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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Unilateral measures

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Academic literature on the topic 'Unilateral measures'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 June 2021

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Unilateral measures"

1

Ranné, Omar. "More leeway for unilateral trade measures?" Intereconomics 34, no. 2 (March 1999): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02927838.

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Chuck, A. V. "Unilateral coercive measures in the doctrine of modern international law." Vestnik Universiteta 1, no. 7 (August 30, 2022): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2022-7-30-36.

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The main purpose of this article was to study the theoretical foundations of the application of unilateral coercive measures by states. It was determined that these measures are not consistent with all the fundamental international legal principles. The author indicates that such measures have a wide range of actions and can be both economic and non-economic by nature. The terminological problem of the concept of “unilateral coercive measures” is considered. These measures are often mistakenly referred to as “sanctions”, thereby identifying them with unquestionably legitimate measures taken by the United Nations Security Council. In the legislation of the Russian Federation, unlike other states, there was no confusion of concepts. The article notes that the issue of the legality of the use of unilateral coercive measures is relevant. The fact is that these measures, among other things, can negatively affect the lives of innocent citizens. The most vulnerable segments of society are particularly affected by this, for example, due to the denial of access to essential goods. For this reason, unilateral coercive measures taken by a state should not create any serious violations of people’s fundamental rights. In addition, due to their specific nature, unilateral coercive measures affect the economic processes of states.

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Sheppard, William E. A., Polly Dickerson, Rigmor C. Baraas, Mark Mon-Williams, Brendan T. Barrett, Richard M. Wilkie, and Rachel O. Coats. "Exploring the effects of degraded vision on sensorimotor performance." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (November 8, 2021): e0258678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258678.

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Purpose Many people experience unilateral degraded vision, usually owing to a developmental or age-related disorder. There are unresolved questions regarding the extent to which such unilateral visual deficits impact on sensorimotor performance; an important issue as sensorimotor limitations can constrain quality of life by restricting ‘activities of daily living’. Examination of the relationship between visual deficit and sensorimotor performance is essential for determining the functional implications of ophthalmic conditions. This study attempts to explore the effect of unilaterally degraded vision on sensorimotor performance. Methods In Experiment 1 we simulated visual deficits in 30 participants using unilateral and bilateral Bangerter filters to explore whether motor performance was affected in water pouring, peg placing, and aiming tasks. Experiment 2 (n = 74) tested the hypothesis that kinematic measures are associated with visuomotor deficits by measuring the impact of small visual sensitivity decrements created by monocular viewing on sensorimotor interactions with targets presented on a planar surface in aiming, tracking and steering tasks. Results In Experiment 1, the filters caused decreased task performance—confirming that unilateral (and bilateral) visual loss has functional implications. In Experiment 2, kinematic measures were affected by monocular viewing in two of three tasks requiring rapid online visual feedback (aiming and steering). Conclusions Unilateral visual loss has a measurable impact on sensorimotor performance. The benefits of binocular vision may be particularly important for some groups (e.g. older adults) where an inability to complete sensorimotor tasks may necessitate assisted living. There is an urgent need to develop rigorous kinematic approaches to the quantification of the functional impact of unilaterally degraded vision and of the benefits associated with treatments for unilateral ophthalmic conditions to enable informed decisions around treatment.

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McCaslin, Devin L., Gary P. Jacobson, Sarah L. Grantham, Erin G. Piker, and Susha Verghese. "The Influence of Unilateral Saccular Impairment on Functional Balance Performance and Self-Report Dizziness." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 22, no. 08 (September 2011): 542–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.22.8.6.

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Background: Postural stability in humans is largely maintained by vestibular, visual, and somatosensory inputs to the central nervous system. Recent clinical advances in the assessment of otolith function (e.g., cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials [cVEMPs and oVEMPs], subjective visual vertical [SVV] during eccentric rotation) have enabled investigators to identify patients with unilateral otolith impairments. This research has suggested that patients with unilateral otolith impairments perform worse than normal healthy controls on measures of postural stability. It is not yet known if patients with unilateral impairments of the saccule and/or inferior vestibular nerve (i.e., unilaterally abnormal cVEMP) perform differently on measures of postural stability than patients with unilateral impairments of the horizontal SCC (semicircular canal) and/or superior vestibular nerve (i.e., unilateral caloric weakness). Further, it is not known what relationship exists, if any, between otolith system impairment and self-report dizziness handicap. Purpose: The purpose of this investigation was to determine the extent to which saccular impairments (defined by a unilaterally absent cVEMP) and impairments of the horizontal semicircular canal (as measured by the results of caloric testing) affect vestibulospinal function as measured through the Sensory Organization Test (SOT) of the computerized dynamic posturography (CDP). A secondary objective of this investigation was to measure the effects, if any, that saccular impairment has on a modality-specific measure of health-related quality of life. Research Design: A retrospective cohort study. Subjects were assigned to one of four groups based on results from balance function testing: Group 1 (abnormal cVEMP response only), Group 2 (abnormal caloric response only), Group 3 (abnormal cVEMP and abnormal caloric response), and Group 4 (normal control group). Study Sample: Subjects were 92 adult patients: 62 were seen for balance function testing due to complaints of dizziness, vertigo, or unsteadiness, and 30 served as controls. Intervention: All subjects underwent videonystagmography or electronystagmography (VNG/ENG), vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs), self-report measures of self-perceived dizziness disability/handicap (Dizziness Handicap Inventory), and tests of postural control (Neurocom Equitest). Data Collection and Analysis: Subjects were categorized into one of four groups based on balance function test results. All variables were subjected to a multifactor analysis of variance (ANOVA). The Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) total scores and equilibrium scores served as the dependent variables. Results: Results showed that patients with abnormal unilateral saccular or inferior vestibular nerve function (i.e., abnormal cVEMP) demonstrated significantly impaired postural control when compared to normal participants. However, this group demonstrated significantly better postural stability when compared to the group with abnormal caloric responses alone and the group with abnormal caloric responses and abnormal cVEMP results. Patients with an abnormal cVEMP did not differ significantly on the DHI compared to the other two impaired groups. Conclusions: We interpret these findings as evidence that a significantly asymmetrical cVEMP in isolation negatively impacts performance on measures of postural control compared to normal subjects but not compared to patients with significant caloric weaknesses. However, patients with a unilaterally abnormal cVEMP do not differ from patients with significant caloric weaknesses in regard to self-perceived dizziness handicap.

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Hahn, Michael J. "Balancing or Bending? Unilateral Reactions to Safeguard Measures." Journal of World Trade 39, Issue 2 (April 1, 2005): 301–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2005025.

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Cook, Chad, Robin M. Queen, Emily J. Slaven, James K. DeOrio, Mark E. Easley, and James A. Nunley. "Dimensionality of Measures for Severe Unilateral Ankle Arthritis." PM&R 2, no. 11 (November 2010): 987–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.08.001.

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Antoniadis, Antonis. "Unilateral Measures and WTO Dispute Settlement: An EC Perspective." Journal of World Trade 41, Issue 3 (June 1, 2007): 605–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2007023.

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Worster, William Thomas. "Unilateral Diplomatic Assurances as an Alternative to Provisional Measures." Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals 15, no. 3 (January 3, 2017): 445–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718034-12341333.

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During litigation on the international plane, states sometimes will issue assurances either to the other litigant or to the international court directly. This article explores how those assurances interact with applications for provisional measures. The practice of courts varies with regard to how to react to these assurances, though the usual approach is that assurances issued to another state or individual are generally non-binding, while assurances issued to the court directly are binding. At the same time, litigants can apply to the court for provisional measures to prevent actions that would disturb the dispute. When the assurances are considered non-binding, they are treated as questions of fact and can be assessed for credibility and reliability, as a part of the provisional measures analysis. But when the assurances are considered binding, they are treated as questions of law, and the undertaken legal obligation disposes of the request for a provisional measures order. This article will examine the practices of the International Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights on this issue, identifying where their practices diverge and converge, and recommending that the dual nature of assurances, as both factual and legal, be considered in assessing their value.

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He, Juan. "Do unilateral trade measures really catalyze multilateral environmental agreements?" International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 19, no. 6 (October 25, 2019): 577–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10784-019-09453-8.

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Pelc, Krzysztof J. "Constraining Coercion? Legitimacy and Its Role in U.S. Trade Policy, 1975–2000." International Organization 64, no. 1 (January 2010): 65–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818309990245.

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AbstractThe role of legitimacy in international relations is a topic of much debate, yet there is little understanding of the mechanism behind it. Here I address this discrepancy by asking: are state threats perceived as (il)legitimate more or less likely to be successful? By operationalizing illegitimacy as unilateral action in the presence of a multilateral option, I consider the variation in the success of U.S. trade measures from 1975 to 2000. As I show, the (il)legitimacy of threats modifies the nature of the signal sent by concessions to those threats, and this effect can be measured and predicted. I find that, controlling for material pressure, perceived illegitimacy of U.S. trade threats decreases the likelihood of a target conceding by over 34 percent. Moreover, it pays to resist: targets that resist illegitimate unilateral measures from the United States are 25 percent less likely to encounter similar unilateral measures over the following five years.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Unilateral measures"

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Reeve, Kirsti J. "Children with mild and unilateral hearing impairment : current management and outcome measures." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288074.

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Riska, Kristal M., Jordan Bellucci, Doug Garrison, and Courtney D. Hall. "Relationship Between Corrective Saccades and Measures of Physical Function in Unilateral and Bilateral Vestibular Loss." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7782.

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Objectives:Following the loss of vestibular function, some patients functionally improve and are minimally bothered by their loss of peripheral function while others remain more symptomatic and are unable to return to their activities of daily living. To date, the mechanisms for functional improvement remain poorly understood. The purpose of the present study was to examine the association between corrective saccades and measures of handicap, dynamic visual acuity, gait, and falls. Design:A retrospective chart review was performed to identify patients who were diagnosed with unilateral or bilateral vestibular hypofunction and who also completed a baseline vestibular rehabilitation evaluation. A total of 82 patients with unilateral vestibular hypofunction and 17 patients with bilateral vestibular hypofunction were identified. The video head impulse test results for each patient were grouped based on the type of presenting saccades. Specifically, the saccade grouping included the following: (1) covert, (2) overt, or (3) a combination of both types of saccades. Results:The results show that covert saccades are associated with better performance on measures of dynamic visual acuity, gait, and balance in patients with unilateral vestibular hypofunction. Patients exhibiting overt saccades or combination of both covert and overt saccades were more often found to have an abnormal gait speed and be characterized as being at risk for falls using the Dynamic Gait Index. We observed no differences in physical function for those patients with bilateral vestibular hypofunction as a function of saccade grouping. Conclusions:When comparing saccade groups (covert, overt, or combination of both), patients with unilateral vestibular hypofunction and covert saccades demonstrated better performance on standard baseline physical therapy measures of dynamic visual acuity and gait and balance. We did not observe any significant associations between saccade group and physical function in patients with bilateral vestibular hypofunction; however, additional studies are needed with adequate sample sizes. Our findings may suggest that corrective saccade latency in patients with unilateral vestibular hypofunction is related to measures of physical function. The extent to which saccade latency has the potential to be a useful target for vestibular rehabilitation is still to be determined and may be promising target to improve functional outcomes.

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Riska, Kristal, Sarah Peskoe, Jordan Bellucci, Doug Garrison, and Courtney D. Hall. "Relationship Between Corrective Saccades and Measures of Physical Function in Unilateral and Bilateral Vestibular Loss." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5382.

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Mittal, Tarun Kumar. "Outcome measures in unilateral cleft lip and palate : the modified 5 year olds' index : development and reliability." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2017. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.738208.

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Thanitcul, Sakda. "The WTO and Unilateral Trade Measures to Protect Global Resources - A Thai Perspective on the Shrimp-Turtle Case." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/147443.

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Elliott, Marie. "Effects of 16 weeks of Unilateral or Bilateral Resistance Training with Varying Movement Velocity on Measures of Power and Performance in Elite Women’s Handball Players." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-31105.

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Background. Handball is a fast paced sport, with high velocity movements performed in a predominantly unilateral plane. In order to make training as specific as possible to on court movements, resistance training programmes should involve exercises that reflect the speed and stance of how they will be performed during gameplay however, working velocities are rarely prescribed due to the lack of research in the area. Aim. The aim of this study was (1) to determine the effect of three different training modes; unilateral high velocity (UHV), bilateral high velocity (BHV) and bilateral slow velocity (BSV) on vertical loaded and unloaded jumps, sprint, agility and balance. (2) To determine if any of these interventions had more of an effect when compared to each other. Methods. 29 women from four teams in the Swedish Elitserien participated in a 16-week intervention study. Teams were assigned to either UHV, who performed unilateral exercises with a high intended movement velocity, BHV, bilateral exercises at a high intended movement velocity, or BSV, who continued their regular bilateral slow velocity training. Power was assessed pre- and post-intervention by loaded vertical squat jump and countermovement jump (CMJ) both unilaterally and bilaterally. Performance assessments were conducted through 20m Sprints, agility T-test and Y-balance test. Effect sizes were calculated to determine the magnitude of differences from pre- to post-intervention in three training modes. One-way ANOVA determined if the group interactions were significant. Results. All three training modes increased their power output to varying levels and effect sizes. The UHV group demonstrated large effect sizes for all improvements in power output, whilst the BHV and BSV groups ranged from trivial to large. UHV got significantly faster at reaching time to peak velocity in unilateral and bilateral measures compared to both BHV and BSV (p=<0.05). Conclusion. The results suggest that a 16-week resistance training intervention regardless of stance improves power however to varying magnitudes. The high velocity groups showed greater improvements in measures of power and performance. This study suggests that resistance training at a high intended movement velocity may be beneficial for improving power and performance in elite women’s handball players.

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Schuster, Aline. "Trade and the environment : the legality of unilateral measures with extraterritorial effect to protect the environment under the WTO/GATT." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12664.

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Includes bibliographical references.
The preamble of the Agreement establishing the WTO, the so called Marrakesh Agreement, points out the general significance of environmental protection and sustainable development. The WTO law contains several provisions concerning the environment. However, it is not yet finally clarified in how far WTO Members can adopt measures to protect the environment where those measures have trade restricting effects. This question is particularly problematic where a Member implements such a measure unilaterally and the measure affects other countries’ policies. The question at stake is to what extent Member States can unilaterally adopt measures to protect the environment where those measures have extraterritorial effect, i.e. where those measures require other states to change their policies in order to gain access to the importing country’s market. The GATT/WTO adjudicating body had to deal with two disputes addressing this issue, namely the Tuna-Dolphin dispute5 and the Shrimp-Turtle case. These two disputes are of outstanding importance for the issue of unilateral measures with extraterritorial effect to protect the environment. Both disputes dealt with the question whether import embargoes, that were inconsistent with Article XI of the GATT for they imposed quantitative import restrictions, could be justified under Article XX (g) of the GATT as measures to conserve exhaustible natural resources. The two decisions interpreted Article XX of the GATT, particularly paragraph g of that provision, differently. The question whether countries can unilaterally adopt measures to protect the environment where those measures have extraterritorial effect must be analysed against the backdrop of both WTO jurisprudence and general principles of international law.

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Makibela, Lorraine. "A review of South Africa’s approach to the taxation of the digital economy in light of international developments." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/80465.

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The emergence and progression of the digital economy has distorted the core principles of international taxation. Foreign multinational companies now have the ability to fundamentally operate in market jurisdictions without having a ―physical presence‖. This poses a various challenges to the current international tax regimes because it enables businesses to have a ―significant economic presence‖ without a taxable nexus. Therefore, it becomes extremely difficult to ―ring-fence‖ the digital economy. The Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has attempted to address these challenges in Action 1 of its Base Erosion Profit Shifting (BEPS) Plan report entitled ―Addressing the Tax Challenges of the Digital Economy - Action 1: 2015 Report‖. Action 1 recommended a few proposals to address the challenges presented in taxing the digital economy, but they were not agreed upon. In the absence of a consensus on the proposals in Action 1, especially from a direct tax perspective, a number of countries began to explore unilateral measures in order to protect their tax base. South Africa is referred to as the ―getaway to Africa‖ and considering South Africa‘s importance in the global economy, it is imperative to ascertain South Africa‘s approach to taxing the digital economy. This study will assess South Africa‘s approach to taxing the digital economy within the international tax spectrum. This assessment will be based on a review of the unilateral approaches taken by other jurisdictions, to determine whether South Africa has taken the correct stance in not taking direct tax measures so far, as well as to assess whether there is anything else South Africa can do to protect its tax base as it awaits global consensus on the taxation of the digital economy. The observations of this study discovered that the unilateral measures taken by the various countries have caused retaliations by trade partners, impractical implementation issues and has created greater uncertainty. This study affirms that South Africa‘s subtle approach to taxing the digital economy was correct and that the expansion of its current source taxation rules should be considered in order to protect the South African tax base whilst a ―global consensus‖ on taxing the digital economy is still to be reached.
Mini Dissertation (MPhil (International Taxation))--University of Pretoria, 2020.
pt2021
Taxation
MPhil (International Taxation)
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Scopes, Judy. "Outcome measures of physical function in adult unilateral lower limb amputees during prosthetic rehabilitation : use in clinical practice and psychometric properties." Thesis, Queen Margaret University, 2016. https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/7422.

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The aim of this thesis is to inform clinicians and researchers of the reliability and responsiveness of the most commonly used outcome measures in prosthetic rehabilitation in the UK. In addition, this thesis supports the call for more studies of high methodological quality to provide evidence of the psychometric properties of outcome measures of physical function in lower limb amputees. A survey (study I) of Allied Health Professionals established that the outcome measures used most often during prosthetic rehabilitation in the UK were: the Timed Up and Go (TUG), a timed walk test, the Locomotor Capability Index (LCI) and its modified version (LCI-5), the Socket Comfort Score (SCS) and the Special Interest Group in Amputee Medicine (SIGAM) Mobility Grades. A standardised quality checklist (COSMIN) was used in a systematic review (study II) to measure the methodological quality and strength of evidence of the published literature that reported on the psychometric properties of outcome measures used to measure physical function during prosthetic rehabilitation. The review found mixed methodological quality ratings and many studies with small sample sizes rendering the strength of the evidence indeterminate. A limited number of studies commented on limits of agreement and measurement error when reporting on reliability. Even fewer studies reported on responsiveness with only one reporting minimally clinically important difference (MCID) values. Values for consistency, agreement and measurement error, were calculated for the top five commonly used outcome measures as identified from the survey, using a test-retest study design with a period of 7 days between tests (study III). Minimum detectable change (MDC) values were calculated for the SIGAM, LCI-5, TUG and 2MWT. The EQ-5D-5LTM, a measure of the global health of the respondent, was also included as knowledge of its psychometric properties in a population of pwLLA is unknown. However, reliability could not be confirmed for the EQ-5D-5L or the SCS in this population. A longitudinal study (study IV), based during the early rehabilitation period (mean 84 days) following provision of a primary prosthesis, gathered data to calculate indices of responsiveness for the same six outcome measures. Effect sizes were presented for five measures: SIGAM, LCI-5, TUG, 2MWT, SCS and EQ-5D-5L. Minimal clinically important difference values were also presented for the first time for all the outcome measures in this population. A patient reported change questionnaire was used as the anchor in a Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to establish the MCID values.

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Lubell, Noam. "Use of force against individuals and groups abroad The international legal framework for unilateral extra-territorial forcible measures against non-State actors." Thesis, University of Essex, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531536.

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Books on the topic "Unilateral measures"

1

United Nations. Dept. for Disarmament Affairs., ed. Unilateral nuclear disarmament measures. New York: United Nations, 1985.

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Serge, Sur, and United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research., eds. Disarmament and limitation of armaments: Unilateral measures and policies. New York: United Nations, 1992.

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Great Britain. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food., ed. Consultation paper on unilateral measures for fisheries conservation. [London]: [Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food], 1992.

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Poh, Angela. Sanctions with Chinese Characteristics. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463722353.

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The view that China has become increasingly assertive under President Xi Jinping is now a common trope in academic and media discourse. However, until the end of Xi Jinping’s first term in March 2018, China had been relatively restrained in its use of coercive economic measures. This is puzzling given the conventional belief among scholars and practitioners that sanctions are a middle ground between diplomatic and military/paramilitary action. Using a wide range of methods and data — including in-depth interviews with 76 current and former politicians, policy-makers, diplomats, and commercial actors across 12 countries and 16 cities — Sanctions with Chinese Characteristics: Rhetoric and Restraint in China’s Diplomacy examines the ways in which China had employed economic sanctions to further its political objectives, and the factors explaining China’s behaviour. This book provides a systematic investigation into the ways in which Chinese decisionmakers approached sanctions both at the United Nations Security Council and unilaterally, and shows how China’s longstanding sanctions rhetoric has had a constraining effect on its behaviour, resulting in its inability to employ sanctions in complete alignment with its immediate interests.

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Unilateral Nuclear Disarmament Measures. United Nations, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/f14b4a31-en.

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Sur, Serge. Disarmament and Limitation of Armaments, Unilateral Measures and Policies. United Nations Pubns, 1993.

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Freer, Phoebe E. Skin and Trabecular Thickening. Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0048.

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Normal skin measures 0.5–2 mm thick, but may be thicker in the periareolar, axillary, parasternal, and inframammary fold regions. Trabecular thickening—thickening of the Cooper’s ligaments and fibrous stroma—is an imaging finding of breast edema, usually secondary to dilated lymphatics. Their differential diagnosis may be narrowed by considering the distribution of the findings; for example, considering if the finding is focal or diffuse, or if the process is unilateral or bilateral. This chapter reviews the key imaging and clinical features of skin and trabecular thickening. Skin thickening and trabecular thickening often occur together, and they have similar differential diagnoses. The differential diagnosis will be reviewed based on distribution (unilateral vs. bilateral, focal vs. diffuse). Topics discussed include mastitis, inflammatory cancer, systemic causes of edema (congestive heart failure), and other rare presentations of disease such as lymphoma and granulomatous mastitis.

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Charles, Proctor. Part F Cross-Border Issues, 40 Banks and the Eurozone Crisis. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199685585.003.0040.

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The Eurozone has been in the midst of a financial crisis since the extent of Greece's sovereign debt problems became public in 2009. This chapter examines the consequences if a Member State found itself compelled to withdraw from the Eurozone as a result of its difficulties. It begins with some general remarks about the applicable treaty provisions and the framework for a Eurozone withdrawal. It then analyses the consequences if Greece withdrew from the Eurozone with the consent of the other Member States; or if Greece withdrew from the zone on a unilateral basis. It also considers essential measures aimed at protecting the national economy and the banking system, including the imposition of exchange controls.

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Falconi Puig, Juan E. Contemporary Developments Relating to the Inviolability of Mission Premises. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795940.003.0011.

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This chapter addresses some of the controversial issues relating to the inviolability of mission premises. The Yvonne Fletcher incident of 1984 led to debates about the need to upgrade or reform the VCDR in that regard; and the United Kingdom, as a direct consequence of the incident, adopted the ‘Diplomatic and Consular Premises Act 1987’ to be able to adopt unilateral measures to remove premises immunity where threats to national security, to public integrity and/or the need of urban planning exist. Domestic legislation of this kind, however, also provides ground for conflicts with the VCDR. This chapter explores conflicts between property immunity and issues such as access to justice, human rights, and terrorism and examines ways of overcoming such difficulties through mechanisms which safeguard diplomatic privileges and immunity to allow the pursuit of diplomatic functions.

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Alexander, Proelss, and Hofmann Tobias. Part IV Transnational Organised Crime as Matter of Certain Branches of International Law, 20 Law of the Sea and Transnational Organised Crime. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198733737.003.0020.

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A decade ago, the High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges, and Change identified transnational organised crime (TOC) as one of the six clusters of threats that the international community has to face in the twenty-first century, thus recognizing and highlighting how important the suppression of TOC is for a more secure world. This chapter outlines the pertinent legal framework provided by the international law of the sea, sets out the circumstances under which states are entitled to exercise jurisdiction over foreign ships, and addresses many of the highly sensitive issues surrounding shipping interdiction. It argues that the international law of the sea establishes a legal framework for cooperation that, on one hand, sets comparatively narrow limits for unilateral enforcement measures, but at the same time leaves sufficient room for flexibility in respect of bilateral and multilateral approaches addressing the interdiction of suspected vessels.

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Book chapters on the topic "Unilateral measures"

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Venzke, Ingo, and Geraldo Vidigal. "Are Unilateral Trade Measures in the Climate Crisis the End of Differentiated Responsibilities? The Case of the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)." In Netherlands Yearbook of International Law 2020, 187–225. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-527-0_7.

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Leine, Remco I., and Nathan van de Wouw. "Measure and Integration Theory." In Stability and Convergence of Mechanical Systems with Unilateral Constraints, 43–57. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76975-0_3.

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Leine, Remco I., and Nathan van de Wouw. "Lyapunov Stability Theory for Measure Differential Inclusions." In Stability and Convergence of Mechanical Systems with Unilateral Constraints, 109–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76975-0_6.

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Leine, Remco I., and Nathan van de Wouw. "Convergence Properties of Monotone Measure Differential Inclusions." In Stability and Convergence of Mechanical Systems with Unilateral Constraints, 191–215. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76975-0_8.

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Leydesdorff, Loet. "Evolutionary and Institutional Triple Helix Models." In Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Scientific and Scholarly Communication, 89–113. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59951-5_5.

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AbstractThe institutional TH model focuses on relations of universities, industries, and governments in networks. Institutional arrangements develop over time along trajectories. The Triple-Helix metaphor of university-industry-government relations can also be elaborated into a neo-evolutionary model combining the vertical differentiation among the levels (in terms of relations, correlations, perspectives, and horizons of meaning) with the options for horizontal differentiation among the codes (e.g., markets, technologies, politics, etc., oper-ating in parallel). The neo-evolutionary model focuses on the interactions among selection mechanisms (markets, technologies, endowments) at the regime level. The historical and evolutionary dynamics feedback on each other. The relative weights of the historical versus evolutionary dynamics can be measured as a trade-off. Among three or more selection environments, synergy can be generated as redundancy on top of the aggregates of bilateral and unilateral contributions to the information flows. The number of new options available to an innovation system for realization may be as decisive for its survival more than the historical record of past performance.

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O'Connell, Mary Ellen. "Unilateral Armed Measures." In The Power and Purpose of International Law, 153–92. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195368949.003.0005.

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"Unilateral Coercive Measures." In Elgar Encyclopedia of Human Rights. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781789903621.unilateral.coercive.measures.

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Chatterji, Shurojit, Sayantan Ghosal, Sean Walsh, and John Whalley. "Unilateral Measures and Emissions Mitigation." In The Global Development of Policy Regimes to Combat Climate Change, 181–223. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814551854_0008.

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Thouvenin, Jean-Marc. "Articulating UN sanctions with unilateral restrictive measures." In Research Handbook on Unilateral and Extraterritorial Sanctions, 149–64. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781839107856.00017.

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Ashley, Louisa. "Unilateral Coercive Measures: Towards International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights." In Unilateral Sanctions in International Law. Hart Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781509948413.ch-009.

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Conference papers on the topic "Unilateral measures"

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Galiev, R., K. Cheprasov, and T. Volcogon. "Unilateral economic measures and their impact on the development of cross-border cooperation: an international legal aspect." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Development of Cross-Border Regions: Economic, Social and Security Challenges (ICSDCBR 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icsdcbr-19.2019.88.

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Enzenhöfer, Andreas, Albert Peiret, Marek Teichmann, and József Kövecses. "A Unit-Consistent Error Measure for Mixed Linear Complementarity Problems in Multibody Dynamics With Contact." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-85232.

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Modeling multibody systems subject to unilateral contacts and friction efficiently is challenging, and dynamic formulations based on the mixed linear complementarity problem (MLCP) are commonly used for this purpose. The accuracy of the MLCP solution method can be evaluated by determining the error introduced by it. In this paper, we find that commonly used MLCP error measures suffer from unit inconsistency leading to the error lacking any physical meaning. We propose a unit-consistent error measure which computes energy error components for each constraint dependent on the inverse effective mass and compliance. It is shown by means of a simple example that the unit consistency issue does not occur using this proposed error measure. Simulation results confirm that the error decreases with convergence toward the solution. If a pivoting algorithm does not find a solution of the MLCP due to an iteration limit, e.g. in real-time simulations, choosing the result with the least error can reduce the risk of simulation instabilities.

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Kiorpes, Lynne, and J. Anthony Movshon. "Vernier acuity and contrast sensitivity in monkeys and humans." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1989.wm3.

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In an effort to understand the neuronal basis of the abnormal visual processing that characterizes amblyopia, we have studied the development of visual performance in monkeys reared with either strabismus or unilateral image blur. We have measured vernier acuity, spatial resolution, and spatial contrast sensitivity in these animals. Compared to normal, the spatial contrast sensitivity function is displaced both downward in sensitivity and leftward in frequency in the treated eyes of these animals. They also have deficits in vernier acuity—often larger than the displacements of the contrast sensitivity functions—and we wished to know whether these were predictable from the contrast sensitivity changes. We have explored the relationship between the two measures using a contemporary spatial vision model (Watson, 1983), but this analysis requires more detailed knowledge of the empirical relation between contrast sensitivity and vernier acuity. To approach this we have measured the effect of reducing the level of illumination on human contrast sensitivity and vernier acuity. These measurements show that reducing luminance in human observers produces linked changes in both contrast sensitivity and vernier acuity resembling those seen in our abnormally reared monkeys. This suggests that the changes observed in multiple measures of visual performance may be straightforwardly related.

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Velarde Aramayo, Silvia. "TAXATION ARISING FROM DIGITALISATION: ISSUES AT STAKE." In 5th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2021 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2021.113.

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The OECD is leading global efforts to reach an international consensus around the BEPS Project with the G20 support. Action 1 works on the tax challenges of the digital economy and its proposals have been made with the «inclusive framework» participation that brings together more than 137 countries. The article focuses on the legitimacy, operation, and consequences of all this work for developing countries that, according to estimates of the UNCTAD, lost annually U$100 billion due to tax avoidance schemes by MNEs. The OECD/G20 inclusive framework is designing a new global tax structure and its proposals attempt to introduce new rules on taxing rights allocation and distribution. At the same time, some countries have adopted unilateral measures in order to tax some digital businesses. Finally, the European Union Countries continue to delay the adoption of the CCCTB and DST Directive proposals, and the United States has introduced the GILTI legislation that seeks to tax the global intangible income. Everything seems to indicate that in the next years the international tax architecture will be changed in deep.

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Lee, Danielle. "How to measure the information similarity in unilateral relations." In the International Workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1835980.1835981.

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Cataron, Angel, Razvan Andonie, and Yvonne Chueh. "Financial data analysis using the informational energy unilateral dependency measure." In 2015 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2015.7280734.

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Cataron, Angel, Razvan Andonie, and Yvonne Chueh. "kNN estimation of the unilateral dependency measure between random variables." In 2014 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Data Mining (CIDM). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cidm.2014.7008705.

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Vieira, Gabriela Albertino, Raquel Medeiros de Souza, Érica Rocha Assunção, Laís Soares Figueiredo, Natália Rafael Perdigão, and Paula Luciana Scalzo. "Effect of DBS on decreasing pain intensity in individuals with PD: a systematic review." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.230.

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Background: Pain is a common non-motor symptom in Parkinson’s disease (PD), causing impairment in the functionality and quality of life. Objectives: To summarize the effects of deep brain stimulation (DBS) on pain intensity in PD. Design: Systematic review. Methods: A search was conducted using the Pubmed, Scielo, Embase, Lilacs, and Cochrane databases. Keywords were: “Parkinson* AND (“DBS” OR “deep brain stimulation”) AND “pain”. Complete available articles that measured pain intensity before and after DBS were selected. Results: Of the 251 studies, 17 met the criteria. The sample included from 14 to 79 patients (n = 532). The time of surgery was 3 to 96 months. The subthalamic nucleus was the main surgical target. Seventeen and 389 individuals were submitted to unilateral and bilateral implantation, respectively. Globus pallidus was used as a surgical target in three studies. The unilateral implant was performed in 12 patients and the bilateral in 37. Different instruments were used to measure the pain intensity. It declined after surgery in all studies. Conclusion: The results show that pain intensity decreased after DBS, and most studies performed bilateral stimulation in the subthalamic nucleus. This information is important in guiding the therapeutic approach in PD patients with pain. However, the different surgical parameters and instruments used to assess pain limit the summarization of results.

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Pfeiffer, Friedrich. "Numerics of Non-Smooth Multibody Systems." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-47297.

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The theory of non-smooth multibody dynamics with unilateral contacts is now well established, for example in terms of measure equations of motion added by complementarities or formulated with the help of differential inclusions. Most researchers today focus on numerical methods for solving these systems, because computing times especially for large systems are a problem. Time-stepping schemes for time-integration, pivoting or iterative algorithms for solving the complementarity problem and the Augmented Lagrangian approach are methods of increasing numerical efficiency for large systems. The paper describes new findings for unilateral multibody systems and discusses two large industrial examples, namely the dynamics of a roller coaster and the behavior of a drop tower featuring hydraulic components.

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Brigell, Mitchell. "Saccadic Latency as a Measure of Afferent Visual Function." In Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/navs.1986.wd1.

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Sensitive measurement of optic nerve dysfunction can be of importance in the medical management of pituitary adenoma's and glaucoma and in the diagnosis of optic neuritis in patients with possible multiple sclerosis. Perimetry and pattern visual evoked potentials (PVEP) are standard clinical procedures for the assessment of afferent visual function. A unilateral delay in the PVEP provides a sensitive measure of optic nerve demyelination and is quite useful in the detection of clinically silent optic neuritis. However, the test is of limited value in monitoring progression of glaucoma and chiasmal compression because it does not allow for testing of individual points in the visual field. Perimetry provides a measurement of visual threshold for specific points in the visual field and is the standard test for following chiasmal compression and glaucoma, However, recent anatomic evidence has shown that changes in visual threshold may not occur until fairly extensive damage has occurred (Quigley et. al. 1982). We have used latency to initiate a saccadic eye movement to a visual target as a measure of optic nerve dysfunction with the notion that compression of optic nerve fibers will result in conduction delays that preceed changes in visual sensitivity. Preliminary data will be presented here which suggest that saccadic latency is a sensitive measure of afferent conduction.

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Reports on the topic "Unilateral measures"

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Chatterji, Shurojit, Sayantan Ghosal, Sean Walsh, and John Whalley. Unilateral Measures and Emissions Mitigation. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w15441.

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Competitiveness and Climate Policies: Is There a Case for Restrictive Unilateral Trade Measures? Geneva, Switzerland: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.7215/co_in_20100125.

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