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Journal articles on the topic "Unioni registrate"

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Grieco, Cristina. "The role of party autonomy under the regulations on matrimonial property regimes and property consequences of registered partnerships. Some remarks on the coordination between the legal regime established by the new regulations and other relevant instruments of European Private International Law = Il ruolo dell’autonomia della volontà nei regolamenti sui rapporti patrimoniali tra coniugi e sugli effetti patrimoniali delle unioni registrate. Alcune considerazioni sul coordinamento tra il regime giuridico stabilito dai nuovi regolamenti e altri strumenti di diritto internazionale privato europeo." CUADERNOS DE DERECHO TRANSNACIONAL 10, no. 2 (October 5, 2018): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2018.4384.

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Abstract: The new Regulations (No. 2016/1103 and No. 2016/1104) recently adopted through an enhanced cooperation by the European Legislator aim to deal with all the private international law aspects of matrimonial property regimes and property consequences of registered partnerships, both as concerns the daily management of matrimonial property (or partner’s property) and its liquidation, in particular as a result of the couple’s separation or the death of one of the spouses (or partners). This paper aims to address the prominent role of party autonomy in the two Regulations and to focus on the coordination between the legal system embodied in the new two Regulations, and other relevant instruments of European private international law in force, such as the Succession Regulation and the Bruxelles II- bis Regulation.Keywords: party autonomy; successions; matrimonial property regime, partnership property regi­me, applicable law, choice of law, private international law.Riassunto: I due nuovi regolamenti (No. 2016/1103 e No. 2016/1104), recentemente adottati nell’ambito di una cooperazione rafforzata dal legislatore europeo, si propongono di regolare tutti gli aspetti internazional privatistici legati ai regimi patrimoniali tra coniugi e alle conseguenze patrimoniali delle partnership registrate, sia per ciò che concerne la regolare amministrazione dei beni sia per ciò che riguarda la liquidazione degli stessi beni facenti parte del regime matrimoniale (o della partnership regi­strata) nel caso si verifichino vicende che ne alterino il normale svolgimento, come la separazione della coppia o la morte di uno degli sposi (o dei partner). Il presente scritto si propone di esaminare il ruolo prominente che, all’interno di entrambi i regolamenti, è riservato alla volontà delle parti e di focaliz­zarsi sul coordinamento tra i due nuovi strumenti e gli altri regolamenti di diritto internazionale privato europeo attualmente in vigore e, particolarmente, il regolamento sulle successioni transfrontaliere e il regolamento Bruxelles II- bisParole chiave: autonomia della volontà; successioni; rapporti patrimoniali tra coniugi; effetti pa­trimoniali delle unioni registrate; legge applicabile; scelta di legge; diritto internazionale privato.
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Válková, Lenka. "The interplay between jurisdictional rules established in the EU legal instruments in the field of family law: testing functionality through simultaneous application with domestic law = L’interazione tra le regole di giurisdizione all’interno degli strumenti giuridici dell’UE nell’ambito del diritto di famiglia: la prova del funzionamento attraverso l’applicazione simultanea del diritto nazionale." CUADERNOS DE DERECHO TRANSNACIONAL 9, no. 2 (October 5, 2017): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2017.3886.

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Abstract: The following article aims at testing the interrelations between the rules on: jurisdiction in divorce and parental responsibility laid down in the Brussels IIa Regulation, maintenance laid down in the Maintenance Regulation, and property regime laid down in the Regulation on Matrimonial Property Regimes and on Property Consequences of Registered Partnerships, considering a number of potentially seised Member State courts and their interactions with domestic law. For the testing, the national legal system and case law of Slovakia and Czech Republic, which require hearing of a dispute in unique proceedings (with certain differences), has been selected in order to tackle problems connected with the simultaneous application of rules established by the EU regulations and domestic procedural rules.Keywords: Multiplicity of Regulations in Family Matters, Interplay between Jurisdictional Rules, Divorce, Parental Responsibility, Maintenance, Matrimonial Property Regimes, Czech and Slovak Legislation.Riassunto: Il presente contributo mira a verificare l’interazione tra le norme sulla competenza in materia di divorzio e responsabilità genitoriale stabilite dal Regolamento Bruxelles IIa, in materia di obbligazioni alimentari previste nel Regolamento sulle Obbligazioni Alimentari, e in materia di regimi patrimoniali previsti dai Regolamenti in Materia di Regimi Patrimoniali fra Coniugi e di Effetti Patrimoniali delle Unioni Registrate, prendendo in considerazione le Corti degli Stati Membri potenzialmente adite e la loro interazione con il diritto interno. Al fine di testare il funzionamento e affrontare i problema legati all’applicazione simultanea delle norme stabilite dal diritto dell’UE e delle norme procedurali nazionali, sono stati scelti i sistemi giuridici della Slovacchia e della Repubblica ceca, che richiedono, con alcune differenze, l’audizione di una controversia in un unico processo.Parole chiave: molteplicità dei regolamenti in diritto di familia, interazione tra le norme sulla competenza, divorzio, responsabilità genitoriale, obbligazioni alimentari, regime patrimoniale, legislazione ceca e slovacca.
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Ngulumbu, Benjamin Musembi, and Fanice Waswa. "Abdul, G., A., & Sehar, S. (2015). Conflict management and organizational performance: A case study of Askari Bank Ltd. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting. 6(11), 201. Adhiambo, R., & Simatwa, M. (2011). Assessment of conflict management and resolution in public secondary schools in Kenya: A case study of Nyakach District. International Research Journal 2(4), 1074-1088. Adomi, E., & Anie, S. (2015). Conflict management in Nigerian University Libraries. Journal of Library Management, 27(8), 520-530. https://doi.org/10.1108/01435120610686098 Amadi, E., C., & Urho, P. (2016). Strike actions and its effect on educational management in universities in River State. Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 5(6), 41-46. https://doi.org/10.12816/0019033 Amah, E., & Ahiauzu, A. (2013). Employee involvement and organizational effectiveness. Journal of Management Development, 32(7), 661-674. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-09-2010-0064 Amegee, P. K. (2010). The causes and impact of labour unrest on some selected organizations in Accra. University of Ghana Awan, A., G., & Anjum K. (2015). Cost of High Employees turnover Rate in Oil industry of Pakistan, Information and Knowledge Management, 5 (2), 92- 102. Bernards, N. (2017). The International Labour Organization and African trade unions: tripartite fantasies and enduring struggles. Review of African Political Economy, 44(153), 399-414. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2017.1318359 Blomgren Amsler, L., Avtgis, A. B., & Jackman, M. S. (2017). Dispute System Design and Bias in Dispute Resolution. SMUL Rev., 70, 913. Boheim, R., & Booth, A. (2004). Trade union presence and employer provided training in Great Britain industrial relations 43: pp 520-545. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0019-8676.2004.00348.x Bryson, A., & Freeman, R. B. (2013). Employee perceptions of working conditions and the desire for worker representation in Britain and the US. Journal of Labor Res 34(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12122-012-9152-y Buccella, D., & Fanti, L. (2020). Do labour union recognition and bargaining deter entry in a network industry? A sequential game model. Utilities Policy, 64, 101025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2020.101025 Constitution, K. (2010). Government printer. Kenya: Nairobi. Cortés, P. (Ed.). (2016). The new regulatory framework for consumer dispute resolution. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198766353.001.0001 Creighton, B., Denvir, C., & McCrystal, S. (2017). Defining industrial action. Federal Law Review, 45(3), 383-414. Daud, Z., & Bakar, M. S. (2017). Improving employees' welfare. European Journal of Industrial Relations, 25(2), 147-162. Deery, S., J., Iverson, R., D., & Walsh, J. (2010). Coping strategies in call centers: Work Intensity and the Role of Co-workers and Supervisors. International Journal of employment relations, 48(1), 189-200. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8543.2009.00755.x Durrani, S. (2018). Trade Unions in Kenya's War of Independence (No. 2). Vita Books. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh8r4j2 Dwomoh, G., Owusu, E., E., & Addo, M. (2013). Impact of occupational health and safety policies on employees’ performance in the Ghana’s timber industry: Evidence from Lumber and Logs Limited. International Journal of Education and Research, 1 (12), 1-14. Edinyang, S., & Ubi, I. E. (2013). Studies secondary school students in Uyo Local government area of AkwaIbom State, Nigeria. Global Journal of Human Resource Management, 1(2), 1-8. Ewing, K., & Hendy, J. (2017). New perspectives on collective labour law: Trade union recognition and collective bargaining. Industrial Law Journal, 46(1), 23-51. https://doi.org/10.1093/indlaw/dwx001 Fitzgerald, I., Beadle, R., & Rowan, K. (2020). Trade Unions and the 2016 UK European Union Referendum. Economic and Industrial Democracy. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143831X19899483 Gall, G., & Fiorito, J. (2016). Union effectiveness: In search of the Holy Grail. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 37(1) 189211. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143831X14537358 Gathoronjo, S. N. (2018). The Ministry of labour on the causes of labour disputes in the public sector. University of Nairobi. Iravo, M. A. (2011). Effect of conflict management in performance of public secondary schools in Machakos County, Kenya. Kenyatta University. Jepkorir, B. M. (2014). The effect of trade unions on organizational productivity in the cement manufacturing industry in Nairobi. University of Nairobi. Kaaria, J. K. (2019). Trade Liberalization and Export Survival In Kenya. University of Nairobi. Kaburu, Z. (2010). The relationship between terms and conditions of service and motivation of domestic workers in Nairobi. University of Nairobi. Kambilinya, I. (2014). Assessment of performance of trade unions. Master’s Thesis Submitted to University of Malawi. Kamrul, H., Ashraful, I., & Arifuzzaman, M. (2015). A Study on the major causes of labour unrest and its effect on the RMG sector of Bangladesh. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 6 (11). Kazimoto, P. (2013). Analysis of conflict management and leadership for organizational change. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 3(1), 16-25. Khanka, I. (2015). Industrial relations in Tanzania. University of Dar-es-salaam. Kisaka, C. L. (2010). Challenges facing trade unions in Kenya. Master’s Thesis Submitted to University of Nairobi. Kituku, M. N. (2015). Influence of conflict resolution strategies on project implementation. A Case of Titanium Base Limited Kwale County Kenya. University of Nairobi. Kmietowicz, Z. (2016). Ballot on industrial action by GPs averted as government accepts BMA’s demands. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i4619 KNHCR (2020). Key Business and Human Rights Concerns in Kenya. Retrieved from http://nap.knchr.org/NAP-Scope/Key-Business-and-Human-Rights-Concerns-in-Kenya. Magone, J. (2018). Iberian trade unionism: Democratization under the impact of the European Union. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351325684 Menkel-Meadow, C. J., Porter-Love, L., Kupfer-Schneider, A., & Moffitt, M. (2018). Dispute resolution: Beyond the adversarial model. Aspen Publishers. Mlungisi, E. T. (2016). The liability of trade unions for conduct of their members during industrial action. MoLSP (2020). Ministry of Labor and Social Protection, Registrar of Trade Unions. Retrieved from https://labour.go.ke/department-of-trade-unions/ Msila, X. (2018). Trade union density and its implications for collective bargaining in South Africa. University of Pretoria. Mulima, K. J. (2017). Trade Union Practices on Improvement of Teachers Welfare. University of Nairobi). Năstase, A., & Muurmans, C. (2020). Regulating lobbying practices in the European Union: A voluntary club perspective. Regulation & Governance, 14(2), 238-255. https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12200 Otenyo, E. E. (2017). Trade unions and the age of information and communication technologies in Kenya. Lexington Books. Powell, J. (2018). Towards a Marxist theory of financialised capitalism. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190695545.013.37 Razaka, S. S., & Mahmodb, N. A. K. N. (2017). Trade Union Recognition in Malaysia: Transforming State Government’s Ideology. Proceeding of ICARBSS 2017 Langkawi, Malaysia, 2017(29th), 175." Journal of Strategic Management 6, no. 1 (January 22, 2022): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.53819/81018102t2041.

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The Constitution of Kenya specifically recognizes the freedom of association to form and belong to trade unions. However, despite the adoption of the Labour Relations Act, union practice is still hampered by excessive restrictions. The EPZ companies are labor intensive requiring a large amount of labor to produce its goods or service and thus, the welfare of the employees play a key role in their functions. This study sought to determine the effect of trade union practices on employees’ welfare at export processing zones industries in Athi River, Kenya. The specific objectives sought to determine the effect of collective bargaining agreements, industrial action, dispute resolution and trade union representation on employees’ welfare at export processing zones industries in Athi River, Kenya. The study employed a descriptive research design. Primary data was collected by means of a structured questionnaire. The target population of the study was employees in EPZ companies in Athi River, Kenya with large employees enrolled in active trade unions. The unit of observation was the employees in the trade unions. The findings indicated that collective bargaining agreements had a positive and significant coefficient with employees’ welfare at the EPZ industries. Industrial action had a positive but non-significant effect with employees’ welfare at Export Processing Zones industries. Dispute resolution had a positive and significant coefficient with employees’ welfare at the EPZ industries. Trade union representation had a positive and significant coefficient with employees’ welfare at the EPZ industries. The study recommended that trade union should avoid the path of confrontation but continue dialogue through the collective bargaining process and demands should be realistic in nature with what is obtainable in the related industry. An existence of a formal two way communication between management and trade unions will ensure that right message is properly understood and on time too. Keywords: Collective Bargaining Agreements, Industrial Action, Dispute Resolution, Trade Union Representation, Employees Welfare & Export Processing Zones
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Tekavčić, Pavao. "Antonio e Giovanni Pellizzer, Vocabolario del dialetto di Rovigno d'Istria I-II; Centro di Ricerche Storiche Rovigno, Collana degli Atti n. 10; Unione Italiana-Fiume - Univer­ sita Popolare di Trieste; Trieste - Rovigno 1992." Linguistica 35, no. 2 (December 1, 1995): 314–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.35.2.314-320.

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La lessicografia istroromanza (IR) vanta ormai una discreta tradizione: vocabo­ lari di G.A.Dalla Zonca (dignanese; 1978) e di D.Cemecca (vallese; 1986), materiale IR nell' AIS e nei vocabolari di E.Rosamani (1958 e 1975), alcuni studi ecc. A questi si ag­ giunge adesso ii Vocabolario qui recensito, uscito nella stessa collana come quelli <lei Dalla Zonca e del Cemecca. Esso, con le sue 1140 pagine, supera per mole quasi tre volte la somma dei due precedenti e, poiché contiene anche ii lessico degli altri dialetti IR, è in un certo modo la summa della lessicografia IR. Sono state purtroppo omesse le voci registrate dall'AIS (p. 9), sicché manca una notevole parte dei patrimonio lessicale IR.
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Seth, Ram. "NHS indemnity for medical negligence: its implications." Psychiatric Bulletin 15, no. 2 (February 1991): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.15.2.79.

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From 1 January 1990 medical and dental practitioners employed by health authorities were no longer required under the terms of their contracts to subscribe to a medical defence organisation. The health department, however, advised practitioners (DHSS circular) to “maintain their defence body membership in order to ensure they are covered for any work which does not fall within the scope of the indemnity scheme”. The expediency with which the scheme was introduced enabled little discussion on the consequences of such change and surprised medical practitioners and defence organisations alike. This major change in medical indemnity since 1954 will have long-term implications for practitioners, medical defence organisations, local health authorities and most importantly, the quality and quantity of health care which can be delivered. A meeting held on 9 April 1990 at Charter Nightingale Hospital was convened to discuss the implications of the NHS indemnity scheme between senior registrars in psychiatry and representatives from the Medical Defence Union, Medical Protection Society, British Medical Association and the local health authority.
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Tomic, S. M., and N. S. Slavkovic. "Unstable fractures of the pelvis treated by Ilizarov external fixation device." Acta chirurgica Iugoslavica 57, no. 1 (2010): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aci1001025t.

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We reviewed seven patients with an unstable fracture of the pelvic ring who had been treated with a Ilizarov external fixation device after a mean follow-up of 5.5 years. There were four 'open-book' injuries (type B according to Tile) and three rotationally and vertically unstable injuries (type C according to Tile). In all patients union of fracture site had been achieved after a mean period of 65 days in patients with type B injuries and 98 days in patients with type C injuries. In the four patients with an 'open-book' injury the symphyseal diastasis was partially reduced from 46 mm to 13 mm, and additional vertical displacement reduced from 24mm to 13mm. The radiological result was excellent in one patient, good in one and poor in two patients. The functional outcome was rated as excellent in three patients and good in one patient. In patients with type C injury vertical displacement was partially reduced from 21mm to 12mm. The patients in this group had excellent, good and poor radiological result, respectively. The functional outcome was excellent in two cases and good in one case. General surgical complications were not seen. Infection at the pin sites was seen in six patients. In our study unsatisfactory or poor functional result was not registrated due to construction characteristics of Ilizarov device. Because of this characteristics there were no residual vertical displacement more then 8 mm.
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Ainbinder, Darryl J., Bita Esmaeli, Stephen C. Groo, Paul T. Finger, and Joseph P. Brooks. "Introduction of the 7th Edition Eyelid Carcinoma Classification System From the American Joint Committee on Cancer–International Union Against Cancer Staging Manual." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 133, no. 8 (August 1, 2009): 1256–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/133.8.1256.

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Abstract Context.—The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and the International Union Against Cancer commissioned the Ophthalmic Oncology Task Force to modify and update the ophthalmic chapters of the 7th edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. Objective.—To review the existing eyelid carcinoma chapter in the 6th edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual for its clinical and research utility and to seek evidence-based revisions with the strongest medical foundation to use in updating the anatomically based TNM cancer staging system manual. Data Sources.—The 4-year Ophthalmic Oncology Task Force consisted of 45 tumor specialists from 10 countries and an extensive internal and external peer review process. The 10-member Carcinoma of the Eyelid team included a diverse group of international authors. The group included extensive representation by clinicians, pathologists, surgeons, radiation therapists, and cancer registrars, all with advanced, ophthalmic cancer–related areas of subspecialty. Data sources included the above expertise applying a worldwide medical literature search, with no discrimination based on language, country of origin, discipline source, specialty source, or surgical practice. Conclusions.—Revisions were made to the TNM classification in areas with the strongest basis in evidence and practical effect. Lymph node staging data were expanded markedly to reflect its significant prognostic value. T3 and T4 were redefined and stage groupings were added that applied current understanding in tumor biology, respected site-specific risk factors, and provided greater correlation with the common language of the overall AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. Evidence-based biomarkers and data-field modifiers were included to capture additional pathologically and clinically substantiated prognostic factors.
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Combes, Robert, Jennifer Dandrea, and Michael Balls. "A Critical Assessment of the European Commission's Proposals for the Risk Assessment and Registration of Chemical Substances in the European Union." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 31, no. 3 (May 2003): 353–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290303100315.

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In May, 2003, the European Commission published detailed proposals relating to its 2001 White Paper – Strategy for a Future Chemicals Policy. The White Paper described a new registration system called the REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) system, for both new and existing chemicals. Subsequently, these detailed proposals were available for an eight-week consultation period for stakeholders to voice their views and concerns. In this paper, we describe our reactions to the Commission's more-detailed proposals. These include the creation of a European Chemicals Agency to implement the REACH system in conjunction with Competent Authorities (CAs) in Member States and the Commission itself. Unfortunately, many of our concerns and suggestions, previously voiced and shared with several other key stakeholders, remain unanswered, but are as relevant as when the White Paper was published. In particular, we are concerned about the lack of a clear and coherent strategy. There is no guidance for registrants on intelligent testing to maximise the use of non-animal approaches to safety testing, based on a combination of factors for estimating exposure levels, rather than mainly on production volumes. We are also concerned about the absence of a clear programme for the development, improvement and validation of new alternative methods, in conjunction with the Commission's own unit, the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods, as well as other organisations with relevant expertise and experience, including FRAME. Finally, we explain why such measures should be introduced, together with clearer guidelines for the respective roles of the Agency, the CAs and the Commission in implementing and harmonising the REACH system at the European Union and Member State levels. A series of recommendations are made, to improve the situation and to improve the risk assessment process.
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Gutteck, Natalia. "A Comparative Study of Two Different Techniques for Calcaneal Displacement Osteotomy." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 3, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 2473011418S0023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011418s00235.

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Category: Hindfoot Introduction/Purpose: The lateral oblique incision is widely used for calcaneal displacement osteotomy in correction of hindfoot deformities. Wound healing problems and neurovascular injury are limitations of this procedure. A technique using a Shannon burr for calcaneal displacement osteotomy was introduced to avoid these complications. The advantages of the percutaneos calcaneus osteotomy have been evaluated in a comperative study. Methods: Lateral oblique incision for calcaneus osteotomy was performed in 58 patients. The senior author changed the osteotomy technique 2014. Further 64 calcaneus osteotomies were performed percutaneously. The main indication for the calcaneus osteotomy was correction of hindfoot deformities. Complementary the number of screws used for the fixation have been axamined in the study. Results: The mean age of the patients was 51,6 (14-72) years. The patients were folled up for 12 months. All cases achieved radiographic union. Wound healing problems have been registrated in the open technique group in 16 patients (27,6%). Six of them (10,3%) required a surgical revision. No wound healing problems appeared in the percutaneous group. N. suralis was affected in the open technique group in 12 patients (20,6%) and in 4 patients (6,2%) in the percutaneous osteotomy group (p 0,02). The operating time was significantly shorter in the percutaneus osteotomy group. The correction of the hindfoot axis succeed in all patients. Risk of complication did not differ significantly between single and double screw in the percutaneous osteotomy group. Conclusion: The clinical and radiological examinations showed outstanding results. There is no evident difference between the two techniques in the radiological results. Use of a single screw in percutaneous osteotomy of the calcaneus did not increased the complication rate. The percutaneous calcaneal osteotomy had a lower complication rate in our study and is probably a useful technique in patients with diabetes and affected perfusion. Further randomised studies should consider this results.
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Schlueter, Urs, and Martin Tischer. "Validity of Tier 1 Modelling Tools and Impacts on Exposure Assessments within REACH Registrations—ETEAM Project, Validation Studies and Consequences." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12 (June 26, 2020): 4589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124589.

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In the last years, the evaluation and validation of exposure modelling tools for inhalation exposure assessment at workplaces received new and highly increased attention by different stakeholders. One important study in this regard is the ETEAM (Evaluation of Tier 1 Exposure Assessment Models) project that evaluated exposure assessment tools under the European REACH regulation (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals), (but next to the ETEAM project—as a project publicly funded by the German Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA)—it is a rather new development that research groups from universities in Europe, but also internationally, investigated this issue. These other studies focused not only on REACH tier 1 tools but also investigated other tools and aspects of tool validity. This paper tries to summarise the major findings of studies that explored the different issues of tool validity by focusing on the scientific outcomes and the exposure on the science community. On the other hand, this publication aims to provide guidance on the choice and use of tools, addressing the needs of tool users. The consequences of different stakeholders under REACH are discussed from the results of the validation studies. The major stakeholders are: (1) REACH registrants or applicants for REACH authorisations, meaning those companies, consortia or associations who are subject to REACH; (2) Evaluating authorities within the scope of REACH, meaning the ECHA (European Chemicals Agency) secretariat and committees, but also the competent authorities of the member states or the European Union; (3) Developers of the different models and tools; (4) Users of the different models and tools.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Unioni registrate"

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Serra, Laura. "I rapporti patrimoniali tra coniugi e partners nel diritto internazionale privato europeo." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/8624.

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2011/2012
Il presente lavoro è dedicato all’analisi dell’assetto giuridico, attuale ed in fieri, dei rapporti patrimoniali tra coniugi e partner nel diritto internazionale privato dell’Unione Europea. La ricerca, attraverso l’esame degli strumenti normativi in vigore ed in fase di studio nel contesto europeo, nonché dei principali orientamenti giurisprudenziali della Corte di Giustizia e della Corte europea dei diritti dell’uomo, da un lato, intende mettere in luce la crescente rilevanza della materia, le problematiche giuridiche ad essa connesse e le lacune di disciplina che ancora la caratterizzano; dall’altro, si prefigge di verificare l’opportunità e la fattibilità concreta di soluzioni uniformi a livello europeo, tese a superare le carenze riscontrate sul piano nazionale, in ossequio alle esigenze di armonizzazione normativa e di certezza dei rapporti giuridici all’interno dell’Unione. Nella società contemporanea, così fortemente orientata al superamento dei confini tra Stati, sono sempre più numerosi i matrimoni e le diverse forme di unioni familiari caratterizzati da elementi di internazionalità, tra soggetti di cittadinanza diversa o tra connazionali che trasferiscono la propria vita comune all’estero, con affari e beni probabilmente situati in più di un unico Paese. A fronte della tendenza all’internazionalizzazione della famiglia e delle sue dinamiche, nello spazio giudiziario europeo - caratterizzato da un alto livello di integrazione tra Stati - si evidenzia l’utilità di un’armonizzazione di diritto che attraverso l’adozione di una disciplina unitaria semplifichi la regolamentazione di situazioni giuridiche con elementi di estraneità, in vista della piena realizzazione della libera circolazione delle persone. Il panorama normativo dei singoli Stati membri evidenzia, infatti, allo stato attuale, una grande varietà di soluzioni a livello tanto di diritto sostanziale, quanto di diritto internazionale privato, che inevitabilmente determina una situazione di incertezza sia per i coniugi, che ad esempio possono trovarsi soggetti a regimi matrimoniali diversi a seconda dell’autorità giurisdizionale adita, sia per i partner legati da un’unione registrata, passibile di non essere riconosciuta oltre i confini dello Stato di registrazione, sia per i terzi (si pensi ai creditori) che con gli stessi coniugi o partner abbiano intrattenuto rapporti giuridici, sia, infine, per gli operatori del diritto chiamati a destreggiarsi tra le intricate vicende patrimoniali della famiglia. L’evidente disarmonia nelle soluzioni adottate dai legislatori nazionali costituisce un rilevante ostacolo alla libera circolazione delle persone, che non appare più conciliabile con gli obiettivi fatti propri dall’Unione Europea nel Programma di Stoccolma per il periodo 2010-2014. Nel delineare le priorità necessarie alla creazione e al rafforzamento di uno spazio di libertà, sicurezza, giustizia unitario, proprio in tale occasione è stata rimarcata la necessità di azioni concentrate sugli interessi e sulle esigenze dei singoli. In particolare, il raggiungimento di una “cittadinanza europea” viene subordinato al conferimento dei diritti fondamentali della persona, primo tra tutti il rispetto della vita familiare, al pieno esercizio del diritto di libera circolazione, da assicurare non solo ai cittadini ma anche ai loro familiari, nonché all’effettiva possibilità “di far valere tali diritti ovunque nell’Unione”, facilitando l’accesso alla giustizia. Se, tuttavia, in assenza di una norma specifica dei Trattati che attribuisca alle Istituzioni la competenza ad adottare atti di armonizzazione sostanziale, l’unificazione materiale del diritto di famiglia appare ancora troppo lontana e prematura, più concreta ed attuabile si rivela - anche in materia di regimi patrimoniali della coppia - la predisposizione di un sistema unitario di diritto internazionale privato europeo, fondato sulla cooperazione giudiziaria in materia civile. Infatti, proprio sulla scorta di tale competenza indiretta, attualmente sancita all’art. 81 TFUE, si è assistito negli ultimi anni al progressivo intensificarsi dell’azione dell’Unione nel diritto di famiglia, attratto su più fronti dall’opera di armonizzazione del diritto internazionale privato che ha, fino ad ora, interessato settori di rilievo primario quali la separazione personale e il divorzio, la responsabilità genitoriale, le obbligazioni alimentari, le successioni, portando all’emanazione di diversi e specifici Regolamenti. In tale contesto si inseriscono le due recenti Proposte di Regolamento, pubblicate dalla Commissione il 16 marzo 2011, dedicate ai rapporti patrimoniali che derivano dal matrimonio, la prima, e dalla registrazione di una partnership, la seconda, le quali incorporano globalmente la disciplina relativa alle problematiche internazionalprivatistiche di settore. L’intento primario di entrambi gli atti, esplicitamente ripreso dai rispettivi preamboli, è quello di fornire soluzioni unitarie di fronte alle difficoltà derivanti dai conflitti di giurisdizioni e di leggi, in modo da assicurare una maggiore certezza giuridica alle coppie che circolano all’interno dell’Unione. Le maggiori sfide che il legislatore europeo si è impegnato a raccogliere attraverso le due Proposte consistono, da un lato, nel tentare di raccordare la materia dei rapporti patrimoniali tra coniugi e partner con gli strumenti normativi già in vigore, al fine di ridurre quella frammentarietà di disciplina che ad oggi caratterizza il diritto internazionale privato europeo della famiglia; dall’altro, nel promuovere il riconoscimento giuridico delle nuove realtà familiari, sebbene solo sotto il profilo internazionalprivatistico e limitatamente agli aspetti economici derivanti dalle unioni non tradizionali. Invero, tali obiettivi appaiono quanto mai ambiziosi, soprattutto in quanto riferiti al complesso e delicato settore familiare, nel quale tuttora gli Stati membri sono portati a rivendicare l’autonoma competenza normativa, sorretti dalle limitazioni procedurali previste dai Trattati che - anche a seguito della revisione del 2009 - sottopongono all’unanimità l’adozione di atti di cooperazione in questa materia. Alla luce delle considerazioni che precedono, l’analisi focalizzata sulla materia dei rapporti patrimoniali tra coniugi e sugli effetti patrimoniali delle unioni registrate, cui nello specifico vengono dedicati i capitoli II, III e IV del presente lavoro, non può prescindere da un preliminare e più generale sguardo alle caratteristiche dell’azione dell’Unione europea nel diritto di famiglia, alle sue potenzialità ed ai suoi limiti. Il fine ultimo è quello di comprendere se attraverso il metodo della cooperazione giudiziaria in materia civile, e anche grazie alla costante opera interpretativa della Corte di Giustizia e della Corte europea dei diritti dell’uomo, il legislatore europeo possa arginare l’ostacolo della mancanza di competenza legislativa diretta in materia familiare, riuscendo a gettare le basi per favorire la creazione di un principio di riconoscimento reciproco degli status civili e di valori condivisi all’interno dell’Unione.
XXIV Ciclo
1981
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Parian, Mitacc Juan Pablo. "Estudio sobre la viabilidad de la Inscripción de la Sustitución del Régimen Patrimonial en las Uniones de Hecho." Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/16234.

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Las uniones de hecho han ido ganando protagonismo en las familias peruanas, toda vez que resulta una alternativa frente a la institución del matrimonio. En la presente investigación se analizan las definiciones, naturaleza, teorías y el tratamiento de la unión de hecho en diferentes países latinoamericanos, señalándose al final del trabajo, una modificación legislativa para que, en aplicación de la equiparación, se dote a las uniones de hecho de manera explícita, objetiva y clara la inscripción de la sustitución o variación del régimen patrimonial por el de separación de patrimonios.
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Fritz, Vera. "Contribution à l’histoire de la Cour de Justice de l’Union européenne à travers des biographies historiques de ses premiers membres (1952 – 1972)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM3062.

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Cette thèse s'inscrit dans la nouvelle histoire du droit européen en proposant les résultats de recherches biographiques sur les premiers juges, avocats généraux et greffier qui ont fait fonctionner la Cour de Justice de l'Union européenne pendant les vingt premières années de son existence (1952 - 1972). Il s'agit tout d'abord de mettre en lumière les parcours professionnels et personnels des pionniers de la juridiction et des hommes qui ont prononcé certains de ses jugements les plus connus, ceux qui ont lancé le processus de « constitutionnalisation » de l'ordre juridique communautaire. Ensuite, il s'agit d'utiliser les résultats de ces recherches biographiques pour apporter, sur trois points précis, des éléments de réponse à une question qui intéresse depuis deux décennies en particulier les politistes - et de manière plus récente, les historiens: comment cette institution réussit-elle, à partir des années 1960, à autant limiter la souveraineté des Etats membres, en posant notamment le principe de primauté du droit européen, et cela sans semble-t-il être confrontée à de sérieuses résistances de la part des dirigeants des Etats membres ? Cette thèse analyse tout d'abord le processus de nomination des juges et des avocats généraux, afin de savoir si les gouvernements tentent, ou non, via le mécanisme de sélection de mettre un terme à sa jurisprudence audacieuse. Puis, elle étudie les convictions européennes des membres de la Cour et leur vision du rôle qu'ils doivent jouer dans le processus d'intégration. Enfin, elle s'intéresse au réseau politique des hommes de la juridiction européenne et leurs interactions officieuses avec les dirigeants des Etats membres
This Ph.D. thesis contributes to the new history of European law by proposing the results of in-depth biographical research on the first judges, advocates general and registrar who worked at the European Court of Justice during the first twenty years of its existence (1952 - 1972). Firstly, it sheds new light on the professional and personal trajectories of the Court's pioneers and of those who pronounced some of its most commented judgments, those who laid the foundation of the 'constitutionalization' of the European legal order. Secondly, it leans on the collected biographical data in order to bring to the surface new elements of knowledge on three precise points with regard to a question which political scientists have been interested in for two decades - and which now also historians address: how did the European Court of Justice, from the 1960s onwards, succeed in seriously limiting the Member States' sovereignty, especially by imposing the principle of primacy of European law, without provoking a rebellion by national decision-makers? It first of all analyzes the nomination process of the first judges and advocates general, in order to establish whether governments did, or did not, use the appointment mechanism to curb down ECJ activism. It then studies the members of the Court's views and convictions with regard to European integration and their role in the European Communities. Finally, it looks at the political affiliations of the first members of the Court of Justice and their unofficial interactions with national decision-makers
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Books on the topic "Unioni registrate"

1

Studio giuridico-canonico della convivenza non matrimoniale: Unioni civili, convivenze registrate, unioni di fatto. Roma: Aracne editrice S.r.l., 2012.

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Council, Engineering. Guidance statement on The Engineering Council registrants and trade union membership. London: EngineeringCouncil, 1986.

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St-Louis, Françoise V. Histoire et généalogie d'Omer et d'Evélina Massicotte: Registre des naissances, des unions, et des décès de leurs ancêtres et de leurs descendants,1696-2006. Trois-Rivières, Qc: F.V. St-Louis, 2007.

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Ramírez Ibarra, Ramón. Imago Mundi: imaginarios narrativos y territorialidad en el Nuevo Reino de León. Universidad de Sonora, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47807/unison.206.

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La presente obra ofrece un análisis narrativo de las crónicas fundacionales que registran la historia de Nuevo León, en específico, de las formas en que se presentan los conceptos de espacio y territorialidad en el momento inicial del proceso de con¬quista y colonización en la región, periodo que abarca del siglo XVI al siglo XVII. A través de este recorrido por la historia social de la Colonia, la historiografía regional y los estudios urbanos, encontramos una interesante forma de entender la cultura, alejada de las nociones etnocentristas. Dirigido a estudiantes, profesionistas de las ciencias sociales e interesados en la historia del Noreste mexicano, este libro propone una forma distinta de mirar al pasado e interpretar la disciplina histórica.
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Dept.of Economic Development for Northern Ireland. Report of the Registrar of Credit Unions. Stationery Office Books, 1997.

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Societies, Registry of Friendly. Report of the Chief Registrar 1991-92. Stationery Office Books, 1992.

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Report of the Registrar of Credit Unions for the Year 1994. Stationery Office Books, 1996.

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Trade and Investment (Northern Ireland) Northern Ireland: Department of Enterprise. Report of the Registrar of Credit Unions for the Year 1998. Stationery Office, The, 2001.

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Trade and Investment (Northern Ireland) Northern Ireland: Department of Enterprise. Report of the Registrar of Credit Unions for the Year 2001. Stationery Office, The, 2003.

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Report of the Registrar of Credit Unions for the Year 1993. Stationery Office Books, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Unioni registrate"

1

Diez, Carmen, and Javier Prenafeta. "e-Government Applied to Judicial Notices and Inter-registrar Communications in the European Union:." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 375–82. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-46138-8_61.

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Loewenthal, Paul-John. "Article 243 TFEU." In The EU Treaties and the Charter of Fundamental Rights. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759393.003.381.

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Article 210 EC The Council shall determine the salaries, allowances and pensions of the President of the European Council, the President of the Commission, the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, the Members of the Commission, the Presidents, Members and Registrars of the Court of Justice of the European Union, and the Secretary-General of the Council. It shall also determine any payment to be made instead of remuneration.
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Press, Tim. "9. Passing-off and trade marks." In Intellectual Property Concentrate, 148–78. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198840640.003.0009.

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Passing-off is a common law cause of action that protects traders with goodwill in their business against misrepresentations made by their competitors which confuse customers as to the source of goods or services. The typical passing-off scenario is where a trader, by the use of a brand name, logo, slogan, or packaging, deceives customers into thinking that its products or services are associated with another trader. Trade marks can be registered for signs or symbols that identify products or services as coming from a particular trader, so to be registrable a trade mark must be distinctive of a trader’s goods and not similar to any earlier registered mark, or a non-registered mark that is in use. Registration of a trade mark gives substantial advantages over relying on passing-off. The law of registered trade marks has been harmonized by the European Union.
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Press, Tim. "9. Passing-off and trade marks." In Intellectual Property Law Concentrate. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198803881.003.0009.

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Passing-off is a common law cause of action that protects traders with goodwill in their business against misrepresentations made by their competitors which confuse customers as to the source of goods or services. The typical passing-off scenario is where a trader, by the use of a brand name, logo, slogan, or packaging, deceives customers into thinking that its products or services are associated with another trader. Trade marks can be registered for signs or symbols that identify products or services as coming from a particular trader, so to be registrable a trade mark must be distinctive of a trader’s goods and not similar to any earlier registered mark, or a non-registered mark that is in use. Registration of a trade mark gives substantial advantages over relying on passing-off. The law of registered trade marks has been harmonized by the European Union.
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Reports on the topic "Unioni registrate"

1

Informe de Política Monetaria - Julio 2022. Banco de la República de Colombia, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-spa.tr3-2022.

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1.1 Resumen macroeconómico En el segundo trimestre de 2022 la inflación anual (9,67 %), su pronóstico y sus expectativas se incrementaron y se mantuvieron por encima de la meta. Los choques internacionales de costos, intensificados por la invasión de Rusia a Ucrania, han sido más persistentes de lo estimado y contribuyeron a elevar la inflación. A esto se suman los efectos de la indexación, unos excesos de demanda mayores de lo estimado, un mercado laboral más ajustado, unas expectativas de inflación que siguen aumentando y que superan el 3 %, y las presiones provenientes de la tasa de cambio. Los altos registros en las medidas de inflación básica y en todos los grandes grupos del índice de precios al productor (IPC) confirman una difusión significativa de los incrementos de precios. Frente a lo estimado en abril, el nuevo sendero de pronóstico de la inflación total y básica aumentaron, en parte por mayores presiones de la tasa de cambio sobre los precios y por una brecha del producto superior, que se estima positiva en lo que resta de 2022 y que se cerraría hacia finales de 2023. Además, estas sendas contemplan una indexación a tasas de inflación más altas y la persistencia de unas expectativas de inflación por encima de la meta, así como un mayor ritmo de incremento del precio interno de los combustibles por cuenta de la corrección de su rezago frente al precio de paridad y de una proyección del precio internacional del petróleo más elevada. El pronóstico supone una buena oferta interna de alimentos perecederos, aunque también unos precios internacionales de los alimentos procesados que se mantendrían altos. Para la subcanasta de bienes, el final de la emergencia sanitaria implica una reversión de la rebaja del impuesto al valor agregado (IVA) aplicada a productos de aseo e higiene, generando aumentos en los precios de este grupo. Por otro lado, el proceso de ajuste de la política monetaria y la moderación de los choques externos contribuiría a que la inflación y sus expectativas empiecen a ceder en el tiempo y retomen su convergencia hacia la meta. Así, la nueva proyección sugiere que en el segundo semestre de 2022 la inflación continuaría elevada y finalizaría en un 9,7 %, pero a lo largo de 2023 empezaría a ceder para cerrar el año en el 5,7 %. Estos pronósticos están sujetos a una gran incertidumbre, especialmente alrededor del comportamiento futuro de los choques externos de costos, del grado de indexación de los contratos nominales y de las decisiones que se tomen en cuanto al precio interno de los combustibles. La dinámica de la actividad económica continúa sorprendiendo al alza y la proyección de crecimiento para 2022 aumentó del 5 % al 6,9 %. Los nuevos pronósticos sugieren un nivel de producto mayor que continuaría superando la capacidad productiva de la economía en lo que resta de 2022. El crecimiento económico del primer trimestre resultó mejor de lo estimado en abril y los indicadores de actividad económica para el segundo sugieren que el PIB se mantendría alto, en un nivel que sería superior al del primero. La demanda interna habría mantenido una buena dinámica debido, en especial, a un consumo privado que volvería a crecer trimestralmente, como lo sugieren las cifras de matrículas de vehículos, las ventas de comercio al por menor, las compras con tarjetas de crédito y los desembolsos de préstamos para consumo. La desaceleración de las importaciones de maquinaria y equipo desde el alto nivel observado en marzo, que contrasta con el buen desempeño de las ventas y licencias de construcción de vivienda, apuntan a un nivel de la inversión similar al registrado en los primeros tres meses del año. La información de comercio exterior indica que el déficit comercial se reduciría, debido a unas importaciones que serían menores con respecto a los altos valores observados en el primer trimestre y a unos niveles estables de las exportaciones. Para lo que resta del año y 2023 se espera que el consumo se desacelere desde los niveles elevados observados en la primera mitad del año, como consecuencia, en parte, de una menor demanda represada, de unas condiciones financieras internas más apretadas y de un deterioro del ingreso disponible de los hogares por el aumento de la inflación. La inversión continuaría recuperándose de forma lenta, sin alcanzar los niveles observados antes de la pandemia. La menor dinámica esperada de la demanda interna y los altos niveles de los precios del petróleo y de otros bienes básicos queexporta el país se reflejarían en una reducción del déficit comercial. Con todo esto, el crecimiento económico para el segundo trimestre de 2022 se situaría en el 11,5 %, y en todo 2022 y 2023 en el 6,9 % y 1,1 %, respectivamente. En la actualidad, y en lo que resta de 2022, la brecha del producto sería positiva y mayor de lo estimado en abril, y se presentarían presiones de demanda sobre los precios. Estas proyecciones continúan sujetas a un alto grado de incertidumbre, asociado con las tensiones políticas globales, el ajuste esperado de la política monetaria en los países avanzados, el comportamiento de la demanda externa, los cambios en la percepción de riesgo-país y la evolución futura de la política fiscal interna, entre otros. Los elevados niveles de la inflación y de sus expectativas, que superan las metas de los principales bancos centrales del mundo, explican, en gran parte, el incremento observado y esperado de sus tasas de interés de política. En este entorno, las proyecciones de crecimiento de la demanda externa se han moderado. Las disrupciones en las cadenas de valor, el aumento en los precios internacionales de los alimentos y de la energía, y las políticas monetarias y fiscales expansivas han contribuido al aumento de la inflación y a unas expectativas crecientes que superan las metas en varios de los principales socios comerciales del país. Estos choques de costos y de precios, acentuados por los efectos de la invasión de Rusia a Ucrania, han sido más persistentes de lo estimado y se han dado en un contexto de recuperación del producto y del empleo, variables que en algunos de los países ya igualan o superan sus niveles estimados de largo plazo. Como respuesta, en los Estados Unidos la Reserva Federal (Fed) aceleró el ritmo de incremento de la tasa de interés de política y disminuyó rápidamente los niveles de liquidez en el mercado monetario. Los participantes de los mercados financieros esperan que este comportamiento continúe y, en consecuencia, incrementaron significativamente la senda promedio esperada de la tasa de interés de política de la Fed. En este contexto, en el segundo trimestre el dólar se apreció y las medidas de riesgo de los países emergentes aumentaron, comportamiento que ha sido acentuado en el caso colombiano. Con todo esto, para lo que resta de 2022 y 2023 el equipo técnico del Banco aumentó el sendero previsto para la tasa de interés de la Fed y redujo el pronóstico de crecimiento de la demanda externa del país. La senda esperada del precio del petróleo se incrementó, debido, en especial, a mayores restricciones de oferta y a la interrupción del comercio de hidrocarburos entre la Unión Europea y Rusia. Las tensiones geopolíticas globales, el ajuste más fuerte de la política monetaria en los países avanzados, el incremento en la percepción de riesgo para los mercados emergentes y los desbalances macroeconómicos en el país explican el incremento de la senda proyectada de la prima de riesgo, de su nivel tendencial y de la tasa de interés real neutral1. La incertidumbre sobre los pronósticos externos y sobre su consecuente impacto en el escenario macroeconómico del país se mantiene elevada, dada la imprevisible evolución del conflicto entre Rusia y Ucrania, de las tensiones geopolíticas, del grado de desaceleración de la economía mundial y del efecto que la respuesta a los recientes rebrotes de la pandemia en algunos países de Asia pueda tener sobre la economía global. El contexto macroeconómico de alta inflación, de pronósticos y expectativas de inflación superiores al 3 % y de brecha del producto positiva sugiere la necesidad de una postura de la política monetaria en terreno contractivo que mitigue el riesgo de desanclaje persistente de las expectativas de inflación. Frente a los pronósticos del Informe de abril, el aumento de la tendencia de la prima de riesgo implica una tasa de interés real neutral más alta y la existencia de un estímulo monetario mayor del estimado previamente. Por su parte, la demanda interna ha sido más dinámica, con un nivel observado y proyectado del producto mayor, que supera la capacidad productiva de la economía. Las sorpresas al alza de la inflación total y básica son el reflejo de choques externos más fuertes y persistentes que, junto con la fortaleza de la demanda agregada, la indexación, las mayores expectativas de inflación y las presiones cambiarias explican el incremento en la senda de pronóstico de la inflación a niveles que superan la meta en los siguientes dos años. Esto es corroborado por las medidas de expectativas de inflación de los analistas económicos y aquellas derivadas del mercado de deuda pública, que siguieron aumentando y exceden el 3 %. Todo lo anterior aumentó el riesgo de desanclaje de las expectativas de inflación y podría generar procesos de indexación generalizados que alejen la inflación de la meta por más tiempo. Este nuevo contexto macroeconómico sugiere que el ajuste de la tasa de interés debe continuar hacia un terreno contractivo de la política monetaria. de lo estimado y se han dado en un contexto de recuperación del producto y del empleo, variables que en algunos de los países ya igualan o superan sus niveles estimados de largo plazo. Como respuesta, en los Estados Unidos la Reserva Federal (Fed) aceleró el ritmo de incremento de la tasa de interés de política y disminuyó rápidamente los niveles de liquidez en el mercado monetario. Los participantes de los mercados financieros esperan que este comportamiento continúe y, en consecuencia, incrementaron significativamente la senda promedio esperada de la tasa de interés de política de la Fed. En este contexto, en el segundo trimestre el dólar se apreció y las medidas de riesgo de los países emergentes aumentaron, comportamiento que ha sido acentuado en el caso colombiano. Con todo esto, para lo que resta de 2022 y 2023 el equipo técnico del Banco aumentó el sendero previsto para la tasa de interés de la Fed y redujo el pronóstico de crecimiento de la demanda externa del país. La senda esperada del precio del petróleo se incrementó, debido, en especial, a mayores restricciones de oferta y a la interrupción del comercio de hidrocarburos entre la Unión Europea y Rusia. Las tensiones geopolíticas globales, el ajuste más fuerte de la política monetaria en los países avanzados, el incremento en la percepción de riesgo para los mercados emergentes y los desbalances macroeconómicos en el país explican el incremento de la senda proyectada de la prima de riesgo, de su nivel tendencial y de la tasa de interés real neutral1. La incertidumbre sobre los pronósticos externos y sobre su consecuente impacto en el escenario macroeconómico del país se mantiene elevada, dada la imprevisible evolución del conflicto entre Rusia y Ucrania, de las tensiones geopolíticas, del grado de desaceleración de la economía mundial y del efecto que la respuesta a los recientes rebrotes de la pandemia en algunos países de Asia pueda tener sobre la economía global. El contexto macroeconómico de alta inflación, de pronósticos y expectativas de inflación superiores al 3 % y de brecha del producto positiva sugiere la necesidad de una postura de la política monetaria en terreno contractivo que mitigue el riesgo de desanclaje persistente de las expectativas de inflación. Frente a los pronósticos del Informe de abril, el aumento de la tendencia de la prima de riesgo implica una tasa de interés real neutral más alta y la existencia de un estímulo monetario mayor del estimado previamente. Por su parte, la demanda interna ha sido más dinámica, con un nivel observado y proyectado del producto mayor, que supera la capacidad productiva de la economía. Las sorpresas al alza de la inflación total y básica son el reflejo de choques externos más fuertes y persistentes que, junto con la fortaleza de la demanda agregada, la indexación, las mayores expectativas de inflación y las presiones cambiarias explican el incremento en la senda de pronóstico de la inflación a niveles que superan la meta en los siguientes dos años. Esto es corroborado por las medidas de expectativas de inflación de los analistas económicos y aquellas derivadas del mercado de deuda pública, que siguieron aumentando y exceden el 3 %. Todo lo anterior aumentó el riesgo de desanclaje de las expectativas de inflación y podría generar procesos de indexación generalizados que alejen la inflación de la meta por más tiempo. Este nuevo contexto macroeconómico sugiere que el ajuste de la tasa de interés debe continuar hacia un terreno contractivo de la política monetaria. 1.2 Decisión de política monetaria La Junta Directiva del Banco de la República (JDBR) en sus reuniones de junio y julio de 2022 decidió continuar con el proceso de normalización de la política monetaria. En la reunión de junio la JDBR decidió por unanimidad incrementar la tasa de interés de política monetaria en 150 puntos básicos (pb) y, por mayoría, en 150 pb en su reunión de julio. Así la tasa se ubica en 9,0% 1 La tasa de interés real neutral se refiere al nivel de la tasa de interés real que no estimula ni desestimula la demanda agregada y, por tanto, no genera presiones que lleven al cierre de la brecha de producto. En una economía pequeña y abierta, como la colombiana, esta tasa depende de la tasa de interés real neutral externa, de los componentes de mediano plazo de la prima de riesgo-país y de la depreciación esperada.
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