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Journal articles on the topic 'Union mergers and amalgamations'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Davis, Aiark. "Is Bigger Better? Union Size and Expenditure on Members." Journal of Industrial Relations 41, no. 1 (March 1999): 3–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569904100101.

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From the late 1980s to the mid-1990s Australian trade unions engaged in a series of amalgamations. One of the main rationales for these mergers was that larger unions would benefit from economies of scale. But this proposition has been contested in debates sparked by the Australian union amalgamation round. Research literature on union mergers and the economics of union administration is reviewed to identify factors affecting the costs incurred by unions in servicing their membership. Multivariate allalysis of data from a sample of thirty-four Australian unions suggests that larger unions incur lower costs in servicing their members when other factors thought to affect union cost structures are held constant. But methodological and conceptual issues meau that the findings do not provide unambiguous evidence for the existence of economies of scale.

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2

Tomkins, Matthew. "Trade Union Amalgamations: Explaining the Recent Spate of Mergers in Australia." Labour & Industry: a journal of the social and economic relations of work 9, no. 3 (April 1999): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10301763.1999.10669200.

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3

Mael, Elaine. "When One Plus One Remains One." Library Resources & Technical Services 58, no. 4 (November 3, 2014): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/lrts.58n4.265.

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Following the trend for library mergers of various configurations, the recent union of a state university with a private specialized university, each with its own library, provides insight into this ongoing phenomenon. The issues involved in such a vision occur on many fronts, including administrative decisions, technological implementation, physical plant management, and staff commitment. All of these require considerable strategic planning, sometimes in the shadow of time constraints. The author addresses the challenges, the benefits, and the potential problems resulting from the merger of two university libraries and the implications for other libraries considering a similar amalgamation.

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4

Wooden, Mark. "Union Amalgamations and the Decline in Union Density." Journal of Industrial Relations 41, no. 1 (March 1999): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569904100102.

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Confronted by a marked decline in trade union density, the union movement in Australia bas responded by promoting the restructuring and amolgamation of trade unions. As a result, the number of active trade unions in Australia has fallen markedly since 1990. Despite tbis, the decline in trade union density accelerated during the 1990s, leading some analysts to suggest that the union amalgamation process may actually have been counterproductive in terms of overall trade union membership. This article tests this hypothesis using panel data collected as part of the Australian Workplace Industrial Relations Survey. A regression model of changes in union density in the period 1989/90 to 1995 is developed and estimated. The results indicate that while declining union numbers have been associated with the decline in union density, none of the blame for the fall can be traced to the amalgamation process.

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5

Graham, Harry. "Union Mergers." Relations industrielles 25, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 552–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/028154ar.

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The author stresses the importance of reexamining the structure of the American labor movement, which has to face changing economic and social conditions, and depicts the main difficulties which hinder changes in the actual system. His line of study bears specifically on the possibility of union mergers, which seems to be the most practical solution to the present structural inadequacies in unionism.

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6

Weese, Eric. "Political mergers as coalition formation: An analysis of theHeiseimunicipal amalgamations." Quantitative Economics 6, no. 2 (July 2015): 257–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/qe442.

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7

Michelson, Grant. "Out of Tune? Union Amalgamations and the Musicians Union of Australia." Journal of Industrial Relations 39, no. 3 (September 1997): 303–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569703900301.

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8

Rajadhyaksha, Meghna. "Mergers and Amalgamations in India: Protecting Labour in Times of Change." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 23, Issue 3 (September 1, 2007): 375–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2007018.

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This article studies the law protecting workers during the merger or amalgamation of a company in India. It discusses the provisions of company law and labour law that operate in the area, with a discussion of case law on the point. The author finds that in light of the constitutional provisions in India, that favour protection of labour interests, the law is indeed inadequate and recommends the reform of corporate and labour legislation to provide for consultation requirements, participation of the workers and protection of their interests on transfer to the amalgamated company.

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9

Lambert, R. "State of the Union: An Assessment of Union Strategies." Economic and Labour Relations Review 2, no. 2 (December 1991): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469100200201.

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Accelerating global economic change reflected in the high degree of capital mobility and integrated global markets has intensified investment competition between states. The union movement reacted through a commitment to strategic unionism and award restructuring. However, the impact of the latter has been limited by the occupationally divided structure of Australian unions. The paper analyses attempts to change this structure through union amalgamations and considers the impact inter-union power struggles, shaped by factional alignments, have had on the process. The paper assesses the organizational problems of conglomerate unionism and evaluates possible counters to likely tendencies.

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10

Chang, Shu-Hua. "Upstream Mergers, Downstream Mergers, and Unionized Oligopoly." American Economist 49, no. 2 (October 2005): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/056943450504900208.

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In a duopolistic industry characterized by unobserved vertical contracts, and where there are two vertical chains with two upstream manufacturers selling to two downstream retailers, we show that the wage is jointly determined by the union and the firm through bargaining and that the wage bargaining power of the union under different regimes, regardless of whether an upstream merger or a downstream merger takes place, will determine the degree of the welfare damage effect. It is also found that an upstream or a downstream monopolist, regardless of whether it possesses the right to franchise, will exert no impact on the equilibrium outputs and total profit, and will only affect the distribution of profits within the vertical chain.

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11

Maryati, T. K., A. N. M. Salman, and E. T. Baskoro. "Supermagic coverings of the disjoint union of graphs and amalgamations." Discrete Mathematics 313, no. 4 (February 2013): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.disc.2012.11.005.

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12

Mcalevey, Lynn, Alexander Sibbald, and David Tripe. "NEW ZEALAND CREDIT UNION MERGERS." Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics 81, no. 3 (August 16, 2010): 423–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8292.2010.00414.x.

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13

Lowatcharin, Grichawat, Charles Crumpton, Charles E. Menifield, and Pummin Promsorn. "What influences success of small local government amalgamations: a comparison of cases in Thailand and the United States." International Journal of Public Sector Management 34, no. 5 (April 30, 2021): 568–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpsm-10-2020-0271.

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PurposeMunicipal amalgamation (or merger or consolidation) is commonly employed in countries around the world to improve efficiency in public service. While mergers occur among jurisdictions of all sizes, the municipal amalgamation discourse is typically limited to one national setting and a focus on mergers of larger local jurisdictions. The existing municipal amalgamation literature pays little attention to predicate conditions for successful mergers. This study seeks to address these deficiencies by examining the premerger conditions and effects of municipal amalgamations that recently took place in four small jurisdictions of similar size in Thailand and the United States.Design/methodology/approachA holistic multiple case study approach was employed. These two cases share a geographical attribute: one municipal jurisdiction encircled by another.FindingsThe evidence indicates that factors associated with what the researchers refer to as “familiarity” facilitated both successful approval of and outcomes resulting from the amalgamation actions. While the study's findings align with international research regarding the potential for reducing administrative support costs through consolidation, its findings diverge from existing international evidence in that the evidence indicates operating effectiveness and efficiency improvements. Economies of scope and marginal economies of scale are in evidence. Although findings from this study indicate that there might be problematic effects regarding political representation and participation, in that the consolidated jurisdictions remain small in size, negative citizen engagement and participation consequences may be less than that evidenced in larger consolidated jurisdictions.Originality/valueThe study introduces the “familiarity” theorem as a theoretical lens to assist in understanding the cases.

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14

Kalashnikova, Svitlana, and Olena Orzhel. "Optimisation of the Network of Higher Education Institutions: Theoretical Features and Practical Recommendations." International Scientific Journal of Universities and Leadership 13 (August 18, 2022): 89–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.31874/2520-6702-2022-13-89-129.

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The article explores European experience in optimisation of higher education institutions network, provides theoretical background for the above process and identifies its key features, as well as formulates practical recommendations for implementation of Ukraine’s higher education sector optimisation. The relevance of this research is conditioned by ongoing higher education reform, its strategic objectives, developments triggered by russian federation aggression, and objectives of post-war revival of Ukraine. The article is rooted in the experience and optimisation practices of 9 European countries: Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Ireland, Norway, Sweden and United Kingdom and identifies key specific features of higher education institutions network optimization in each of the above countries. The analysis of theoretical texts by foreign and domestic scholars, practical cases, analytical reports dedicated to university mergers and restructuring of the landscape of national higher education systems allowed to identify: terminology on the research topic (namely: amalgamations, mergers, concentration processes, clusters, alliances, collaborations, optimization of higher education institutions network); pre-conditions that trigger optimisation process (in the format of 5 pairs “reason — goal”); trends and approaches to optimisation implementation (8 trends including duration; diversification; dominance of vertical heterogenous amalgamations; pairing; positioning on higher education international arena; combination of bottom-up and top-down approaches; supporting role of the state; partnership and trust); factors that ensure success of optimisation efforts (presented in the form of three-level segmented pyramid with value, system and institutional dimensions). Practical recommendations formulated by the authors are the outcomes of adaptation of prominent European experience — its theoretical and practical domains — to the priorities, challenges and specific characteristics pertinent to the development of Ukraine’s higher educations.

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15

Undy, R. "Trade Union Mergers: Causes & Consequences." Management Research News 16, no. 5/6 (May 1993): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb028289.

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16

Peoples, James, Ali Hekmat, and A. H. Moini. "Corporate mergers and union wage premiums." Journal of Economics and Finance 17, no. 2 (June 1993): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02920639.

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17

Chaison, Gary, Magnus Sverke, and Anders Sjöberg. "How union mergers affect membership participation." Journal of Labor Research 22, no. 2 (June 2001): 355–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12122-001-1039-2.

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18

Kattadiyil Binoy, Joy, and Bakhtiyor Anvarovich Islamov. "CIRP RE-ENGINEERING AND RE-STRUCTURING UNDER INSOLVENCY AND BANKRUPTCY REFORMS." Scientific Reports of Bukhara State University 5, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.52297/2181-1466/2021/5/3/11.

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Introduction. This article discusses the theory of corporate restructuring and its importance in the country. Business restructuring is the redesigning of existing business strategies and aspects for various reasons. Usually a corporate’s varied challenges and financial adjustments to its assets and liabilities necessitates this process. It analyses how the different avenues of business restructuring exercises such as mergers, acquisitions, amalgamations, compromises, and arrangement are processed with in respect to the process provided under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code 2016. Introduction followed by brief Literature Review. Research methods are exploratory in nature, since the study has to explore the impact of IBC on Indian Economy. Results and discussions.

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19

Mao, Zijun, Deqi Wang, and Guoping Zhang. "Municipal amalgamations and the quality of public services: A study based on city-county mergers in China." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 8, 2022): e0272430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272430.

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Municipal amalgamation is one of the core policy tools for Chinese government intervention in urbanization. The city-county merger policy provides a valuable research object for examining whether government-led urban expansion improves the quality of public services. By using city panel data from 2003 to 2019, this paper examines the policy effects of city-county mergers on the quality of public services using the Propensity Score Matching-Difference-in-Differences (PSM-DID) model. The results indicate that, after controlling for other factors, city-county mergers have increased the quality of public services by 1.2%. A placebo test has validated the robustness of this positive effect. Through further tests, the paper finds that the policy has positively affected all three aspects of the quality of public services in China: education, health care, and transport infrastructure, with the greatest impact being on education. Using a case study of a city-county merger in the Fenghua District of Ningbo, this paper depicts the transmission mechanism and argues that the policy affects the quality of public services by providing institutional security (financial and administrative power) and promoting regional integration in the new city area.

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20

Waddington, Jeremy. "Trade Union Mergers: A Study of Trade Union Structural Dynamics." British Journal of Industrial Relations 26, no. 3 (November 1988): 409–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8543.1988.tb00759.x.

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21

Chaison, Gary N. "Union Mergers and International Unionism in Canada." Relations industrielles 34, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 768–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/029013ar.

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The purpose of this paper is to highlight the difficulties en-countered in using mergers to reduce the number of unions in a country with both national and international organizations. it is seen that the presence of internationals limits the scope of potential mergers and that merger attempts can strain the relations between the Canadian sections of international unions and their parent unions.

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22

Conant, Michael. "5. Union Pacific mergers: 1982 and 1988." Research in Transportation Economics 7 (January 2004): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0739-8859(04)80020-9.

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23

Chaison, Gary. "Union mergers is the U.S. and abroad." Journal of Labor Research 25, no. 1 (March 2004): 97–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12122-004-1006-9.

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24

Chaison, Gary N. "Federation Expulsions and Union Mergers in the United States." Relations industrielles 28, no. 2 (April 12, 2005): 343–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/028395ar.

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While the frequency of mergers among unions in the United States has only recently increased, mergers have played a major role in the affairs of unions expelled from federations (AFL, CIO and AFL-CIO) since 1949. An examination of the seventeen expelled unions indicates that only two have entirely disbanded and only one has returned directly to its federation. The remaining expelled unions merged with or into either their rival affiliates or other expelled unions. It is suggested that this high incidence of mergers was the results of the manner in which isolation induced exiles to merge while also reducing previously formidable barriers.

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25

Boonmee, Prakassawat, Jirapa Ma - In, and Sayan Panma. "Domination Numbers of Amalgamations of Cycles at Connected Subgraphs." Journal of Mathematics 2022 (January 28, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7336728.

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A set S of vertices of a graph G is a dominating set of G if every vertex in V G is adjacent to some vertex in S . A minimum dominating set in a graph G is a dominating set of minimum cardinality. The cardinality of a minimum dominating set is called the domination number of G and is denoted by γ G . Let G 1 and G 2 be disjoint graphs, H 1 be a subgraph of G 1 , H 2 be a subgraph of G 2 , and f be an isomorphism from H 1 to H 2 . The amalgamation (the glued graph) of G 1 and G 2 at H 1 and H 2 with respect to f is the graph G = G 1 ⊲ ⊳ G 2 H 1 ≅ f H 2 obtained by forming the disjoint union of G 1 and G 2 and then identifying H 1 and H 2 with respect to f . In this paper, we determine the domination numbers of the amalgamations of two cycles at connected subgraphs.

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26

Kollmorgen, Stuart, and Richard Naughton. "Change from Within: Reforming Trade Union Coverage and Structure." Journal of Industrial Relations 33, no. 3 (September 1991): 369–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569103300305.

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The federal government has demonstrated that it supports moves to rationalize trade union structure by enacting legislation which allocates the parties in the industrial relations process different roles in transforming union coverage of workers and workplaces. The power to rewrite union eligibility rules under section 118A of the Industrial Relations Act 1988 provides the Australian Industrial Relations Commission with a direct role in the restructuring process, while the more permissive path towards trade union amalgamations now endorsed by the legislation allows the union movement itself an opportunity to hasten the reform process. The authors contend that the government has chosen to adopt a compromise model of reform by seeking to achieve change from within the existing centralized system. The paper analyzes the different legislative mechanisms, both to identify the capacity for change that currently exists within the Industrial Relations Act, and to assess whether they provide a suitable response to the challenges presently confronting the Australian industrial relations system.

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27

Bakerjian, Leen. "Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions in Light of the European Legal Framework." Debreceni Jogi Műhely 18, no. 1-2 (September 1, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24169/djm/2021/1-2/1.

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This paper will discuss the role that Mergers and Acquisitions play in the global economy. It will deliberate on the challenges, benefits and issues of the implementation of these transactions in terms of legality, society and culture. It also contains an empirical enquiry that investigates the application of Mergers and Acquisitions in the presence of different social and cultural working environments. It also demonstrates attempts of entering into such transactions with incorrect intentions such as domination and the negative outcomes of such approach. Throughout this work, I will investigate the legal instruments governing these types of transactions in different areas of the world, specifically the European Union. It will touch on the legal instruments governing Mergers and Acquisitions in the European Union and will challenge the applicability of the fundamental freedoms of the European Union in light of the cross-border Mergers and Acquisitions directives. The paper will challenge the European Court of Justice’s approach to the Freedom of Establishment and the application of cross-border M&As. Finally, a clear demonstrateion of the fallbacks of the provisions of the Cross-Border Mergers Directives is provided as well as challenging the European legislature’s choices in drafting said directives. Unusual discrepancies between the directives and the fundamental freedoms of the European Union are shown, however these two which must always be in line with one another.

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28

Parodi, Giuliana. "Trade Union Congress Policy towards union mergers: a statistical analysis, 1960-83." Applied Economics Letters 4, no. 6 (June 1997): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/135048597355294.

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29

MILLER, LETA E. "Racial Segregation and the San Francisco Musicians' Union, 1923–60." Journal of the Society for American Music 1, no. 2 (May 2007): 161–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752196307070071.

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The practice of segregated union locals, common in the American Federation of Musicians (AFM) during the first half of the twentieth century, led to racial confrontation in San Francisco. In 1934, black Local 648 sued its much larger counterpart, Local 6, which had attempted to control all musical employment in the Bay Area. Though Local 648 eventually withdrew its suit, its charter was revoked and black musicians were placed in “subsidiary” status. A new “colored local” (669) was chartered in 1946 and worked alongside Local 6 until the state forced amalgamation in 1960. Many other segregated locals did not merge until the late 1960s or early 1970s.The saga of Locals 6, 648, and 669 brings into focus the complex social and economic forces buffeting the working musician in the early twentieth century. Racialist attitudes in the US labor movement, mirrored in the musicians' union, forced blacks to organize separately and accept lower wages in order to secure employment. The AFM, for its part, was constrained by its dedication to local autonomy. Black union musicians were themselves divided—torn between outrage at their second-class status and the apparent benefits of working for change from within the organization.

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30

Lande, Robert H., and Richard O. Zerbe. "Anticonsumer Effects of Union Mergers: An Antitrust Solution." Duke Law Journal 46, no. 2 (November 1996): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1372956.

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31

Wong, Chao Tung, Chia Yon Chen, and Leonard F. S. Wang. "Union-firm bargaining, managerial delegation and corporate mergers." International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development 7, no. 4 (2009): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmed.2009.026304.

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32

Morris, Timothy. "Trade union mergers and competition in British banking." Industrial Relations Journal 17, no. 2 (June 1986): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2338.1986.tb00531.x.

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33

Conant, John L. "The role of managerial discretion in union mergers." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 20, no. 1 (January 1993): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2681(93)90080-9.

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34

Bauer, Keldon J., Linda L. Miles, and Takeshi Nishikawa. "The effect of mergers on credit union performance." Journal of Banking & Finance 33, no. 12 (December 2009): 2267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2009.06.004.

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35

García, Javier Bilbao, and Isabel Martinez Torre-Enciso. "Mergers and acquisitions in the european union frame." International Advances in Economic Research 1, no. 4 (November 1995): 339–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02295786.

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36

Sahu, Ritankar. "Acquisition Financing in India: Working in an Emerging but Complex Market." Business Law Review 32, Issue 5 (May 1, 2011): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2011029.

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While Indian corporates are aggressively expanding their horizons their counterparts offshore are acquiring in India. While availability of funds is a favourable driver for investments, it has been the structuring options devised for Indian acquirers which have enabled them to make acquisitions offshore. Nevertheless, such hurdles should not be seen as a deterrent. This article describes the issues and regulatory hurdles and provides an overview of corporate structures and agreements used in mergers, amalgamations and acquisitions before describing how Indian companies are allowed to access funds from abroad. It then looks into domestic sources of .finance, statutory restrictions on loans from Indian banks, limits on capital market exposure, structured instruments, Indian depository receipts, terms of .financing documents, taking security in India, inter-creditor arrangements and the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act 2002.

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37

Bednarek, Rebecca, Stephen Blumenfeld, and Sally Riad. "Union-division: on the paradoxes of purpose and membership scope in union mergers." Industrial Relations Journal 43, no. 6 (November 2012): 548–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2338.2012.00696.x.

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38

Lazíková, Jarmila, Lucia Belková, Zuzana Ilková, and Jana Ďurkovičová. "CROSS–BORDER MERGERS – THE CONCEPT AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION INTO THE LEGAL ORDER OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC CEZHRANIČNÉ ZLÚČENIE ALEBO SPLYNUTIE." EU agrarian Law 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eual-2013-0007.

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Abstract Cross-border mergers are regulated by the Directive 2005/56/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 October 2005 on crossborder mergers of limited liability companies. This article deals with the issue of cross-border mergers of limited liability companies within the internal market of the European Union, more precisely it analyzes the question of the concept of a cross-border merger under the European Union law and its implementation into the national legal order of the Slovak Republic. The legal definition of a cross-border merger under the European Union law comprises three key conditions that must be met cumulatively: cross-border merger is applicable only for a business company formed in accordance with the law of an EU Member State, having its registered office, central administration or principal place of business within the Community, and at the same time business company must be in an eligible legal form and a cross-border element must be given.

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39

Mucenieks, Kaspars. "Factors Affecting Mergers and Acquisitions in the European Union." Humanities and Social Sciences Latvia 26, no. 2 (2018): 102–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/hssl.26.2.7.

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40

Gennard, John. "A new emerging trend? Cross border trade union mergers." Employee Relations 31, no. 1 (November 21, 2008): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01425450910916788.

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41

Fried, Harold O., C. A. Knox Lovell, and Suthathip Yaisawarng. "The impact of mergers on credit union service provision." Journal of Banking & Finance 23, no. 2-4 (February 1999): 367–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4266(98)00090-9.

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42

Chaison, Gary. "Union Mergers: The New Interest and Some Old Questions." Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal 22, no. 2 (March 30, 2010): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10672-010-9145-z.

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43

Chaison, Gary. "Union Mergers; Some Questions Raised by a “Disorderly Breakup”." Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal 30, no. 4 (November 10, 2018): 299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10672-018-9323-y.

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44

Campling, John T., and Grant Michelson. "Trade Union Mergers in British and Australian Television Broadcasting." British Journal of Industrial Relations 35, no. 2 (June 1997): 215–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8543.00049.

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45

Morris, Timothy, John Storey, Adrian Wilkinson, and Peter Cressey. "Industry Change and Union Mergers in British Retail Finance." British Journal of Industrial Relations 39, no. 2 (June 2001): 237–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8543.00198.

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46

Gürkaynak, Gönenç, Kansu Aydoğan Yeşilaltay, and Zeynep Ayata Aydoğan. "A critical assessment of the recent proposals and reports on the regulation of digital mergers." Competition Law Journal 20, no. 3 (October 28, 2021): 120–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/clj.2021.03.02.

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This article examines the recent proposals and reports on the regulation of digital mergers in the European Union, United Kingdom, United States and other jurisdictions, with a particular focus on the proposals for presumptions against mergers. It argues that any intervention in digital mergers needs to calibrate a balance between preventing excessive levels of market concentration and promoting innovation and that any departure from existing laws should be justified. Against this background, this article concludes that the recent arguments for lowering the threshold for blocking digital mergers undermines the risk of chilling innovation and losing significant efficiencies, and does not rely on concrete evidence and sound economic theories.

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47

Beaumont, P. B., and Gary N. Chaison. "Union Mergers in Hard Times: The View from Five Countries." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 51, no. 2 (January 1998): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2525234.

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Kumar, Pradeep. "Union mergers in hard times: The view from five countries." Journal of Labor Research 21, no. 3 (September 2000): 527–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12122-000-1027-y.

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Baye, Irina, Beatrice Pagel, and Christian Wey. "How to counter union power? Equilibrium mergers in international oligopoly." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 127 (July 2016): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2016.04.008.

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Western, Bruce, Gary N. Chaison, Duncan Gallie, Roger Penn, and Michael Rose. "Union Mergers in Hard Times: The View from Five Countries." Contemporary Sociology 26, no. 6 (November 1997): 708. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2654629.

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