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1

Yassin, Hendro. "The behaviour of beams and slabs with soffit projections supported by uniform subgrades." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278708.

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2

Ritthiruth, Pawin. "Flexural Behavior of Cold-Formed and Hot-Rolled Steel Sheet Piling Subjected to Simulated Soil Pressure." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101845.

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Hot-rolled sheet piling has long-been believed to have a better flexural performance than cold-formed sheet piling based on a test conducted by Hartman Engineering twenty years ago. However, cold-formed steel can have similar strength to the hot-rolled steel This experimental program studied the flexural behavior of hot-rolled and cold-formed steel sheet pilings. This program quantified the influence of transverse stresses from soil pressures on the longitudinal flexural strength. Four cross-sections with two pairs of equivalent sectional modulus were investigated. Sheet-piling specimens were subjected to simulated soil pressure from an air bladder loaded transversely to their longitudinal axis. The span lengths were varied, while the loading area remains unchanged to examine the effect of different transverse stresses. Lateral bracings were provided at discrete locations to establish a sheet piling wall behavior and allow the development of transverse stresses. Load-pressure, load-deflection, load-strain, and moment-deflection responses were plotted to demonstrate the behavior of each specimen. The moment-deflection curves were then normalized to the corresponding yield stress from tensile coupon tests to make a meaningful comparison. The results indicate that transverse stresses influence the flexural capacity of the sheet pilings. The longer span length has less amount of transverse strains, resulting in a higher moment capacity. The hot-rolled sheet pilings have better flexural performance also because of less transverse strains.
Master of Science
Sheet piling wall is an essential structure used during the excavation process. Sheet piling can be hot-rolled and cold-formed. Hot-rolled sheet piling has long-been believed to have a better bending performance based on a test conducted by Hartman Engineering twenty years ago. However, cold-formed steel can have similar strength to hot-rolled steel. This experimental program studied the bending behavior of hot-rolled and cold-formed steel sheet pilings. This program quantified the influence of lateral loading from soil pressure on the moment capacity of the sheet piling. Four cross-sections with two pairs of equivalent bending properties were investigated. Sheet-piling specimens were set up as beam members and subjected to simulated soil pressure from an air bladder. The span lengths of the specimens were varied, while the loading area remains unchanged to examine the effect of different amounts of load. Lateral bracings were provided at discrete locations to establish a sheet piling wall behavior and allow local deflection of the cross-section. Load-pressure, load-deflection, load-strain, and moment-deflection responses were plotted to demonstrate the behavior of each specimen. The moment-deflection curves were then normalized to the corresponding material property of each specimen to make a meaningful comparison between different specimens. The results indicate that lateral loading of the soil pressure influences the bending capacity of the sheet pilings. The longer span length has less amount of transverse strains, resulting in a higher bending capacity. The hot-rolled sheet pilings have better bending performance also because of less transverse strains.
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3

Hossain, Muhammad Shazzad. "Investigation of Soil Failure Mechanisms during Spudcan Foundation Installation." Curtin University of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, 2004. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=15369.

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Mobile jack-up rigs are widely used in offshore oil and gas exploration and increasingly in temporary production and maintenance work. There is a steadily increasing demand for their use in deeper water and harsher environments. A typical modem jack-up has three independent legs, each equipped with a footing known as ‘spudcan’. This thesis is concerned with the performance of spudcan foundation subjected to vertical loading correspondent to preloading during its installation into uniform clay. The chief aim of this study is to investigate the bearing behaviour with the corresponding soil failure mechanisms during spudcan penetration. Centrifuge model test and Finite Element (FE) analysis are carried out extensively. In centrifuge modelling, a half-spudcan model and a full spudcan model are used. In the half- spudcan model test, a novel system for revealing soil failure mechanisms and measuring soil deformation has been adopted, in which the half-spudcan model is placed against a transparent window and a subsequent Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) analysis is performed. The full-spudcan model test is conducted to measure the load-penetration response. In numerical simulation, both small strain and large deformation analyses are carried out with smooth and rough soil-spudcan interfaces considered. At the initial stage of penetration, it is observed that a cavity is formed above the spudcan as it is penetrating into a uniform clay. Meanwhile, soil flows towards the surface and thus soil heave forms close to the spudcan shoulders. With further penetration, the soil underneath the spudcan starts to flow back into the cavity on the exposed top of the spudcan. This backflow causes the spudcan to be embedded while the initially formed cavity remains open.
Eventually, the spudcan becomes fully embedded and the soil flow mechanism reaches a fully localised failure mechanism with deep embedment. The lateral extent of visible distortion due to soil flow is confined well within 1.5-1.6 D (D: spudcan diameter). From both centrifuge and numerical investigations, it is found that in uniform clay, it is inevitable to form a cavity above the spudcan foundation. Thus, the stable cavity depth and soil back flow mechanisms are studied. It is clear that the back flow is caused by a Flow Failure, where it is due to the downward penetration of the spudcan. This is contrary to the Wall Failure that is the mechanism recommended by the current offshore design guidelines to estimate the stable cavity depth. In wall failure, the soil back flow is due to the cavity wall too high to stand. The stable cavity depth is estimated up to 4 times higher by the wall failure mechanism than the one by the flow failure. This explains that the wall failure is never observed in model test. Therefore, a new design chart with design formula is developed for design engineers in the stable cavity depth calculation. The spudcan bearing response is strongly correspondent with the variation of soil failure mechanisms during penetration. At the initial stage of the penetration, the spudcan bearing capacity increases with penetration, which is due to the increase of overburden pressure from cavity formation. At the second stage of the penetration, soil back flow embeds the spudcan, and the spudcan bearing capacity is increasing as the soil flow mechanism transits from its shallow failure mechanism to its deep failure mechanism.
At the final stage of the penetration, the spudcan bearing capacity reaches its ultimate value, where the deep/localised failure mechanism remains. A rough spudcan shows 14 % higher bearing capacity than a smooth spudcan. And a flat-plate shows 8 % higher capacity than a spudcan with a same surface roughness. The ultimate bearing capacity factor N, = 10.5 in uniform soil is recommended as a conservative value when the deep failure mechanism is reached. A correspondent N, = 10.1 in NC clay is suggested for a deeply embedded spudcan.
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4

Thabang, Sebuki Minah. "Assessment on infield spacial variability of nutrients in a uniformly managed corn (Zea Mays L.) field." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/501.

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Thesis (Msc. (Agriculture)) --University of Limpopo, 2011
The impact of agricultural chemicals on the environment has come under close scrutiny in the country of South Africa, for that reason, we are investigating alternative and appropriate methods for nutrients management. The objective of the study was to assess infield spatial variability of soil nutrients in a uniformly managed corn field, and (ii) to recommend method that can potentially help corn (Zea mays L.) producers in Limpopo Province to enhance grain yield with optimal utilization of resources. The study was conducted at Syferkuil agricultural experimental farm (23o50’ S; 29 o40’ E) of the University of Limpopo, in the northern semi-arid region of South Africa. Prior to planting of corn on this uniformly managed 7 ha portion of a 1 705 ha farm, the field was mapped with Ag132 Trimble differentially corrected global positioning system (DGPS) equipped with Field Rover II® GIS mapping software. Land suitability assessment for corn was conducted before planting and the field was classified for suitability as S1 based on FAO guidelines for irrigated agriculture and South African Binomial System of Soil classification. Soils and corn leaf sample parameters, including N were collected and measured from geo-referenced locations on a 40 x 40 m grid. Nutrient distribution spatial maps were produced with Surfer software 8.0. There was a significant variability (P≤0.05) of soil nutrients and pH across the corn field. Corn grain yield ranged from 2.7 to 6.3 Mg ha-1. For a land suitability class of S1 under linear irrigation in a semi-arid environment, these grain yields were considered lower. This lower grain yields can be linked to variability of soil nutrients, and pH because the field was classified suitable according to FAO guidelines. This field, with its significant variability of nutrients and pH that resulted in lower grain yields, is potentially a good field for precision agriculture IX methods of nutrient management such site-specific management zones for environmental quality and economic efficiency. Keywords: Maize, Small-scale farming, Soil nutrient management, and Spatial variability
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5

Lima, Juliana Toledo. "Pontos polêmicos acerca do forrageamento de cupins subterrâneos (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) : consumo de alimentos similares, reutilização de iscas e tunelamento em solos não uniformes /." Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106569.

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Orientador: Ana Maria Costa Leonardo
Banca: Fabiana Elaine Casarin dos Santos
Banca: Sulene Noriko Shima
Banca: Luiz Carlos Forti
Banca: Maria Santina de Castro Morini
Resumo: Coptotermes gestroi e Heterotermes tenuis são espécies de cupins pertencentes à família Rhinotermitidae consideradas importantes pragas urbanas no Brasil, sendo que a segunda também é encontrada em ambientes agrícolas. No ambiente urbano, tais espécies são encontradas consumindo várias fontes celulósicas, algumas até aparentemente similares. O processo de forrageamento dos cupins subterrâneos é dinâmico e muda ao longo do tempo. Contudo, devido aos seus hábitos crípticos, existem alguns pontos polêmicos que precisam ser esclarecidos, principalmente visando melhorar e embasar as novas estratégias de manejo, tais como a tecnologia de isca. Em vista do exposto, a presente pesquisa propôs analisar e comparar, por meio de bioensaios, as respostas comportamentais de C. gestroi e H. tenuis considerando diferentes formas de apresentação do alimento e frente a recursos alimentares equivalentes. Uma vez que uma colônia pode utilizar várias fontes alimentares, também foi observado o comportamento de busca por novos alimentos, verificando o forrageamento desses insetos frente a recursos alimentares previamente visitados por outros cupins. Para esses bioensaios foram utilizados diferentes tipos de arenas experimentais compostas por câmaras "ninho" e câmaras alimentares. Adicionalmente, foi observado o comportamento de tunelamento dos forrageiros em solos heterogêneos, acrescidos de pistas físicas, químicas e biológicas, simulando aqueles presentes em áreas urbanas. Para tanto, foram utilizadas arenas bidimensionais compostas por duas placas de vidro separadas por uma moldura, a qual delimitava a área de tunelamento disponível para os indivíduos. Todos os dados obtidos foram analisados gráfica e estatisticamente, sendo que o nível de significância (a) adotado foi igual a 0,05. De acordo com os resultados obtidos nos experimentos com diferentes formas de apresentação... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Coptotermes gestroi and Heterotermes tenuis, termites of the Rhinotermitidae family, are considered important urban pests in Brazil. The latter is also found in rural areas. In urban environments, these species consume many cellulose sources, some apparently similar. The foraging behavior of subterranean termites is dynamic and changes throughout time. However, due to their cryptic behavior, some questions still remain, especially regarding the construction of a framework and the improvement of new control strategies involving baits. The present study was aimed at analyzing and comparing the behavioral responses of C. gestroi and H. tenuis using bioassays involving different food presentations and equivalent food resources. Since a colony can feed on many food sources, the searching behavior of new food items was examined as well as foraging of food items previously visited by other termites. Bioassays consisted of different types of arenas with a "nest" and feeding chambers were carried out. Also, the tunneling behavior of foragers in heterogeneous soils and physical, chemical, and biological cues was examined, simulating those present in urban areas. Bioassyas consisted of two glass plates separated by a frame delimitating the tunneling area available for the termites were carried out. The results were analyzed and significance level was set at p = 0.05. Based on the results obtained in the experiments with different forms of presentation of the food item, both species had similar behavioral patterns, showing a bias toward food items completely buried in the substrate. Regarding the exploitation of equivalent food sources, no differences were observed between consumption and recruiting for the first food sources visited compared to other sources available. Thus, C. gestroi and H. tenuis did not concentrate their efforts in the consumption of the first food item found. In tenacity... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
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6

Lissy, Anne-Sophie. "Imagerie quatitative non invasive et expérimentation pour l'intégration des phénomènes d'écoulement non uniforme dans les modèles de transfert de masse en milieux poreux hétérogènes : Application aux sols structurés." Thesis, Avignon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AVIG0709.

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Mieux comprendre les écoulements d’eau dans les milieux poreux hétérogènes tels que les sols est nécessaire. Aussi bien pour piloter l’irrigation des cultures, améliorer la prédiction des modèles climatiques et météorologiques ou gérer quantitativement et qualitativement les ressources en eaux et leurs évolutions sous l’effet des changements globaux, notamment en zone Méditerranéenne. Cependant, la complexité des écoulements dans les sols, découlant de la complexité de leur système poral, constitue un frein à la connaissance complète du système. Les objectifs de ce travail sont de progresser sur ce dernier point en : (i) réalisant des expériences d’infiltration – drainage sur des colonnes décimétriques de sols non remaniés en tomographie médicale et observer au mieux les écoulements au sein de la macroporosité du sol, (ii) en étudiant la structure macroporeuse des sols et déterminer des indicateurs structuraux sur les images tomographiques et (iii) en intégrant les indicateurs structuraux dans un modèle d’écoulement à double compartiment Darcy-Richards – KDW. Les sols étudiés sont prélevés dans trois parcelles différentes : (i) un sol argileux travaillé en grande culture, (ii) un sol argileux non travaillé utilisé en verger et (iii) un sol limono – sableux non travaillé non cultivé. Trois expériences d’infiltration – drainage ont été faites dans un scanner médical à acquisition d’images rapide (~15 sec). Elles sont réalisées à une intensité de 20 mm.h-1 pour 30 mm d’eau apporté, soit 90 min d’infiltration et une phase de drainage de 30 min. Les expériences sont faites à trois humidités initiales : (1) capacité au champ, (2) potentiel matriciel moyen – 4 m et (3) potentiel matriciel moyen – 8 m. La macroporosité des sols augmente de 2 à 5% avant chaque infiltration lorsque la teneur en eau initiale diminue. Cette augmentation est plus grande pour les deux sols argileux que pour le sol limono – sableux. L’hypothèse avancée est que la texture des sols influence ces différences de réponse. Les sols argileux présentent la structure la plus variable dans le temps au contraire des sols sableux qui semblent plus stables. Le suivi tomographique temporel a permis d’observer des phénomènes de mouvements très rapides de la structure durant l’infiltration et le drainage. Pendant le passage de l’eau, le volume de macroporosité diminue de 7 à 30%, et augmente rapidement durant la phase de ressuyage de 30 min. La diminution de macroporosité durant l’infiltration est plus marquée lorsque la teneur en eau initiale est la plus importante. L’augmentation de macroporosité durant la phase de ressuyage est moins marquée pour les conditions initiales les plus sèches. L’hypothèse avancée est que le passage de l’eau le long des parois des macropores les déstabilise et entraine un « sur – gonflement » des parois, qui s’inverse durant le drainage. L’étude des indicateurs structuraux globaux montre que le suivi temporel de la densité de macropores et de leur volume permet, pour ces trois sols, de discriminer des comportements selon la texture et le travail du sol. Les modélisations réalisées avec l’ajout de paramètres mesurés sur les images tomographiques dans le modèle d’écoulement montrent qu’elles permettent de reconstruire les données expérimentales. Ce travail montre que les écarts subsistant entre la modélisation et l’observation des expériences les plus sèches montrent que la dynamique des échanges entre macropores et matrice du sol doit être mieux comprise, surtout en condition insaturée. Cela nécessite de poursuivre l’étude des mouvements de la structure durant les cycles d’humectation – dessication mais aussi pendant le passage rapide d’un flux d’eau
Predicting the evolution of groundwater resource due to future climate change requires a better knowledge of water flows in soils which are highly complex porous medium. A lot of research has been conducted about soil water flow complexity over the last decades but predicting water flow in soils whatever soil texture, soil structure and rainfall intensities still remains a challenge. The objective of this work is to improve the modeling of water flow in structured soils by accounting to water flow from macropores to the soil matrix. We follow three successive steps : (i) to perform infiltration – drainage experiments on decimetric undisturbed soils columns under a medical tomograph to better observe flow phenomena within the soil macroporosity, (ii) to extract structural indicators from tomographic images, and study the macroporous soil structure, and (iii) to integrate structural indicators into a Darcy-Richards – KDW dual compartment flow model. Undisturbed soils studied are sampled from three different plots: (i) a clay soil worked in a field crop, (ii) a clay soil not worked in an orchard and (iii) a silt – sandy soil not worked and not cultivated. Three infiltration – drainage experiment are performed in a medical tomograph with fast image acquisition (~15 sec), 30 mm of water is supplied with a rainfall simulator and an intensity of 20 mm.h-1. Infiltration duration was of 90 min followed by 30 min of drainage. In total, the tomographic follow-up takes 120 min. Each experiment is done at three initial moisture conditions: (1) field capacity, (2) matrix potential at – 4 m, and (3) matrix potential at – 8 m. The initial structure observed before each infiltration shows that the soil macroporosity increases from 2 to 5% with the decrease of the initial water content. This increase is higher for the two clay soils compared to the silty – sandy soil. The hypothesis is that soil texture influences the evolution of the soil structure according to the matric water content. Thus, clay soils have the most variable soil structure over time, unlike silt – sandy soils which seem more structurally stable. Rapid movements of the soil structure during the infiltration and drainage phases was observed thanks to the time lapse tomographic monitoring. During water flow, soil macroporosity decreases between 7 to 30 % and increases again during drainage. The decrease of soil macroporosity during infiltration is more pronounced for the most saturated initial condition. The increase is less marked for the driest conditions. The hypothesis is that water flow along the macropores’ walls destabilizes causes an ‘over-swelling’ of the walls, which reverses during drainage. The study of overall indicators show that temporal monitoring of macropores density and their volumes makes it possible to discriminate specific texture and tillage behaviors different for the three soils. Models performed with the addition of profiled data measured on tomographic image in water flow model show that these measurements allow to reconstruct experimental data. Although the gap between modelling and observation for the driest experiments seems to indicate that it is necessary to continue the study of macropores – matrix exchanges in unsaturated conditions. This requires further study of the movements of the structure during wetting – drying cycles but also during the fast water flux transit
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7

Lima, Juliana Toledo [UNESP]. "Pontos polêmicos acerca do forrageamento de cupins subterrâneos (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae): consumo de alimentos similares, reutilização de iscas e tunelamento em solos não uniformes." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106569.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:46:52Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_jt_dr_rcla.pdf: 1902367 bytes, checksum: 643e995723baa05601e16df2db548e28 (MD5)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Coptotermes gestroi e Heterotermes tenuis são espécies de cupins pertencentes à família Rhinotermitidae consideradas importantes pragas urbanas no Brasil, sendo que a segunda também é encontrada em ambientes agrícolas. No ambiente urbano, tais espécies são encontradas consumindo várias fontes celulósicas, algumas até aparentemente similares. O processo de forrageamento dos cupins subterrâneos é dinâmico e muda ao longo do tempo. Contudo, devido aos seus hábitos crípticos, existem alguns pontos polêmicos que precisam ser esclarecidos, principalmente visando melhorar e embasar as novas estratégias de manejo, tais como a tecnologia de isca. Em vista do exposto, a presente pesquisa propôs analisar e comparar, por meio de bioensaios, as respostas comportamentais de C. gestroi e H. tenuis considerando diferentes formas de apresentação do alimento e frente a recursos alimentares equivalentes. Uma vez que uma colônia pode utilizar várias fontes alimentares, também foi observado o comportamento de busca por novos alimentos, verificando o forrageamento desses insetos frente a recursos alimentares previamente visitados por outros cupins. Para esses bioensaios foram utilizados diferentes tipos de arenas experimentais compostas por câmaras “ninho” e câmaras alimentares. Adicionalmente, foi observado o comportamento de tunelamento dos forrageiros em solos heterogêneos, acrescidos de pistas físicas, químicas e biológicas, simulando aqueles presentes em áreas urbanas. Para tanto, foram utilizadas arenas bidimensionais compostas por duas placas de vidro separadas por uma moldura, a qual delimitava a área de tunelamento disponível para os indivíduos. Todos os dados obtidos foram analisados gráfica e estatisticamente, sendo que o nível de significância (a) adotado foi igual a 0,05. De acordo com os resultados obtidos nos experimentos com diferentes formas de apresentação...
Coptotermes gestroi and Heterotermes tenuis, termites of the Rhinotermitidae family, are considered important urban pests in Brazil. The latter is also found in rural areas. In urban environments, these species consume many cellulose sources, some apparently similar. The foraging behavior of subterranean termites is dynamic and changes throughout time. However, due to their cryptic behavior, some questions still remain, especially regarding the construction of a framework and the improvement of new control strategies involving baits. The present study was aimed at analyzing and comparing the behavioral responses of C. gestroi and H. tenuis using bioassays involving different food presentations and equivalent food resources. Since a colony can feed on many food sources, the searching behavior of new food items was examined as well as foraging of food items previously visited by other termites. Bioassays consisted of different types of arenas with a “nest” and feeding chambers were carried out. Also, the tunneling behavior of foragers in heterogeneous soils and physical, chemical, and biological cues was examined, simulating those present in urban areas. Bioassyas consisted of two glass plates separated by a frame delimitating the tunneling area available for the termites were carried out. The results were analyzed and significance level was set at p = 0.05. Based on the results obtained in the experiments with different forms of presentation of the food item, both species had similar behavioral patterns, showing a bias toward food items completely buried in the substrate. Regarding the exploitation of equivalent food sources, no differences were observed between consumption and recruiting for the first food sources visited compared to other sources available. Thus, C. gestroi and H. tenuis did not concentrate their efforts in the consumption of the first food item found. In tenacity... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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8

Štefaňák, Jan. "Statistická analýza kontrolních zkoušek horninových kotev." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-371785.

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The objective of dissertation is to find the approaches for processing the data extracted from the reports that document the performing of acceptance tests of ground anchors. The purpose of this activity is to allow further utilization of this data for designing practice. 795 test records were collected. It is essential for the correctness of analysis, that the whole anchor bond must be placed in homogeneous material. The records for anchors that don’t fulfilled this condition were removed. The set of 379 records of anchors installed in six different soil types during construction work in Czech Republic remained. All those anchors were tested according the demands of european standard ČSN EN 1537:2001, valid until 2013. The methodics based on the mathematical statistics, regression analysis and probability methods were compiled during solving the task defined above. The major result of data processing that was performed via methodics based on combination of mathematical statistics and probability simulation methods is the set of bond shear stress parameter values elaborated for variety of soil types. The regression model for determination of the force-displacement curve and the model predicting the creep behavior of loaded ground anchor were constructed, where the creep value is dependent on the tendon bond length, tendon free length and on the level of prestressing force. The description of full-scale experiment, whose results were used for verification of assumptions incorporated in relevant methodics, is included. The example of determining the probability of failure of anchored structure using the stochastic simulation technique is mentioned also, where the previously obtained results are used as input values for this calculation. Moreover, the software application serving for automatization of processes associated to conducting of the tests of ground anchors and to creating the test report is introduced.
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9

"Development of Uniform Artificial Soil Deposition Techniques on Glass and Photovoltaic Coupons." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.40263.

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abstract: Soiling is one of the major environmental factors causing the negative performance of photovoltaic (PV) modules. Dust particles, air pollution particles, pollen, bird droppings and other industrial airborne particles are some natural sources that cause soiling. The thickness of soiling layer has a direct impact on the performance of PV modules. This phenomenon occurs over a period of time with many unpredictable environmental variables indicated above. This situation makes it difficult to calculate or predict the soiling effect on performance. The dust particles vary from one location to the other in terms of particle size, color and chemical composition. These properties influence the extent of performance (current) loss, spectral loss and adhesion of soil particles on the surface of the PV modules. To address this uncontrolled environmental issues, research institutes around the world have started designing indoor artificial soiling stations to deposit soil layers in various controlled environments using reference soil samples and/or soil samples collected from the surface of PV modules installed in the locations of interest. This thesis is part of a twin thesis. The first thesis (this thesis) authored by Shanmukha Mantha is related to the development of soiling stations and the second thesis authored by Darshan Choudhary is associated with the characterization of the soiled samples (glass coupons, one-cell PV coupons and multi-cell PV coupons). This thesis is associated with the development of three types of indoor artificial soiling deposition techniques replicating the outside environmental conditions to achieve required soil density, uniformity and other required properties. The three types of techniques are: gravity deposition method, dew deposition method, and humid deposition method. All the three techniques were applied on glass coupons, single-cell PV laminates containing monocrystalline silicon cells and multi-cell PV laminates containing polycrystalline silicon cells. The density and uniformity for each technique on all targets are determined. In this investigation, both reference soil sample (Arizona road dust, ISO 12103-1) and the soil samples collected from the surface of installed PV modules were used. All the three techniques are compared with each other to determine the best method for uniform deposition at varying thickness levels. The advantages, limitations and improvements made in each technique are discussed.
Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Mechanical Engineering 2016
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10

Potsane, Moshe Moses. "Group invariant solutions for contaminant transport in saturated soils under radial uniform water flow background." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/13004.

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A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, in ful llment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. March 27, 2013
The transport of chemicals through soils to the groundwater or precipitation at the soils surfaces leads to degradation of the resources such as soil fertility, drinking water and so on. Serious consequences may be su ered in the long run. In this dissertation, we consider macroscopic deterministic models de- scribing contaminant transport in saturated soils under uniform radial water ow backgrounds. The arising convection-dispersion equation given in terms of the stream functions is analyzed using classical Lie point symmetries. A number of exotic Lie point symmetries are admitted. Group invariant solu- tions are classi ed according to the elements of the one-dimensional optimal systems. We analyze the group invariant solutions which satisfy some physical boundary conditions. The governing equation describing movements of contaminants under ra- dial water ow background may be given in conserved form. As such, the conserved form of the governing equation may be written as a system of rst order partial di erential equation referred to as an auxiliary system, by an in- troduction of the nonlocal variable. The resulting system of equations admits a number of (local) point symmetries which induce the nonlocal symmetries for the original governing equation. We construct classes of solutions using the admitted genuine nonlocal symmetries, which include the invariant solutions obtained via corresponding point symmetries of the governing equation.
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Fu, Qingwei. "Interpretation of soil behavior from laboratory specimens subjected to non-uniform loading conditions /." 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3269895.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2007.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-07, Section: B, page: 4672. Adviser: Youssef M. A. Hashash. Includes supplementary digital materials. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 266-272) Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.
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12

Chen, Yu-Wen, and 陳郁文. "The Effects of Geogrid Transverse Ribs on Pullout Behavior in Uniform Coarse Grain Soil." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79414610942228439499.

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13

Wang, Jyun-Yen, and 汪俊彥. "Experimental Study on Seepage Failure of Uniform and Gap-Graded Soils." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9s722t.

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Abstract:
碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
營建工程系
100
Soil piping is a hydraulic and geotechnical phenomenon that soil hydraulic fails due to seepage. Soil piping can happen in geotechnical engineering and ecosystem. An upward seepage testing system is developed to study the seepage failure of soil. The testing system consists of a transparent acrylic permeameter, a constant head device and a data acquisition system. Using this test apparatus, a series of experiments on uniform sand and gap-graded sand are carried out to observe the process of seepage failure of specimen and to determine the critical hydraulic gradient. This study found the seepage failure mode is depended on the internal stability of soil which mainly depends on the grain size distribution and can be assessed using stable criteria. Test result shows seepage failure of uniform sand (internally sable soil) typically experiences an expansion of specimen thickness and the liquefaction of specimen, which is associated with the condition of effective stress equals zero. Seepage failure of gap-graded sand (internally unstable soil) is related to the internal erosion of fines which shows the finer particles in specimen will be vigorously eroded out with upward seepage flow, but the coarser particles remain comparatively stable. Further, the critical hydraulic gradients icr of soil obtained from test are compared with the predicted icr using theoretical equation proposed by Terzaghi. It is found the values of icr of uniform sand range from 0.89 to 1.21 which are close to the predicted icr. The values of icr of gap-graded sand range from 0.27 to 0.43 are far lower than the predicted icr. A database of icr of soil is compiled from this study and relevant literatures, and is used to compare different icr prediction methods and identify a best prediction method. Comparison result shows there is no a best methods can accurate predict the icr for all types of soils, but Terzaghi’s equation can predict the icr well of soil which satisfies the stable criterion proposed by Kenny and Lau (1985). Finally, this study is expected to provide the contribution in geotechnical engineering for a better understanding of seepage failure of soil and their critical hydraulic gradient.
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14

Wan, Yongshan. "Soil erosion processes and sediment enrichment in a well-aggregated, uniformly-textured oxisol." Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/9276.

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15

Chen, Wei-Meng, and 陳維孟. "Influence of Grain Shape And Cofficient of uniform on Liquefaction-related Behavior of Saturated Granular Soils." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38mb7z.

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Abstract:
碩士
朝陽科技大學
營建工程系碩士班
91
Taiwan is located between of two of the world’s major tectonic plates. Earthquake occurred very often in this area and caused many disasters in the past. When a saturated sand deposit is subjected to ground vibrations, it tends to compact and decrease in volume. If drainage is inadequate, the tendency to decrease in volume results in an increase in pore water pressure. When pore water pressure built up is equal to or greater than the overburden pressure, the sand deposit becomes partially or completely liquefied. This phenomenon is called liquefaction, which is one of the reason that causes severe damages to the structures during major earthquakes in saturated sand deposits. The purpose of this research were to study the effect of grain shape and coefficient of uniform on liquefaction-related behavior of sandy soils using portable soil tank and shaking table. The Results of the study revealed that rounded-grained soils have the highest liquefaction potential while angular-grained soils are most unlikely to liquefy. In the other hand, the volume strain from liquefaction in rounded-grained soils is 2% more than angular-grained soils has. The Results of the study also indicate that the most liquefialble grain sizes are 0.05mm ~ 0.2mm for angular soils, 0.075mm ~ 0.2mm for sub-angular soils, 0.2mm ~ 0.6mm for plate-shape soils. Keyword:liquefaction、liquefaction potential、volume strain
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16

Liou, Jong-Dar, and 劉仲達. "Synthesis of Uniform Silica Micro-nanospheres by Sol-Gel Method and Analysis of Their Physical Properties." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8j66u6.

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Abstract:
碩士
國立交通大學
工學院半導體材料與製程設備學程
106
This research employs a chemical synthesis route to fabricate monosized silica microspheres by using a sol-gel method . This sol-gel approach is considered as the most economical way to produce silica micro spheres. Our process is based on a formula developed by W. Stöber, A. Fink, and E. Bohn (J. Colloid Interface Sci. 26, 62 (1968)), which used tetraethyl silicate (TEOS) as the precursor, ammonia (NH4OH) as the catalyst, and ethanol as the solvent. We adjust relevant parameters so that monosized microspheres could be successfully produced. In this work, we demostrate the formation of 284 nm silica microspheres with a standard deviation of 5 nm. Subsequently, physical characterization of the as-synthesized microspheres is conducted and discussed.
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