Journal articles: 'Unilateral measures'

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Ranné, Omar. "More leeway for unilateral trade measures?" Intereconomics 34, no. 2 (March 1999): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02927838.

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Chuck, A. V. "Unilateral coercive measures in the doctrine of modern international law." Vestnik Universiteta 1, no. 7 (August 30, 2022): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2022-7-30-36.

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The main purpose of this article was to study the theoretical foundations of the application of unilateral coercive measures by states. It was determined that these measures are not consistent with all the fundamental international legal principles. The author indicates that such measures have a wide range of actions and can be both economic and non-economic by nature. The terminological problem of the concept of “unilateral coercive measures” is considered. These measures are often mistakenly referred to as “sanctions”, thereby identifying them with unquestionably legitimate measures taken by the United Nations Security Council. In the legislation of the Russian Federation, unlike other states, there was no confusion of concepts. The article notes that the issue of the legality of the use of unilateral coercive measures is relevant. The fact is that these measures, among other things, can negatively affect the lives of innocent citizens. The most vulnerable segments of society are particularly affected by this, for example, due to the denial of access to essential goods. For this reason, unilateral coercive measures taken by a state should not create any serious violations of people’s fundamental rights. In addition, due to their specific nature, unilateral coercive measures affect the economic processes of states.

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Sheppard, William E. A., Polly Dickerson, Rigmor C. Baraas, Mark Mon-Williams, Brendan T. Barrett, Richard M. Wilkie, and Rachel O. Coats. "Exploring the effects of degraded vision on sensorimotor performance." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (November 8, 2021): e0258678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258678.

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Purpose Many people experience unilateral degraded vision, usually owing to a developmental or age-related disorder. There are unresolved questions regarding the extent to which such unilateral visual deficits impact on sensorimotor performance; an important issue as sensorimotor limitations can constrain quality of life by restricting ‘activities of daily living’. Examination of the relationship between visual deficit and sensorimotor performance is essential for determining the functional implications of ophthalmic conditions. This study attempts to explore the effect of unilaterally degraded vision on sensorimotor performance. Methods In Experiment 1 we simulated visual deficits in 30 participants using unilateral and bilateral Bangerter filters to explore whether motor performance was affected in water pouring, peg placing, and aiming tasks. Experiment 2 (n = 74) tested the hypothesis that kinematic measures are associated with visuomotor deficits by measuring the impact of small visual sensitivity decrements created by monocular viewing on sensorimotor interactions with targets presented on a planar surface in aiming, tracking and steering tasks. Results In Experiment 1, the filters caused decreased task performance—confirming that unilateral (and bilateral) visual loss has functional implications. In Experiment 2, kinematic measures were affected by monocular viewing in two of three tasks requiring rapid online visual feedback (aiming and steering). Conclusions Unilateral visual loss has a measurable impact on sensorimotor performance. The benefits of binocular vision may be particularly important for some groups (e.g. older adults) where an inability to complete sensorimotor tasks may necessitate assisted living. There is an urgent need to develop rigorous kinematic approaches to the quantification of the functional impact of unilaterally degraded vision and of the benefits associated with treatments for unilateral ophthalmic conditions to enable informed decisions around treatment.

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McCaslin, Devin L., Gary P. Jacobson, Sarah L. Grantham, Erin G. Piker, and Susha Verghese. "The Influence of Unilateral Saccular Impairment on Functional Balance Performance and Self-Report Dizziness." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 22, no. 08 (September 2011): 542–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.22.8.6.

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Background: Postural stability in humans is largely maintained by vestibular, visual, and somatosensory inputs to the central nervous system. Recent clinical advances in the assessment of otolith function (e.g., cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials [cVEMPs and oVEMPs], subjective visual vertical [SVV] during eccentric rotation) have enabled investigators to identify patients with unilateral otolith impairments. This research has suggested that patients with unilateral otolith impairments perform worse than normal healthy controls on measures of postural stability. It is not yet known if patients with unilateral impairments of the saccule and/or inferior vestibular nerve (i.e., unilaterally abnormal cVEMP) perform differently on measures of postural stability than patients with unilateral impairments of the horizontal SCC (semicircular canal) and/or superior vestibular nerve (i.e., unilateral caloric weakness). Further, it is not known what relationship exists, if any, between otolith system impairment and self-report dizziness handicap. Purpose: The purpose of this investigation was to determine the extent to which saccular impairments (defined by a unilaterally absent cVEMP) and impairments of the horizontal semicircular canal (as measured by the results of caloric testing) affect vestibulospinal function as measured through the Sensory Organization Test (SOT) of the computerized dynamic posturography (CDP). A secondary objective of this investigation was to measure the effects, if any, that saccular impairment has on a modality-specific measure of health-related quality of life. Research Design: A retrospective cohort study. Subjects were assigned to one of four groups based on results from balance function testing: Group 1 (abnormal cVEMP response only), Group 2 (abnormal caloric response only), Group 3 (abnormal cVEMP and abnormal caloric response), and Group 4 (normal control group). Study Sample: Subjects were 92 adult patients: 62 were seen for balance function testing due to complaints of dizziness, vertigo, or unsteadiness, and 30 served as controls. Intervention: All subjects underwent videonystagmography or electronystagmography (VNG/ENG), vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs), self-report measures of self-perceived dizziness disability/handicap (Dizziness Handicap Inventory), and tests of postural control (Neurocom Equitest). Data Collection and Analysis: Subjects were categorized into one of four groups based on balance function test results. All variables were subjected to a multifactor analysis of variance (ANOVA). The Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) total scores and equilibrium scores served as the dependent variables. Results: Results showed that patients with abnormal unilateral saccular or inferior vestibular nerve function (i.e., abnormal cVEMP) demonstrated significantly impaired postural control when compared to normal participants. However, this group demonstrated significantly better postural stability when compared to the group with abnormal caloric responses alone and the group with abnormal caloric responses and abnormal cVEMP results. Patients with an abnormal cVEMP did not differ significantly on the DHI compared to the other two impaired groups. Conclusions: We interpret these findings as evidence that a significantly asymmetrical cVEMP in isolation negatively impacts performance on measures of postural control compared to normal subjects but not compared to patients with significant caloric weaknesses. However, patients with a unilaterally abnormal cVEMP do not differ from patients with significant caloric weaknesses in regard to self-perceived dizziness handicap.

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Hahn, Michael J. "Balancing or Bending? Unilateral Reactions to Safeguard Measures." Journal of World Trade 39, Issue 2 (April 1, 2005): 301–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2005025.

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Cook, Chad, Robin M. Queen, Emily J. Slaven, James K. DeOrio, Mark E. Easley, and James A. Nunley. "Dimensionality of Measures for Severe Unilateral Ankle Arthritis." PM&R 2, no. 11 (November 2010): 987–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.08.001.

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Antoniadis, Antonis. "Unilateral Measures and WTO Dispute Settlement: An EC Perspective." Journal of World Trade 41, Issue 3 (June 1, 2007): 605–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2007023.

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Worster, William Thomas. "Unilateral Diplomatic Assurances as an Alternative to Provisional Measures." Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals 15, no. 3 (January 3, 2017): 445–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718034-12341333.

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During litigation on the international plane, states sometimes will issue assurances either to the other litigant or to the international court directly. This article explores how those assurances interact with applications for provisional measures. The practice of courts varies with regard to how to react to these assurances, though the usual approach is that assurances issued to another state or individual are generally non-binding, while assurances issued to the court directly are binding. At the same time, litigants can apply to the court for provisional measures to prevent actions that would disturb the dispute. When the assurances are considered non-binding, they are treated as questions of fact and can be assessed for credibility and reliability, as a part of the provisional measures analysis. But when the assurances are considered binding, they are treated as questions of law, and the undertaken legal obligation disposes of the request for a provisional measures order. This article will examine the practices of the International Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights on this issue, identifying where their practices diverge and converge, and recommending that the dual nature of assurances, as both factual and legal, be considered in assessing their value.

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He, Juan. "Do unilateral trade measures really catalyze multilateral environmental agreements?" International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 19, no. 6 (October 25, 2019): 577–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10784-019-09453-8.

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Pelc, Krzysztof J. "Constraining Coercion? Legitimacy and Its Role in U.S. Trade Policy, 1975–2000." International Organization 64, no. 1 (January 2010): 65–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818309990245.

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AbstractThe role of legitimacy in international relations is a topic of much debate, yet there is little understanding of the mechanism behind it. Here I address this discrepancy by asking: are state threats perceived as (il)legitimate more or less likely to be successful? By operationalizing illegitimacy as unilateral action in the presence of a multilateral option, I consider the variation in the success of U.S. trade measures from 1975 to 2000. As I show, the (il)legitimacy of threats modifies the nature of the signal sent by concessions to those threats, and this effect can be measured and predicted. I find that, controlling for material pressure, perceived illegitimacy of U.S. trade threats decreases the likelihood of a target conceding by over 34 percent. Moreover, it pays to resist: targets that resist illegitimate unilateral measures from the United States are 25 percent less likely to encounter similar unilateral measures over the following five years.

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Obwegeser, Alois A., Ryan J. Uitti, Robert J. Witte, John A. Lucas, Margaret F. Turk, and Robert E. Wharen. "Quantitative and Qualitative Outcome Measures after Thalamic Deep Brain Stimulation to Treat Disabling Tremors." Neurosurgery 48, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 274–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006123-200102000-00004.

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Abstract OBJECTIVE We studied outcome measures after unilateral and bilateral thalamic stimulation to treat disabling tremor resulting from essential tremor and Parkinson's disease. The surgical technique, qualitative and quantitative tremor assessments, stimulation parameters, locations of active electrodes, complications, and side effects are described and analyzed. METHODS Forty-one patients with essential tremor or Parkinson's disease underwent implantation of 56 thalamic stimulators. Preoperative qualitative and quantitative tremor measurements were compared with those obtained after unilateral and bilateral surgery, with activated and deactivated stimulators. Stimulation parameters and stimulation-related side effects were recorded, and outcome measures were statistically analyzed. RESULTS Qualitative measurements demonstrated significant improvement of contralateral upper-limb (P < 0.001), lower-limb (P < 0.01), and midline (P < 0.001) tremors after unilateral surgery. Ipsilateral arm tremor also improved (P < 0.01). No differences were observed with the Purdue pegboard task. Quantitative accelerometer measurements were correlated with qualitative assessments and confirmed improvements in contralateral resting (P < 0.001) and postural (P < 0.01) tremors and ipsilateral postural tremor (P < 0.05). Activities of daily living improved after unilateral surgery (P < 0.001) and additionally after bilateral surgery (P < 0.05). Adjustments of the pulse generator were required more frequently for tremor control than for amelioration of side effects. Bilateral thalamic stimulation caused more dysarthria and dysequilibrium than did unilateral stimulation. Stimulation-related side effects were reversible for all patients. Stimulation parameters did not change significantly with time. A significantly lower voltage and greater pulse width were used for patients with bilateral implants. CONCLUSION Unilateral thalamic stimulation and bilateral thalamic stimulation are safe and effective procedures that produce qualitative and quantitative improvements in resting, postural, and kinetic tremor. Thalamic stimulation-related side effects are mild and reversible.

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Jacobson, Gary P., and Devin L. McCaslin. "Agreement between Functional and Electrophysiologic Measures in Patients with Unilateral Peripheral Vestibular System Impairment." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 14, no. 05 (May 2003): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1715733.

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This investigation was conducted to determine whether there was congruence between "physiology-based" definitions of compensated and uncompensated unilateral peripheral vestibular system impairment and "functional" measures of self-perceived dizziness disability/handicap. A retrospective analysis was performed on data obtained from 122 patients evaluated in the Balance Function Laboratory at Henry Ford Hospital over a 4-year period. Both electronystagmography and rotational test data were tabulated. Additionally, results of a self-report measure of dizziness disability/handicap were tabulated. Patients were placed into four groups, with one group representing normal vestibulometric test results, one group representing compensated unilateral peripheral vestibular system impairment, and two groups representing increasing magnitudes of uncompensated unilateral peripheral vestibular system impairment. The total and subscale scores on the self-report measure served as the dependent variable. Results showed a lack of congruence between the physiologic and functional measures. We interpret these findings as evidence that factors other than semiobjective evidence of vestibular system compensation probably impact functional recovery following unilateral peripheral vestibular system impairment.

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Bowen, Audrey, Elizabeth Gardener, Stephen Cross, Pippa Tyrrell, and Jim Graham. "Developing functional outcome measures for unilateral neglect: A pilot study." Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 15, no. 2 (May 2005): 97–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09602010443000010.

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Kurtz, Ronald, and Vincent Hayward. "Dexterity measures with unilateral actuation constraints: the n+1 case." Advanced Robotics 9, no. 5 (January 1994): 561–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156855395x00148.

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Ulman, Sophia M., Abigail C. Schmitt, and Robert J. Butler. "Vertical Force measures to Predict Unilateral and Bilateral Jump Height." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 48 (May 2016): 735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000487205.80595.83.

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Barber, Rebecca. "AN EXPLORATION OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY'S TROUBLED RELATIONSHIP WITH UNILATERAL SANCTIONS." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 70, no. 2 (February 26, 2021): 343–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589321000026.

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AbstractThis article seeks to make sense of two seemingly contradictory aspects of the General Assembly's practice: its history of recommending to States that they impose unilateral sanctions; and its series of resolutions denouncing unilateral coercive measures as illegal. It examines the seeming discrepancy between the customary international law position regarding unilateral sanctions, and the position asserted by the Assembly, and argues that on a nuanced reading of the Assembly's resolutions, these positions are not so divergent as is often supposed. The article concludes by examining the scope for the Assembly to make future sanctions recommendations, consistently with its prior condemnation of unilateral coercive measures.

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Ogbu Okanga, Okanga. "Testing for Consistency: Certain Digital Tax Measures and WTO Non-Discrimination." Journal of World Trade 55, Issue 1 (February 1, 2021): 101–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2021004.

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Few issues have challenged tax policymakers and commentators as much as digital taxation has in recent years. Ongoing efforts to reconstruct the rules of international tax to ‘properly’ govern the taxation of the global digital economy have evoked some important tax and trade related considerations. As regards the latter, unilateral attempts by various states – partly spurred on by a lack of multilateral consensus – to tax nonresident digitalized businesses threaten to disrupt international trade relations, with threats of trade war exchanged between some World Trade Organization (WTO) Member States over the propriety of the proposed tax measures. As the conversation on the underlying tax issues progresses, this article examines the consistency of some features of the various unilateral digital tax measures with the fundamental WTO principle of non-discrimination, as contained in the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Using the French Digital Service Tax (French DST) as a focal point, the article argues that there is a case to be made that some common features of the unilateral digital tax measures violate either the most favoured nation or national treatment rules of WTO non-discrimination. International Tax, International Trade, Digitalization, E-Commerce, WTO, Non-discrimination, Most Favoured Nation, National Treatment

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Abd El Megeid Abdallah, Amira Abdallah. "Effect of unilateral and bilateral use of laterally wedged insoles with arch supports on impact loading in medial knee osteoarthritis." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 40, no. 2 (February 17, 2015): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309364614560942.

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Background: Increased impact loading is implicated in knee osteoarthritis development and progression. Objectives: This study examined the impact ground reaction force (GRF) peak, its loading rate, its relative timing to stance phase timing, and walking speed during unilateral and bilateral use of laterally wedged insoles with arch supports. Study design: Within-subject design. Methods: Thirty-three female patients with medial knee osteoarthritis were examined with (unilateral 6° and 11°, and bilateral 0°, 6°, and 11°) and without insole use. Results: Repeated measures MANOVA revealed that the impact force increased significantly in bilateral 11° versus unilateral 6° and without-insole conditions. The loading rate decreased significantly in unilateral 11° versus bilateral 6° insoles. The relative timing increased significantly in each of bilateral 6°, bilateral 11°, and unilateral 11° versus bilateral 0° insoles and in each of bilateral 11° and unilateral 11° versus without-insole condition. There were significant positive correlations between the walking speed and each of the force and loading rate. The Chi-square test revealed insignificant association between the insole condition and the presence of impact forces. Conclusion: Unilateral 11° insoles are capable of reducing impact loading possibly through increasing foot pronation. Walking slowly is another possible strategy to reduce loading. Clinical relevance Unilaterally applied 11° laterally wedged insoles are capable of reducing and delaying the initial impact ground reaction forces and reducing their loading rates during walking in patients with medial knee osteoarthritis, thus reducing osteoarthritis progression. Walking slowly could also be used as a strategy to reduce impact loading.

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He, Juan. "Unilateral Trade Measures Against Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing: Unlocking a Paradigm Change in Trade-Environmental Partnerships?" Journal of World Trade 53, Issue 5 (October 1, 2019): 759–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2019030.

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The decades-long yet steady transition of the World Trade Organization (WTO) from value judgment towards procedural empowerment delivers a new impetus to consolidated trade-environmental partnerships in a collective campaign against illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing. Although there is an ideal preference for multilateral approaches to address the widespread phenomena of IUU fishing and associated human rights injustice, this article probes an increasingly proactive role of unilateral trade measures to close the supply chain loopholes for IUU-caught fish to enter commerce. Unilateral and trade-restrictive modalities against IUU fishing are embodied by the 2008 European Union IUU Regulation and the 2016 United States Seafood Import Monitoring Program. Innovative trade paradigms should avoid compromising the consensus-building momentum under multilateral governance frameworks in the longer term. Better regulated and coordinated unilateral measures can become a useful pathfinder to globalized strategies. To this end, the WTO needs to work more closely and effectively with the Food and Agriculture Organization and regional fisheries management organizations to ensure that unilateral responses are transparent, well-reasoned and emerge from a rational process of communication and argumentation among supply chain parties.

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Pinho, Cátia M. R., Luis M. T. Jesus, and Anna Barney. "Aerodynamic measures of speech in unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP) patients." Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology 38, no. 1 (June 29, 2012): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/14015439.2012.696138.

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Maloney, Sean J., Iain M. Fletcher, and Joanna Richards. "Reliability of Unilateral Vertical Leg Stiffness Measures Assessed During Bilateral Hopping." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 31, no. 5 (October 2015): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2014-0254.

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The assessment of vertical leg stiffness is an important consideration given its relationship to performance. Vertical stiffness is most commonly assessed during a bilateral hopping task. The current study sought to determine the intersession reliability, quantified by the coefficient of variation, of vertical stiffness during bilateral hopping when assessed for the left and right limbs independently, which had not been previously investigated. On 4 separate occasions, 10 healthy males performed 30 unshod bilateral hops on a dual force plate system with data recorded independently for the left and right limbs. Vertical stiffness was calculated as the ratio of peak ground reaction force to the peak negative displacement of the center of mass during each hop and was averaged over the sixth through tenth hops. For vertical stiffness, average coefficients of variation of 15.3% and 14.3% were observed for the left and right limbs, respectively. An average coefficient of variation of 14.7% was observed for bilateral vertical stiffness. The current study reports that calculations of unilateral vertical stiffness demonstrate reliability comparable to bilateral calculations. Determining unilateral vertical stiffness values and relative discrepancies may allow a coach to build a more complete stiffness profile of an individual athlete and better inform the training process.

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Tian, LinLin, Morvarid Karimi, Chris A. Brown, Susan K. Loftin, and Joel S. Perlmutter. "In vivo measures of nigrostriatal neuronal response to unilateral MPTP treatment." Brain Research 1571 (July 2014): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2014.05.009.

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Panov, Filipp. "International Legal Basis for the Introduction of EU Unilateral Restrictive Measures." Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law 18, no. 1 (November 28, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/jflcl.2022.018.

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Jazairy, Idriss. "Unilateral Economic Sanctions, International Law, and Human Rights." Ethics & International Affairs 33, no. 3 (2019): 291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0892679419000339.

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AbstractAs part of the roundtable “Economic Sanctions and Their Consequences,” this essay examines unilateral coercive measures. These types of sanctions are applied outside the scope of Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, and were developed and refined in the West in the context of the Cold War. Yet the eventual collapse of the Berlin Wall did not herald the demise of unilateral sanctions; much to the contrary. While there are no incontrovertible data on the extent of these measures, one can safely say that they target in some way a full quarter of humanity. In addition to being a major attack on the principle of self-determination, unilateral measures not only adversely affect the rights to international trade and to navigation but also the basic human rights of innocent civilians. The current deterioration of the situation, with the mutation of embargoes into blockades and impositions on third parties, is a threat to peace that needs to be upgraded in strategic concern.

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Snik, Ad, Martijn Agterberg, and Arjan Bosman. "How to Quantify Binaural Hearing in Patients with Unilateral Hearing Using Hearing Implants." Audiology and Neurotology 20, Suppl. 1 (2015): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000380747.

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Application of bilateral hearing devices in bilateral hearing loss and unilateral application in unilateral hearing loss (second ear with normal hearing) does not a priori lead to binaural hearing. An overview is presented on several measures of binaural benefits that have been used in patients with unilateral or bilateral deafness using one or two cochlear implants, respectively, and in patients with unilateral or bilateral conductive/mixed hearing loss using one or two percutaneous bone conduction implants (BCDs), respectively. Overall, according to this overview, the most significant and sensitive measure is the benefit in directional hearing. Measures using speech (viz. binaural summation, binaural squelch or use of the head shadow effect) showed minor benefits, except for patients with bilateral conductive/mixed hearing loss using two BCDs. Although less feasible in daily practise, the binaural masking level difference test seems to be a promising option in the assessment of binaural function.

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Jayakaran, Prasath, Gillian M. Johnson, and S. John Sullivan. "Concurrent validity of the Sensory Organization Test measures in unilateral transtibial amputees." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 37, no. 1 (July 3, 2012): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309364612448391.

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Background and Aim: The physical asymmetries associated with a prosthesis raises the question of validity of the Sensory Organization Test (SOT) measures (equilibrium score (ES) and strategy score (SS)) in lower limb amputees. This study explores the validity of these measures in transtibial amputees by correlating with their corresponding centre of pressure (COP) excursion/velocity measures. Technique: Fifteen transtibial amputees (69.5 ± 6.5 years) completed three trials for each of the six SOT conditions. Discussion: The Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients between ESs and global COP excursion/velocity measures ranged from 0.52 to 0.71 for Conditions 1, 4 and 5, 0.79 to 0.85 for Conditions 2 and 3, and 0.39 to 0.43 for Condition 6. The coefficients for SSs ranged between 0.78 and 0.97 for Conditions 1 to 5 and 0.55 to 0.67 for Condition 6. The corresponding sound and prosthetic side COP variables demonstrated varying strengths of association with ES and SS. Clinical relevance Of the two clinical measures examined, the SSs are strongly reflective of COP excursion/velocity measures and these findings have application in the interpretation of SOT when evaluating balance in transtibial amputees.

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Voynikov, V. V. "EU Anti-Russian Sanctions (Restrictive Measures): Compliance with International Law." Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences 92, S7 (December 2022): S636—S642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1019331622130111.

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Abstract The EU sanctions policy against Russia began back in 2014 as a response to the aggravation of the crisis in Ukraine. In 2022, sanctions (restrictive measures) against Russia were significantly strengthened and acquired a large-scale and unpredictable character. The purpose of this article is to identify the essential characteristics of the EU anti-Russian sanctions and to determine the legal nature of the sanctions, as well as their compliance with international law. It is concluded that the unilateral EU sanctions, contrary to their purpose, are intended to punish Russia by causing maximum damage. International law does not forbid states and their associations to impose unilateral restrictive measures in the economic sphere if they are justified by security considerations. In this context, the verification of the validity of the EU sanctions should be assessed individually for each measure. The author believes that a number of EU restrictive measures taken against the Russian Federation go beyond the scope of the permissions established by international law. This is especially true regarding measures taken in 2022. Moreover, the practice of implementing the adopted restrictive measures is becoming increasingly sophisticated, indicating that the European Union and its individual members are abusing their position.

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Cherniadieva, N. A. "Unilateral restrictive measures as a way of extraterritorial action of national law." Теория и практика общественного развития, no. 1 (2022): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24158/tipor.2022.1.16.

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Norrix, Linda W., Briana Burgan, Nicholas Ramirez, and David S. Velenovsky. "Interaural Multiple Frequency Tympanometry Measures: Clinical Utility for Unilateral Conductive Hearing Loss." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 24, no. 03 (March 2013): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.24.3.8.

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Background: Tympanometry is a routine clinical measurement of the acoustic immittance of the ear as a function of ear canal air pressure. The 226 Hz tympanogram can provide clinical evidence for conditions such as a tympanic membrane perforation, Eustachian tube dysfunction, middle ear fluid, and ossicular discontinuity. Multiple frequency tympanometry using a range of probe tone frequencies from low to high has been shown to be more sensitive than a single probe tone tympanogram in distinguishing between mass- and stiffness-related middle ear pathologies (Colletti, 1975; Funasaka et al, 1984; Van Camp et al, 1986). Purpose: In this study we obtained normative measures of middle ear resonance by using multiple probe tone frequency tympanometry. Ninety percent ranges for middle ear resonance and for interaural differences were calculated. Research Design: In a mixed design, normative data were collected from both ears of male and female adults. Study Sample: Twelve male and 12 female adults with normal hearing and normal middle ear function participated in the study. Data Collection and Analysis: Multiple frequency tympanograms were recorded with a commercially available immittance instrument (GSI Tympstar) to obtain estimates of middle ear resonant frequency (RF) using ΔB, positive tail, and negative tail methods. Data were analyzed using three-way mixed analyses of variance with gender as a between-subject variable and ear and method as within-subject variables. T-tests were performed, using the Bonferroni adjustment, to determine significant differences between means. Results: Using the positive and negative tail methods, a wide range of approximately 500 Hz was found for middle ear resonance in adults with normal hearing and normal middle ear function. The difference in RF between an individual's ears is small with 90% ranges of approximately ±200 Hz, indicating that the right ear RF should be either 200 Hz higher or lower in frequency compared to the left ear. This was true for both negative and positive tail methods. Conclusion: Ninety percent ranges were calculated to determine the difference in middle ear resonance expected between an individual's ears. These ranges can provide critical normative values for determining how pathology in an ear with a unilateral conductive hearing loss is altering the mass or stiffness characteristics of the middle ear system.

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PTITO, A., R. J. ZATORRE, W. L. LARSON, and C. TOSONI. "STEREOPSIS AFTER UNILATERAL ANTERIOR TEMPORAL LOBECTOMY: DISSOCIATION BETWEEN LOCAL AND GLOBAL MEASURES." Brain 114, no. 3 (June 1, 1991): 1323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/114.3.1323.

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Don, Manuel, Betty Kwong, and Chiemi Tanaka. "Interaural Stacked Auditory Brainstem Response Measures for Detecting Small Unilateral Acoustic Tumors." Audiology and Neurotology 17, no. 1 (2012): 54–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000329364.

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Bentsman, Joseph, and Boris M. Miller. "Control of Dynamic Systems with Unilateral Constraints and Differential Equations with Measures." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 31, no. 17 (July 1998): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)40369-7.

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Robinson, Jamie L., Steven Mandel, and Robert Thayer Sataloff. "Objective Voice Measures in Nonsinging Patients With Unilateral Superior Laryngeal Nerve Paresis." Journal of Voice 19, no. 4 (December 2005): 665–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2005.04.001.

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Lee, Gregory P., David W. Loring, and James L. Thompson. "Construct validity of material-specific memory measures following unilateral temporal lobe ablations." Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1, no. 3 (September 1989): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.1.3.192.

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Kuenze, Christopher, Jay Hertel, Susan Saliba, David R. Diduch, Arthur Weltman, and Joseph M. Hart. "Clinical Thresholds for Quadriceps Assessment After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 24, no. 1 (February 2015): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2013-0110.

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Context:Normal, symmetrical quadriceps strength is a common clinical goal after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Currently, the clinical thresholds for acceptable unilateral quadriceps function and symmetry associated with positive outcomes after return to activity are unclear.Objective:To establish quadriceps-activation and knee-extension-torque cutoffs for clinical assessment after return to activity after ACLR.Design:Descriptive laboratory study.Setting:Laboratory.Patients:22 (10 female, 12 male; age = 22.5 ± 5.0 y, height = 172.9 ± 7.1 cm, mass = 74.1 ± 15.5 kg, months since surgery = 31.5 ± 23.5) recreationally active persons with a history of unilateral, primary ACLR at least 6 months prior and 24 (12 female/12 male, age = 21.7 ± 3.6 y, height = 168.0 ± 8.8 cm, mass = 69.3 ± 13.6 kg) recreationally active healthy participants.Main Outcome Measures:Patient-reported measures of pain, knee-related function, and physical activity level were recorded for all participants. Normalized knee-extension maximum-voluntary-isometric-contraction (MVIC) torque (Nm/kg) and quadriceps central-activation ratio (CAR, %) were measured bilaterally in all participants. Receiver-operator-characteristic (ROC) curves were used to establish thresholds for unilateral measures of normalized knee-extension MVIC torque and quadriceps CAR, as well as limb-symmetry indices (LSI). ROC curves then established clinical thresholds for normalized knee-extension MVIC torque and quadriceps CAR LSIs associated with healthy knee-related function.Results:Involved-quadriceps CAR above 89.3% was the strongest unilateral indicator of healthy-group membership, while quadriceps CAR LSI above 0.996 and knee-extension MVIC torque above 0.940 were the strongest overall indicators. Unilateral normalized knee-extension MVIC torque above 3.00 Nm/kg and quadriceps CAR LSI above 0.992 were the best indicators of good patient-reported knee-related outcomes.Conclusions:Threshold values established in this study may provide a guide for clinicians when making return-to-activity decisions after ACLR. Normalized knee-extension MVIC torque (>3.00 Nm/kg) and quadriceps CAR symmetry (>99.6%) are both strong indicators of good patient-reported outcomes after ACLR.

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Hovell, Devika. "Unfinished Business of International Law: The Questionable Legality of Autonomous Sanctions." AJIL Unbound 113 (2019): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2019.20.

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Enforcement by way of unilateral economic sanctions has been described as “one of the least developed areas of international law.” The term “sanctions” is notoriously difficult to define and does not itself appear in the key international instruments. With economic sanctions regularly referred to as President Trump's “weapon of choice,” and with opposition to such measures growing, greater certainty is needed in this area of law if the legitimacy and effectiveness of sanctions are to be preserved. This essay distinguishes UN-authorized sanctions from three types of “autonomous” sanctions (collective corrective sanctions, unilateral corrective sanctions, and unilateral coercive sanctions) and argues that many uses of unilateral sanctions are either unregulated or based on questionable legality.

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Wang, Ya Qiong, Feng Yong Xia, and Xue Meng Jiang. "Study on Safety Measures against Fire in Single Highway Tunnel for Subtended Traffic." Applied Mechanics and Materials 438-439 (October 2013): 968–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.438-439.968.

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In order to solve the influence of fire and smoke on personnel in highway tunnel for subtended traffic, analysis of measures against the fire in tunnel from structure was conducted. When the tunnel is on fire, smoke hazards lie in high temperature gas and smoke will choke people to cause deaths, fire hazards mainly lie in high temperature which will burn people to cause deaths. The separation pattern of people and smoke, and the separation pattern of people and fire are put forward. Analysis results show that unilateral closed repair road widened to 100cm is a new and feasible solution. Applying the means of setting up symmetrical emergency parking strips in the single tunnel for subtended traffic can help vehicle escape in the tunnel on fire. Setting rail car on the unilateral repair road in the single tunnel for subtended traffic can realize the separation model of people and fire. The results are significant for safety measures against fire in tunnels, and can provide reference for the subtended traffic design.

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Garrahy, Ann, Declan T. Millett, and Ashraf F. Ayoub. "Early Assessment of Dental Arch Development in Repaired Unilateral Cleft Lip and Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate versus Controls." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 42, no. 4 (July 2005): 385–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/03-159.1.

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Objective To evaluate dental arch relationships and dimensions, relative to an age matched noncleft sample, in Caucasian 3-year-old children with repaired unilateral cleft lip (UCL) or unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP). Design Prospective, cross-sectional, case-control study performed in Scotland, U.K. Participants Eleven children with repaired unilateral cleft lip, 16 children with repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate, and 78 children as controls. Main Outcome Measures Dental arch relationships and linear arch dimensions. Results Prevalence of Class III incisor relationship was 31.3% in children with unilateral cleft lip and palate compared with 9.1% in children with unilateral cleft lip. A buccal crossbite was present in 36% of children with unilateral cleft lip, compared with 75.6% of children with unilateral cleft lip and palate. Mean linear maxillary arch dimensions did not differ significantly between children with unilateral cleft lip and the controls. Except for second intermolar width, statistically significant differences existed in mean linear maxillary arch dimensions between the unilateral cleft lip and the unilateral cleft lip and palate groups; the mean linear maxillary arch dimensions were significantly greater in the control group than in the unilateral cleft lip and palate group. The mean cleft-affected anterior quadrant length appeared to be the arch dimension with the greatest power of discrimination among the three groups. There were no significant differences in mean linear mandibular arch dimensions among the three groups. Conclusions Anterior crossbite was almost three times more common in the unilateral cleft lip and palate group than in the unilateral cleft lip group. Mean linear maxillary arch dimensions differed significantly between the unilateral cleft lip and palate group and the control group. There were no significant differences in mean linear maxillary arch dimensions between unilateral cleft lip and controls or between mean linear mandibular arch dimensions for unilateral cleft lip, unilateral cleft lip and palate, and controls.

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Urrutia, Osvaldo. "Combating Unregulated Fishing through Unilateral Trade Measures: A Time for Change in International Fisheries Law?" Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 49, no. 4 (November 15, 2018): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v49i4.5346.

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Unregulated fishing on the high seas – understood as fishing activities by vessels flagged to a non-member state in an area regulated by a regional fisheries management organisation – are a significant threat to the sustainability of high seas fishery resources. The European Union (EU) and the United States – two major market destinations for fishery products – have shown a strong determination to treat unregulated fishing as illegal fishing. They have applied or threatened to apply trade restrictions to states that have no treaty obligations to refrain from fishing on the high seas. These actions are conspicuous because the practical effect of these unilateral measures entails a challenge to the fundamental pacta tertiis rule. This article suggests that the application of unilateral trade-related measures by the EU and the United States against non-member states represents relevant state practice for the formation of a prohibition against unregulated fishing in customary international law.

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Anne, Samantha, Judith E. C. Lieu, and Michael S. Cohen. "Speech and Language Consequences of Unilateral Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 157, no. 4 (August 22, 2017): 572–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599817726326.

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Objective Unilateral hearing loss has been shown to have negative consequences for speech and language development in children. The objective of this study was to systematically review the current literature to quantify the impact of unilateral hearing loss on children, with the use of objective measures of speech and language. Data Sources PubMed, EMBASE, Medline, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library were searched from inception to March 2015. Manual searches of references were also completed. Review Methods All studies that described speech and language outcomes for children with unilateral hearing loss were included. Outcome measures included results from any test of speech and language that evaluated or had age-standardized norms. Due to heterogeneity of the data, quantitative analysis could not be completed. Qualitative analysis was performed on the included studies. Two independent evaluators reviewed each abstract and article. Results A total of 429 studies were identified; 13 met inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Overall, 7 studies showed poorer scores on various speech and language tests, with effects more pronounced for children with severe to profound hearing loss. Four studies did not demonstrate any difference in testing results between patients with unilateral hearing loss and those with normal hearing. Two studies that evaluated effects on speech and language longitudinally showed initial speech problems, with improvement in scores over time. Conclusions There are inconsistent data regarding effects of unilateral hearing loss on speech and language outcomes for children. The majority of recent studies suggest poorer speech and language testing results, especially for patients with severe to profound unilateral hearing loss.

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Marshall, Erica M., Jason C. Parks, Emily K. Erb, Stacie M. Humm, and J. Derek Kingsley. "Cardiac Autonomic Function Following Bilateral and Unilateral Upper Body Acute Resistance Exercise." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 10 (May 17, 2022): 6077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106077.

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The purpose of this study was to compare cardiac autonomic responses following bilateral and unilateral upper-body (UB) acute resistance exercise (ARE). In total, 14 individuals were assessed for markers of cardiac autonomic responses via heart rate variability (HRV) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) at rest and at 10- and 30-min following ARE. Logarithmically transformed (ln) HRV measures included: total power (ln TP), high-frequency power (ln HF power), low-frequency power (ln LF power), sympathovagal balance (ln LF: HF), and the square root of the mean squared differences of successive R-R intervals (ln RMSSD). BRS was assessed using the sequence method. Two-way repeated measures ANOVAs were used to analyze effects of UB ARE (bilateral, unilateral) across time (Rest, 10, and 30 min). There were no significant (p > 0.05) interactions. However, there were significant (p ≤ 0.05) main effects of time such that ln TP, ln HF power, ln RMSSD, and BRS decreased and did not recover within 30 min compared to Rest for both conditions. Collectively, this study suggests that bilateral and unilateral UB ARE yielded similar reductions, for at least 30 min, in respect to vagal measures of HRV and BRS.

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Mehendale, Felicity V., and Brian C. Sommerlad. "Unilateral Moore Pharyngoplasty in the Treatment of Unilateral or Asymmetric Velopharyngeal Incompetence." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 40, no. 3 (May 2003): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_2003_040_0263_umpitt_2.0.co_2.

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Objective To describe the use of a unilateral modification of the Moore pharyngoplasty in the treatment of unilateral or asymmetric velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI) and analyze the results in a consecutive series of patients operated on by a single surgeon. Design Blind assessment of randomized speech and nasendoscopy recordings. Setting A two-site tertiary referral cleft unit. Patients Eighteen consecutive patients with asymmetrical or unilateral VPI of varying etiology. Interventions A unilateral Moore pharyngoplasty was performed in all patients. Three patients underwent radical dissection and retropositioning of the velar muscles at the same time as the unilateral Moore pharyngoplasty. Main Outcome Measures Pre- and postoperative nasality and nasal airflow using the CAPS score, assessment of nasendoscopy recordings, and the rate of further surgery. Results There was a significant improvement in hypernasality (p = .014). There was a highly significant decrease in the size of the velopharyngeal gap on the side on which the Moore pharyngoplasty was performed (p = .004) as well as a highly significant decrease in the total gap size (p = .003). The Moore flap was effective in obliterating the lateral pharyngeal recess in 11 of 12 patients (p = .004). Three patients required further velopharyngeal surgery. Conclusions In appropriately selected patients, a unilateral Moore pharyngoplasty is a safe and effective treatment for unilateral or asymmetric VPI. If indicated, a radical dissection and retropositioning of the velar muscles may be combined with a Moore pharyngoplasty.

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Sasaki, Clarence T., Jagdeep S. Hundal, and Young-Ho Kim. "Protective Glottic Closure: Biomechanical Effects of Selective Laryngeal Denervation." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 114, no. 4 (April 2005): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348940511400404.

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Glottic closure constitutes the primary mechanism for prevention of intradeglutitive and postdeglutitive aspiration. Laryngeal paralysis therefore exerts a considerable impact on deglutition, yet little is understood regarding the biomechanical effects of selective denervation on the laryngeal protective function. We measured the glottic closing force (GCF) in each of 6 male, 40-kg Yorkshire pigs 1) after selective unilateral superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) section; 2) after selective unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) section; and/or 3) after combined SLN-RLN section as both right and left SLNs were simultaneously stimulated to evoke the glottic closure response. Stimulation was provided through an oscilloscope with bipolar platinum-iridium electrodes, and the GCF was measured with a pressure transducer positioned between the vocal cords. Six repetitive measures of GCF were obtained before nerve section, and 6 after nerve section, in each subject. Unilateral SLN section reduced the GCF to 54.14% of control, RLN section reduced the GCF to 23.39% of control, and combined SLN-RLN section reduced the GCF to 22.67% of control. These findings underscore the profound differential effects exerted by isolated lesions on the glottic closure function.

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Revak, Andrew, Keith Diers, Thomas W. Kernozek, Naghmeh Gheidi, and Christina Olbrantz. "Achilles Tendon Loading During Heel-Raising and -Lowering Exercises." Journal of Athletic Training 52, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-52.1.04.

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Context: Achilles tendinopathies are common injuries during sport participation, although men are more prone to Achilles tendon injuries than women. Heel-raising and -lowering exercises are typically suggested for Achilles tendon rehabilitation. Objective: To compare the estimated Achilles tendon loading variables and the ankle range of motion (ROM) using a musculoskeletal model during commonly performed heel-raising and -lowering exercises. Design: Controlled laboratory study. Setting: University biomechanics laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Twenty-one healthy men (age = 21.59 ± 1.92 years, height = 178.22 ± 8.02 cm, mass = 75.81 ± 11.24 kg). Intervention(s): Each participant completed 4 exercises: seated heel raising and lowering, bilateral standing heel raising and lowering, bilateral heel raising and unilateral lowering, and unilateral heel raising and lowering. Main Outcome Measure(s): A repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance (α = .05) was used to compare Achilles tendon stress, force, and strain and ankle ROM for each exercise. Kinematic data were recorded at 180 Hz with 15 motion-analysis cameras synchronized with kinetic data collected from a force platform sampled at 1800 Hz. These data were then entered in a musculoskeletal model to estimate force in the triceps surae. For each participant, we determined Achilles tendon stress by measuring cross-sectional images using ultrasound. Results: Peak Achilles tendon loading was lowest when performing the seated heel-raising and -lowering exercise and highest when performing the unilateral heel-raising and -lowering exercise. Loading was greater for the unilateral exercise or portions of the exercise that were performed unilaterally. Conclusions: Bilateral and seated exercises with less weight-bearing force resulted in less Achilles tendon loading. These exercises may serve as progressions during the rehabilitation process before full-body weight-bearing, unilateral exercises are allowed. Ankle ROM did not follow the same order as loading and may need additional monitoring or instruction during rehabilitation.

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De Troyer, Ilse. "A European Perspective on Tax Recovery in Cross-Border Situations." EC Tax Review 18, Issue 5 (October 1, 2009): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ecta2009029.

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The growing mobility of persons and capital leads to recovery problems for tax authorities, whose competence is limited to their national territory. Taxpayers may be resident or holding assets in another country than the State where they have tax debts. States may try to overcome these problems by unilateral measures to guarantee the payment of taxes in cross-border situations or by international recovery assistance. The first part of this article comments on the conformity of such unilateral measures with the EC Treaty. The second part focuses on some aspects of the recent Commission proposal to improve the mutual recovery assistance on EC level.

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Bowen, Warren, Ashlyn K. Frazer, Jamie Tallent, Alan J. Pearce, and Dawson J. Kidgell. "Unilateral Strength Training Imparts a Cross-Education Effect in Unilateral Knee Osteoarthritis Patients." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 7, no. 4 (September 28, 2022): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7040077.

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Background: Worldwide, 86 million individuals over the age of 20 were diagnosed with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) in 2020. Hallmark features of KOA are the loss in knee extensor strength, increasing knee pain severity, and deficits in functional performance. There is a critical need for the investigation into potential cost-effective therapeutic interventions in the treatment of KOA. A potential therapeutic option is the cross-education phenomenon. Methods: This was a non-blinded randomized control trial, with a 4-week intervention, with a pre, post and follow-up assessment (3 months post intervention). Outcome measures of isometric knee extensor strength, rectus femoris muscle thickness and neuromuscular activation were assessed at all-time points. Results: Compared to age-matched KOA controls, 4 weeks of unilateral strength training in end-stage KOA patients increased strength of the untrained affected KOA limb by 20% (p < 0.05) and reduced bilateral hamstring co-activation in the KOA intervention group compared to the KOA control group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: A 4-week-long knee extensor strength training intervention of the contralateral limb in a cohort with diagnosed unilateral KOA resulted in significant improvements to knee extensor strength and improved neuromuscular function of the KOA limb. Importantly, these results were maintained for 3 months following the intervention.

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Likhacheva, Anastasia. "Russia and Sanctions: The Transformational Domestic and International Effects of Unilateral Restrictive Measures." Russian Politics 6, no. 4 (October 29, 2021): 478–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/24518921-00604005.

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Abstract Most studies of the US, EU and Ukraine’s sanctions against Russia and Russian counter sanctions focus on their immediate and intended effects and apply these to make judgements about their efficacy. However, the complex consequences of sanctions go far beyond the target countries’ immediate reactions, as sanctions have positive and negative spillover effects that are rarely acknowledged in official discourse, which focuses on issues of the sanction regimes’ legitimacy and effectiveness. Vulnerability to sanctions leads target countries to reposition their domestic and international priorities. This article will examine three critical ‘collateral effects’ of Western sanctions and Russian counter sanctions. First, they serve as a catalyst for Moscow’s efforts to diversify economic relationship through international projects such as the EAEU, BRICS, and the “Pivot to the East.” Second, they have triggered more risk-sensitive policies in the provision of national economic security, particularly when it comes to finance. Finally, they serve as a transformational tool for national development strategies both at the industrial and regional levels.

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Hofer, Alexandra. "The Developed/Developing Divide on Unilateral Coercive Measures: Legitimate Enforcement or Illegitimate Intervention?" Chinese Journal of International Law 16, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 175–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chinesejil/jmx018.

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Le Moli, G., and J. E. Viñuales. "Letter to the Journal Today as Yesterday? Unilateral Coercive Measures and Human Dignity." Chinese Journal of International Law 18, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 437–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chinesejil/jmz019.

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Fang, Tuan-Jen, Hsueh-Yu Li, Richard E. Gliklich, Ya-Hui Chen, Pa-Chun Wang, and Hsiu-Feng Chuang. "Quality of Life Measures and Predictors for Adults With Unilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis." Laryngoscope 118, no. 10 (October 2008): 1837–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mlg.0b013e31817e7431.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Unilateral measures'

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