Academic literature on the topic 'Unique norm'
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Journal articles on the topic "Unique norm"
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Aron, R., C. Boyd, and Y. S. Choi. "Unique Hahn-Banach theorems for spaces of homogeneous polynomials." Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society 70, no. 3 (June 2001): 387–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1446788700002408.
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AbstractWe investigate certain norm and continuity conditions that provide us with ‘uniqe Hahn-Banch Theorems’ from (nc0) to (nℓ∞) and from N(nE) to N(nE″). We show that there is a unique norm-preserving extension for norm-attaining 2-homogeneous polynomials on complex c0 to ℓ∈ but there is no unique norm-preserving extension from (3c0) to (3ℓ∈).
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Bhatt, S. J., and H. V. Dedania. "Banach algebras with unique uniform norm." Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 124, no. 2 (1996): 579–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/s0002-9939-96-03063-8.
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Bhatt, S. J., and H. V. Dedania. "Banach algebras with unique uniform norm II." Studia Mathematica 147, no. 3 (2001): 211–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4064/sm147-3-2.
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Bou Akl, Ziad. "From Norm Evaluation to Norm Construction." Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies 21 (January 4, 2022): 141–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/jais.9373.
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This study examines the issue of norm construction in al-Ghazālī’s thought focusing on the grounds advanced to support his radical infallibilist position. To fulfill such end, al-Ghazālī, I explain, relies on two types of arguments, the first one relates to the presumptive nature of legal texts in order to highlight their fundamental indeterminacy and the second links to the interpreter to show the impossibility to fall into error. To buttress these arguments, al-Ghazālī both draws on epistemological principles and metaethical ones. As it will be shown in the study, al-Ghazālī ultimately explains the divergence in interpretation of norms using the concept of ṭabʿ (nature, disposition or appetitive self) drawing on his well-known relativist ethical theory concerning norm evaluation and therefore brings in a unique way this typical feature of Ashʿarism within his own radical infallibilist theory of norm construction. The concept of ṭabʿ allows to bridge the gap between the ambiguity in the revealed text and the mujtahid’s interpretation in the norm construction process, and ultimately serves to justify ex post the choices made by the mujtahid. In doing so, al-Ghazālī assigns to theology a critical role in revealing the origin of the illusion of the jurists who naively think that licit and illicit are qualities of things themselves.
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Protasov, Vladimir Y. "The Barabanov Norm is Generically Unique, Simple, and Easily Computed." SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization 60, no. 4 (July 28, 2022): 2246–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/21m1426821.
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Ojha, Bhuwan Prasad, Prakash Muni Bajracharya, and Vishnu Narayan Mishra. "On Uniqueness of New Orthogonality via 2-HH Norm in Normed Linear Space." Journal of Function Spaces 2020 (November 20, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8835492.
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This paper generalizes the special case of the Carlsson orthogonality in terms of the 2-HH norm in real normed linear space. Dragomir and Kikianty (2010) proved in their paper that the Pythagorean orthogonality is unique in any normed linear space, and isosceles orthogonality is unique if and only if the space is strictly convex. This paper deals with the complete proof of the uniqueness of the new orthogonality through the medium of the 2-HH norm. We also proved that the Birkhoff and Robert orthogonality via the 2-HH norm are equivalent, whenever the underlying space is a real inner-product space.
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Yin, Feng, and Guang-Xin Huang. "An Iterative Algorithm for the Least Squares Generalized Reflexive Solutions of the Matrix Equations." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2012 (2012): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/857284.
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The generalized coupled Sylvester systems play a fundamental role in wide applications in several areas, such as stability theory, control theory, perturbation analysis, and some other fields of pure and applied mathematics. The iterative method is an important way to solve the generalized coupled Sylvester systems. In this paper, an iterative algorithm is constructed to solve the minimum Frobenius norm residual problem: min over generalized reflexive matrix . For any initial generalized reflexive matrix , by the iterative algorithm, the generalized reflexive solution can be obtained within finite iterative steps in the absence of round-off errors, and the unique least-norm generalized reflexive solution can also be derived when an appropriate initial iterative matrix is chosen. Furthermore, the unique optimal approximate solution to a given matrix in Frobenius norm can be derived by finding the least-norm generalized reflexive solution of a new corresponding minimum Frobenius norm residual problem: with , . Finally, several numerical examples are given to illustrate that our iterative algorithm is effective.
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Nagashima, Jennifer B., and Nucharin Songsasen. "Canid Reproductive Biology: Norm and Unique Aspects in Strategies and Mechanisms." Animals 11, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030653.
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The reproductive physiology of canids is unique compared to other mammalian species. Specifically, the reproductive cycle of female canids is characterized by extended periods of proestrus and estrus followed by obligatory diestrus and protracted ovarian inactivity (anestrus). Although canid reproduction follows this general pattern, studies have shown variations in reproductive biology among species and geographic regions. Understanding of these differences is critical to the development of assisted reproductive technologies including estrus induction, gamete rescue, and embryo production techniques for canid conservation efforts. This review summarizes current knowledge of canid reproduction, including estrus cyclicity, seasonality, and seminal traits, with the emphasis on species diversity. The application of reproductive technologies in wild canid conservation will also be discussed.
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Callejo, Alfonso, Farnood Gholami, Andreas Enzenhöfer, and József Kövecses. "Unique minimum norm solution to redundant reaction forces in multibody systems." Mechanism and Machine Theory 116 (October 2017): 310–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2017.06.001.
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Dimant, Verónica, Daniel Galicer, and Ricardo García. "Geometry of integral polynomials, M-ideals and unique norm preserving extensions." Journal of Functional Analysis 262, no. 5 (March 2012): 1987–2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfa.2011.12.021.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Unique norm"
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Druzin, Bryan Howard. "Norm evolution without the state : an examination of the unique nature of commercial law." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/1596.
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The discussion examines the idea that because of its relatively unique nature, commercial law has the distinct ability to evolve and function in the absence of a central coercive authority. While law of a non-commercial nature generally requires the backing of a state through which to derive its efficacy, a great deal of commercial law as it exists today evolves often in the absence of a single coercive authority, shaped largely by market forces outside the purview of any one state power. To this end, we look primarily at transnational commercial law, specifically at what is commonly understood as the new law merchant.
It is the central contention of this paper that commercial law stands apart from other forms of law in that it is uniquely equipped to generate norms in situations where a single legislative power is notably not present, as it is largely impacted by the choices and behaviour of individual economic actors. We examine the notion that the manner of interaction implied by commercial intercourse involves a higher degree of overall engagement. This we term ‘high engagement’, which we divide into two elements: repetition and game creation, which with reciprocity, works in tandem to produce identifiable legal norms and the subsequent compliance with them.
In Part I, after presenting a brief overview of the idea of reciprocity and spontaneous law theory, a more detailed explanation of the notion of engagement is offered. In Part II, we set out exactly how high engagement facilitates the development of and compliance with legal norms. Finally, the conclusion this paper reaches is that this element of high engagement, a salient characteristic of commercial interaction, plays a decisive role in the ability of commercial law to evolve and function in the vacuum of a central legislative authority.
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Davis, Ashlee Wynell. "African American Femininity: An Investigation of the hegemonic and unique culturally specific norms defining womanhood." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1502888968003529.
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Adam, Amélie. "Un générique unique : analyse identitaire, historique et toponymique de la notion de " fleuve " au Québec." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30275.
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Le Québec répertorie officiellement sur son territoire un seul et unique fleuve, le Saint-Laurent. Cependant, la Commission de toponymie du Québec présente une définition qui devrait englober au moins vingt-huit autres rivières. La présente étude tente de rendre compte de cette situation en retraçant les processus évolutifs de l’utilisation du générique « fleuve », par son origine étymologique et son implantation en Amérique. La méthodologie utilisée privilégie une approche comparative de ses définitions sociales et physiques chez les différentes communautés francophones. Le passé et la mentalité des explorateurs et des premiers colons du continent, ainsi que des premiers toponymistes du Québec, seront analysés afin d’illustrer l’impact et le rôle qu’ils ont eus dans les différents processus toponymiques. L’importance du fleuve Saint-Laurent en lien avec l’identité québécoise sera exposée afin de démontrer les raisons pour lesquelles il est le seul cours d’eau possédant le générique « fleuve » dans la province. Le système toponymique québécois sera ensuite analysé afin de comprendre pourquoi un changement tel que l’ajout de vingt-huit fleuves à la nomenclature québécoise serait difficile à effectuer, mais néanmoins souhaitable et quels seraient les impacts d’un tel changement.
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Bartošková, Karolína. "Dopady odchodu Velké Británie z Evropské Unie na finanční sektor." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-358899.
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The aim of the diploma thesis is to evaluate consequences of the United Kingdom withdrawal from the European Union to financial sector and provide different view of the issue than studied analysis carried out so far. The thesis proves the size, broad structure and unique position of the British financial sector in Europe and the world. Theoretical part focuses on the historical perspective, to the explanation of how the financial system works, last but not least to the crucial regulatory norms and sector participants. Based on real and specific data, practical part explains the scope of financial sector, its significance and analyses the UK role in the approval process of specific regulatory standards. Lobbying is denoted as an effective way of influencing standards towards national interests. In conclusion, thesis provides an overview of UK losses and benefits after Brexit, including a proposal for modification the practical operation of the financial system and pay attention to problematic areas. It is demonstrated that Britain for its scale of the financial sector has been long-term influencing European regulation of the sector and despite withdrawal from European Union likely remain a global financial centre.
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MARANDAT, LAURENCE. "Bilan d'activite d'une unite de reanimation polyvalente de l'hopital nord : marseille, annee 1992." Aix-Marseille 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX20196.
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Brogden, Kelly Alexis. ""They were neither typical...nor unique" : an exploratory study of enlistment decisions of American veterans from past to present : a project based upon an independent investigation /." View online, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10090/5869.
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Kočová, Lucie. "Analýza míry vlivu harmonizačních norem Evropské unie na země OECD v oblasti spotřebních daní." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-1709.
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Diplomová práce popisuje stav harmonizace spotřebních daní v EU včetně výjimek udělených pro jednotlivé členské státy a zároveň analyzuje způsob zdanění a výše sezeb spotřebních daní v zemích OECD, které nejsou členy EU. Na závěr porovnává harmonizační pravidla EU se zavedenými systémy selektivního spotřebního zdanění ve vybraných zemích OECD. Pro dokreslení je uvedeno i stručné porovnání s Českou republikou.
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LLUCH, DIDIER. "Les unites a materiel sedimentaire supra-"schistes lustres" de saint florent et de macinaggio (corse du nord)." Toulouse 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989TOU30029.
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Les unites tectoniques a materiel sedimentaire exempt de metamorphisme alpin de la corse du nord sont considerees, soit d'origine interne par rapport au domaine ophiolitique ligure, soit d'origine interne. Les leves cartographiques ont permis de mettre en evidence differentes sous-unites dont le materiel est issu d'autant de zones paleogeographiques distinctes. Les donnees structurales permettent de distinguer trois phases de deformation: ante-eocene distensive, eocene ou oligocene cisaillante, post-nappes
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Minnuto, Roberto. "Traduzione tra documentazione e terminologia Gli additivi alimentari in Russia e Unione Europea Il caso traduttologico degli standard “GOST R”." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/10801/.
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L’obiettivo di questo lavoro di tesi è rappresentato dalla definizione di un metodo di ricerca terminologica e documentazione, nonché di traduzione assistita, supportato dalle moderne tecnologie disponibili in questo campo (Antconc, Bootcat, Trados ecc.), valido per la traduzione di questo tipo di documenti, gli standard, ma sfruttabile anche in altri ambiti della traduzione tecnico-scientifica, permettendo al traduttore e, di conseguenza, al committente, di ottenere un documento “accettabile” e qualitativamente idoneo in lingua di arrivo. Il percorso tracciato in questo elaborato parte dalla presentazione del quadro storico generale, per poi passare alla classificazione degli additivi alimentari in base alla tipologia e agli impieghi in campo alimentare. Verranno illustrati in modo generale i metodi di analisi degli additivi e i criteri di validazione dei metodi impiegati, in funzione degli standard internazionali relativi alla materia, rivolgendo particolare attenzione al quadro normativo e alle agli organi coinvolti nella regolamentazione e nel controllo di queste sostanze, sia in Italia che in Russia e nel resto del mondo. Tutto ciò in funzione degli avvenimenti sul piano geopolitico e su quello culturale: da un lato le sanzioni economiche tra UE e Russia, dall’altro EXPO 2015, opportunità per numerosi traduttori e terminologi di approfondire e arricchire le proprie conoscenze in un ambito tanto importante: alimentazione e sicurezza alimentare, in relazione al progetto di gestione terminologica VOCA9. La parte finale della tesi è dedicata alla presentazione degli standard russi GOST R e alla loro traduzione in italiano, in funzione della documentazione e alla ricerca terminologica necessarie per la traduzione tramite CAT tools ed indispensabili per la creazione di glossari.
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Drozdov, Filipp. "Problematika uvádění obráběcích center na trh Evropské unie a Společenství nezávislých států." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-433557.
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This thesis discusses introducing CNC machining centers to the markets of the European Union and the Commonwealth of Independent States (currently the Eurasian Economic Union). The first chapter of the thesis focuses on the legal requirements for placing the products on the markets of the European Union and the Eurasian Economic Union, their comparison, systematic analysis of the problem, and certification schemes. The second chapter of the thesis analyses safety requirements for CNC machining centers, discusses CNC machines checklists development and their comparison for the markets of the European Union and the Eurasian Economic Union.
Books on the topic "Unique norm"
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Rosehart, Bob. Final report and recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Resource Dependent Communities in Northern Ontario. Toronto: Ministry of Northern Development and Mines, 1986.
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Heverin, John Patrick. Une etude de la realite du marche unique pour l'entreprise en Irelande du Nord. [S.l: The Author], 1996.
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McMullay, Lisa Jane Anne. L'E uro et la Commerce: Les Effets de la Monnaie Unique sur les Entreprises : Avec Toute Particulière Attention au Royaume-Uni et I'Irlande du Nord. [S.l: The Author], 1999.
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Hahn, Allison. Media Culture in Nomadic Communities. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463723022.
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Media Culture in Nomadic Communities examines the ways that new technologies and ICT infrastructures have changed the communicative norms and patterns that regulate mobile and nomadic communities’ engagement in local and international deliberative decision-making. Each chapter examines a unique communicative event, such has how the Maasai of Tanzania have used online petitions to demand government action, how Mongolians in northern China have used microblogs to record and debate land tenure, and how herding communities from around the world have supported the Lakota Sioux protests at Standing Rock. Through these case studies, Hahn argues that mobile and nomadic communities are creating and utilizing new communicative networks that are radically changing local, national, and international deliberations.
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Gann, Lewis H. Contemporary Europe and the Atlantic alliance: A political history. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1998.
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Birches, House of White. Quilting beyond the Norm: 10 unique Quilts You'll Love to Stitch (Quilting Patterns). House of White Birches, 2006.
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Payne, Cymie R. Developments in the Law of Environmental Reparations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198784630.003.0015.
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The United Nations Compensation Commission (‘UNCC’) is a unique model for liability and compensation of environmental damage in an international context, influencing both jus in bello and jus post bellum. The UNCC provided a legal process that catalogued, assessed, and awarded money to pay to clean and repair the damaged soil, water, coastal ecosystems, and other harms resulting from the 1990–1 Gulf War. Its contributions include integration of environmental law principles into the reparations process; use of advanced techniques for assessment of environmental damage; and use of a multilateral process in a way that balanced confidentiality and transparency. The UNCC environmental programme, viewed as an innovative approach to justice after war, highlights the contribution that the environmental integrity norm can make.
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Hardt, Heidi. A Reactive Culture. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672171.003.0007.
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Chapter 7 explains why NATO’s institutional memory continues to develop in the way that it does – despite formal learning processes being underutilized. Findings in this chapter draw on the author’s survey-based interviews with 120 NATO elites. The chapter begins by arguing that NATO’s organizational culture locks-in elites’ preference for relying on informal processes and avoiding formal processes. Key characteristics of NATO’s culture posed challenges for identifying and reporting strategic errors. The organization’s norm of consensus made formal agreements on past strategic errors difficult. Moreover, NATO’s focus on reaction over retrospection and a broader culture of blame aversion provided elites with little incentive to break the tradition of reliance on informal processes for memory development. Elites described feeling continuous pressure to react to the crisis at hand and treat past crises as unique – leaving little reason to invest in learning from past failures.
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Stavans, Anat, and Ulrike Jessner-Schmid, eds. The Cambridge Handbook of Childhood Multilingualism. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108669771.
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Childhood multilingualism has become a norm rather than an exception. This is the first handbook to survey state-of-the-art research on the uniqueness of early multilingual development in children growing up with more than two languages in contact. It provides in-depth accounts of the complexity and dynamics of early multilingualism by internationally renowned scholars who have researched typologically different languages in different continents. Chapters are divided into six thematic areas, following the trajectory, environment and conditions underlying the incipient and early stages of multilingual children's language development. The many facets of childhood multilingualism are approached from a range of perspectives, showcasing not only the challenges of multilingual education and child-rearing but also the richness in linguistic and cognitive development of these children from infancy to early schooling. It is essential reading for anyone interested in deepening their understanding of the multiple aspects of multilingualism, seen through the unique prism of children.
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Notebooks, Nora's Gifts. 100 Mandala for Nora: Adult Coloring Book , 100 UNIQUE MANDALAS Gift for Nora, World's Most Beautiful Mandalas for Stress Relief and Relaxation, Mandalas to Color for Nora. Independently Published, 2020.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Unique norm"
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Reeskens, Tim, and Quita Muis. "A New Democratic Norm(al)? Political Legitimacy Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic." In The New Common, 189–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65355-2_27.
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AbstractThe worldwide COVID-19 pandemic has granted national governments far-reaching political powers to implement drastic non-pharmaceutical interventions to curtail the spread of the virus. For these measures to be effective, governments should be granted widespread political legitimacy. This is established when populations’ expectations from governments are in line with public support for these governments. In this chapter, we investigate changes in political legitimacy during the coronavirus crisis in the Netherlands. Amidst of the pandemic, we collected unique, representative data among LISS-panel respondents that supplemented the European Values Study 2017. We demonstrate that the Dutch public (temporarily) lowered their democratic aspirations thereby longing for strong leadership while simultaneously increasing their trust in the incumbent Government, which, combined, resulted in more political legitimacy. Because of an outspoken period effect, expectations are, however, that this legitimacy will not be long-lived in the new common.
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Shotter, John. "10. The Unique Nature of Normal Circumstances: Contests and Illusions." In Norms in Argumentation, edited by Robert Maier, 143–60. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110877175-012.
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Lipkin, Shira L. "Norms, ethics and roles among military court interpreters: The unique case of the Yehuda Court." In Doing Justice to Court Interpreting, 85–99. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bct.26.06lip.
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Seitz, Christopher R. "The Unique Achievement of the Book of the Twelve. Neither Redactional Unity Nor Anthology." In The Book of the Twelve, 37–48. Göttingen: V&R unipress, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.14220/9783737007306.37.
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Ahrens, Petra, and Johanna Kantola. "Negotiating Power and Democracy in Political Group Formation in the European Parliament." In Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics, 25–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94012-6_2.
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AbstractEuropean Parliament’s political groups are unique conglomerates of national party delegations formed after elections every five years. In this chapter, we develop a novel framework of four layers of political group formation and show that pervasive informal practices and norms in addition to the formal rules of the European Parliament (EP) shape political group formation processes. The four intertwined layers are characterised by differing democratic practices and encompass: (1) formal political group formation after EP elections, (2) internal political group formation via core functions, (3) internal political group formation via consolidation through policies and distributing policy field responsibilities and (4) changes to political group composition during the term. We draw on a unique set of 132 interviews with MEPs, political group and parliamentary staff conducted in 2018–2020 in the 8th and 9th EP. The findings show that there are similarities but also clear differences between political groups in relation to each of the four layers, which enhances our understanding of variations in negotiating power and democracy in the different political groups.
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Mazzitelli, Gabriele. "Una finestra aperta sull’Europa orientale: la Piccola biblioteca slava." In Biblioteca di Studi Slavistici, 295–307. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-910-2.32.
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From 1928 to 1932 Italy’s Istituto per l’Europa orientale (Eastern European Institute) published a book series entitled “Piccola Biblioteca Slava.” This was not the first book series devoted to Slavic culture nor the last. Indeed, “Piccola Biblioteca Slava” closely resembles current practice at IPEO both for the quality of its collaborators and for the importance of the topics covered. As a whole, the series constitutes a concrete attempt to introduce Slavic literatures into Italian culture and it provides a unique source for reconstructing the history of Slavic studies in Italy.
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Haesemeyer, Christian, and Charles A. Weibel. "Motivic Classifying Spaces." In The Norm Residue Theorem in Motivic Cohomology, 253–76. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691191041.003.0015.
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This chapter focuses on motivic classifying spaces. It first connects the motives 𝑆∞ tr(𝕃𝑛) to cohomology operations on 𝐻2𝑛, 𝑛, at least when char(𝑘)=0. This parallels the Dold–Thom theorem in topology, which identifies the reduced homology ̃𝐻*(𝑋, ℤ) of a connected space 𝑋 with the homotopy groups of the infinite symmetric product 𝑆∞𝑋. A similar analysis shows that 𝔾𝑚 represents 𝐻1,1(−, ℤ), which allows us to describe operations on 𝐻1,1. The chapter then introduces the notion of scalar weight operations on 𝐻2𝑛, 𝑛. Afterward, it develops formulas for 𝑆𝓁tr(𝕃𝑛). These formulas imply that 𝑆∞ tr(𝕃𝑛) is a proper Tate motive, so there is a Künneth formula for them. The chapter culminates in a theorem demonstrating that β𝑃𝑏 is the unique cohomology operation of scalar weight 0 in its bidegree.
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Björk, Tomas. "The Esscher Transform and the Minimal Martingale Measure." In Arbitrage Theory in Continuous Time, 405–12. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851615.003.0030.
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In this chapter we present two ways to choose a unique martingale measure in an incomplete market. The first way is to use an extended version of the Esscher transform, which implies that we restrict the class of martingale measures. The second way is to use the minimal martingale measure, that is, the measure which minimizes the norm of the associated Girsanov kernel. We exemplify the two methods and discuss the economic significance.
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Worthen, Meredith G. F. "Gender- and Sexuality-Based Violence among LGBTQ People: An Empirical Test of Norm‑Centered Stigma Theory." In Queering Criminology in Theory and Praxis, edited by Carrie L. Buist and Lindsay Kahle Semprevivo, 13–31. Policy Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529210699.003.0002.
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LGBTQ people are at higher risk for violence when compared to their heterosexual-cisgender counterparts, yet few studies consider the unique and overlapping experiences of lesbian women, gay men, bisexual men, bisexual women, trans men, trans women, non-binary/genderqueer individuals, queer women, and queer men. In particular, the separate but interrelated experiences of LGBTQ people and their intersectional experiences with gender and sexuality are critical to examine as they relate to their experiences with violence. Specifically, this chapter provides an intersectional investigation of Norm-Centered Stigma Theory (NCST) (Worthen, 2020) with hetero-cis-normativity (a system of norms, privilege, and oppression that situates heterosexual cisgender people above all others) as the centralized overarching concept that helps us to understand gender- and sexuality-based violence among LGBTQ people In addition, social power axes including gender identity (cisgender woman, cisgender man, transgender woman, transgender man, and non-binary) and sexual identity (lesbian/gay, bisexual, pansexual, asexual, and queer) and interactions among these axes of social power are investigated
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Gillissen, Christophe. "La question d’Irlande du nord." In Une relation unique, 209–301. Presses universitaires de Caen, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.puc.1184.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Unique norm"
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Jia-Zhu Wang, Kaufman, and Williamson. "A Unique Inverse Estimate of Magnetic Source Images: the Minimum-Norm Least-Squares Approach." In Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1992.590135.
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Wang, Jia-Zhu, Lloyd Kaufman, and Samuel J. Williamson. "A unique inverse estimate of magnetic source images: The minimum-norm least-squares approach." In 1992 14th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1992.5762029.
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Voulgaris, Petros. "Multi-Objecitve Control of Dynamical Systems." In ASME 1995 Design Engineering Technical Conferences collocated with the ASME 1995 15th International Computers in Engineering Conference and the ASME 1995 9th Annual Engineering Database Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1995-0345.
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Abstract In this paper we consider the problem of minimizing the H2-norm of the closed loop map while maintaining its ℓ1-norm at a prescribed level. The problem is analyzed in the case of discrete-time, SISO closed loop maps. Utilizing duality theory, it is shown that the optimal solution is unique and has a finite impulse response. A finite step procedure is given for the construction of the exact solution. This procedure consists of solving a finite number of quadratic programming problems which can be performed using standard methods. Finally, continuity properties of the optimal solution with respect to changes in the ℓ1-constraint are established.
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Duvnjak, Ivan, Domagoj Damjanović, Natalia Sabourova, Niklas Grip, Ulf Ohlsson, Lennart Elfgren, and Yongming Tu. "Damage Detection in Structures – Examples." In IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.0471.
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<p>Damage assessment of structures includes estimation of location and severity of damage. Quite often it is done by using changes of dynamic properties, such as natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios, determined on undamaged and damaged structures. The basic principle is to use dynamic properties of a structure as indicators of any change of its stiffness and/or mass. In this paper, two new methods for damage detection are presented and compared. The first method is based on comparison of normalised modal shape vectors determined before and after damage. The second method uses so-called 𝑙l-norm regularized finite element model updating. Some important properties of these methods are demonstrated using simulations on a Kirchhoff plate. The pros and cons of the two methods are discussed. Unique aspects of the methods are highlighted.</p>
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Puel, Guillaume, and Denis Aubry. "Identification of a Spatial Field of Material Properties With Adaptive Regularization and Meshes." In ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-49754.
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It is well known that the solution of an inverse problem is unstable and not unique. In order to avoid these difficulties when solving such a problem, a Tikhonov’s regularization term is usually added to the norm quantifying the discrepancy between the model’s predictions and experimental data. However, this regularization term is often insufficient to deal with the identification of a spatially variable field of material properties. Here is discussed a general strategy using classical adaptive meshing methods in order to improve the regularization of the inverse problem in such cases. The first step consists in using two distinct meshes: one associated with the discretization of the sought spatial field, and one associated with the resolution of the mere mechanical problems. Then the introduction of usual local error estimators in a second step can drive the refinement of the coarse mesh associated with the sought parameters. This general strategy is then applied to a practical case of study: the detection of subterranean cavities using experimental data obtained by an interferometric device on a satellite.
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Hu, Menglei, and Songcan Chen. "Doubly Aligned Incomplete Multi-view Clustering." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/313.
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Nowadays, multi-view clustering has attracted more and more attention. To date, almost all the previous studies assume that views are complete. However, in reality, it is often the case that each view may contain some missing instances. Such incompleteness makes it impossible to directly use traditional multi-view clustering methods. In this paper, we propose a Doubly Aligned Incomplete Multi-view Clustering algorithm (DAIMC) based on weighted semi-nonnegative matrix factorization (semi-NMF). Specifically, on the one hand, DAIMC utilizes the given instance alignment information to learn a common latent feature matrix for all the views. On the other hand, DAIMC establishes a consensus basis matrix with the help of L2,1-Norm regularized regression for reducing the influence of missing instances. Consequently, compared with existing methods, besides inheriting the strength of semi-NMF with ability to handle negative entries, DAIMC has two unique advantages: 1) solving the incomplete view problem by introducing a respective weight matrix for each view, making it able to easily adapt to the case with more than two views; 2) reducing the influence of view incompleteness on clustering by enforcing the basis matrices of individual views being aligned with the help of regression. Experiments on four real-world datasets demonstrate its advantages.
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Gro¨nstedt, Tomas, and Markus Wallin. "A Comparative Study of Genetic Algorithms and Gradient Methods for RM12 Turbofan Engine Diagnostics and Performance Estimation." In ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2004-53591.
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Recent work on gas turbine diagnostics based on optimisation techniques advocates two different approaches: 1) Stochastic optimisation, including Genetic Algorithm techniques, for its robustness when optimising objective functions with many local optima and 2) Gradient based methods mainly for their computational efficiency. For smooth and single optimum functions, gradient methods are known to provide superior numerical performance. This paper addresses the key issue for method selection, i.e. whether multiple local optima may occur when the optimisation approach is applied to real engine testing. Two performance test data sets for the RM12 low bypass ratio turbofan engine, powering the Swedish Fighter Gripen, have been analysed. One set of data was recorded during performance testing of a highly degraded engine. This engine has been subjected to Accelerated Mission Testing (AMT) cycles corresponding to more than 4000 hours of run time. The other data set was recorded for a development engine with less than 200 hours of operation. The search for multiple optima was performed starting from more than 100 extreme points. Not a single case of multi-modality was encountered, i.e. one unique solution for each of the two data sets was consistently obtained. The RM12 engine cycle is typical for a modern fighter engine, implying that the obtained results can be transferred to, at least, most low bypass ratio turbofan engines. The paper goes on to describe the numerical difficulties that had to be resolved to obtain efficient and robust performance by the gradient solvers. Ill conditioning and noise may, as illustrated on a model problem, introduce local optima without a correspondence in the gas turbine physics. Numerical methods exploiting the special problem structure represented by a non-linear least squares formulation is given special attention. Finally, a mixed norm allowing for both robustness and numerical efficiency is suggested.
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de Wardt, John, Robert Wylie, Moray Laing, Matt Isbell, Karma Slusarchuk, Arnfinn Groette, and Scott Boone. "History, Disruptors and Future of Changing Well Construction Business Models." In IADC/SPE International Drilling Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208776-ms.
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Abstract Advances in performance, digitalization, and automation create the environment for significant changes in well construction business models. Drilling contractors and suppliers are now better positioned to quantify the savings generated by their technology investments and define commercial structures that equitably share in the savings. This paper reviews disruptors driving non-traditional forms of contracting leading to a new value-driven business model based on a System of Systems architecture that meets industry needs. Disruptors driving new reward methods for technology providers are overcoming barriers resisting change such as status quo inertia, legal liability, and fear of sharing data. For example, new real-time systems enable remote operation expansion and improve operational alignment; digitalization and open data exchange create operational transparency across the complex well construction organization; process automation is being applied to multiple systems and is being scaled across equipment fleets. Organizational alignment to common value goals can be achieved through a System of Systems (SoS) architecture. This approach permits aligned and cascading outcome-based goals, including broader objectives like safety, environmental, social, and governance (ESG), to be recognized throughout the System of Systems which spans all operational elements. Two case studies are presented: one for short duration repetitive wells and one for longer duration offshore wells. Incentive style contracts have cycled through footage targets, "Drilling in the Nineties" style contracts, gainshare models, and even production enhancement/sharing contracts. Lump sum turnkey-style contracts have become established, and gainshare is making a comeback. Today, the changing landscape of digitized integration and automation from supplier investment creates an environment in which a high rate of change is becoming the norm. Modern incentive contracts, and other methods to invest in new technology based on aligned goals, are expected to increase in usage. As well delivery becomes more efficient using the new systems and tools, incentive contracts also enable ways to account for and exchange value. System of Systems architectures, leveraging those recent advancements, can provide an industry approach, at the higher levels, for improved application of common style incentive contracts. Crucially, the value can be quantifiably distributed, and new commercial value streams can be created and measured, driving new and adaptable business models. Capital asset-based contracting could become redundant in this new business and operational paradigm. System of Systems is a way of describing the digital and physical interconnectedness of well construction. It maps and manages how system elements interact to provide unique capabilities that none of the constituent systems can accomplish independently. System of Systems simplifies these complex processes and interactions of well construction with better organizational alignment.
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Narayanamurti, V. "Frontiers in Nanoscience and Technology in the 21st Century and New Models for Research and Education at the Intersection of Basic Research and Technology." In ASME 4th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2006-96012.
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Over the last 50 years, solid state physics and technology have blossomed through the application of modern quantum mechanics to the real world. The intimate relationship between basic research and application has been highlighted ever since the invention of the transistor in 1947, the laser in 1958 and the subsequent spawning of the computer and communications revolution which has so changed our lives. The awarding of the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics to Alferov, Kroemer and Kilby is another important recognition of the unique interplay between basic science and technology. Such advances and discoveries were made in major industrial research laboratories — Bell Labs, IBM, RCA and others. Today many of these industrial laboratories are in decline due to changes in the regulatory environment and global economic competition. In this talk I will examine some of the frontiers in technology and emerging policy issues. My talk will be colored by my own experiences at Bell Labs and subsequently at a major U.S. national laboratory (Sandia) and at universities (University of California at Santa Barbara and Harvard). I will draw on experiences from my role as the Chair of the National Research Council (NRC) panel on the Future of Condensed Matter and Materials Physics (1999) and as a reviewer of the 2001 NRC report, Physics in a New Era. The growth rates of silicon and optical technologies will ultimately flatten as physical and economic limits are reached. If history is any guide, entirely new technologies will be created. Current research in nanoscience and nanotechnology is already leading to new relationships between fields as diverse as chemistry, biology, applied physics, electrical and mechanical engineering. Materials science is becoming even more interdisciplinary than in the past. Different fields of engineering are coming together. The interfaces between engineering and biology are emerging as another frontier. I will spend some time in exploring the frontier where quantum mechanics intersects the real world and the special role played by designer materials and new imaging tools to explore this emerging frontier. To position ourselves for the future, we therefore must find new ways of breaking disciplinary boundaries in academia. The focus provided by applications and the role of interdisciplinary research centers will be examined. Strangely, the reductionist approach inherent in nanoscience must be connected with the world of complex systems. Integrative approaches to science and technology will become more the norm in fields such as systems biology, soft condensed matter and other complex systems. Just like in nature, can we learn to adapt some of the great successes of industrial research laboratories to a university setting? I will take examples from materials science to delineate the roles of different entities so that a true pluralistic approach for science and technology can be facilitated to create the next revolution in our field.
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Trieglaff, Ralf, Christian Schrandt, Axel Schulz, and Mayk Schulz. "TUEV NORD Concept Loop: Lifetime Optimisation of Pipelines." In ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-28755.
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LOOP is a concept to evaluate corroded or damaged pipelines based on detailed data from UT-pigging. The procedure of LOOP delivers a 3D-model generated from the data of a commercial in-line inspection tools (ultrasonic, magnetic flux). This makes it possible to use the full functionalities of the relevant finite element software like evaluation of wall-thinning (LOOP 1) and fracture mechanics analysis to evaluate cracks in the wall (LOOP 2). In this paper is given the basic ideas of the LOOP concept, where the main focus is directed to the LOOP 1 assessment procedure. Based on a real example of a corroded pipeline is demonstrated the assessment procedure, which is based on an elastic-plastic analysis of a real inner contour of the corroded surface transferred in the finite element geometry model. The unique element is that the surface data of the UT-pigging is used directly to generate the geometry model in the FE-software ANSYS. The assessment procedure is validated by a burst pressure test of a corroded pipeline. The result of the burst pressure test is compared with the calculated limit load from an elastic-plastic analysis based on measured material properties. Additionally, the assessment procedure is compared with the results of a limit load analysis based on DIN EN 13445-3 and with the results of the standard assessment procedure. At the end the assessment procedure is compared with the procedure given in API 579-1 standard.
Reports on the topic "Unique norm"
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Kelley, Robert E. Verifying Nuclear Disarmament: Lessons Learned in South Africa, Iraq and Libya. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/hrwa2721.
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Inspections in the 1990s and early 2000s in South Africa, Iraq and Libya were designed to discover the details of nuclear weapon programmes and destroy any remnants. As the global norm against nuclear weapons strengthens, the international community may once more require verification of a state’s denuclearization. But success in the three earlier cases does not guarantee success in the next similar task—any future inspection mission must learn from the lessons of the past. This report draws on the unique experience of Robert Kelley, a participant in all three past denuclearization efforts. In it, he gives an account of the unique scale and circumstances of each investigation and the different tools and approaches required. By publicly documenting and comparing obstacles and successes in the three cases for the first time, this report will be an essential resource for future inspectors.
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Mai Phuong, Nguyen, Hanna North, Duong Minh Tuan, and Nguyen Manh Cuong. Assessment of women’s benefits and constraints in participating in agroforestry exemplar landscapes. World Agroforestry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp21015.pdf.
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Participating in the exemplar landscapes of the Developing and Promoting Market-Based Agroforestry and Forest Rehabilitation Options for Northwest Vietnam project has had positive impacts on ethnic women, such as increasing their networks and decision-making and public speaking skills. However, the rate of female farmers accessing and using project extension material or participating in project nurseries and applying agroforestry techniques was limited. This requires understanding of the real needs and interests grounded in the socio-cultural contexts of the ethnic groups living in the Northern Mountain Region in Viet Nam, who have unique social and cultural norms and values. The case studies show that agricultural activities are highly gendered: men and women play specific roles and have different, particular constraints and interests. Women are highly constrained by gender norms, access to resources, decision-making power and a prevailing positive-feedback loop of time poverty, especially in the Hmong community. A holistic, timesaving approach to addressing women’s daily activities could reduce the effects of time poverty and increase project participation. As women were highly willing to share project information, the project’s impacts would be more successful with increased participation by women through utilizing informal channels of communication and knowledge dissemination. Extension material designed for ethnic women should have less text and more visuals. Access to information is a critical constraint that perpetuates the norm that men are decision-makers, thereby, enhancing their perceived ownership, whereas women have limited access to information and so leave final decisions to men, especially in Hmong families. Older Hmong women have a Vietnamese (Kinh) language barrier, which further prevents them from accessing the project’s material. Further research into an adaptive framework that can be applied in a variety of contexts is recommended. This framework should prioritize time-saving activities for women and include material highlighting key considerations to maintain accountability among the project’s support staff.
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Peñaloza, Rafael. Towards a Tableau Algorithm for Fuzzy ALC with Product T-norm. Technische Universität Dresden, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.181.
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Very recently, the tableau-based algorithm for deciding consistency of general fuzzy DL ontologies over the product t-norm was shown to be incorrect, due to a very weak blocking condition. In this report we take the first steps towards a correct algorithm by modifying the blocking condition, such that the (finite) structure obtained through the algorithm uniquely describes an infinite system of quadratic constraints. We show that this procedure terminates, and is sound and complete in the sense that the input is consistent iff the corresponding infinite system of constraints is satisfiable.
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Megersa, Kelbesa. Gender and Tax: Programming and Evidence. Institute of Development Studies, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.040.
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Generally, policymakers and tax analysts (as well as donors concerned about gender equity) have not made proper consideration about how tax policies and tax reforms can interact with gendered cultural norms in developing countries. However, there are worries that tax systems are biased against women and that recent tax reforms may increase the incidence of taxes on women and other underprivileged groups – while, at the same time, failing to garner sufficient tax revenue to fund social programmes necessary to enhance their lives. Since women in developing countries are particularly vulnerable to poverty, a comprehensive and rigorous assessment of tax systems (e.g., existing tax laws, tax administrations and new tax reforms) is needed to understand how they are uniquely affected. Gender-responsive tax programming by donors (and developing-country governments) requires dedication to assess the gender impact of tax policy and tax administration – i.e., who benefits and who is losing from existing tax arrangements or proposed reforms. Although there is growing evidence in the academic literature about the gender dimension of tax, there is still very limited programming by donors on tax policy and tax administration with an explicit focus on gender. Similarly, rarely do donor-funded programmes targeting gendered inequities and empowerment of women incorporate a clear tax agenda. However, there is some evidence that this trend is changing. Some recent regional and country programmes on DRM (e.g., on tax administration, tax policy, tax research, etc.), as well as business and investment climate improvement programmes, are incorporating explicit gender targets into their tax programme components. Some of these regional and country programmes are briefly discussed in the review (with more information on these provided in Sections 4 and 5).
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Paynter, Robin A., Celia Fiordalisi, Elizabeth Stoeger, Eileen Erinoff, Robin Featherstone, Christiane Voisin, and Gaelen P. Adam. A Prospective Comparison of Evidence Synthesis Search Strategies Developed With and Without Text-Mining Tools. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepcmethodsprospectivecomparison.
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Background: In an era of explosive growth in biomedical evidence, improving systematic review (SR) search processes is increasingly critical. Text-mining tools (TMTs) are a potentially powerful resource to improve and streamline search strategy development. Two types of TMTs are especially of interest to searchers: word frequency (useful for identifying most used keyword terms, e.g., PubReminer) and clustering (visualizing common themes, e.g., Carrot2). Objectives: The objectives of this study were to compare the benefits and trade-offs of searches with and without the use of TMTs for evidence synthesis products in real world settings. Specific questions included: (1) Do TMTs decrease the time spent developing search strategies? (2) How do TMTs affect the sensitivity and yield of searches? (3) Do TMTs identify groups of records that can be safely excluded in the search evaluation step? (4) Does the complexity of a systematic review topic affect TMT performance? In addition to quantitative data, we collected librarians' comments on their experiences using TMTs to explore when and how these new tools may be useful in systematic review search¬¬ creation. Methods: In this prospective comparative study, we included seven SR projects, and classified them into simple or complex topics. The project librarian used conventional “usual practice” (UP) methods to create the MEDLINE search strategy, while a paired TMT librarian simultaneously and independently created a search strategy using a variety of TMTs. TMT librarians could choose one or more freely available TMTs per category from a pre-selected list in each of three categories: (1) keyword/phrase tools: AntConc, PubReMiner; (2) subject term tools: MeSH on Demand, PubReMiner, Yale MeSH Analyzer; and (3) strategy evaluation tools: Carrot2, VOSviewer. We collected results from both MEDLINE searches (with and without TMTs), coded every citation’s origin (UP or TMT respectively), deduplicated them, and then sent the citation library to the review team for screening. When the draft report was submitted, we used the final list of included citations to calculate the sensitivity, precision, and number-needed-to-read for each search (with and without TMTs). Separately, we tracked the time spent on various aspects of search creation by each librarian. Simple and complex topics were analyzed separately to provide insight into whether TMTs could be more useful for one type of topic or another. Results: Across all reviews, UP searches seemed to perform better than TMT, but because of the small sample size, none of these differences was statistically significant. UP searches were slightly more sensitive (92% [95% confidence intervals (CI) 85–99%]) than TMT searches (84.9% [95% CI 74.4–95.4%]). The mean number-needed-to-read was 83 (SD 34) for UP and 90 (SD 68) for TMT. Keyword and subject term development using TMTs generally took less time than those developed using UP alone. The average total time was 12 hours (SD 8) to create a complete search strategy by UP librarians, and 5 hours (SD 2) for the TMT librarians. TMTs neither affected search evaluation time nor improved identification of exclusion concepts (irrelevant records) that can be safely removed from the search set. Conclusion: Across all reviews but one, TMT searches were less sensitive than UP searches. For simple SR topics (i.e., single indication–single drug), TMT searches were slightly less sensitive, but reduced time spent in search design. For complex SR topics (e.g., multicomponent interventions), TMT searches were less sensitive than UP searches; nevertheless, in complex reviews, they identified unique eligible citations not found by the UP searches. TMT searches also reduced time spent in search strategy development. For all evidence synthesis types, TMT searches may be more efficient in reviews where comprehensiveness is not paramount, or as an adjunct to UP for evidence syntheses, because they can identify unique includable citations. If TMTs were easier to learn and use, their utility would be increased.
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Ashley, Caitlyn, Elizabeth Spencer Berthiaume, Philip Berzin, Rikki Blassingame, Stephanie Bradley Fryer, John Cox, E. Samuel Crecelius, et al. Law and Policy Resource Guide: A Survey of Eminent Domain Law in Texas and the Nation. Edited by Gabriel Eckstein. Texas A&M University School of Law Program in Natural Resources Systems, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/eenrs.eminentdomainguide.
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Eminent Domain is the power of the government or quasi-government entities to take private or public property interests through condemnation. Eminent Domain has been a significant issue since 1879 when, in the case of Boom Company v. Patterson, the Supreme Court first acknowledged that the power of eminent domain may be delegated by state legislatures to agencies and non-governmental entities. Thus, the era of legal takings began. Though an important legal dispute then, more recently eminent domain has blossomed into an enduring contentious social and political problem throughout the United States. The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution states, “nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.” Thus, in the wake of the now infamous decision in Kelo v. City of New London, where the Court upheld the taking of private property for purely economic benefit as a “public use,” the requirement of “just compensation” stands as the primary defender of constitutionally protected liberty under the federal constitution. In response to Kelo, many state legislatures passed a variety of eminent domain reforms specifically tailoring what qualifies as a public use and how just compensation should be calculated. Texas landowners recognize that the state’s population is growing at a rapid pace. There is an increasing need for more land and resources such as energy and transportation. But, private property rights are equally important, especially in Texas, and must be protected as well. Eminent domain and the condemnation process is not a willing buyer and willing seller transition; it is a legally forced sale. Therefore, it is necessary to consider further improvements to the laws that govern the use of eminent domain so Texas landowners can have more assurance that this process is fair and respectful of their private property rights when they are forced to relinquish their land. This report compiles statutes and information from the other forty-nine states to illustrate how they address key eminent domain issues. Further, this report endeavors to provide a neutral third voice in Texas to strike a more appropriate balance between individual’s property rights and the need for increased economic development. This report breaks down eminent domain into seven major topics that, in addition to Texas, seemed to be similar in many of the other states. These categories are: (1) Awarding of Attorneys’ Fee; (2) Compensation and Valuation; (3) Procedure Prior to Suit; (4) Condemnation Procedure; (5) What Cannot be Condemned; (6) Public Use & Authority to Condemn; and (7) Abandonment. In analyzing these seven categories, this report does not seek to advance a particular interest but only to provide information on how Texas law differs from other states. This report lays out trends seen across other states that are either similar or dissimilar to Texas, and additionally, discusses interesting and unique laws employed by other states that may be of interest to Texas policy makers. Our research found three dominant categories which tend to be major issues across the country: (1) the awarding of attorneys’ fees; (2) the valuation and measurement of just compensation; and (3) procedure prior to suit.
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Friedman, Haya, Julia Vrebalov, and James Giovannoni. Elucidating the ripening signaling pathway in banana for improved fruit quality, shelf-life and food security. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594401.bard.
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Background : Banana being a monocot and having distinct peel and pulp tissues is unique among the fleshy fruits and hence can provide a more comprehensive understanding of fruit ripening. Our previous research which translated ripening discoveries from tomato, led to the identification of six banana fruit-associated MADS-box genes, and we confirmed the positive role of MaMADS1/2 in banana ripening. The overall goal was to further elucidate the banana ripening signaling pathway as mediated by MADS-boxtranscriptional regulators. Specific objectives were: 1) characterize transcriptional profiles and quality of MaMADS1/2 repressed fruit; 2) reveal the role of additional MaMADSgenes in ripening; 3) develop a model of fruit MaMADS-box mode of action; and 4) isolate new components of the banana ripening signaling pathway. Major conclusion: The functions of the banana MaMADS1-5 have been examined by complimenting the rinor the TAGL1-suppressed lines of tomato. Only MaMADS5 exhibited partial complementation of TAGL1-suppressed and rinlines, suggesting that while similar genes play corresponding roles in ripening, evolutionary divergence makes heterologous complementation studies challenging. Nevertheless, the partial complementation of tomato TAGL1-surpessed and rinlines with MaMADS5 suggests this gene is likely an important ripening regulator in banana, worthy of further study. RNA-seqtranscriptome analysis during ripening was performed on WT and MaMADS2-suppressed lines revealing additional candidate genes contributing to ripening control mechanisms. In summary, we discovered 39 MaMADS-box genes in addition to homologues of CNR, NOR and HB-1 expressed in banana fruits, and which were shown in tomato to play necessary roles in ripening. For most of these genes the expression in peel and pulp was similar. However, a number of key genes were differentially expressed between these tissues indicating that the regulatory components which are active in peel and pulp include both common and tissue-specific regulatory systems, a distinction as compared to the more uniform tomato fruit pericarp. Because plant hormones are well documented to affect fruit ripening, the expressions of genes within the auxin, gibberellin, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, salicylic and ethylene signal transduction and synthesis pathways were targeted in our transcriptome analysis. Genes’ expression associated with these pathways generally declined during normal ripening in both peel and pulp, excluding cytokinin and ethylene, and this decline was delayed in MaMADS2-suppressed banana lines. Hence, we suggest that normal MaMADS2 activity promotes the observed downward expression within these non-ethylene pathways (especially in the pulp), thus enabling ripening progression. In contrast, the expressions of ACSand ACOof the ethylene biosynthesis pathway increase in peel and pulp during ripening and are delayed/inhibited in the transgenic bananas, explaining the reduced ethylene production of MaMADS2-suppressed lines. Inferred by the different genes’ expression in peel and pulp of the gibberellins, salicylic acid and cytokinins pathways, it is suggested that hormonal regulation in these tissues is diverse. These results provide important insights into possible avenues of ripening control in the diverse fruit tissues of banana which was not previously revealed in other ripening systems. As such, our transcriptome analysis of WT and ripening delayed banana mutants provides a starting point for further characterization of ripening. In this study we also developed novel evidence that the cytoskeleton may have a positive role in ripening as components of this pathway were down-regulated by MaMADS2 suppression. The mode of cytoskeleton involvement in fruit ripening remains unclear but presents a novel new frontier in ripening investigations. In summary, this project yielded functional understanding of the role and mode of action of MaMADS2 during ripening, pointing to both induction of ethylene and suppression of non-ethylene hormonal singling pathways. Furthermore, our data suggest important roles for cytoskeleton components and MaMADS5 in the overall banana ripening control network. Implications: The project revealed new molecular components/genes involved in banana ripening and refines our understanding of ripening responses in the peel and pulp tissues of this important species. This information is novel as compared to that derived from the more uniform carpel tissues of other highly studied ripening systems including tomato and grape. The work provides specific target genes for potential modification through genetic engineering or for exploration of useful genetic diversity in traditional breeding. The results from the project might point toward improved methods or new treatments to improve banana fruit storage and quality.
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Health and ideations of married female adolescents. Population Council, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/sbsr2021.1028.
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This brief provides rigorous evidence-based insights to implementers and researchers of social and behavior change (SBC) programs that seek to improve knowledge, attitudes, norms, and behaviors of married female adolescents. The brief focuses on married adolescents’ uptake of services and health knowledge in Kebbi, Sokoto, and Zamfara states in northwestern Nigeria using a subset of data from a household survey of married women ages 15–49 years. It is one of a series of briefs that present findings from a Breakthrough RESEARCH study that uniquely captures data on a wide range of psychosocial drivers of behavioral outcomes in the areas of family planning, malaria, and maternal, newborn, and child health, and nutrition (MNCH+N). The results presented in this series can inform the improvement of women and children’s health programming in Nigeria and help to achieve the objectives of the National Strategic Health Development Plan II (2018–2022), as well as support global efforts to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
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Rethinking the global microscope for financial inclusion: 2021 key findings report. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003957.
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The Global Microscope is a benchmarking index that has assessed the enabling environment for financial inclusion across 55 countries since 2007. This year, the Economist Impact team conducted an assessment of the index's existing data (2007-20) to understand the relationship between key financial inclusion enablers (i.e. policies, regulation and infrastructure) and financial inclusion outcomes. This report discusses the policies that have driven change, the priorities to keep in mind for the future, the tools that will help achieve these goals and the unique ways these priorities and tools apply across different parts of the financial system. Below we summarize our key findings: - A higher overall Global Microscope score showed a positive relationship with the number of accounts with formal financial institutions and mobile money providers among the population. - The Infrastructure domain had the strongest relation to account ownership, documenting the positive effects on inclusion from policies facilitating the expansion of payment systems, strong digital identification regimes, widespread connectivity, and robust credit information systems. The other four domains are Government and Policy Support, Stability and Integrity, Products and Outlets, and Consumer Protection. - Consumer Protection was also positively linked to the prevalence of bank accounts, underscoring the importance of measures to ensure that financial consumers are treated fairly across the range of distribution channels and products. - The magnitude and quality of regulatory implementation significantly impacts financial inclusion. Larger regulatory improvements were associated with increasingly larger gains in account ownership. * The opinions expressed in this work are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the IDB, its Board of Directors or the countries they represent, nor of the MIF Donors Committee or the countries it represents.