, and how Missionaries Shifted American Foreign Policy between 1938 and 1941”." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 25, no. 1 (March 15, 2018): 33–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-02501003.
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The China Lobby in the United States attracted much scholarly attention after 1945, yet it found its footing in the late 1930s and played a critical role in re-shaping American public opinion prior to World War ii. Historians have devoted relatively little time to investigating this earlier period. The overwhelming majority of China’s lobbyists during these early years were American missionaries who the Chinese government often funded and managed. This article examines the role of two of those missionaries—Frank and Harry Price—and their American Committee for Non-Participation in Japanese Aggression. It relies on research in Taiwan, China, and in archives across the United States. The author also has interviewed members of the Price family, as well as former associates of Frank Price in the United States, Taiwan, and China. The evidence this article presents demonstrates that while difficult to quantify, the Price brothers played a crucial role in helping to re-shape American public opinion about China between 1938 and 1941.
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Wolf, Stacy. "Civilizing and Selling Spectators: Audiences at the Madison Civic Center." Theatre Survey 39, no. 2 (November 1998): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557400010115.
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Virtually every city in the United States now has a Civic Center. In large cities, this site functions variously as a convention center, a hockey rink, and the locale for the Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey circus. In smaller cities, it frequently serves as a venue for performance. Civic Centers host touring productions of Broadway shows, national dance companies, and local symphonies and operas. In addition to providing local access to a variety of performance forms, a city's Civic Center also signifies “the arts” and so implies the city's commitment to art and performance.
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Lutsenko, N. "MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD ACTIVITY IN EGYPT (20th – EARLY 21st CENTURIES)." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 145 (2020): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2020.145.9.
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The article examines the origins of political Islam in the Middle East and the terminological aspect of the problem. The stages of the formation of the Egyptian Islamic organization Muslim Brotherhood were clarified and its key ideological tenets were established. The political and socio-economic circumstances in which the organization was formed are outlined. Attention is drawn to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the military and economic presence in Egypt of the United Kingdom, which consolidated political Islamic parties. The process of transforming the Muslim Brotherhood from a "group of like-minded people" into a political party is considered. The political and legal ideas of the founder of the organization Hasan al-Banna are covered. which became the main strategy of the Muslim Brotherhood. The situation of the organization in the 30's and 40's was analyzed during the attempt of Nazi Germany to turn the Brothers into their own puppet. The article reveals the role in the organization of its ideologist Said Qutb. His main ideas and views, which formed the basis of the radical Muslim Brotherhood branch, are analyzed. The link between the radicalism of the organization and the ultra-conservative trend of Islam - "Salafism" - was noted. The connection of the Muslim Brotherhood with the Free Officers organization, which came to power in Egypt in 1952, has been disclosed. It was stated that the Brothers supported General Gamal Nasser in the struggle for power, which allowed them to take part in the parliamentary elections. It is stated that the Brothers' criticism of the policies of Gamal Nasser and Anwar Sadat on Israel led to a ban of the organization's activities in Egypt. It has been established that under the presidency of Hosni Mubarak, the "Brothers" tried to enter parliament in other parties. The place and role of the organization during the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, which led the Muslim Brotherhood to power, were examined. The main reasons for the failure of the organization are indicated.
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Ivanyushina, Irina Yu. "“We are an association, we are a community, but we are not a school” – to the 100th anniversary of the “Serapion brothers” association." Izvestiya of Saratov University. Philology. Journalism 23, no. 1 (February 21, 2023): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1817-7115-2023-23-1-91-98.
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This article reviews the materials of a multi-author monograph dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the literary association “Serapion brothers”. This project has united researchers from Saratov, Moscow, St Petersburg, considered to be renowned experts in the history of Russian literature of the 1920–1930s. The research is based on the unique documents from the Serapion brothers’ legacy being introduced into the scientific circulation (K. Fedin, Vs. Ivanov, N. Tikhonov, V. Kaverin, I. Gruzdev). The documents are kept in the funds of the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art, Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow), Literary Museum of the Institute of Russian Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences (The Pushkin House), National Library of Russia (Saint Petersburg), State Museum of K. A. Fedin (Saratov). Their interpretation allows to fill the factual gaps in the history of the association and in the biographies of its members, to define the system of creative and interpersonal relationships between them more precisely. The monograph’s intention is unified by the material itself, by the general methodological principles of working with archive materials, by the presence of several recurrent plots, appearing in different articles. Among them there is a plot, rather appropriate for the anniversary edition, about different anniversaries of Serapion brothers, discussions of Eurasianism, of the nature of genre, of the “red Pinkerton”. The issues of censorship and self-censorship, questions of text studies and principles of ego-documents’ publication hold a prominent place on the pages of the monograph. These questions are not only theoretical, they have a rather practical significance in preparing the full texts of K. A. Fedin’s diaries for publication, on which the creative team is working. The monograph itself manifests the implementation of the proclaimed principles, as it is supplemented by wide-ranging reference materials, which offer great opportunities of further research of the literary phenomenon of Serapion brothers.
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Bingeliene, Arina, Colin M. Shapiro, and Sharon A. Chung. "Three Siblings with Prader-Willi Syndrome: Brief Review of Sleep and Prader-Willi Syndrome." Case Reports in Neurological Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/278287.
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Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic disorder characterized by short stature, mental retardation, hypotonia, functionally deficient gonads, and uncontrolled appetite leading to extreme obesity at an early age. Patients with this condition require multidisciplinary medical care, which facilitates a significant improvement in quality of life. PWS is the first human disorder to be attributed to genomic imprinting. Prevalence varies in the literature, ranging from 1 in 8,000 in the Swedish population to 1 in 54,000 in the United Kingdom. Rarely, the genetic mechanism responsible for Prader-Willi syndrome can be inherited. We report a highly unique case of three siblings who share this condition. This report describes a case of two brothers and one half sister with PWS. All three siblings have sleep-related complaints. The sister died at the age of 24 years in her sleep, with the cause of death reported as obstructive sleep apnea. The outcome was positive in both of the brothers’ cases as a result of professional medical care and specific tailored recommendations implemented by their mother. A review of the relevant literature vis-à-vis sleep and PWS is provided.
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Lovell, Sue. "The ‘Psychic Space’ of Queensland in the Work of Janette Turner Hospital." Queensland Review 11, no. 2 (December 2004): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1321816600003688.
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In January 1967 Janette Turner Hospital left Queensland for Boston. She was unpublished. 25 years of age, and very much the product of a loving but fundamentalist childhood that she understood as the ‘source of all comfort and security, but also the source of all harm’. She has called America. India. Canada and France ‘home’ and has also frequently taught in other European countries. Although she has two adult children who have made their lives in the United States and Canada, her parents and three younger brothers remain in Brisbane, so she returns regularly to sustain family ties.
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Feigenbaum, James J., and Hui Ren Tan. "The Return to Education in the Mid-Twentieth Century: Evidence from Twins." Journal of Economic History 80, no. 4 (September 30, 2020): 1101–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050720000492.
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What was the return to education in the United States at mid-century? In 1940, the correlation between years of schooling and earnings was relatively low. In this article, we estimate the causal return to schooling in 1940, constructing a large linked sample of twin brothers to account for differences in unobserved ability and family background. We find that each additional year of schooling increased labor earnings by approximately 4 percent, about half the return found for more recent cohorts in twins studies. These returns were evident both within and across occupations and were higher for sons from lower socio-economic status families.
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Lill, Wendy, and Michael Hall. "Corker." Canadian Theatre Review 99 (June 1999): 92–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ctr.99.015.
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Leonard: We give to the Sally Ann. We give to Christmas Daddies. United Appeal. I play basketball once a year for Big Brothers. I flip the odd buck to the guy panhandling out in front of the office. I am not a bad person. (43) The easily appeased social conscience of the wealthy and powerful is the target of Wendy Lill’s latest dramatic rebuke, Corker, a play in which the Nova Scotian (and Canadian) political climate, with its cutbacks and outcasts, is played out within the microcosm of the McPhee family and their encounter with a developmentally challenged man.
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Trojanowska, Monika. "A universal standard for health-promoting places. Example of assessment – on the basis of a case study of Rahway River Park." Budownictwo i Architektura 20, no. 3 (October 29, 2021): 057–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.2715.
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The purpose of this paper is to contribute to development of approaches to the evaluation of the design of public open green spaces (POS). This paper presents a universal standard for the design of health-promoting urban places. The standard is a conceptual framework which was developed after visiting over one hundred public parks and therapeutic gardens in Europe and the United States. The universal standard is a simple and effective tool that can be used by both professional designers and non-professionals to improve the health-promoting qualities of open green spaces. Rahway River Park, designed by Olmsted Brothers in 1925, serves as a case study.
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Abramitzky, Ran, Leah Platt Boustan, and Katherine Eriksson. "Europe's Tired, Poor, Huddled Masses: Self-Selection and Economic Outcomes in the Age of Mass Migration." American Economic Review 102, no. 5 (August 1, 2012): 1832–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.5.1832.
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During the age of mass migration (1850–1913), one of the largest migration episodes in history, the United States maintained a nearly open border, allowing the study of migrant decisions unhindered by entry restrictions. We estimate the return to migration while accounting for migrant selection by comparing Norway-to-US migrants with their brothers who stayed in Norway in the late nineteenth century. We also compare fathers of migrants and nonmigrants by wealth and occupation. We find that the return to migration was relatively low (70 percent) and that migrants from urban areas were negatively selected from the sending population. (JEL J11, J61, N31, N33)
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Davis, Andrea A., and Carl E. James. "“The Biggest Mistake You Ever Made Was Thinking That Nobody Cared about Me”: The Representation of Black Lives in Our Fathers, Sons, Lovers and Little Brothers." Canadian Theatre Review 193 (February 1, 2023): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ctr.193.018.
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In this review of the 2022 performance of Our Fathers, Sons, Lovers and Little Brothers, Andrea A. Davis and Carl E. James, from their respective disciplines in Black literary and cultural studies, education, and sociology, engage in a conversation about Makambe K. Simamba’s play. In their conversation, they unpack questions about Black spirituality, the social construction of gender as a raced category, and the difficulty of articulating anti-Black racism in Canada. Their conversation is framed by a critical analysis that locates the play’s action within an understanding of Black community that exceeds national and geographical boundaries, connecting Black experiences in the United States and Canada.
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Bavery, Ashley Johnson. "Lifetimes of Instability: the Consequences of Excluding Syrian Boys on the Progressive Era US-Mexico Border." Mashriq & Mahjar: Journal of Middle East & North African Migration Studies 11, no. 2 (June 27, 2024): 12–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24847/v11i22024.401.
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In the first decade of the twentieth century, United States immigration inspectors at the US-Mexico border excluded hundreds of young Syrians, turning many toward unstable lives as unauthorized migrants in North America. Inspectors combined Progressive Era concerns about child labor with orientalist and racist views of migrants from the Ottoman Empire to conclude that unaccompanied young Syrians posed a threat to the American family and workplace and should be sent back across the Atlantic. And while some excluded boys did return to Syria, the majority found ways to enter the United States without authorization. Some sought the help of smugglers and others obtained falsified papers that claimed uncles, brothers, and family friends as their fathers and accompanied them across the border. While these tactics worked, illicit border crossing launched young migrants into an unauthorized life marked by precarity and fear. In fact, oral histories conducted by the author have revealed that young boys who entered the United States without authorization often ended up in unstable professions connected to urban underworlds. Ultimately, this article seeks to demonstrate the ways hardline immigration policies of the early twentieth century targeting young boys set them on paths toward precarity as they navigated lives in the United States.
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Walsh, Jeffrey A., and Jessie L. Krienert. "My Brother’s Reaper: Examining Officially Reported Siblicide Incidents in the United States, 2000–2007." Violence and Victims 29, no. 3 (2014): 523–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-13-00032.
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With higher rates than any other form of intrafamilial violence, Hoffman and Edwards (2004) note, sibling violence “constitutes a pandemic form of victimization of children, with the symptoms often going unrecognized and the effect ignored” (p. 187). Approximately 80% of children reside with at least one sibling (Kreider, 2008), and in its most extreme form sibling violence manifests as siblicide. Siblicide is poorly understood with fewer than 20 empirical studies identified in the extant literature since 1980 (see Eriksen & Jensen, 2006). The present work employs 8 years of Supplemental Homicide Report (SHR) data, 2000–2007, with siblicide victims and offenders age 21 years and younger, to construct contemporary victim and offender profiles examining incident characteristics. Findings highlight the sex-based nature of the offense with unique victimization patterns across victims and offenders. Older brothers using a firearm are the most frequent offenders against both male and female siblings. Strain as a theoretical foundation of siblicide is offered as an avenue for future inquiry.
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Knight, Franklin W., and Lillian Guerra. "A Pioneer in Caribbean History: Franklin Knight Reflects on Cuba." Americas 80, no. 3 (July 2023): 471–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tam.2023.34.
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Lillian: Let's start with you telling a little about yourself.Franklin: I was born in 1942 in Jamaica. I went to elementary school, of course, and took the mandatory “Eleven-Plus” general examination in 1953. I then left elementary school and for a year attended a small private high school with my two older brothers. The school system was a little different from the United States. I know that well, because when I came here and told a group of Wisconsin school kids that I had spent six years in high school, they said, “You must have been very dumb.” To which I replied that “that was not the opinion of my teachers.” I didn't realize then that in the United States students spend four years in high school. In Jamaica we spend six, combining middle and high school years. You get in at age 12 or 13 and graduate at 18 or 19.
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Con, Gulcin, J. Jill Suitor, Marissa Rurka, and Megan Gilligan. "Adult Children’s Perceptions of Maternal Favoritism During Caregiving: Comparisons Between Turkey and the United States." Research on Aging 41, no. 2 (July 10, 2018): 139–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027518785407.
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This study explores cross-cultural variations in adult children’s perceptions of maternal favoritism during caregiving in Turkey and the United States. Qualitative analysis of interview data from two siblings in each of 14 Turkish and 14 American families revealed differences in adult children’s perceptions of and explanations for maternal favoritism. Most Turkish children perceived that their mothers favored sons because of higher filial expectations from sons. Conversely, most American children perceived that their mothers favored daughters and explained mothers’ preferences as based on socioemotional factors. Furthermore, perceptions of maternal favoritism had detrimental consequences for sibling relationships in both contexts but differently. Turkish daughters reported conflicts over their favored brothers’ lack of cooperation. American daughters perceived themselves as favored and felt obligated to undertake most of the caregiving burden which fueled sibling conflict. Taken together, this study highlights the importance of cultural context for understanding the within-family differences in sibling relationships during caregiving.
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McInnis, Edward. "The Antebellum American Textbook Authors' Populist History of Roman Land Reform and the Gracchi Brothers." Journal of Educational Media, Memory, and Society 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 25–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/jemms.2015.070102.
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This essay explores social and political values conveyed by nineteenth century world and universal history textbooks in relation to the antebellum era. These textbooks focused on the histories of ancient Greece and Rome rather than on histories of the United States. I argue that after 1830 these textbooks reinforced both the US land reform and the antislavery movement by creating favorable depictions of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus. Tiberius and Caius Gracchus (known as the “Gracchi”) were two Roman tribunes who sought to restore Rome's land laws, which granted public land to propertyless citizens despite opposition from other Roman aristocrats. The textbook authors' portrayal of the Gracchan reforms reflects a populist element in antebellum American education because these narratives suggest that there is a connection between social inequality and the decline of republicanism.
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Hondrich, Karl-Otto. "The German State in Comparative Perspective in the Year 2000." Tocqueville Review 22, no. 1 (January 2001): 45–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ttr.22.1.45.
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1. General Remarks “Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit fuer das deuische Vaterland..." Unity, Justice and Liberty (Freedom) — those are the guidelines the German national anthem puts forward to the striving of “all of us˜”. We are supposed to strive for it “as brothers” — not on our own “as individuals”. The text of the anthem was written in 1841. It reminds us of the core values of the French Revolution: liberté, égaltié, fraternité. And the same extended value set — with the exception of brotherhood — appears in the founding document of the United States of America: It evokes a more perfect Union, Justice, domestic Tranquility, common Defense, general Welfare and the Blessings of Liberty.
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Cherkassky, Lisa. "The Interfamilial Principle and the Harvest Festival." European Journal of Health Law 23, no. 1 (February 10, 2016): 61–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718093-12341379.
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It is widely accepted that younger children can act as saviour siblings by donating cord blood or bone marrow to their gravely-ill brothers or sisters. However, it is under dispute whether these procedures are in the best interests of the child. This article suggests that parents may be relying on a thinly-veiled interfamilial approach, where the wider benefit to the whole family is used to justify the procedure to the Human Tissue Authority in the United Kingdom. This article suggests that the merging of familial interests to validate a non-therapeutic bone marrow harvest on a child forces altruism in a patient too young to understand, rendering the harvests unlawful under current law.
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Mosinger, Eric S. "Brothers or others in arms? Civilian constituencies and rebel fragmentation in civil war." Journal of Peace Research 55, no. 1 (March 10, 2017): 62–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343316675907.
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Why do united rebel fronts emerge in some insurgencies, while in other insurgencies multiple rebel groups mobilize independently to challenge the state, and often, each other? I develop a diffusion model of rebel fragmentation in which participation in rebellion spreads, completely or incompletely, through networks of civilians and dissidents. Using this theoretical framework I hypothesize that two factors jointly determine whether a rebel movement remains unified or fragments: the rebels’ investment in civilian mobilization, and the overall level of civilian grievances. The theory predicts that widely shared grievances motivate the formation of many small dissident groups willing to challenge the regime. Given the difficulty of collective action between disparate opposition actors, an emerging rebel movement will tend towards fragmentation when popular grievances are high. Yet extremely high civilian grievances can also help rebels activate broad, overlapping civilian social networks that serve to bridge together dissident groups. Mass-mobilizing rebel groups, benefiting from the participation of broad civilian networks, are most likely to forge and maintain a unified rebel front. I test this theory alongside several alternatives drawn from cross-national studies of conflict using regression analysis. The quantitative evidence lends considerable credence to the role of rebel constituencies in preventing or fomenting rebel fragmentation.
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Rian Rifki Eliandy, Amini Amini, Muhammad Heriadi, En Riskinta Tumanggor, and Etti Aini Hasibuan. "Konflik Palestina Dengan Israel." Journal Pendidikan Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial 15, no. 1 (May 31, 2023): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37304/jpips.v15i1.9495.
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This article was created with the title "Palestinian Conflict with Israel (The Fate of Palestinian Children's Education)" with the aim of informing readers about the conflict that occurred between Palestine and Israel, specifically which has an impact on the field of education. The method used in this article is descriptive qualitative with documentation techniques as the data collection technique. Thus it can be seen that the conflict between Palestine and Israel occurred because the Palestinian territories were seized by force in a cruel way by Israel. The United Nations has tried to provide regulations to resolve the conflict but to no avail because it received a veto right from the United States. Many bad impacts arising from the conflict, one of which is in the field of education. Indonesia has very good relations with Palestine, so that Indonesia provides a lot of aid for Palestine. This good relationship originated from Palestine's recognition of the independence of the Republic of Indonesia, so that good relations between Indonesia and Palestine are very closely intertwined like friends and brothers from the past until now.
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Ma, Caoyuan. "Crisis and Structural Changes in Banking." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 19, no. 1 (September 13, 2023): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/19/20230154.
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Financial issues have always been an important issue of concern to the whole world. This year's Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences was also awarded to three scientists who studied the financial crisis in the 19th century. This article will take the 2008 financial crisis as the research object, and analyze the causes, Consequences and Changes of the financial crisis. In terms of causes, it focuses on the impact of financial credit products such as subprime mortgage loans and CDS brought about by the loose loan policy of the United States on the stability of the US financial market. Secondly, in terms of consequences, it will focus on the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers, the fourth largest investment bank in the United States at that time, the bankruptcy of many other companies, and the high unemployment rate brought about by the company's bankruptcy. Finally, in terms of changes, the government introduced the bills led by the Dodd-Frank Act and Basel III to deal with the financial crisis and prevent future financial market problems.
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Brookings, Jeffrey B., Alan W. McEvoy, and Mark Reed. "Sexual Assault Recovery and Male Significant Others." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 75, no. 5 (May 1994): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104438949407500512.
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A questionnaire addressing rape crisis services for male significant others (MSOs) of rape victims (i.e., husbands, fathers, brothers, close male friends) was mailed to the directors of all 700 rape-prevention and -treatment programs in the United States. Completed questionnaires were received from 411 programs, including 162 that were identified specifically as full-service rape crisis centers. Although 97% of the center directors responded that services for MSOs facilitate victim recovery, few centers offered services to males other than referral or short-term crisis counseling. Furthermore, 85% of the directors acknowledged that males were reluctant to use these services. The authors offer strategies for involving men in the recovery process with the assistance of rape crisis centers, including groups for secondary victims and staffing and referral considerations.
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Moore, Brenda L. "Introduction to Armed Forces & Society." Armed Forces & Society 43, no. 2 (March 1, 2017): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x17694909.
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This Armed Forces & Society issue is on women in the contemporary armed forces in the United States and other nations to include the South African National Defense Force and the Australian Defense Force. This issue contains a collection of nine papers, each reviewing a current aspect of women serving in the military since the post–Vietnam War Era. There are also two review essays of Megan Mackenzie’s book, Beyond the Band of Brothers: The US Military and the Myth That Women Can’t Fight. An overview of changing laws and the expanding role of women in the military is provided in this introduction, as well as summaries of the nine articles, and comments on the two book reviews mentioned above.
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Stojiljković, Bratislav, and Ivana Ćirić. "The correspondence between Nikola Tesla and Orville Wright kept in the scientist's legacy in the Nikola Tesla museum: On the occasion of the 165th anniversary of the birth of Nikola Tesla." Kultura, no. 170-171 (2021): 219–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/kultura2171219s.
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Nikola Tesla and the Wright brothers, Wilbur and Orville, have worked and created in the United States of America in the period comprising the last two decades of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century. All three of them were visionaries and creators of the modern technical age. In the Tesla's legacy, apart from his personal and technical items, press clippings, monographic and serial publications, there are also about 156,000 sheets of archival material which cover his entire life and work, both chronologically and thematically. Among these testimonies there are four original documents (a concept of a condolence letter, a copy of the sent condolence letter, a brief gratitude note and a formal invitation) that were exchanged between Nikola Tesla and probably Orville Wright, between 1912 and 1920. The oldest preserved document of their correspondence is the concept of Tesla's condolence letter to Orville Wright on the occasion of the death of his older brother. Two approved patents for the Wright brothers' aircraft model have been preserved as well, which testifies of the scientist's interest in their work and aviation research in general. Researching the correspondence between Nikola Tesla and Orville Wright, as well as the other documents from the scientist's legacy preserved in the Nikola Tesla Museum in Belgrade, we have tried to highlight the details of his acquaintance with the Wright brothers, that is, a small fragment of his life and work which has remained almost unknown until today. Results of the research, presented in the form of a scientific research paper, contribute to a better understanding of the aviation history and reveal new details from the life stories of our renowned scientist and the two famous aviation pioneers. The publication of exclusive documents from Tesla's legacy is a contribution to the wider scientific community and a new reference point for all the researchers who are to cover similar topics in the future.
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Gaston, K. Healan. "“A Bad Kind of Magic”: The Niebuhr Brothers on “Utilitarian Christianity” and the Defense of Democracy." Harvard Theological Review 107, no. 1 (January 2014): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017816014000042.
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In August 1947, a few months after President Harry S. Truman pledged the United States to fight communism around the globe, Time magazine delivered a stern warning to its wide readership from Reinhold Niebuhr, the nation's best-known theologian: “The new idolatry in the U.S. may be a blind, uncritical worship of democracy.” The Time article excerpted a Christianity and Crisis piece on “Democracy as a Religion” in which Niebuhr stressed the hidden dangers of the increasingly ubiquitous paeans to democracy in postwar America. That spring's commencement addresses, he noted, would give any sensible observer the distinct impression that “Americans have only one religion: devotion to democracy. They extol its virtues, are apprehensive about the perils to which it is exposed, pour maledictions upon its foes, rededicate themselves periodically to its purposes and claim unconditional validity for its ideals.”
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Budhwani, Henna, B. Matthew Kiszla, Angulique Y. Outlaw, Robert A. Oster, Michael J. Mugavero, Mallory O. Johnson, Lisa B. Hightow-Weidman, Sylvie Naar, and Janet M. Turan. "Adapting a Motivational Interviewing Intervention to Improve HIV Prevention Among Young, Black, Sexual Minority Men in Alabama: Protocol for the Development of the Kings Digital Health Intervention." JMIR Research Protocols 11, no. 7 (July 13, 2022): e36655. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/36655.
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Background African American or Black young men who have sex with men (BYMSM) are at a disproportionate risk for contracting HIV and have high rates of undiagnosed, and therefore untreated, HIV infection. In the southern United States, BYMSM face region-specific hurdles to HIV prevention, such as limited access to care and high levels of racism and intersectional stigma, necessitating HIV testing and pre-exposure prophylaxis interventions that address sociocultural and structural barriers while motivating BYMSM to engage in prevention. Brothers Saving Brothers (BSB) is a motivational interviewing behavioral intervention that successfully and simultaneously increased community-based HIV testing and prevention counseling and education among BYMSM in the midwestern United States. Objective The aim of this protocol is to detail the process for the adaption of the BSB intervention for midwestern BYMSM to the Kings intervention for southern BYMSM. During the adaptation process, the intervention will be modernized to include rapid HIV testing, as opposed to HIV testing that requires BYMSM to return for test results, pre-exposure prophylaxis, and the provision of structural supports, and for relevance in the southern United States. Methods Aim 1 is to gather qualitative data through focus groups and in-depth interviews with BYMSM aged 18 to 29 years in Alabama and in-depth interviews with prevention and outreach workers who routinely work with BYMSM in Alabama. NVivo qualitative software (QSR International) will be used for the coding and analysis of the transcripts via a thematic analysis approach. For aim 2, intervention mapping will guide the adaptation process, intervention content, components, and design. Both aims 1 and 2 will leverage the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, Sustainment implementation science framework, with emphasis on the exploration and preparation phases of this model. By applying these frameworks, the original midwestern BSB intervention will be scientifically adapted to the southern BYMSM Kings intervention. Results This study is ongoing as of 2022 and is expected to conclude in 2024, with aims 1 and 2 being completed in 2023. Qualitative data will offer insight into the current real-world experiences and preferences of BYMSM in Alabama. Feedback will be collected through the adaptation process to inform intervention refinement. Institutional review board approvals have been received. Conclusions The findings will inform next steps, that is, testing the Kings intervention for feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness in a pilot hybrid type 1 effective-implementation randomized controlled trial. The study results will provide insights about important considerations for HIV prevention among BYMSM in the southern United States. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03680729; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03680729 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/36655
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Carvalhaes, Cláudio. "‘Gimme de kneebone bent’: Liturgics, Dance, Resistance and a Hermeneutics of the Knees." Studies in World Christianity 14, no. 1 (April 2008): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e1354990108000026.
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Shall we all dance to the Lord? But what Lord? To whose Lord shall we bend our knees in prayer, honour, dance and praise? Can our knees be naked? Can we open our legs? How much skin can we show without apologizing? Are we allowed to get the sensuous fever while dancing a tango, a salsa, or a samba? How should our knees behave in the house of the Lord? And whose house is God's house? Is there a proper way to dance in a worship service? What parts of our bodies can we move without distressing the proper liturgical order rooted in respect, faith, rationality, tradition and good manners? Our knees connect liturgy with ecclesiology, theology, colonialisation, dance and bodies. I was asked to write about dance in Brazil/Latin America, perhaps because Brazil is well known for its dancing spirit, as one can see in our carnival, samba, joy and beautiful women. All of that is true. But the task for this article was more specific. I had to write about dance within Christian communities. Then, the whole aspect of dance was turned upside down in my head. In truth, we do not dance in historic Protestant churches in Brazil and in that regard, we do not differ one inch from many of our brothers and sisters in Edinburgh, Rome, Geneva or the United States – at least when dance is concerned. We just do not dance. Only our Pentecostal brothers and sisters can dance.
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Belousova, K. A. "Role of the West in the Iraqi Coups of 1963." Prepodavatel XXI vek, no. 1, 2020 (2020): 258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2073-9613-2020-1-258-266.
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The article deals with the role of the West in the 1963 coups in Iraq. The Iraqi revolution of 1958, which overthrew the monarchy, also saved the country from English guardianship, including its leading role in the Iraqi oil industry. The new Iraqi regime led by A.K. Qassem, despite its contradictory nature, began to rely more and more on the USSR in its foreign policy orientation. In February and November 1963, coups took place in Iraq, which were welcomed by all opponents of the 1958 revolution, both inside and outside the country. CIA officers participated in the preparation of the February coup. Obviously, after the overthrow of Kassem, the foreign policy of Iraq during the reign of the Ba’ath party, as well as the Aref brothers became more supportive of the United States.
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Keire, Mara. "Shouting Abuse, Harmless Jolly, and Promiscuous Flattery: Considering the Contours of Sexual Harassment at Macy's Department Store, 1910–1915." Labor 19, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 52–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15476715-9475716.
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Abstract As the white slavery scare peaked in the United States in the early 1910s, department stores consistently figured among the most menacing sites mentioned by muckrakers for corrupting women’s morals. Worried about the reputation of departments stores in general and Macy’s in particular, the Straus brothers commissioned an anti-vice association, the Committee of Fourteen, to investigate why shopgirls might “go wrong.” Three women went undercover at Macy’s and reported on their experiences as department store employees. Their collected reports exposed the micropolitics of power that made some departments difficult places for women to work. This article alternates between general discussions of department stores and their workplace culture and specific case studies detailing how two male managers abused their power and the limited ways in which women could respond.
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LOTFI, Siham, and Hicham MESK. "Modeling the default probability of Moroccan companies." International Journal of Performance & Organizations 1, no. 1 (April 3, 2022): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.55897/ijpo.2022.01.04.
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The financial crisis that has rocked the world in recent years, expressed by the bankruptcy of large international banks (Lehman Brothers in the United States for example), it has led to a questioning of the banking risk management model including credit risk. The objective of our research is to assess the probability of default of firms through a sample that includes 2030 Moroccan companies made up of SMEs and large companies. For this, we used the logistic regression technique which was appreciated in the field of finance mainly in epistemological surveys and credit scoring. This quantitative approach allowed us to measure solvency and at the same time identify healthy borrowers from defaulting borrowers through a number of financial ratios calculated from the balance sheet of the 2015-2017 financial statements.
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Prieto, Laura R. "A Delicate Subject: Clemencia López, Civilized Womanhood, and the Politics of Anti-Imperialism." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 12, no. 2 (April 2013): 199–233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781413000066.
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In 1902, Clemencia López journeyed to the United States to work for the liberation of her imprisoned brothers and for Filipino independence. She granted interviews, circulated her photograph, and spoke in public under the sponsorship of American anti-imperialists and suffragists. López argued that Filipinos like herself were already a civilized people and thus did not need Americans' “benevolent assimilation.” Her gender and her elite family background helped her make this case. Instead of presenting her as racially inferior, published accounts expressed appreciation of her feminine refinement and perceptions of her beauty as exotic. Americans simultaneously perceived her as apolitical because of her sex. López was thus able to take advantage of American gender politics to discuss the “delicate subject” of autonomy for the Philippines in ways that anti-imperialist Filipino men could not.
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Shlapentokh, Dmitry. "Dugin, Eurasianism, and Central Asia." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 40, no. 2 (May 29, 2007): 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2007.04.002.
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Eurasianism as a concept emerged among Russian émigrés in the 1920s, with the premise that Russia is a unique ethnic blend, primarily of Slavic and Turkic peoples. Its geopolitical implications for Russia include gravitation toward mostly Turkic Central Asia. Alexander Dugin, one of its best-known proponents, believes that the demise of the Soviet Union was simply a tragic incident. The people of the former USSR should again be united in a grand Eurasian empire, with Russia a benign and generous patron, providing its “younger brothers” clients economic largesse and defense, mostly against the predatory USA. The “orange revolutions” and the rise of Russian nationalism, for whose proponents a restored imperial presence is rather marginal, indicate that Eurasianism—along with the dream of the resurrection of the USSR—is becoming less viable.
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Byrnes, Timothy A. "The Politics of Religious Brotherhood." Comillas Journal of International Relations, no. 29 (April 22, 2024): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14422/cir.i29.y2024.004.
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When six members of the transnational brotherhood of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) were murdered in cold blood in El Salvador in November 1989, the Jesuit community in the United States responded with a powerful combination of outrage and embarrassment bordering on guilt. The Jesuits assassinated at the Universidad Centroamericana were killed because their devotion to the Jesuit mission of “the service of faith and pursuit of justice” was seen by the leadership of the Salvadoran military as a direct threat. And they were killed by a Salvadoran military that was receiving in support of its war against an insurgent guerilla force over $1 million per day from the United States government. Using all of the substantial institutional resources at their disposal, Jesuits in the U.S. worked to pressure the Salvadoran government to hold accountable “the authors of the crime” within the military’s high command, while at the same time they worked to pressure the U.S. government to shut off the military aid that had been used to murder their fellow Jesuits. “Their” government was killing “their” brothers, and the Jesuits in the U.S. mobilized a complex, transnational political response out of both communal solidarity and national responsibility.