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1
Downs, Richard Keith. "Surface dynamics of unipolar arcing." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/27298.
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Mostafa, Alaa El-Din Sabet. "Heavily doped bulk unipolar structures." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 1993. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/19009/.
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Transport properties of bulk unipolar (barrier) devices are investigated in the steady-state mode. This has entailed the study of heavily doped silicon characteristic which comprises important regions of the multilayer bulk unipolar devices. The devices covered are Camel diodes, P-plane barrier diodes and open-base bipolar transistors. Two operating modes are distinguished: the punchthrough mode, and the non punch-through (bipolar) mode. A combination of thermionic and diffusion mechanisms is used in the current - voltage analysis. Minority carrier transport at the polysilicon - monosilicon interface is also studied in polysilicon emitter bulk unipolar diodes with the emphasis having been placed on the influence of heavy doping; the aim being the development of a useful predictive tool for the study of these structures in which transistor action can be obtained due to the mechanism of barrier height modulation via minority-carrier injection. The validity of the analysis is evaluated by comparison with available experimental results. A new form of multigrain - barrier bulk unipolar diode structure has been proposed and analyzed using the carrier trapping model at the grain boundary of the polysilicon. Heavy doping effects / parameters are included in the developed analysis. As it stands, the present model helps in fulfilling the purpose of giving an insight into the physical mechanism of charge carrier transport with heavy doping at a fundamental level and providing a tool for the examination of the behaviour of alternative device configurations. However, heavy doping effects are revealed as being of profound importance in the determination of bulk unipolar device characteristics.
3
Elgamal, Safa MacQueen G. "Cognitive dysfunction in unipolar depression." *McMaster only, 2007.
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Downey, Darragh. "Motivation and cognition in unipolar depression." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493459.
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Major depressive disorder is associated with dysfunctional motivation, reward and cognitive processing. A clinical feature of depression is low motivation but it remains unclear whether this reflects a fundamental impairment in basic incentive motivation or a higher level deficit in integrating cognitive and emotional information in complex situations. The focus of this thesis was to investigate the behavioural and neural bases underlying the processing of reward-related and motivational processes in major depression; in particular, the influence of variable reward magnitudes on incentive motivation and the interaction between information processing and response to reinforcement.
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Rice, Niamh Maire. "Impaired social functioning in unipolar depression." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2009. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=11458.
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Al-Bustani, A. A. "D.C. theory of bulk unipolar devices." Thesis, Swansea University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.635666.
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McLean, Andrew. "Cognitive-affective processing in unipolar depression." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619668.
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Oldehinkel, Albertine J., Hans-Ulrich Wittchen, and Peter Schuster. "Prevalence, 20-month incidence and outcome of unipolar depressive disorders in a community sample of adolescents." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-103336.
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Background. This article presents prospective longitudinal findings on prevalence, incidence, patterns of change and stability of depressive disorders in a community sample of 1228 adolescents.
Methods. Data were collected at baseline and follow-up (20 months later) in a representative population sample of 1228 adolescents, aged 14–17 at baseline. Diagnostic assessment was based on the Munich Composite International Diagnostic Interview (M-CIDI).
Results. The overall cumulative lifetime incidence of any depressive condition was 20·0% (major depressive disorder (MDD), 12·2%; dysthymia, 3·5%; subthreshold MDD, 6·3%), of which about one-third were incident depressions in the period between baseline and follow-up. Depressive disorders rarely started before the age of 13. Females were about twice as likely as males to develop a depressive disorder. Overall, the 20-month outcome of baseline depression was unfavourable. Dysthymia had the poorest outcome of all, with a complete remission rate of only 33% versus 43% for MDD and 54% for subthreshold MDD. Dysthymia also had the highest number of depressive episodes, and most psychosocial impairment and suicidal behavioural during follow-up. Treatment rates were low (8–23%). Subthreshold MDD associated with considerable impairment had an almost identical course and outcome as threshold MDD.
Conclusions. DSM-IV MDD and dysthymia are rare before the age of 13, but frequent during adolescence, with an estimated lifetime cumulative incidence of 14%. Only a minority of these disorders in adolescence is treated, and more than half of them persist or remit only partly.
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Carrasco, Muñoz Antonio Jesús. "Production of Homogeneous Particles by Controlled Neutralization of Electrosprays." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673423.
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Aquesta tesi se centra en la reducció eficaç de la càrrega de les gotes delectrospray per produir partícules de polímer
de mida homogènia mitjançant lelectrospray duna solució de polímer. En el procés d'electrospraying, s'emet un microraig
constant, des de la punta de l'anomenat con de Taylor, que es trenca en petites gotes altament carregades. Quan
es fa servir una solució que conté polímers, s'obtenen partícules de mida reduïda, des de l'escala micromètrica fins a
la nanomètrica, depenent de les propietats del líquid i de les condicions de funcionament.
Però l'alta càrrega induïda a les gotes per aquesta tècnica pot distorsionar la uniformitat de mida. Això passa si la gota
pateix una inestabilitat de Coulomb. Després, la partícula de polímer creada perd la forma i la mida.
S'ha desenvolupat una configuració de neutralització per electrospray en què es va reduir significativament la càrrega
de la gota, evitant les inestabilitats de Coulomb, i havent generat partícules de polímer homogènies en condicions
d'atmosfera controlada, obtenint la morfologia de partícula desitjada, i evitant les partícules filamentoses.
Per aconseguir una reducció adequada de la càrrega de les partícules, hem desenvolupat i optimitzat una font d'ions
unipolar basada en la descàrrega de corona. Aquesta eina de fabricació casolana es va acoblar estratègicament al
sistema, permetent que les gotes delectrospray es descarreguin eficaçment abans que explotin.Esta tesis se centra en la reducción eficaz de la carga de las gotas de electrospray para producir partículas de polímero de tamaño homogéneo mediante el electrospray de una solución de polímero. En el proceso de electrospraying, se emite un micro-chorro constante, desde la punta del llamado cono de Taylor, que se rompe en pequeñas gotas altamente cargadas. Cuando se utiliza una solución que contiene polímeros, se obtienen partículas de tamaño reducido, desde la escala micrométrica hasta la nanométrica, dependiendo de las propiedades del líquido y de las condiciones de funcionamiento. Pero la alta carga inducida en las gotas por esta técnica puede distorsionar la uniformidad de tamaño. Esto ocurre si la gota sufre una inestabilidad de Coulomb. Después, la partícula de polímero creada pierde su forma y tamaño. Se ha desarrollado una configuración de neutralización por electrospray en la que se redujo significativamente la carga de la gota, evitando las inestabilidades de Coulomb, y pudiendo generar partículas de polímero homogéneas en condiciones de atmósfera controlada, obteniendo la morfología de partícula deseada, y evitando las partículas filamentosas.
This thesis is focused on the efficient reduction of charge of electrospray droplets to produce homogeneously sized polymer particles by electrospraying a polymer solution. In the electrospraying process, a steady micro-jet is emitted, from the tip of the so-called Taylor cone, breaking up into highly charged tiny droplets. When using a polymercontaining solution, it results in narrowly dispersed particle sizes, from micrometer to nanometer scale, depending on liquid properties and operating conditions. Therefore, electrospray is gaining research interest in different fields such as pharmaceutics. Among its advantages over other liquid atomization methods includes its ability to produce much smaller particles (in the few-microns and nano-metric size ranges) with size homogeneity and high energy efficiency. But the high charge induced on the droplets by this technique may distort the size uniformity. This occurs if the droplet undergoes a Coulombic instability. After that, the created polymer particle loses its shape and size. An electrospray-neutralization setup has been developed in which the droplet charge was reduced significantly, preventing Coulombic instabilities, and being able to generate homogeneous polymer particles in a controlled atmosphere conditions, obtaining the desired particle morphology, and preventing filamentous particles
10
Oldehinkel, Albertine J., Hans-Ulrich Wittchen, and Peter Schuster. "Prevalence, 20-month incidence and outcome of unipolar depressive disorders in a community sample of adolescents." Cambridge University Press, 1999. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A26431.
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Background. This article presents prospective longitudinal findings on prevalence, incidence, patterns of change and stability of depressive disorders in a community sample of 1228 adolescents.
Methods. Data were collected at baseline and follow-up (20 months later) in a representative population sample of 1228 adolescents, aged 14–17 at baseline. Diagnostic assessment was based on the Munich Composite International Diagnostic Interview (M-CIDI).
Results. The overall cumulative lifetime incidence of any depressive condition was 20·0% (major depressive disorder (MDD), 12·2%; dysthymia, 3·5%; subthreshold MDD, 6·3%), of which about one-third were incident depressions in the period between baseline and follow-up. Depressive disorders rarely started before the age of 13. Females were about twice as likely as males to develop a depressive disorder. Overall, the 20-month outcome of baseline depression was unfavourable. Dysthymia had the poorest outcome of all, with a complete remission rate of only 33% versus 43% for MDD and 54% for subthreshold MDD. Dysthymia also had the highest number of depressive episodes, and most psychosocial impairment and suicidal behavioural during follow-up. Treatment rates were low (8–23%). Subthreshold MDD associated with considerable impairment had an almost identical course and outcome as threshold MDD.
Conclusions. DSM-IV MDD and dysthymia are rare before the age of 13, but frequent during adolescence, with an estimated lifetime cumulative incidence of 14%. Only a minority of these disorders in adolescence is treated, and more than half of them persist or remit only partly.
11
Salmon, John C. "A variable speed unipolar induction motor inverter drive." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/46449.
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12
Fingerhut, Cere Gillette. "Differentiating unipolar and bipolar depression in postpartum women." Thesis, Palo Alto University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3737793.
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The peripartum period is a potentially difficult time in a woman's life, a time when up to 70% of women experience transient mood symptoms and approximately 15% will suffer from a severe mood event which impacts not just her, but her family as well. The symptoms and clinical features of the mood symptoms are linked to Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Bipolar Disorder (BD). Appropriate diagnosis as early as possible has a critical impact on the immediate and long-term health of the peripartum woman, especially in those with a bipolar diathesis. While treatment for BD versus MDD may be markedly different, it can be difficult to distinguish between the two, especially during a depressed episode, with postpartum onset. To date, no study has evaluated the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) for its value as a screening measure for the differentiation of BD versus MDD in the postpartum period.
This study sought to: 1) to describe the demographic differences between women diagnosed with BD versus MDD seeking treatment for a major depressive episode, with postpartum onset; 2) to characterize the features of the major depressive episode; with postpartum onset in women diagnosed with BD versus MDD; and 3) to examine scale characteristics of the EPDS as a predictor of the diagnosis of BD versus MDD.
Results revealed that postpartum depressed women diagnosed with BD reported a) an earlier age of onset, b) a greater number of prior mood episodes, c) greater incidence of psychotic symptoms in the current depressive episode, and d) lower overall scores on the EPDS versus postpartum depressed women diagnosed with MDD. There were no reliable differences between the groups on family history of a) mood disorders; b) number of generations; c) weeks postpartum at symptom onset; d) scores on a 4-item subscale of the EPDS; e) suicidal/homicidal ideation; nor the incidence of symptoms of f) atypical depression, g) generalized anxiety disorder, or h) obsessive-compulsive disorder. The findings support the use of a thorough clinical and demographic history when evaluating postpartum depressed women and the use of a measure in place of or in addition to the EPDS to ensure the appropriate differentiation of BD versus MDD.
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Almeida, Miguel Barata Garcia. "A ascenção dos BRICS: fim do momento unipolar?" Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/7163.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Relações InternacionaisA ordem internacional atual é substancialmente distinta da ordem que surgiu com o colapso da União Soviética, em 1991. Se, por um lado, deixou de ser totalmente correto classificar a ordem atual como exclusivamente unipolar, por outro lado é igualmente prematuro classificá-la como multipolar. Ora, os BRICS – enquanto maiores representantes do protagonismo das potências emergentes – constituem um dos principais fatores que contribuíram para esta modificação, em especial durante a década de 2000 a 2010. A razão fundamental já não é o desenvolvimento militar ou a ameaça nuclear, mas sobretudo a força da economia e da geoeconomia. O colossal crescimento económico está, portanto, na base de todo o protagonismo dos BRICS. De um modo geral, os BRICS são representativos de seis perspetivas fundamentais: (1) Surgiram a partir de um conceito criado pelo mundo económico e financeiro (a Goldman Sachs), o que prova que os mercados, a geoeconomia e, cada vez mais, a geofinança influenciam crescentemente a geopolítica dos Estados. (2) Representam o desenvolvimento crescente do regionalismo enquanto característica marcante da ordem internacional atual. A entrada da África do Sul é exemplo disto mesmo. (3) Não atuam enquanto um bloco coeso e com uma estratégia comum, mas antes baseados em acordos esporádicos e objetivos muito concretos, como a alteração de regras em organizações como o Banco Mundial, o FMI e a ONU, ou a defesa de um mundo multipolar. (4) Possuem graves constrangimentos regionais, desde Taiwan, passando por Caxemira, até à Tchetchénia, que constituem uma desvantagem considerável em relação aos EUA. (5) São essencialmente fortes em hard power (sobretudo na capacidade económica e na massa crítica), mas ainda muito fracos em soft power, justamente a vertente que versa sobre o desenvolvimento social, os direitos humanos, o regime político e a capacidade de atrair e persuadir os Estados e a opinião pública mundial a seguir o seu modelo de organização social e cultural. (6) E, por fim, não são ainda sociedades pós-industriais, mas os dados indicam que, assim que atingirem este patamar, têm todas as potencialidades para atingir o nível dos EUA. Em suma, a superpotência continua a ser apenas uma – os EUA – mas já não se trata do mesmo conceito de superpotência que surgiu no final da Guerra Fria. A presente dissertação avalia o poder atual dos EUA – e a sua evolução ao longo da última década – face ao poder crescente dos BRICS, tanto na vertente de hard power como de soft power.
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Tarnoff, David. "Episode 3.10 – Signaling and Unipolar Line Coding Schemes." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/computer-organization-design-oer/26.
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When sending digital data from one device to another, both devices must agree on how to represent ones and zeros. This episode presents how signal levels affect the delivery of data and how line codes are used to represent the ones and the zeros.
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Loyola, Gladys. "Evidence-Based Treatment of Unipolar Depression in Adolescents." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193891.
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Untreated depression has a detrimental effect in the lives of the adolescents suffering from this disorder. Depression is a multidimensional phenomenon that has been linked to biological, psychosocial and cognitive risk factors. Adolescents may be at risk for depression because adolescence is a time of physical, hormonal, emotional and intellectual changes. Depression may lead to impaired social and school performances and to poor physical health. In addition to a reduced quality of life, depression has also been linked to suicidal ideation and attempts. Suicide is the third cause of death in adolescents in the United States.The purpose of this practice inquiry was to conduct a critical review and synthesis of the literature on evidence-based treatment of unipolar depression in adolescents and to make recommendations for health care providers. This topic was chosen because of the high prevalence of depression in adolescents and because of the devastating effects of not treating this disorder.The methods used to synthesize the literature are described in the Guide for Literature Reviews by Cooper (1998). After the problem was identified, a literature search was conducted in PubMed, Cinahl, Psych Info, Complementary and Alternative Medicine and AMED. Next, the literature yielded 93 articles. The evidence from the literature was ranked according to the Oncology Nursing Society (ONS), Putting Evidence into Practice (PEP), Levels of Evidence scale. This system is an adaptation of the Rating the Quality of Evidence for Clinical Practice Guidelines developed by Hadorn and others (1996). Lastly, the recommendations for practice were made based on the ONS PEP, Weight of Evidence Classification Schema by Mitchell & Friese. Based on the evidence found in the literature, a guideline with the recommendations for practice was developed.The need for the treatment of adolescents with depression was supported in this synthesis of the literature. Future research is needed to explore treatment modalities tailored to the developmental, biological, psychosocial and cultural needs of adolescents and their families.
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Driche, Khaled. "Diamond unipolar devices : towards impact ionization coefficients extraction." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAT115/document.
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97% des articles publiés sur les études climatiques racontent que le réchauffement climatique est entièrement causé par les activités humaines. Les gaz émis lors de la production d'énergie électrique ainsi que d'autres gaz rejetés par les voitures ont un réel impact sur l'atmosphère. Une solution consiste à mettre au point des composants présentant des pertes de conduction plus faibles et des caractéristiques de claquage plus élevées qui pourraient être utilisés dans des centrales nucléaires, des cellules de commutation à haute puissance, des voitures hybrides (électriques), etc.De nos jours, les composants à base de silicium contrôlent environ 95% des dispositifs électroniques. Le carbure de silicium SiC et le nitrure de gallium GaN sont actuellement à l’étape de R&D, et commencent à être intégrés dans certains circuits électroniques. D'autres matériaux tels que Ga2O3, AlN ou le diamant sont encore à l’étape de recherche. Les derniers sont connus sous le nom de matériaux à bande ultra large et semblent être la solution requise pour les faibles pertes de puissance. Le diamant est reconnu comme le matériau ultime pour la prochaine génération de composants de puissance en raison de ses propriétés physiques exceptionnelles telles qu'un champ de claquage élevé (>10 MV/cm) permettant d'utiliser le dispositif pour une commande de puissance élevée, une mobilité de porteurs élevée (2 000 cm^2/V.s pour les trous), une vitesse de saturation élevée, une conductivité thermique élevée (22 W/cm.K) pour une parfaite dissipation de chaleur et une faible constante diélectrique. Théoriquement, le diamant est le semi-conducteur offrant le meilleur compromis entre résistance à l'état passant et tension de claquage. En particulier, en raison de l'ionisation incomplète des dopants, il est encore plus efficace à haute température. Diverses diodes Schottky en diamant (SBD) avec de bonnes performances à l’état passant et bloqué (7,7 MV/cm) ont été rapportées. En plus des SBDs, des transistors à effet de champ (FET) ont également été étudiés à travers des oxyde-métal semi-conducteur FETs (MOSFETs) utilisant une surface hydrogénée avec des densités de courant élevées à l'état passant ou des surface oxygéné avec de bonnes caractéristiques de blocage. Pour les composants de haute-tension, il est nécessaire de changer l’architecture de l’électrode afin d’éviter un claquage prématuré due à l’encombrement du champ électrique aux bords. Dans ce but, les techniques de terminaison de bord sont utilisées pour atteindre les caractéristiques idéales. La tâche évidente avant toute fabrication de composant est la partie simulation qui prédit l’optimisation de l’architecture et les caractéristiques attendues. Une bonne prédiction nécessite la connaissance des paramètres du matériau. Les paramètres importants pour le claquage sont les coefficients d'ionisation par impact. Plusieurs coefficients ont été publiés pour le diamant. Toutefois, ils ont été extraits en « fittant » des structures non optimisées, d'où un manque de précision.Dans cette étude, deux structures de terminaisons de bord pour des diodes Schottky, appelées plaque de champ et anneaux à champ flottant, ont été étudiées. Leur efficacité de distribution du champ de surface par analyse de courant induit par faisceau d'électrons (EBIC) a été observée. De plus, des FETs ont été fabriqués et caractérisés, un MESFET et un RB-MESFET. Les FETs présentent un claquage élevé, jusqu’à 3 kV et une faible résistance. Le développement des transistors est indissociable de la diode Schottky, car ils sont tous deux nécessaires à la fabrication de cellules de commutation. Et enfin, les coefficients d'ionisation par impact pour les électrons ont été mesurés à l'aide d’EBIC pour un champ >0,5 MV/cm dans une région sans défaut. Les valeurs mesurées sont (sous l’equation de Chynoweth) an = 971 /cm et bn=2,39x10^6 V/cm. Ces valeurs sont proches des coefficients mesurés expérimentalement et rapportés dans la littérature97% of the published climate studies articles agree with the fact that recent global warming is entirely caused by human activities. The gases emitted to produce electrical energy plus other gases rejected by cars impact considerably on the atmosphere by greenhouse effect (without referring other factors). A solution to this problem is the development of components with lower power conduction losses and higher breakdown characteristics that could be used in nuclear power plants, high power commutation cells, hybrid (electric) cars and so on.The choice of the material to reach low power conduction losses and higher breakdown is of great importance. Nowadays, silicon-based devices control about 95% of all electronic components. Silicon carbide SiC and gallium nitride GaN are at present under research and development and start to be integrated into some electronic circuits. Other materials like Ga2O3, AlN or diamond are under research for power electronic application. The last ones are known as ultra wide bandgap materials and they seem to be the required solution to low power losses. Diamond is recognized as the ultimate material for the next next-generation of power devices owing to its exceptional physical properties such as high breakdown field (>10 MV/cm) to use the device for high power control, high carrier mobility (2000 cm^2/V.s for holes) for fast switching and high frequency devices, high saturation velocity, high thermal conductivity (22 W/cm.K) for a perfect heat dissipation and low dielectric constant. Theoretically, diamond is the best semiconducting material showing the best trade-off between on-resistance and breakdown voltage. Especially, due to the incomplete ionization of the dopant, it is even more efficient at high temperature. Various diamond Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) with good forward and reverse performances (7.7 MV/cm) were reported. In addition to SBDs, switches diamond field effect transistors (FETs) were also investigated through metal-oxide-semiconductor FETs (MOSFETs) using either an H-terminated diamond surface with high current densities in on-state or an O-terminated one with high blocking characteristics. For the high blocking voltage devices, one needs to properly terminate the edge of the electrode at the surface in order to avoid premature breakdown of the devices due to electric field crowding at the borders. In that aim, edge termination (ET) techniques are used to push the limit of the devices and reach ideal features. The obvious task before any device fabrication if the simulation part that predicts the device optimization and expected characteristics. A good device prediction requires knowledge of the material parameters. Important parameters for device breakdown in the off-state are the impact ionization coefficients. At present, several ionization coefficients were reported for diamond, however, they were extracted by fitting non-optimized structures and hence there is a lack of accuracy.In this study, two edge terminations structures for Schottky barrier diodes called field plate (FP) oxide and floating field rings were investigated. Their effectiveness in surface field distribution via electron beam induced current (EBIC) analysis was observed. In addition, normally-on FETs were fabricated and characterized, a MESFET and a reverse blocking (RB)-MESFET. The FETs exhibited a high BV, up to 3 kV and a low on-resistance. The development of transistors is inseparable from the Schottky diode since both are required to fabricate commutation cells. And finally, impact ionization coefficients for electrons were measured using EBIC for a field >0.5 MV/cm in a defect-free region. The measured values are (in a Chynoweth form) an = 971 /cm and bn = 2.39x10^6 V/cm. These values are close to the experimentally measured coefficients reported in the literature
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Kazour, François. "Etude des marqueurs olfactifs de différenciation des troubles affectifs : différences entre la dépression bipolaire et unipolaire." Thesis, Tours, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUR3308/document.
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L’objectif de ce travail est de vérifier l’hypothèse selon laquelle les troubles olfactifs peuvent êtres des marqueurs de la dépression et différencier entre dépression unipolaire et dépression bipolaire. Dans ce projet, nous avons évalué et comparé les capacités olfactives de plusieurs groupes de sujets : patients en dépression unipolaire ou bipolaire, symptomatique ou en rémission, ainsi que des témoins sains. Nos résultats confirment la présence de marqueurs olfactifs d’état (seuil et mémoire olfactive, identification des odeurs), et de trait (jugement hédonique et émotionnel) de la dépression unipolaire et des marqueurs d’état (mémoire olfactive) et de trait (jugement hédonique et émotionnel, identification des odeurs et mémoire olfactive) de la dépression bipolaire. Nous avons aussi trouvé des marqueurs de différenciation des dépressions unipolaire et bipolaire (jugement hédonique). Il s’agit de la première étude différenciant la dépression unipolaire de la dépression bipolaire à travers les marqueurs sensoriels. D’autres études sont nécessaires afin de montrer l’utilité de l’olfaction dans la prise en charge des troubles de l’humeurThe objective of this research was to test the hypothesis that olfactory dysfunctions can constitute potential markers of depression, and that they help differentiating between unipolar and bipolar depression. In this project, we evaluated and compared the olfactory capacities of healthy controls and patients with unipolar and bipolar depression, in symtpomatic phases and in rémission. Our results confirmed the presence of state (olfactory threshold, olfaction memory and identification) and trait (hedonic and emotional ratings) markers of unipolar depresison and state (olfactory memory) and trait (hedonic and emotional rating, olfactory memory and identification) markers of bipolar depression. We identified an olfactory marker differentating between unipolar and bipolar depression (hedonic rating). This is the first study differentating unipolar depression from bipolar one through a sensory marker. Further studies are needed to show the utility of olfaction in the treatment of mood disorders
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Palmer, P. R. "A unipolar inverter drive for a cage induction motor." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/37811.
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Roiser, Jonathan Paul. "Genetic, neurochemical and cognitive factors in understanding unipolar depression." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.614897.
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Mercedes, Bruna Paiva do Carmo. "Adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso em pessoas com depressão unipolar." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/22/22131/tde-26092013-202021/.
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Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso em pacientes com depressão unipolar atendidos em um Núcleo de Saúde Mental, localizado em um município do interior paulista. Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo, transversal, descritivo e com abordagem quantitativa. No entanto, dados qualitativos também foram utilizados para complementar os resultados. A população foi constituída por 168 pacientes com depressão unipolar que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão e exclusão do estudo. Para a coleta dos dados quantitativos foi empregada a técnica de entrevista estruturada, com a utilização de um questionário para os dados referentes ao perfil demográfico, socioeconômico, clínico e farmacoterapêutico, do teste de Medida de Adesão ao Tratamento - MAT e do Inventário de Depressão de Beck. Já para a coleta dos dados qualitativos foi aplicada a técnica de entrevista semi-estruturada gravada, realizada apenas em uma parcela dos pacientes do estudo (N=27). Para análise dos dados quantitativos foi utilizado o aplicativo Stata (versão 10.2) e para os dados qualitativos a Análise Temática, conforme proposta por Minayo. Os resultados revelaram que a maioria dos pacientes era do sexo feminino (84,5%), com idade acima de 50 anos (75%), com a cor da pele branca (76,8%), casada (57,1%) e com renda familiar menor que dois salários mínimos e meio (60,1%). Verificou-se, ainda, que a maioria dos pacientes (71%) foi considerada aderente ao tratamento medicamentoso. Identificou-se maior frequência de adesão aos medicamentos em pacientes sem depressão ou com depressão leve/moderada (p = 0,031), viúvos (p = 0,029), com cor da pele branca (p = 0,020), que realizavam apenas tratamento medicamentoso (p = 0,034), que receberam informação sobre o tratamento para depressão (p = 0,030) e que compravam o medicamento quando o mesmo estava em falta na rede pública (p = 0,016). Observou-se importante déficit de conhecimento dos pacientes em relação ao nome, dose e frequência de administração dos medicamentos, havendo maior porcentagem de adesão entre os pacientes que apresentaram de 51 a 100% de conhecimento em relação à frequência de administração dos medicamentos prescritos (p = 0,001). Os depoimentos dos sujeitos da pesquisa resultaram na elaboração de quatro categorias que revelam as principais dificuldades por eles vivenciadas no seguimento da terapêutica medicamentosa: \"os sintomas da depressão\", \"efeitos limitados e desgastantes da medicação e a polifarmacoterpia\", \"a necessidade de apoio\" e \"pouco conhecimento sobre a depressão e o tratamento\". Constatou-se que, embora a maioria dos pacientes estivesse satisfeita com a equipe de saúde e tratamento, seus depoimentos revelavam déficit de conhecimento sobre os medicamentos, dúvidas e queixas relacionadas ao atendimento. Espera-se que os resultados desta pesquisa forneçam subsídios para se repensar as estratégias de intervenção utilizadas nos serviços de saúde direcionadas à adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso por pessoas com depressão unipolar, visando o seu sucesso terapêutico.The objective of this study was to investigate adherence to drug treatment in patients with unipolar depression followed at a Mental Health Center of a city in Upstate São Paulo. This retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive study was performed using a quantitative approach. Nevertheless, qualitative data were also used to complement the results. The study population consisted of 168 patients with unipolar depression, who complied with the established inclusion and exclusion criteria. The quantitative data were collected by means of structured interviews, using a questionnaire for demographic, socioeconomic, clinical and pharmacotherapeutic data, the Measurement of Adherence to Treatment - MAT and the Beck\'s Depression Inventory. The qualitative data, on the other hand, were collected using recorded semi-structured interviews, which were performed with only part of the sample (N=27). The quantitative data analysis was performed using the Sata application (version 10.2), while qualitative data were submitted to Thematic Analysis, as proposed by Minayo. The results revealed that most patients were women (84.5%), older than 50 years of age (75%), of white skin (76.8%), married (57.1%) and with a family income of less than 2.5 minimum salaries (60.1%). It was also observed that most patients (71%) adhered to the drug treatment. Patients with the best treatment adherence, were those with mild/moderate or no depression (p = 0.031), widowed (p = 0.029), of white skin (p = 0.020), whose treatment was only drug-based (p = 0.034), who had been instructed regarding the depression treatment (p = 0.030) and who bought the medication even when the public health service was unable to supply (p = 0.016). An important knowledge deficit was observed among the patients regarding the name, dose and administration frequency of the drugs, with better adherence among patients who presented 51 to 100% knowledge regarding the administration frequency of the prescribed drugs (p = 0.001). Based on the study subjects\' reports, four categories were obtained to describe the main difficulties they faced in following the drug treatment: \"the symptoms of depression\", \"limited and wearing effects of the drugs and polypharmacotherapy\", \"the need for support\" and \"little knowledge about depression and its treatment\". It was found that, regardless of most patients being satisfied with the health team and the treatment, their reports revealed knowledge deficit regarding the drugs, as well as questions and complaints related to the service. It is expected that the present study results serve as the basis to reconsider the intervention strategies used by health services aiming at achieving drug treatment adherence in people with unipolar depression, with a view to a successful treatment outcome.
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Hales, Susie. "An investigation of mental imagery in unipolar and biopolar depression." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.510422.
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Shakweh, Yahya. "Aspects of limited motion actuators and unipolar sub-kw drives." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/47650.
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Wise, Toby Peter James. "Structural and neurochemical alterations in unipolar and bipolar major depression." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2017. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/structural-and-neurochemical-alterations-in-unipolar-and-bipolar-major-depression(9951ddce-c64a-48ca-9785-426aa82483e2).html.
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Depressive disorders are common and debilitating conditions; however, current methods of diagnosis and treatment are suboptimal, largely due to a lack of understanding of the biological basis of these disorders. Neuroimaging has provided substantial insights in this area, but one particularly understudied area is the relationship between unipolar and bipolar depression. These disorders have similar symptom profiles but require different treatment strategies, making their diagnosis and management challenging for clinicians. The overarching aim of this thesis is to understand differences and similarities in the structure and neurochemistry of neurobiological systems underlying unipolar and bipolar depression. This question is addressed in three ways: Firstly meta-analyses structural neuroimaging studies looking at alterations in grey and white matter were performed to identify patterns of changes that were common or specific to either disorder. Secondly, an original investigation was carried out to identify patterns of neurochemical alteration that differ between unmedicated patients with unipolar and bipolar depression. Lastly, the appropriateness of a dimensional approach to bipolarity in depression was evaluated by looking for structural neural correlates of bipolar symptoms within patients with unip9olar and bipolar depression. The results of these studies show that although many neurobiological alterations are common to unipolar and bipolar depression, there are changes in grey matter volume that are specific to unipolar depression, and changes in white matter volume that are specific to bipolar depression. However, alterations in grey matter volume do not correlate with bipolarity when treated as a dimensional characteristic. These results contribute to our understanding of structural and neurochemical alterations in depressive disorders, and provide targets for future research into improved diagnosis of these conditions.
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Donnellan, Benedict T. "Introducing the hybrid unipolar bipolar field effect transistor : the HUBFET." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2013. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/57699/.
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Modern commercial aircraft are becoming increasingly dependent on electrical power. More and more of the systems traditionally powered by hydraulics or pneumatics are being migrated to run on electricity. One consequence of the move towards electrical power is the increase in the storage capacity of the bat- teries used to supplement the power generation. The increase in battery size increases the maximum stress that a short circuit failure can put on the power distribution system. Although such failures are extremely rare, the fail safe switches in the distribution system must be capable of handling extremely high energy short circuits and turning off the power to protect the electrical systems from damage. Traditionally aircraft have used electromechanical relays in this role. However, they are large, heavy and slow to switch. As the potential power level is increased, the slow switching becomes more of a problem. The solution is a semiconductor switch. An IGBT can handle the high short circuit currents and switches fast enough to prevent short circuits damaging key systems. However, the inherent voltage drop in the forward current path significantly reduces its efficiency during nominal operation. A power MOSFET would be considerably more efficient than an IGBT during nominal operation. However, during high current surges, the ohmic behaviour of the switch leads to extremely high power loss and thermal failure. In this thesis a solution to this problem is presented. A new class of semiconductor device is proposed that has the highly efficient low current performance of the power MOSFET and the high current handling capability of the IGBT. The device has been named the Hybrid Unipolar Bipolar Field Effect Transistor or HUBFET. The HUBFET operates in unipolar mode, like a MOSFET, at low currents and in bipolar mode, like an IGBT, at high currents. The structure of the HUBFET is a merging of the MOSFET and IGBT. It is a vertical device with a traditional MOS gate structure, however the backside consists of alternating regions of both N-type and P-type doping. Through simulation the key on-state characteristics of the HUBFET have been shown. Fabricated test modules have been tested to validate the simulations and to show how the HUBFET can dynamically transistion from unipolar to bipolar mode during a short circuit event. Following the proof of concept the pattern of implants on the backside of the device that give the HUBFET its characteristic were investigated and potential improvements to the design were identified.
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Pantano, Telma. ""O texto de crianças e adolescentes com depressão maior unipolar"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5160/tde-08082005-102210/.
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O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a elaboração e a recontagem de histórias de crianças com o diagnóstico de depressão maior unipolar (DSM-IV, 1997), bem como a influência da terapia medicamentosa com fluoxetina em um estudo duplo-cego longitudinal controlado com placebo. Fizeram parte do estudo trinta sujeitos com idades entre 10 e 14 anos e diagnosticados com depressão, randomizados para o uso de fluoxetina ou placebo. Ambos os grupos foram avaliados quanto à elaboração livre de textos orais e escritos e à recontagem de textos (fábulas de Êsopo ou La Fontaine) na etapa 0 (sem o uso de medicação) e na etapa 3 (três meses após a introdução de medicação ou placebo). Os textos foram analisados de acordo com o modelo de Kintsch e Van Dijk (1978), baseado no número de macro e microestruturas produzidas e/ou recordadas e nos componentes relativos à superestrutura textual. A este modelo foi acrescida a análise do conteúdo proposicional (positivo, negativo ou neutro), com o intuito de observar o fenômeno da memória condizente com o humor. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas com relação a esses critérios entre os grupos ou períodos analisados, nem quanto à produção e/ou recontagem de textos orais ou escritos, mesmo com a melhora da sintomatologia clínica observada por meio da escala CDRS (Poznanski & Mokros, 1996).The aim of this study was to evaluate the textual production and recontagem of children with unipolar major depression (DSM-IV, 1997), and the influence of drug therapy with fluoxetine in a longitudinal, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Thirty subjects with depression, aged between 10 and 14 years, were selected and randomized for the use of fluoxetine or placebo. Both groups were analyzed regarding to spontaneous oral and written production and to the recontagem of the texts (Esopos or La Fontaines fables) in the period zero (without medication) and period 3 (three months after starting placebo or fluoxetine). The texts were analyzed according to Kintsch and Van Dijks model (1978), taking in account the number of macro and microstructures elaborated and/or recalled and the textual superstructure. We added to this model the proposition-content analysis (positive, negative or neutral), in order to observe the mood-congruent memory phenomenon. Regarding these criteria, no differences were found amongst the groups or periods analyzed, neither amongst the oral and written elaborated or recontados texts, even after the improvement of clinical symptoms evaluated by CDRS scale (Poznanski and Mokros, 1996).
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Rio, Carla Mafalda de Castro Ferreira Martins do. "Depressão Unipolar e depressão bipolar: um espectro da doença depressiva?" Master's thesis, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/21008.
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Haque, Ashim Shatil. "Optimization of surface preparation technique for unipolar silicon direct bonding." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41520.
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A special wafer bonding method called the Silicon Direct Bonding technique is
used to study the bonding of unipolar (n-type, <100> oriented) silicon wafers. The
primary objective of this thesis project is to find an optimum surface preparation technique
for subsequent silicon wafer bonding. Wafer cleaning and treatment methods are
investigated to understand the correlation between a high quality wafer surface and the
resulting high quality electrical conduction at the interface. Accordingly, in this project, a
preference for hydrophobic (less polar Si-OH surface) wafers is given to ensure a
minimized amount of oxide layer on the surface. Several key factors that govern the
quality of the wafer surfaces, such as the degree of hydrophobicity, HF etching time,
composition of HF etching solution and Dr water rinse, are examined with ellipsometric
and XPS measurements. An HF etching followed by a sputter etching has been selected to
pre-treat the wafer surfaces for bonding. A maximum allowable air exposure time (35
second) is also found which would allow bonding without significant re-growth of the
oxide layer. Bonding is performed under vacuum with a special mechanical fixture and the
resulting structures from a subsequent heat treatment process are examined with crack
propagation testing. Bond strength after annealing is sufficient to withstand a pull test,
however, with a 3 point bend testing, the crack propagated horizontally at the interface.
Master of Science
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Yury, Craig A. "Analysis of empirical research on augmentation strategies for unipolar depression." abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2008. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3316366.
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Rio, Carla Mafalda de Castro Ferreira Martins do. "Depressão Unipolar e depressão bipolar: um espectro da doença depressiva?" Dissertação, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/21008.
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McCarty, Michael James. "Determining the Optimum Operating Parameters of a Unipolar PWM Inverter." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2010. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/287.
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This study presents a determination of the optimum operating parameters of a unipolar PWM inverter through theoretical and experimental analysis. The inverter is investigated in its simplest form without input DC-DC conversion or output filtering. The intent of this study is to understand the core of the inverter thoroughly before adding peripheral elements such as output filtering. Variations on the input voltage level and switching frequency were investigated to determine their impacts on the operation of the inverter and harmonics produced. Theoretical modeling and calculations confirmed by experimental measurements and analysis allow determination of the inverter operating conditions which allow highest converter efficiency with lowest distortion. Results suggest highest efficiency and lowest harmonic distortion is achieved at the lowest input voltage (just above the peak of the desired fundamental component) and lowest switching frequency independent of output power.
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Monreal, Ortiz José Antonio. "Exploración de la función dopaminérgica en la depresión unipolar y bipolar." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/393905.
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Numerosos estudios sugieren que la función dopaminérgica está alterada al menos en un subgrupo de pacientes deprimidos, especialmente en los pacientes bipolares. Los test neuroendocrinos son una de las técnicas utilizadas para explorar la función dopaminérgica en psiquiatría y el agonista dopaminérgico más estudiado es la apomorfina (un agonista dopaminérgico D1/D2).
La mayoría de los estudios realizados con el Test a la Apomorfina que evalúan la respuesta de prolactina y de hormona de crecimiento en pacientes deprimidos unipolares y bipolares han mostrado resultados divergentes.
El objetivo de este estudio es valorar con el Test a la Apomorfina si la función dopaminérgica en la depresión unipolar y bipolar está alterada. Para ello, me basaré en tres estudios que desarrollo.
En el primer estudio se exploró una muestra reducida de sujetos, en la que se incluyeron una selección homogénea de pacientes bipolares tipo II. El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la sensibilidad de los receptores dopaminérgicos en 19 pacientes ingresados con depresión mayor: 10 deprimidos bipolares tipo II, 9 deprimidos unipolares, comparados con 15 controles sanos. En estos pacientes, se evaluó la respuesta hormonal al agonista dopaminérgico apomorfina (APO, 0,75 mg SC) con el objetivo de obtener un indicador de la neurotransmisión dopaminérgica a nivel post-sináptico. También se examinó en los mismos sujetos la respuesta de prolactina al Test con TRH a las 8 AM y 11PM (TRH 200μg IV), y la respuesta de cortisol al Test de supresión de Dexametasona (DST, 1 mg oral). Los pacientes deprimidos bipolares mostraron un porcentaje de frenación a la prolactina (PFP) significativamente más bajo que los sujetos sanos (p = 0,0003) y los pacientes deprimidos unipolares (p = 0,04).
El segundo estudio tuvo por objetivo principal confirmar los resultados obtenidos mediante el Test con Apomorfina encontrados en el estudio anterior, en una población más extensa e incluyendo a pacientes bipolares tipo I y II. La población estudiada está compuesta por 54 pacientes bipolares deprimidos (mayoritariamente tipo I), 80 pacientes deprimidos unipolares y 36 sujetos sanos hospitalizados. Los pacientes bipolares mostraron una menor supresión de Prolactina inducida por apomorfina que los pacientes unipolares y los sujetos sanos (ambas comparaciones: p< 0,00001). Los resultados del Test con TRH del primer estudio y los resultados del Test con DST de los dos estudios descartaron que los resultados del Test con apomorfina no se debían a una alteración de las células lactótrofas inducida por la TRH, o a una hiperactividad del eje corticotropo.
El tercer estudio se realizó con una subpoblación del segundo estudio en la que se obtuvieron análisis seriados de prolactina. La población estudiada estuvo compuesta por 68 pacientes deprimidos unipolares, 39 pacientes deprimidos bipolares, comparados con 24 controles sanos. Los pacientes deprimidos bipolares mostraron una frenación de Prolactina (PFP) al Test a la Apomorfina significativamente menor que los pacientes deprimidos unipolares (p < 0.005) y los sujetos sanos (p < 0.001). Los ritmos circadianos de PRL fueron comparables entre los pacientes bipolares y unipolares, y no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los mesores circadianos y ampitudes entre los dos grupos de pacientes. Además, la respuesta de prolactina a la apomormina no se correlacionó con los valores circadianos de prolactina.
En conclusión, los resultados de nuestros tres estudios muestran que los pacientes deprimidos bipolares tienen una alteración funcional de los receptores dopaminérgicos D2 post-sinápticos a nivel hipofisario, evaluada mediante la respuesta de prolactina al Test con Apomorfina. Dicha alteración no se encuentra en los pacientes deprimidos unipolares de manera que, si se confirmasen los datos en posteriores estudios, el Test de la Apomorfina podría tener un valor significativo como biomarcador de depresión bipolar.Numerous studies suggest that the dopaminergic function is impaired at least in a subgroup of depressed patients, especially in bipolar patients. Neuroendocrine tests are one technique used to explore dopaminergic function in psychiatry and the most studied dopamine agonist is apomorphine (a dopamine agonist D1 / D2). Most of studies involving Apomorphine Test to evaluate the response to prolactin and growth hormone in unipolar and bipolar depressed patients have shown conflicting results. The objective of this study is to assess with the Apomorphine Test if dopaminergic function is altered in unipolar and bipolar depression. To that end I will be based on the development of three studies. In the first study a reduced sample of subjects in a homogeneous selection of type II bipolar patients was included. The purpose of this study was to assess the sensitivity of dopamine receptors in 19 patients admitted with major depression: 10 depressed bipolar type II, 9 unipolar depressed, compared with 15 healthy controls. We evaluated the multihormonal responses to the dopamine agonist Apomorphine (APO, 0.75 mg SC) in order to obtain an index of dopaminergic neurotransmission at the post synaptic level. In addition we assess in the same subjects, prolactin (PRL) response to 8AM and 11PM protirelin challenges (TRH, 200μg IV) and cortisol response to Dexamethasone suppression Test (DST,1 mg orally). Bipolar depressed patients showed a percentage of frenación to prolactin (PFP) significantly lower than healthy subjects (p = 0.0003) and unipolar depressed patients (p = 0.04). The main objective of the second study was to confirm the results obtained with Apomorphine Test found in the previous study, in a more extensive population and including mainly bipolar patients type I. The study population consists of 54 depressed bipolar patients, 80 depressed unipolar patients and 36 healthy subjects. Bipolar patients showed lower prolactin suppression to Apomorphine Test than unipolar patients and healthy subjects (both comparisons: p <0.00001). The results of TRH Test from the first study and the results of DST Test from the two studies ruled out that the results obtained with Apomorphine Test were not due to an alteration of lactotroph cells induced by TRH, or an overactivity of the corticotroph axis. The third study was conducted with a subpopulation of the second study in which a serial analysis of prolactin were added. The study population was 68 unipolar depressed patients, 39 bipolar depressed patients, compared with 24 healthy controls. Bipolar patients showed lower prolactin suppression to the Apomorphine Test than unipolar patients (p< 0.005) and healthy subjects (p<0.001). Nyctohemeral profiles of PRL were strictly comparable between unipolar and bipolar patients, and no statistically significant difference in PRL circadian mesor and amplitude could be demonstrated between patients and control subjects. Furthermore, APO-induced PRL suppression was not correlated with circadian PRL values. In conclusion, the results of the three studies showed that bipolar depressed patients have a altered post synaptic receptor sensitivity D2 in the tuberoinfundibular dopamine level, as assessed by the prolactin response to Apomorphine Test. This alteration is not in unipolar depressed patients so that , if the data were confirmed in subsequent studies, the test Apomorphine may have significant value as a biomarker of bipolar depression.
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Sharma, Ronald. "Single-phase transformerless unipolar switched inverters for utility-connected photovoltaic applications." University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Engineering and Surveying, 2007. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00004120/.
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[Abstract]: The disadvantages of using solar energy are its capital cost (which is about A$6/W), in comparison to that of conventional sources of energy (which is about A$1.80/W), and its conversion efficiency, which in commercially available Photovoltaic (PV) systems is less than 20%. Consequently, for utility connected PV generation to become a viable alternative energy source, its efficiency needs to be improved, its cost reduced, and the quality of power supplied by the inverters must meet stringent standards.This dissertation describes the research work carried out to optimise the conversion efficiency and to minimise the cost of a single-phase, hysteretic current controlunipolar switched inverter system, for use as an interface between solar panels and the grid network. The 1 kW (peak power) PV system being considered does not useenergy storage batteries and the inverter output is connected to the grid supply without the use of a power transformer. Improvements in the efficiency of such aninverter system often come at the expense of the quality of its output power and an increase in cost. However, in the proposed inverter system the harmonics of theoutput current has been improved without compromising its overall efficiency or its cost. An improvement in power quality has been achieved using a novel AC splitinductorfilter network that reduces electromagnetic interference, prevents unwanted operation of the inverter switches, attenuates switching frequency harmonics,minimises low frequency harmonics and provides an average value of the inverter output current necessary for the removal of DC offset currents.An improvement in inverter efficiency and a reduction in cost has been achieved by omitting the 50 Hz power transformer (transformerless) and by optimising theinverter current control strategies. In Australia, some power supply authorities permit transformerless PV inverters of less than 10 kW rating to be connected to their supply system. However, avoiding the use of transformers can lead to magnitudes of DC offset current outside the limits specified by Australian Standard 4777.2, 2005 being injected into the grid supply. In this project a new cost effective DC offset current controller that removes DC offset current from the output of the inverter has been realised. This result translates into two primary benefits; firstly, a saving of about20% in the cost of the power transformer and in the cost of providing additional solar panels to overcome transformer power losses, and secondly the DC offset controller can also be utilised in inverter applications where power transformers are used, to prevent distortion of the magnetising current.The novel design procedure proposed in this thesis for a current controller takes into account intentional and unintentional switching circuit delays, and yields higherefficiencies without sacrificing power quality or increasing the cost of the inverter system. The inclusion of the effect of circuit delays in the design procedure issignificant as it is shown that delay not only has an adverse effect on the performance of the current controller but also on the efficiency and the power quality of the inverter system.Of paramount importance for the successful completion of this project was the relationship between switching circuit delays and the level of low frequencyharmonics generated by unipolar switched inverters. Theoretical analysis is developed to show why circuit delays, inverter DC input voltage and the inductanceof the current loop, are responsible for low frequency harmonics in unipolar switched and not in bipolar switched inverters. It has also been established that unipolarswitched inverters can be designed to operate within the limits specified by the Australian Standard 4777.2, 2005 and that the low frequency harmonics can be maintained at acceptable levels.For a current controller using unipolar switching, the choice of only one of four equivalent switching combinations of the inverter switches leads to suppression of switching noise, and prevents unwanted switching without the need for additional filters. Results are presented to demonstrate the unique advantage of unipolarswitching over bipolar switching.
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Minnick, Stephen A. "Unipolar arcing on the cathode surface of a high voltage diode." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/26315.
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Schneider, Mônica Karine. "Análise dos efeitos da depressão maior unipolar na cognição de idosos." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/3595.
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Previous issue date: 2010Information about the prevalence of depression in elderly people show that one in every eight individuals over 65 years old is affected by this disease, which is frequently associated to cognitive alterations, specially to those sustained by the frontal lobe, such as attention and episodic memory. Objectives: to study the effects of depression on the performance of elderly people in cognitive tasks supported by frontal and temporal lobes to characterize which cognitive domains are affected by depression and verify the effect of codification strategies over the performance of memory tasks. Material and method: populations and sample: elderly controls (n=28), aged people with diagnosed major unipolar depression (n=8). Instruments and procedures: all were submitted to instruments for sample characterization (personal identification and health history questions, Mini Mental Status Exam and Beck Depression Inventory), and individuals with dementia, use of psychotropic medications, besides antidepressants, sensory alterations incompatible with the accomplishment of the tasks, and less than four years of school education were excluded of this research. The subjects went through a psychological evaluation composed by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, to evaluate frontal lobe functioning, the Weschler Intelligence Scale for adults, as a measure for general intelligence, and the direct and inverse Digit Span. For memory and memorization strategies analysis, the subjects performed an experimental contextual memory task, involving contexts and objects recognition tasks, achieved in two versions: with and without the use of codification strategies. The statistic tests used included ANOVA and ANOVA with repeated measures (all followed by Tuckey post-hoc exam, when necessary), t tests for dependent and independent samples qui-square.P<0,05 was considered statistically irrelevant. Results: the performance of elderly individuals controls at the contextual memory tasks was higher (P<0,05) with the associative strategy than without it. Depressive aged subjects presented lower performance (p<0,005) than the control group at the Digit Span and Wisconsin (completed categories), and they presented lower performance than the controls at the contextual memory tasks with the associative codification strategy (p<0,005). Conclusions: the results indicate that aged people with Unipolar Major Depression are not capable of using associative codification memory strategies, suggesting they have a smaller cognitive reserve. Therefore, the present study raises the necessity of developing specific cognitive rehabilitation strategies for this population
Dados sobre a prevalência da depressão em idosos mostram que uma em cada oito pessoas acima de 65 anos é afetada pela doença, a qual está freqüentemente associada a alterações cognitivas, principalmente àquelas suportadas pelo lobo frontal, como atenção e memória episódica. Objetivos: Investigar o desempenho de idosos depressivos em funções cognitivas suportadas pelos lobos frontais e temporais, buscando caracterizar os diferentes domínios cognitivos afetados pela depressão. Material e Método: População e amostra: idosos controles (n=28), idosos com diagnóstico de depressão maior unipolar (n=8). Instrumentos e procedimentos: Todos os sujeitos submeteram-se aos instrumentos para caracterização da amostra (questionário de identificação pessoal e questões de saúde, Mini Exame do Estado Mental e Inventário de Depressão de Beck), e foram excluídos sujeitos com demência, uso de medicação psicotrópica que não antidepressiva, alterações sensoriais incompatíveis com a realização das tarefas, escolaridade inferior a 4 anos. Os participantes realizaram avaliação psicológica composta pelo Teste de Classificação de Cartas de Wisconsin, para avaliar o funcionamento do lobo frontal, e pelo subteste de vocabulário da Escala Weschler de Inteligência para Adultos, como uma medida de inteligência geral. Para análise da memória e do efeito de estratégias de codificação associativa, os participantes se submeteram a uma tarefa de memória contextual experimental, composta de tarefa de reconhecimento de objetos e de contextos, realizada em duas versões, com e sem uso de estratégia de codificação associativa. Os testes estatísticos utilizados abrangeram a análise de variância, análise de variância com medidas repetidas (todas seguidas do teste post-hoc de Tuckey, quando necessário) e a regressão linear.P<0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante. Resultados: O desempenho de idosos controles na tarefa de memória contextual foi maior (P<0,05) na versão com estratégia de codificação associativa do que sem estratégia de codificação associativa. Idosos depressivos apresentaram menor desempenho (p<0,005) que os controles nas tarefas de span de dígitos e Wisconsin (categorias completadas), além apresentarem menor desempenho que os controles na tarefa de memória contextual com estratégia de codificação associativa (p<0,005). Conclusões: Os resultados obtidos indicam que idosos com Depressão Maior Unipolar não são capazes de fazer uso de estratégias de codificação associativa, indicando que os mesmos apresentam uma menor reserva cognitiva. Portanto, o presente estudo levanta a necessidade do desenvolvimento de estratégias de reabilitação cognitiva específicas para esta população.
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Volsky, Alexander. "Tying down the Gullivers : tripartite strategic balancing in unipolar international systems." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:143e926b-3101-4131-b17a-16fa67b51471.
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This dissertation seeks to conceptualise and operationalise the concept of soft balancing in international relations by articulating a “theory of tripartite strategic balancing” which is applicable to both international and regional unipolar systems. It has a twofold purpose: one theoretical and the other empirical. First, it seeks to develop a theory of tripartite strategic balancing which encompasses three forms of strategic balancing: internal, external, and soft balancing. The second part seeks to test the theory’s utility in explaining international political outcomes in the post-Cold War international system. In particular, it seeks to ascertain whether and how “second-tier great powers” have strategically balanced against the United States on a global level since the end of the Cold War. The analyses will focus largely on the foreign policies of Russia and France – the chief soft balancers. However, this dissertation also seeks to extend the concept of soft balancing into the regional level of analysis by examining whether and how minor-regional powers soft balance against regional unipolar leaders. For instance, it will examine whether and how the Russian Federation has been soft balanced against by states in the “European Near Abroad.” The analyses will focus primarily on the foreign policies of Poland – the chief soft balancer in the region. The dissertation will employ three in-depth case studies – the Kosovo Crisis (1999), the Iraqi wars (1991-2003), and the Georgia Crisis (2008) – to verify whether or not tripartite strategic balancing is actually occurring as the theory predicts. It will heavily rely on sources and interviews conducted during my time working at the United Nations Security Council and the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. These findings seek to contribute a more nuanced strand of thinking to the realist paradigm in international relations, and they offer practical implications for both US and Russian foreign policymaking.
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Aguiar, Bianca Wollenhaupt de. "Avaliação de parâmetros bioquímicos em pacientes com depressão unipolar e depressão bipolar." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/37459.
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Introdução: Os mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na fisiopatologia dos Transtornos de Humor ainda não estão completamente elucidados. Nos últimos anos tem-se verificado um crescente reconhecimento de que alterações no sistema imune, no estresse oxidativo e de fatores neurotróficos poderiam contribuir para o desenvolvimento dos episódios de humor. O diagnóstico de Transtorno de Humor Bipolar é um desafio a ser reconhecido devido ao elevado grau de sobreposição de sintomas, que são apresentados por um paciente bipolar durante o episódio depressivo e se correlacionam com os critérios de diagnóstico para depressão maior. Neste contexto, a busca por marcadores periféricos para transtornos psiquiátricos segue há muitos anos, contudo permanece indefinida. Objetivos: Em vista disso, neste estudo avaliamos diferentes marcadores periféricos em pacientes com Depressão Unipolar e Depressão Bipolar, visando à busca de possíveis diferenças entre estes dois transtornos do humor. Métodos: Para este fim, medimos os níveis séricos de BDNF, IL-2, IL- 4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF, IFN-P, IL-17, danos a lipídios e proteínas em 54 pacientes ambulatoriais com depressão Bipolar e Unipolar pareados a 54 voluntários saudáveis. Episódio depressivo foi avaliado através da Escala Hamilton de Depressão (HAM-D). Resultados: Neste estudo encontramos aumento da IL-6 em ambos os grupos estudados comparados ao controles (p = 0,020 e p = 0, 001, respectivamente), bem como o aumento do dano a proteínas em pacientes unipolares (p = 0,003). Não foram observadas alterações nos níveis de BDNF em ambos os grupos de pacientes (p =0,295) e no conteúdo de peroxidação de lipídios (p = 0,860). Uma correlação positiva foi encontrada entre os valores de HAM-D e níveis de carbonilação (r =0,291; p =0,036) em pacientes bipolares. Conclusão: Nossos resultados indicam o envolvimento do estresse oxidativo e de uma alteração no sistema imune inflamatório em pacientes depressivos, contudo os marcadores aqui estudados não seriam ideais para diferenciação dos transtornos depressivos bipolares e unipolares, sendo necessários mais estudos, com uma amostra maior, para validação destes achados.Background: The molecular mechanisms linked to pathophysiology of mood disorders are not yet fully elucidated. In recent years there has been a growing recognition that changes in the immune system, oxidative stress and neurotrophic factors could contribute to the development of mood episodes. The diagnosis of Bipolar disorder is a challenge to be recognized due to the high degree of overlap of symptoms, which are presented by a patient during bipolar depressive episode and correlate with the diagnostic criteria for major depression. In this context, the search for peripheral markers for psychiatric disorders has followed for many years, yet remains undefined. Objective: As a result, this study aims to search for peripheral markers for use in aiding the differential diagnosis of unipolar and bipolar depression. Methods: To this end, we measured serum levels of BDNF; IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF, IFN-P, IL-17, damage to lipids and proteins in 54 depressive Bipolar and Unipolar outpatients matched to 54 healthy volunteers. Depressive episode was assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). Results: In this study we found increased interleukin-6 in both groups compared to controls (p = 0.020 and p = 0.001, respectively), as well as increased damage to proteins in unipolar patients (p = 0.003). There were no changes in BDNF levels in both groups of patients (p = 0.295) and the content of lipid peroxidation (p = 0.860). A positive correlation was found between the values of HDRS and protein carbonyl levels (r = 0.291, p = 0.036) in bipolar patients. Conclusion: Our results indicate the involvement of oxidative stress, for damage to proteins, and a change in the inflammatory immune system in depressed patients; however the markers evaluated here were not suitable for differentiation of unipolar and bipolar depressive disorders, more research is needed, with a larger sample to validate these findings.
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Sarrar, Lea. "Kognitive Funktionen bei adoleszenten Patienten mit Anorexia nervosa und unipolaren Affektiven Störungen." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2014. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2014/7243/.
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Anorexia nervosa und unipolare Affektive Störungen stellen häufige und schwerwiegende kinder- und jugendpsychiatrische Störungsbilder dar, deren Pathogenese bislang nicht vollständig entschlüsselt ist. Verschiedene Studien zeigen bei erwachsenen Patienten gravierende Auffälligkeiten in den kognitiven Funktionen. Dahingegen scheinen bei adoleszenten Patienten lediglich leichtere Einschränkungen in den kognitiven Funktionen vorzuliegen. Die Prävalenz der Anorexia nervosa und unipolaren Affektiven Störung ist mit Beginn der Adoleszenz deutlich erhöht. Es ist anzunehmen, dass kognitive Dysfunktionen, die sich bereits in diesem Alter abzeichnen, den weiteren Krankheitsverlauf bis in das Erwachsenenalter, die Behandlungsergebnisse und die Prognose maßgeblich beeinträchtigen könnten. Zudem ist von einem höheren Chronifizierungsrisiko auszugehen.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden daher kognitive Funktionen bei adoleszenten Patientinnen mit Anorexia nervosa sowie Patienten mit unipolaren Affektiven Störungen untersucht. Die Überprüfung der kognitiven Funktionen bei Patientinnen mit Anorexia nervosa erfolgte vor und nach Gewichtszunahme. Weiterhin wurden zugrundeliegende biologische Mechanismen überprüft. Zudem wurde die Spezifität kognitiver Dysfunktionen für beide Störungsbilder untersucht und bei Patienten mit unipolaren Affektiven Störungen geschlechtsbezogene Unterschiede exploriert. Insgesamt gingen 47 Patientinnen mit Anorexia nervosa (mittleres Alter 16,3 + 1,6 Jahre), 39 Patienten mit unipolaren Affektiven Störungen (mittleres Alter 15,5 + 1,3 Jahre) sowie 78 Kontrollprobanden (mittleres Alter 16,5 + 1,3 Jahre) in die Untersuchung ein. Sämtliche Studienteilnehmer durchliefen eine neuropsychologische Testbatterie, bestehend aus Verfahren zur Überprüfung der kognitiven Flexibilität sowie visuellen und psychomotorischen Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit. Neben einem Intelligenzscreening wurden zudem das Ausmaß der depressiven Symptomatik sowie die allgemeine psychische Belastung erfasst.
Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass bei adoleszenten Patientinnen mit Anorexia nervosa, sowohl im akut untergewichtigen Zustand als auch nach Gewichtszunahme, lediglich milde Beeinträchtigungen in den kognitiven Funktionen vorliegen. Im akut untergewichtigen Zustand offenbarten sich deutliche Zusammenhänge zwischen dem appetitregulierenden Peptid Agouti-related Protein und kognitiver Flexibilität, nicht jedoch zwischen Agouti-related Protein und visueller oder psychomotorischer Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit. Bei dem Vergleich von Anorexia nervosa und unipolaren Affektiven Störungen prädizierte die Zugehörigkeit zu der Patientengruppe Anorexia nervosa ein Risiko für das Vorliegen kognitiver Dysfunktionen. Es zeigte sich zudem, dass adoleszente Patienten mit unipolaren Affektiven Störungen lediglich in der psychomotorischen Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit tendenziell schwächere Leistungen offenbarten als gesunde Kontrollprobanden. Es ergab sich jedoch ein genereller geschlechtsbezogener Vorteil für weibliche Probanden in der visuellen und psychomotorischen Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit.
Die vorliegenden Befunde unterstreichen die Notwendigkeit der Überprüfung kognitiver Funktionen bei adoleszenten Patienten mit Anorexia nervosa sowie unipolaren Affektiven Störungen in der klinischen Routinediagnostik. Die Patienten könnten von spezifischen Therapieprogrammen profitieren, die Beeinträchtigungen in den kognitiven Funktionen mildern bzw. präventiv behandeln.Anorexia nervosa and unipolar affective disorders are common and severe psychiatric disorders whose pathogenesis is not fully understood so far. Several studies have revealed serious impairments in cognitive functions among adult patients whereas recent research in adolescent patients shows only subtle cognitive dysfunctions. The prevalence in both disorders increases with the beginning of adolescence. Cognitive impairments that occur during adolescence may exacerbate the course of disease. Early cognitive deficits may also hinder treatment efforts and prognosis to a greater extent than during adulthood. Moreover, there is a higher risk for chronification. In the present study cognitive functions in adolescent patients with anorexia nervosa and unipolar affective disorders were examined. Cognitive functions in patients with anorexia nervosa were assessed before and after weight gain. Furthermore, the underlying biological mechanisms were explored. Moreover, the specificity for these psychiatric diagnoses as well as gender differences in patients with unipolar affective disorders were investigated. 47 patients with anorexia nervosa (mean age 16.3 + 1.6), 39 patients with unipolar affective disorders (mean age 15.5 + 1.3) and 78 healthy adolescents (mean age 16.5 + 1.3) participated in this study. Each of them completed a battery of neuropsychological tests for cognitive functions including tests for assessing cognitive flexibility as well as visual and psychomotor processing speed. Moreover, intelligence, depressive symptoms and psychological stress were explored. The findings revealed only subtle cognitive impairments in adolescent patients with anorexia nervosa, both in underweight condition and after weight gain. Besides, the results showed an association between cognitive flexibility and plasma agouti-related protein levels in female adolescent patients with acute anorexia nervosa, but not for visual or psychomotor speed and plasma agouti-related protein levels. Comparing anorexia nervosa and unipolar affective disorders, the results suggested a higher risk for cognitive dysfunctions when belonging to the anorexia nervosa group. Furthermore, the results only revealed a slightly weaker performance in psychomotor processing speed in adolescent patients with unipolar affective disorders compared to healthy adolescents. Moreover, female subjects generally displayed a better performance in visual and psychomotor processing speed. The present findings underlie the necessity of exploring cognitive functions in adolescent patients with anorexia nervosa and unipolar affective disorders within routine clinical diagnostic. Patients may benefit from specific therapy programs to reduce or prevent cognitive dysfunctions.
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Pereira, Demetrius Cesario. "União Europeia : a politica externa e de segurança comum em um mundo unipolar." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/281929.
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Orientador: Sebastião Carlos Velasco e CruzDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: Esta dissertação pretende analisar a influência do sistema internacional após a Guerra Fria no regionalismo europeu por meio do estudo da Política Externa e de Segurança Comum (PESC) da União Européia (UE). No trabalho, procurou-se apresentar as teorias sistêmicas de integração regional, concentrando-se na perspectiva neo-realista para a análise da PESC. A partir daí, contextualiza-se o cenário mundial e regional, para então inserir o estudo da PESC na análise. Estudou-se também as discussões que levaram à criação da PESC pelo Tratado de Maastricht, com a análise das posições dos três principais países envolvidos na negociação, Alemanha, França e Reino Unido, para depois examinar suas características e evoluções. Assim, o trabalho relaciona os avanços e retrocessos da PESC com as previsões feitas pelos teóricos realistas, avaliando a validade de seus argumentos e tecendo cenários futuros com o auxílio da teoria, especialmente em relação à independência de uma política externa européia em relação aos EUA e à OTAN
Abstract: This paper is an analysis of the post-Cold War international system in the European regionalism through the study of the Common Foreign and Security Polity (CFSP) of the European Union (UE). The regional integration systemic theories are presented, concentrating in the neorealist perspective to the analysis of CFSP. From this starting point, the global and regional scenarios are contextualized, and then the study of the CFSP is inserted. It was also studied the discussions that led to the creation of CFSP by the Maastricht Treaty, along with the analysis of the positions of the three main countries involved in the negotiation, Germany, France and United Kingdom, to then examine its characteristics and evolutions. The paper correlates advances and backlashes of the CFSP with the previsions made by the realist scholars, evaluating the validity of their arguments and building future scenarios with the aid of theory, especially in relation to the independence of a European foreign policy in relation to the US and NATO
Mestrado
Mestre em Relações Internacionais
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Patella, André Machado. "Depressão unipolar e bipolar em uma amostra de indivíduos jovens: aspectos clínicos diferenciais." Universidade Catolica de Pelotas, 2018. http://tede.ucpel.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/jspui/744.
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Bipolar disorder is one of the most incapacitating diseases in the world. The first manifestations of this disease are usually depressive states that can be frequently mistaken by unipolar depression. An incorrect diagnosis at this point can turn into a problem as it delays the specific treatment for bipolar disease, or even worse, an inappropriate treatment can aggravate the clinical presentation. Currently differential diagnosis between bipolar disorder and unipolar depression holds on the presence of a maniac or hippomaniac episode. This study aims to evaluate social demographics and clinical aspects of young adults with age between 18-29 years, living in the city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, searching for factors that can differentiate both affective diseases.
O transtorno afetivo bipolar é uma das doenças mais incapacitantes do mundo. As primeiras manifestações dessa doença geralmente são quadros depressivos que podem ser facilmente confundido com um transtorno depressivo unipolar. Um erro no diagnóstico pode acarretar em atraso no tratamento específico e até mesmo em um tratamento incorreto que pode levar a um agravamento do quadro clínico. Atualmente o diagnóstico diferencial entre transtorno afetivo bipolar e transtorno depressivo é feito apenas pela existência de um episódio maníaco ou hipomaníaco nos pacientes bipolares. O presente estudo busca avaliar aspectos sócios demográficos e clínicos de pacientes adultos jovens com idade entre 18-29 anos, residentes no município de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, a fim de identificar fatores que possam diferenciar ambos os quadros afetivos.
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Jiang, Yuxiang. "A Unipolar Pulse Electromagnetic Field Apparatus for Magnetic Therapy: Design, Simulation and Development." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37854.
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As a magnetic therapy apparatus with medical benefits, the Unipolar Pulse Electromagnetic Field (UPEMF) apparatus is presented to produce unipolar pulsed magnetic waveforms with an intensity, shape, and frequency that meet medical requirements. The unipolar pulse is the most significant advantage, as the implemented apparatus is considered to be the first improvement in Pulse Electromagnetic Fields (PEMFs). The magnetic field is generated by a specially designed electromagnetic unit. In this unit, an electromagnet is concentrated by a designed concentrator to strengthen the magnetic field at the north pole and weaken the field on the opposite end. An electromagnetic shield is adopted to eliminate the effects of the south pole but allow the output from the north pole. Excited by a designed pulsed waveform generator, the electromagnetic unit generates a strong alternating-current magnetic field. In my work, the detailed design and development of the electromagnetic unit for UPEMF are introduced, therein being modeled and tested using Finite Element Method simulations. The model is characterized mathematically in three parts: the concentrator, the electromagnetic shield, and the overall unit. The testing and performance measurements of the actual Unipolar Pulse Electromagnetic Field apparatus are achieved using a Gauss meter and oscilloscope.
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Gabriel, Franciele Cordeiro. "Síntese de recomendações: um recurso para subsidiar o processo de adaptação de guia de prática clínica para o tratamento farmacológico da depressão." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-28012019-112343/.
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A depressão é um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública do século XXI. Guias de prática clínica (GPCs) estão disponíveis para o tratamento da depressão e têm como objetivo fornecer a melhor e mais recente evidência disponível para os cuidados dos pacientes. Visando reduzir a duplicação de esforços e realizar a adequação de GPC ao contexto local o objetivo desta pesquisa é sintetizar as recomendações de GPCs de alta qualidade sobre o tratamento farmacológico da depressão em adultos na atenção primária. Foram realizadas as etapas busca sistemática dos GPCs, avaliação e seleção dos GPCs de melhor qualidade, e elaboração da síntese de recomendações de acordo com o preconizado no método ADAPTE. Foram considerados os GPCs com recomendações para o tratamento farmacológico da depressão em adultos em atenção primária, em língua inglesa, portuguesa ou espanhola, publicados a partir de 2011. Para a avaliação da qualidade dos GPCs, foi utilizado o Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation II (AGREE II) sendo considerados de alta qualidade os GPCs com 80% ou mais no domínio \"rigor metodológico\". As características associadas à alta qualidade dos GPCs foram analisadas por meio do teste estatístico de Fisher. A extração das recomendações foi realizada de modo independente por dois avaliadores e estas foram organizadas em tópicos. Dos 28 GPC avaliados apenas cinco (18%) foram considerados de alta qualidade. A realização de revisão sistemática e da revisão externa e a aplicação de consenso formal foram características associadas à alta qualidade. Na síntese, além dos GPCs de alta qualidade, foram incluídos 2 GPCs muito empregados na prática clínica. Constatou-se que a maioria dos GPCs traz recomendações concordantes e complementares. Quase todos os GPCs recomendam o uso de inibidores seletivos de recaptação de serotonina como primeira escolha de tratamento. Uma das principais divergências é a recomendação de agomelatina, milnaciprano e mianserina por um dos GPCs como opção de primeira linha de tratamento. A pesquisa demonstra que a qualidade dos GPCs está aquém do desejável, tal qual evidenciado em outros estudos. A elaboração da síntese de recomendações permitiu evidenciar que há um GPC que se destacou por recomendar o uso de medicamentos considerados pouco eficazes na depressão. Considerando que a maioria das recomendações eram concordantes e os GPCs complementavam-se, essa síntese pode contribuir para que sejam realizadas discussões e adaptações locais, favorecendo a elaboração de novos GPCs que possam atender às necessidades de distintos grupos de usuários e demandas regionais.Depression is one of the most significant public health problems of the 21st century. Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) are available for treating depression and are used for providing the best and latest evidence available for patient care. To avoid the duplication of effort and allow the adequacy of CPGs to regional healthcare networks, the objective of this study is to summarise the recommendations of high-quality CPGs on the pharmacological treatment of depression in adults in the primary healthcare network. The stages of this study were the systematic search of CPGs, analysis and selection of high-quality CPGs, and summarisation of the recommendations according to the ADAPTE guidelines. The CPGs published in English, Portuguese, and Spanish since 2011 with recommendations for the pharmacological treatment of depression in adults in the primary healthcare network were considered. The Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation II (AGREE II) was used to evaluate the quality of CPGs. CPGs with a score of >=80% in the domain \'methodological rigour\' were considered high-quality. The factors associated with high quality were analysed using Fisher\'s exact test. The recommendations were extracted independently by two evaluators and organised into topics. Of the 28 evaluated CPGs, five (18%) were considered high-quality. The inclusion of systematic reviews and external reviews and the application of formal consensus were associated with high quality. In addition to high-quality CPGs, two CPGs commonly used in clinical practice were included in the summary. The recommendations provided by most CPGs were consistent and complementary. Almost all CPGs recommended using selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors as the first choice of treatment. One of the main divergences was the recommendation of agomelatine, milnacipran, and mianserin by one CPG as a first-line treatment option. The quality of CPGs was below desirable, and this result was corroborated by other studies. The analysis of the recommendations indicated that one CPG advised using medications with low efficacy in treating depression. Provided that most suggestions were concordant and the CPGs were complementary, this summary may contribute to local discussions and adaptations and promote the development of new CPGs that meet the needs of different user groups and regional demands.
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Elshelmani, Saad A. "The new world order and its impact on the Arab Israeli peace process (1991-1999)." Thesis, Durham University, 2000. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4323/.
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This thesis examines the impact of the New World Order on the Arab-Israeli peace process. It argues that, since the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, the old bipolar World Order has disappeared and a new unipolar one has emerged. The United States of America, as the only remaining single superpower, has enjoyed a great degree of influence and a kind of hegemony in international affairs. Its military superiority and economic, technological and diplomatic strength, in the absence of any competing power, have given it the upper hand to pursue its own policies and its own interests. This American unipolarity and hegemony are clearly demonstrated in the Middle East peace process. The United States' unipolarity on the international level and its hegemony on the regional level have allowed it to pursue policies to resolve the Arab- Israeli conflict. Regional states, released from the constraints or protection of the patron- client relationships fostered under the bi-polar Old World Order, have adjusted their own policies to take into account this New World Order. A neo-realist understanding of this has been developed which assesses this process in terms of international and regional balance of power and "rules of the game”. This method had been used to understand the reasons for and nature of the Arab- Israeli peace negotiations that started at Madrid in 1991 and developed in Oslo in 1993. The thesis argues that these negotiations were in fact a single process which was the direct result of this American-led New World Order. Whether through direct or indirect American involvement or through the indirect or direct acknowledgement by regional actors of the nature of the New World Order, American interests and preferences have been strongly reflected in the peace process.
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Adli, Mazda, Tom Bschor, Michael Bauer, Claudia Lucka, Ute Lewitzka, Marcus Ising, Manfred Uhr, Bruno Müller-Oerlinghausen, and Christopher Baethge. "Long-Term Outcome after Lithium Augmentation in Unipolar Depression: Focus on HPA System Activity." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-134647.
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Background: Lithium augmentation is a first-line strategy for depressed patients resistant to antidepressive therapy, but little is known about patients’ subsequent long-term course or outcome predictors. We investigated long-term outcomes of unipolar depressed patients who had participated in a study on the effects of lithium augmentation on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system using the combined dexamethasone/corticotrophin-releasing hormone (DEX/CRH) test. Methods: Twelve to 28 months (mean 18.6 ± 4.6 months) after lithium augmentation, 23 patients were assessed with a standardized interview, of which 18 patients had complete DEX/CRH test results. Relapse was diagnosed by DSM-IV criteria (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV; SCID I). Results: Only 11 patients (48%) had a favorable follow-up, defined as absence of major depressive episodes during the observation period. Patients with a favorable and an unfavorable course did not differ in clinical or sociodemographic parameters, endocrinological results or continuation of lithium. However, fewer previous depressive episodes tended to correlate (p = 0.09) with a favorable course. Conclusion: Results from studies using the DEX/CRH test to predict relapse in depressed patients treated with antidepressants were not replicated for lithium augmentation. Our finding could reflect the elevation of DEX/CRH results by lithium, independent of clinical course. Limitations of the study are its small sample size, the heterogeneous clinical baseline conditions and the lack of lithium serum levels. The fact that lithium continuation did not predict the course might be related to the difference between the efficacy of lithium in controlled studies and its effectiveness in naturalistic settingsDieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich
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Roberts, Graham John. "Evaluation of emerging unipolar devices in the motor drive of a hybrid electric vehicle." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2010. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/38336/.
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Silicon carbide (SiC) is seen as a potential replacement power semiconductor material because it can operate at high temperatures, with reduced losses leading to high efficiency in power converter applications. The SiC Schottky diode and metal oxide field effect transistor (MOSFET) are two devices which offer improved efficiency in power conversion, with the former commercially available for a number of years and the latter currently emerging as a commercially available device. The original contribution of this thesis is the integration of models of the SiC Schottky diode and SiC MOSFET into a fast inverter simulation framework, giving a method of evaluating the benefits offered by these emerging devices to a hybrid vehicle inverter. Fast models of the SiC Schottky diode and SiC MOSFET based on device physics were implemented. These models used device design parameters and material temperature dependencies to determine device behaviour where possible, rather than relying completely on empirically determined parameters, such that a user could evaluate the benefits offered by a new SiC device design to a whole system. On-state and switching data were gathered from commercially available diodes and a prototype MOSFET to allow validation of the models. Parameter extraction methods were developed and applied to measurements of existing devices to provide an initial estimate of model parameters, then these parameters were adjusted to give a good match between measured and simulated on-state and switching data. Following validation, the models were integrated into a fast inverter simulation framework, allowing the simulation of a hybrid vehicle inverter undergoing a 35 minute load cycle, taking approximately seven minutes to complete. This is approximately five times faster than real time. The output of this simulation was a temperature profile for the Schottky diode an MOSFET, giving information that can assist in investigation of an inverter and cooling system design for a particular load cycle.
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Schneider, M?nica Karine. "An?lise dos efeitos da depress?o maior unipolar na cogni??o de idosos." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2010. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/2621.
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Previous issue date: 2010-03-22Dados sobre a preval?ncia da depress?o em idosos mostram que uma em cada oito pessoas acima de 65 anos ? afetada pela doen?a, a qual est? freq?entemente associada a altera??es cognitivas, principalmente ?quelas suportadas pelo lobo frontal, como aten??o e mem?ria epis?dica. Objetivos: Investigar o desempenho de idosos depressivos em fun??es cognitivas suportadas pelos lobos frontais e temporais, buscando caracterizar os diferentes dom?nios cognitivos afetados pela depress?o. Material e M?todo: Popula??o e amostra: idosos controles (n=28), idosos com diagn?stico de depress?o maior unipolar (n=8). Instrumentos e procedimentos: Todos os sujeitos submeteram-se aos instrumentos para caracteriza??o da amostra (question?rio de identifica??o pessoal e quest?es de sa?de, Mini Exame do Estado Mental e Invent?rio de Depress?o de Beck), e foram exclu?dos sujeitos com dem?ncia, uso de medica??o psicotr?pica que n?o antidepressiva, altera??es sensoriais incompat?veis com a realiza??o das tarefas, escolaridade inferior a 4 anos. Os participantes realizaram avalia??o psicol?gica composta pelo Teste de Classifica??o de Cartas de Wisconsin, para avaliar o funcionamento do lobo frontal, e pelo subteste de vocabul?rio da Escala Weschler de Intelig?ncia para Adultos, como uma medida de intelig?ncia geral. Para an?lise da mem?ria e do efeito de estrat?gias de codifica??o associativa, os participantes se submeteram a uma tarefa de mem?ria contextual experimental, composta de tarefa de reconhecimento de objetos e de contextos, realizada em duas vers?es, com e sem uso de estrat?gia de codifica??o associativa. Os testes estat?sticos utilizados abrangeram a an?lise de vari?ncia, an?lise de vari?ncia com medidas repetidas (todas seguidas do teste post-hoc de Tuckey, quando necess?rio) e a regress?o linear. P<0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante. Resultados: O desempenho de idosos controles na tarefa de mem?ria contextual foi maior (P<0,05) na vers?o com estrat?gia de codifica??o associativa do que sem estrat?gia de codifica??o associativa. Idosos depressivos apresentaram menor desempenho (p<0,005) que os controles nas tarefas de span de d?gitos e Wisconsin (categorias completadas), al?m apresentarem menor desempenho que os controles na tarefa de mem?ria contextual com estrat?gia de codifica??o associativa (p<0,005). Conclus?es: Os resultados obtidos indicam que idosos com Depress?o Maior Unipolar n?o s?o capazes de fazer uso de estrat?gias de codifica??o associativa, indicando que os mesmos apresentam uma menor reserva cognitiva. Portanto, o presente estudo levanta a necessidade do desenvolvimento de estrat?gias de reabilita??o cognitiva espec?ficas para esta popula??o.
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Adli, Mazda, Tom Bschor, Michael Bauer, Claudia Lucka, Ute Lewitzka, Marcus Ising, Manfred Uhr, Bruno Müller-Oerlinghausen, and Christopher Baethge. "Long-Term Outcome after Lithium Augmentation in Unipolar Depression: Focus on HPA System Activity." Karger, 2009. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A27585.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Lithium augmentation is a first-line strategy for depressed patients resistant to antidepressive therapy, but little is known about patients’ subsequent long-term course or outcome predictors. We investigated long-term outcomes of unipolar depressed patients who had participated in a study on the effects of lithium augmentation on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system using the combined dexamethasone/corticotrophin-releasing hormone (DEX/CRH) test. Methods: Twelve to 28 months (mean 18.6 ± 4.6 months) after lithium augmentation, 23 patients were assessed with a standardized interview, of which 18 patients had complete DEX/CRH test results. Relapse was diagnosed by DSM-IV criteria (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV; SCID I). Results: Only 11 patients (48%) had a favorable follow-up, defined as absence of major depressive episodes during the observation period. Patients with a favorable and an unfavorable course did not differ in clinical or sociodemographic parameters, endocrinological results or continuation of lithium. However, fewer previous depressive episodes tended to correlate (p = 0.09) with a favorable course. Conclusion: Results from studies using the DEX/CRH test to predict relapse in depressed patients treated with antidepressants were not replicated for lithium augmentation. Our finding could reflect the elevation of DEX/CRH results by lithium, independent of clinical course. Limitations of the study are its small sample size, the heterogeneous clinical baseline conditions and the lack of lithium serum levels. The fact that lithium continuation did not predict the course might be related to the difference between the efficacy of lithium in controlled studies and its effectiveness in naturalistic settings.Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.
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Gordon, Mark Alexander. "U.S. in the Unipolar Moment: Analysis of George W. Bush Middle East Foreign Policy." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/47948.
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Using a comparative trend analysis for fifteen states in the Middle East during President George W. Bush's eight year administration, this paper provides one method for answering the research question, "What was the priority/focus of U.S. Middle East policy during the W. Bush Administration?" Within the context of international relations theories neorealism, neoliberalism, and neoconservatism, U.S. policy is broken down into three policy priorities: stability, security, and democracy promotion and measured for each state for each year of the administration. Line graphs illustrate the changes from year to year and linear trend lines indicate the direction of change as positive, negative, or neutral. The results are used to validate the three working hypotheses: 1) if the U.S. views stability as paramount, then its foreign policy will be to support the status quo regimes, 2) if the U.S. wants to maintain security, then its foreign policy will be to demonstrate power projection via its military, and 3) if the U.S. aims at democracy promotion, the its foreign policy will be to implement economic aid and assistance programs to reform non-democratic governments and strengthen existing democratic institutions. Eleven states confirmed the stability hypothesis, nine states confirmed the security hypothesis, and twelve states confirmed the democracy promotion hypothesis. There was no discernable pattern between the trends across states indicating that the U.S. consistently pursued one policy priority over the others. There were only two complete cases in which a state had only one positive trending policy priority.Master of Arts
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Byrum, Christine Annette. "A cellular analysis of gastrulation by unipolar ingression in the hydrozoan Phialidium (Clytia) gregarium /." Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3008293.
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Pham, Thanh-Toan. "Mastering the O-diamond/Al2O3 interface for unipolar boron doped diamond field effect transistor." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAT051/document.
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De nos jours, l'effet du réchauffement planétaire devient une question primordiale pour l'humanité. La plupart des sources d'énergie traditionnelles comme l’énergie thermique, le nucléaire, l'hydroélectricité, etc. sont dangereux et/ou potentiellement dangereux pour la nature et l'être humain. Par conséquent, une «énergie verte» est fortement souhaitée. L'énergie verte a deux caractéristiques : d'une part l’utilisation de sources d'énergie renouvelables comme l'énergie solaire ou géothermique, etc au lieu des sources d'énergie traditionnelles, ainsi qu’un meilleur rendement. Un rapport récent a souligné que la perte d'énergie aux États-Unis est plus importante que la somme de toutes les énergies renouvelables générées. Il est donc essentiel d'utiliser efficacement l'électricité et de limiter les pertes. Malheureusement, les pertes sont l'endémie des composants semi-conducteurs, le dispositif central de tout système de conversion de puissance. Le silicium (Si), le matériau le plus utilisé dans les composants semi-conducteurs a atteint sa limite physique. Des semi-conducteurs à large bande interdite tels que SiC, GaN, Ga2O3 et le diamant sont des matériaux prometteurs pour fabriquer des dispositifs à faibles pertes en état ON et avec une tension de claquage à l’état OFF élevée. Parmi eux, le diamant est un semi-conducteur idéal pour les appareils de haute puissance en raison de ses propriétés physiques supérieures aux autres matériaux. Les progrès récents sur ce sujet permettent de considérer le développement de dispositifs de puissance en diamant, par exemple les MOSFETs. Afin de réaliser un MOSFET en diamant semi-conducteur, le nombre de problèmes à surmonter est important, particulièrement maîtriser l'interface diamant/oxyde. Dans ce contexte, G. Chicot et A. Marechal (anciens doctorants de notre groupe) ont introduit les dispositifs de test MOSCAP O-diamant/Al2O3 et montré que l'alignement des bandes est de type I à l'interface O-diamant/Al2O3, ce qui est favorable pour réaliser à la fois un MOSFET à inversion et un MOSFET à déplétion. Ce doctorat s’inscrit dans la suite de ces deux thèses. Il a eu deux objectifs principaux: 1. Les recherches fondamentales, qui se consacrent à la compréhension de la caractéristique électrique d'un dispositif de test de diamant MOSCAP; 2. Partant de la compréhension du MOSCAP, un MOSFET en diamant est réalisé par le contrôle de la conduction de courant volumique. La thèse comprend ainsi trois chapitres : Le chapitre 1 traite du contexte des dispositifs de puissance ainsi que des propriétés physiques du diamant et de l'état de l'art des dispositifs en diamant. Nous introduisons également le principe de fonctionnement d'un dispositif de test MOSCAP idéal et de l'état de l'art des O-diamant MOSCAP. Le chapitre 2 est consacré à la compréhension fondamentale des O-diamant MOS capacités et comprennent trois parties principales: la partie 1 traite des questions de méthodologie liées à la croissance du diamant, le procédé de fabrication et de caractérisation électrique. Nous allons construire un modèle électrostatique empirique pour les MOSCAP O-diamant. La partie 2 discute de l'origine du courant de fuite et de la dispersion de la caractéristique capacitance-fréquence lorsque la MOSCAP est polarisée en négatif. La partie 3 traite de l'origine du courant de fuite et de la dispersion de la caractéristique capacitance-fréquence lorsque la MOSCAP est polarisée en positif. Le chapitre 3 présente notre approche pour réaliser un MOSFET en diamant dopé au Bore. Les performances du transistor et ses paramètres importants seront quantifiées. Le benchmark du dispositif et la projection vers son amélioration seront mentionnésNowadays, global warming effect is one of most challenging issue for human being. Most of “traditional energy” sources like thermal power; nuclear power, hydroelectricity power, etc. are dangerous and/or potentially dangerous for nature and human being. Therefore, the "greener energy" is highly desired. The "greener energy" has two folds meaning: on one hand, using renewable energy sources like solar power, wind power or geothermal energy, etc. instead of the traditional energy sources. One another hand, use the electricity more effectively and more efficiency. A recent report has pointed out that the energy loss in US is in fact more than sum of all renewable energy generate in US. Therefore, effectively utilizing electricity and limiting the waste is critical.Unfortunately, losses are the endemic of semiconductor components, the central device of all power conversion system. Silicon (Si), the main material for semiconductor components has reached its physical limit. Wide band-gap semiconductors such as SiC, GaN, Ga2O3 and diamond are promising materials to fabricate the devices low ON-state loss and high OFF-state breakdown voltage. Among them, diamond is an ideal semiconductor for power devices due to its superior physical properties. Recent progresses on diamond technology permits one consider the diamond power devices, e.g. MOSFET.In order to realize a diamond MOSFET by controlled diamond semiconductor, the numbers of issues needed to be overcome is important, especially mastering the diamond/oxide interface. In this context, G. Chicot and A. Marechal (former PhD students in our group) has introduced the O-diamond/Al2O3 MOSCAP test devices and measured the type I band alignment at O-diamond/Al2O3 interface, which is favorable to realize both inversion MOSFET and depletion MOSFET in his PhD these. This PhD project is a continuation of two-mentioned thesis and including two main objects: 1. Fundamental investigations dedicate to understand the electrical characteristic of an O-diamond MOSCAP test device; 2. Realize a unipolar diamond MOSFET by controlling the diamond semiconductor epilayer. The thesis will include three chapters:Chapter 1 discusses the context of power devices as well as the physical properties of diamond and state-of-the-art of diamond devices. We also introduce the working principle of an ideal MOSCAP test device and States-of-the-art of O-diamond MOSCAP test devices.Chapter 2 dedicates for the fundamental understanding O-diamond MOSCAP and include three main parts: Part 1 addresses the methodology issues related to diamond growth, fabrication processing and electrical characterizations. We will construct an empirical electrostatics model for O-diamond MOSCAP. Part 2 discusses the origin of leakage current and capacitance-frequency dependent when O-diamond MOSCAP is biasing in negative direction. We quantify the interface states density at O-diamond/Al2O3 interface by conductance method and the complete electrostatics model for O-diamond/Al2O3 MOSCAP will be constructed. Part 3 discusses the origin of leakage current and the capacitance-frequency dependent when the O-diamond MOS capacitor is biasing in positive direction.Chapter 3 introduces our approach to realize a depletion mode diamond MOSFET. Transistor performance and the important parameters of the transistor will be quantified. The benchmark of the device and the projection towards its improvement will be mentioned
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Du, Preez Shereen. "Depressogenic cognitive schemas, levels of depression and hopelessness among individuals diagnosed with unipolar mood disorder." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1074.
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While mood disorders rank within the top ten disabilities worldwide, there has been limited research done on cognitive schemas and the role they play in the development of mood disorders in South Africa. Cognitive conceptualisations of depression typically emphasize the schema-based automatic processing of information. Beck (1967, 1976 & 1987) suggested that schematically driven automatic thinking is a key element in depressive disorders. Research in the field of depression has identified cognitive schemas as a factor which increases an individual’s diathesis to depression. The primary aim of this research is to explore and describe maladaptive cognitive schemas, hopelessness and levels of depression amongst individuals diagnosed with Unipolar Mood Disorder. A further aim of the research has been to explore the relationship between maladaptive cognitive schemas and hopelessness as a diathesis to depression. In order to achieve the objectives, data was collected from a sample of 50 inpatients diagnosed with Unipolar Mood Disorder. The following measures were used: Young’s Schema Questionnaire, Beck's Depression Inventory – 2nd edition and Beck’s Hopelessness Scale. The research is quantitative in nature and takes the form of an exploratory-descriptive study. Data has been analysed by means of descriptive statistics in order to identify the mean, ranges and standard deviation of the measures used. Cross-tabulations have been used to further explore the relationship between the variables mentioned above. It was found that a statistically significant correlation exists between the BDI, BHS and YSQ. Maladaptive cognitive schemas were found to have a strong positive correlation 4 to depression, whereas hopelessness was found to have a less significant role in Unipolar Mood Disorder. The most significant schemas found in relation to hopelessness, were the Social Isolation, Unrelenting Standards and Pessimism schemas. With regards to depression, the most significant schemas were found to be Mistrust, Practical Incompetence, Vulnerability, Subjugation, Self-Sacrifice, Emotional Inhibition, Unrelenting Standards, Entitlement, Insufficient Self-Control, Admiration, Pessimism and Self-Punitiveness. All the above mentioned variables proved to have a statistically significant relationship. The findings of this research study are for the most part consistent with the literature on depression, hopelessness and cognitive vulnerabilities, and all of the above mentioned concepts have been found to be related.