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Journal articles on the topic 'Uniform irradiation'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 May 2022

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1

Ebner, Pirmin Philipp, and Wojciech Lipiński. "Heterogeneous thermochemical decomposition of a semi-transparent particle under high-flux irradiation: uniform versus non-uniform irradiation." Heat and Mass Transfer 50, no. 7 (March 6, 2014): 1031–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00231-014-1311-7.

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2

Batygin, Y. K., V. V. Kushin, and S. V. Plotnikov. "Uniform target irradiation by circular beam sweeping." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 363, no. 1-2 (September 1995): 128–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(95)00258-8.

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3

Jian Lin, Jian Lin, Lixin Xu Lixin Xu, Shengbo Wang Shengbo Wang, and Haixiao Han Haixiao Han. "Theoretical analysis of lens array for uniform irradiation on target in multimode fiber lasers." Chinese Optics Letters 12, no. 10 (2014): 101402–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201412.101402.

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4

Klepper, L. Ya. "Mathematical Modeling of Uniform and Nonuniform Malignian and Normal Tissues Irradiation. Mathematical Analysis of the Tumour Grid Irradiation." Meditsinskaya Fizika 91, no. 3 (October 29, 2021): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.52775/1810-200x-2021-91-3-27-32.

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Purpose: On base created mathematical model (MM) modified Veybull distribution, intended for NTCP calculation, depending on irradiated volume V and uniform irradiation dose D, to develop the MM, which allows to realize transition from nonuniform dose in tissue to the equivalent, uniform identical dose. To research the hypothesis, under what condition lumpy sharing dose in system tumors+normal tissues will be more efficient, than uniform dose. Material and Methods: Lumpy sharing dose are described as a differential histogram dose-volume (DDVH). The MM for calculation transition lumpy distribution of the absence of the beam complication probability (ACPr) in tissue is designed. It was used for MM conclusion, which allows to calculate transition values of the Adequate Dose (AD) of the uniform irradiation tissues, which use brings about ACPr in tissues. Results: On base of the suggestions and proved affirmation MMs are received, which allow for lumpy distribution of local NTCP values, presented as a DHDV, to calculate transition values ACPr, as well as select from it MM for reduction of the lumpy sharing dose. On base created MM question was explored, in what case tumors and normal tissue through a grid irradiation will be more effective than uniform irradiation. Conclusion: The transition from lumpy sharing doses in tissues to equivalent uniform dose present the significant interest for the RT planning efficiency. Their study is necessary, where the radiation of biosubjects is influenced.

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5

Niraula, Prashanta Mani, Eiman Bokari, Shahid Iqbal, Lisa Paulius, Matthew Smylie, Ulrich Welp, Wai-Kwong Kwok, and Asghar Kayani. "Particle Irradiation Induced Defects in High Temperature Superconductors." MRS Advances 4, no. 2 (2019): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.143.

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AbstractWe use irradiation with 50-MeV Cu-ions to create vortex pinning defects in high-temperature superconducting Y1Ba2Cu3O7-x coated conductors using a beam-rastering approach that allows for the uniform irradiation of large ample areas. Our samples contain barium zirconate nanorods as pre-existing vortex pinning defects. By irradiating the samples at angles of 0o, 15oand 30o from the crystallographic c-axis we explore the interplay between pre-existing and irradiation-induced pinning and find that irradiation at 30o leads to a moderate enhancement of Jc at 5 K at high fields (greater than 2 Tesla). In contrast, Jc was suppressed for all temperatures and fields for other angles of irradiation. Optimized particle irradiation procedures offer a way for improving the performance of high-temperature superconducting wires for use in high magnetic fields without the need for changing wire synthesis protocols.

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6

Vardanyan, A. V., and L. A. Gagiyan. "Concentrating systems for uniform irradiation of flat receiver." Applied Solar Energy 45, no. 1 (March 2009): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0003701x09010149.

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7

Charles, M. W., J. P. Williams, and J. E. Coggle. "Skin Carcinogenesis Following Uniform and Nonuniform Beta Irradiation." Health Physics 55, no. 2 (August 1988): 399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004032-198808000-00039.

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8

Baverstock, K. F. "‘The LD50for uniform low LET irradiation of man’." British Journal of Radiology 58, no. 685 (January 1985): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-58-685-97.

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9

Cheliapin, A. E., P. S. Begunov, Y. V. Trofimov, and G. K. Zhavnerko. "LED ULTRAVIOLET EXPOSURE UNIT WITH ADJUSTABLE EXPOSURE TIME." Doklady BGUIR, no. 7 (125) (December 7, 2019): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35596/1729-7648-2019-125-7-46-50.

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The possibilities of improving the quality of the topological pattern in the exposure of thick-film photoresists due to uniform irradiation with ultraviolet light-emitting diodes are investigated. The results of an experimental study of the developed LED ultraviolet photolithographic irradiator with a controlled exposure time are presented.

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10

Su, Jiangbin, and Xianfang Zhu. "Intriguing uniform elongation and accelerated radial shrinkage in an amorphous SiOxnanowire as purely induced by uniform electron beam irradiation." RSC Adv. 7, no. 72 (2017): 45691–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra08504d.

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11

Coggle, J. E., D. M. Peel, and J. D. Tarling. "Lung Tumour Induction in Mice after Uniform and Non-uniform External Thoracic X-irradiation." International Journal of Radiation Biology and Related Studies in Physics, Chemistry and Medicine 48, no. 1 (January 1985): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09553008514551101.

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12

Ali, Amjad, Khalid Almutairi, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Vineet Tirth, Salem Algarni, Kashif Irshad, Saiful Islam, Md Hasan Zahir, Md Shafiullah, and Muhammad Zeeshan Malik. "Investigation of MPPT Techniques Under Uniform and Non-Uniform Solar Irradiation Condition–A Retrospection." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 127368–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3007710.

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13

Karaduta, Oleg K., Aleksei F. Deon, and Yulian A. Menyaev. "Designing the Uniform Stochastic Photomatrix Therapeutic Systems." Algorithms 13, no. 2 (February 18, 2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a13020041.

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Photomatrix therapeutic systems (PMTS) are widely used for the tasks of preventive, stimulating and rehabilitation medicine. They consist of low-intensity light-emitting diodes (LEDs) having the quasi-monochromatic irradiation properties. Depending on the LED matrix structures, PMTS are intended to be used for local and large areas of bio-objects. However, in the case of non-uniform irradiation of biological tissues, there is a risk of an inadequate physiological response to this type of exposure. The proposed approach considers a novel technique for designing this type of biomedical technical systems, which use the capabilities of stochastic algorithms for LED switching. As a result, the use of stochastic photomatrix systems based on the technology of uniform twisting generation of random variables significantly expands the possibilities of their medical application.

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14

Roobol, Kouwenberg, Denkova, Kanaar, and Essers. "Large Field Alpha Irradiation Setup for Radiobiological Experiments." Methods and Protocols 2, no. 3 (August 28, 2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mps2030075.

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The use of alpha particles irradiation in clinical practice has gained interest in the past years, for example with the advance of radionuclide therapy. The lack of affordable and easily accessible irradiation systems to study the cell biological impact of alpha particles hampers broad investigation. Here we present a novel alpha particle irradiation set-up for uniform irradiation of cell cultures. By combining a small alpha emitting source and a computer-directed movement stage, we established a new alpha particle irradiation method allowing more advanced biological assays, including large-field local alpha particle irradiation and cell survival assays. In addition, this protocol uses cell culture on glass cover-slips which allows more advanced microscopy, such as super-resolution imaging, for in-depth analysis of the DNA damage caused by alpha particles. This novel irradiation set-up provides the possibility to perform reproducible, uniform and directed alpha particle irradiation to investigate the impact of alpha radiation on the cellular level.

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15

Engler, Mark J. "A practical approach to uniform total body photon irradiation." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 12, no. 11 (November 1986): 2033–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3016(86)90143-4.

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16

Suchowerska, N., M. A. Ebert, M. Zhang, and M. Jackson. "In vitroresponse of tumour cells to non-uniform irradiation." Physics in Medicine and Biology 50, no. 13 (June 8, 2005): 3041–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/50/13/005.

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17

Rem, Alex I., Martin J. C. van Gemert, Freerk W. van der Meulen, Geert H. M. Gijsbers, and Johan F. Beek. "Uniform irradiation of irregularly shaped cavities for photodynamic therapy." Physics in Medicine and Biology 42, no. 3 (March 1, 1997): 583–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/42/3/010.

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18

Walgraef, D., N. M. Ghoniem, and J. Lauzeral. "Deformation patterns in thin films under uniform laser irradiation." Physical Review B 56, no. 23 (December 15, 1997): 15361–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.56.15361.

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19

Dubey, Santosh, S. K. Joshi, and B. S. Tewari. "On the Issue of Radiation-Induced Instability in Binary Solid Solutions." Conference Papers in Science 2014 (April 3, 2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/849241.

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The stability of a binary solid solution under irradiation has been studied. This has been done by performing linear stability analysis of a set of nonlinear reaction-diffusion equations under uniform irradiation. Owing to the complexity of the resulting system of eigenvalue equations, a numerical solution has been attempted to calculate the dispersion relations. The set of reaction-diffusion equations represent the coupled dynamics of vacancies, dumbbell-type interstitials, and lattice atoms. For a miscible system (Cu-Au) under uniform irradiation, the initiation and growth of the instability have been studied as a function of various control parameters.

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20

Selvaraj, Jothy, Graham Rhall, Mounir Ibrahim, Talat Mahmood, Nigel Freeman, Zennon Gromek, Grant Buchanan, Farhan Syed, Hany Elsaleh, and Ben J. C. Quah. "Custom-designed Small Animal focal iRradiation Jig (SARJ): design, manufacture and dosimetric evaluation." BJR|Open 2, no. 1 (November 2020): 20190045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjro.20190045.

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Objective: Preclinical animal models allow testing and refinement of novel therapeutic strategies. The most common preclinical animal irradiators are fixed source cabinet irradiators, which are vastly inferior to clinical linear accelerators capable of delivering highly conformal and precise treatments. The purpose of this study was to design, manufacture and test an irradiation jig (small animal focal irradiation jig, SARJ) that would enable focal irradiation of subcutaneous tumours in a standard fixed source cabinet irradiator. Methods and materials: A lead shielded SARJ was designed to rotate animal holders about the longitudinal axis and slide vertically from the base plate. Radiation dosimetry was undertaken using the built-in ion chamber and GAFChromic RTQA2 and EBT-XD films. Treatment effectiveness was determined by irradiating mice with subcutaneous melanoma lesions using a dose of 36 Gy in three fractions (12 Gy x 3) over three consecutive days. Results: The SARJ was tested for X-ray shielding effectiveness, verification of dose rate, total dose delivered to tumour and dose uniformity. Accurate and uniform delivery of X-ray dose was achieved. X-ray doses were limited to the tumour site when animal holders were rotated around their longitudinal axis to 15o and 195o, allowing sequential dose delivery using parallel-opposed tangential beams. Irradiation of subcutaneous melanoma tumour established on the flanks of mice showed regression. Conclusion: SARJ enabled delivery of tangential parallel-opposed radiation beams to subcutaneous tumours in up to five mice simultaneously. SARJ allowed high throughput testing of clinically relevant dose delivery using a standard cabinet-style fixed source irradiator. Advances in knowledge: A custom designed jig has been manufactured to fit into conventional cabinet irradiators and is dosimetrically validated to deliver clinically relevant dose distributions to subcutaneous tumours in mice for preclinical studies.

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21

Wang, Xi Yuan, Yong Guang Huang, De Wei Liu, Bao Jun Wang, Xiao Ning Zhu, and Hong Liang Zhu. "Large Area Uniform Microstructures on Silicon Surface Created with a Picosecond Laser Beam Scanning." Advanced Materials Research 651 (January 2013): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.651.327.

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We present the experimental results of picosecond pulse laser microstructuring of silicon in the SF6 atmosphere using the galvanometer scanning technique. With appropriate irradiation conditions, a large variety of surface microstructures even nanostructures were produced. By rapidly scanning, a uniform array of micro-crater structure with 10nm in depth is generated on the crystal silicon surface. At low scanning speed, large area uniform self-organizing micro-grating, micro-hole, or micro-cone structure can be produced by cumulative pulses irradiation. These results suggest that picosecond laser scanning technique is a flexible method to produce uniform surface micro-nanostructures, which exhibits great potential for applications in photoelectron devices, special surface marking and surface modification.

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22

Lü, Baida, Jianzhou Zheng, Bangwei Cai, and Bin Zhang. "Two-dimensional focusing of laser beams to provide uniform irradiation." Optics Communications 149, no. 1-3 (April 1998): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0030-4018(97)00499-9.

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23

Ardhenta, Lunde, and Wijono Wijono. "Photovoltaic Array Modeling under Uniform Irradiation and Partial Shading Condition." International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE) 6, no. 3 (December 1, 2017): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijape.v6.i3.pp142-149.

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Wind energy and solar energy are the prime energy sources which are being utilized for renewal energy. The performance of a photovoltaic (PV) array for solar energy is affected by temperature, irradiation, shading, and array configuration. Often, the PV arrays are shadowed, completely or partially, by the passing clouds, neighboring buildings and towers, trees, and utility and telephone poles. Under partially shaded conditions, the PV characteristics are more complex with multiple peaks, hence, it is very important to understand and predict the MPP under PSC in order to extract the maximum possible power. This paper presents the development of PV array simulator for studying the I–V and P–V characteristics of a PV array under a partial shading condition. It can also be used for developing and evaluating new maximum power point tracking techniques, for PV array with partially shaded conditions. It is observed that, for a given number of PV modules, the array configuration significantly affects the maximum available power under partially shaded conditions. This is another aspect to which the developed tool can be applied. The model has been experimentally validated and the usefulness of this research is highlighted with the help of several illustrations.

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24

Ardhenta, Lunde, and Wijono Wijono. "Photovoltaic Array Modeling under Uniform Irradiation and Partial Shading Condition." International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE) 6, no. 3 (December 1, 2017): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijape.v6.i3.pp144-152.

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Wind energy and solar energy are the prime energy sources which are being utilized for renewal energy. The performance of a photovoltaic (PV) array for solar energy is affected by temperature, irradiation, shading, and array configuration. Often, the PV arrays are shadowed, completely or partially, by the passing clouds, neighboring buildings and towers, trees, and utility and telephone poles. Under partially shaded conditions, the PV characteristics are more complex with multiple peaks, hence, it is very important to understand and predict the MPP under PSC in order to extract the maximum possible power. This paper presents the development of PV array simulator for studying the I–V and P–V characteristics of a PV array under a partial shading condition. It can also be used for developing and evaluating new maximum power point tracking techniques, for PV array with partially shaded conditions. It is observed that, for a given number of PV modules, the array configuration significantly affects the maximum available power under partially shaded conditions. This is another aspect to which the developed tool can be applied. The model has been experimentally validated and the usefulness of this research is highlighted with the help of several illustrations

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25

Xiao, Jun, and Baida Lu. "Conditions for perfectly uniform irradiation of spherical laser fusion targets." Journal of Optics 29, no. 4 (August 1998): 282–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0150-536x/29/4/007.

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26

Mole, R. H. "The LD50for uniform low LET irradiation of man; a postscript." British Journal of Radiology 58, no. 685 (January 1985): 98–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-58-685-98.

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27

Yamamoto, S., T. Yabe, and T. Akagi. "Luminescence imaging of non-uniform phantoms during irradiation of protons." Journal of Instrumentation 16, no. 07 (July 1, 2021): T07003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/07/t07003.

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28

Liu, Yang, Tengfei Zhu, Jianxi Yao, and Xiaoping Ouyang. "Simulation of Radiation Damage for Silicon Drift Detector." Sensors 19, no. 8 (April 13, 2019): 1767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19081767.

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Silicon drift detector with high sensitivity and energy resolution is an advanced detector which is suitable to be used in deep space detection. To study and reveal the radiation damage of the silicon drift detector (SDD) in a deep-space environment, which will degrade the detector performance, in this paper, the SDD radiation damage effects and mechanics, including displacement damage and ionization damage, for irradiations of different energy of neutrons and gammas are investigated using Geant4 simulation. The results indicate the recoil atoms distribution generated by neutrons in SDD is uniform, and recoil atoms’ energy is mainly in the low energy region. For secondary particles produced by neutron irradiation, a large energy loss in inelastic scattering and fission reactions occur, and neutron has a significant nuclear reaction. The energy deposition caused by gammas irradiation is linear with the thickness of SDD; the secondary electron energy distribution produced by gamma irradiation is from several eV to incident particle energy. As the scattering angle of secondary electron increases, the number of secondary electrons decreases. Therefore, a reasonable detector epitaxial thickness should be set in the anti-irradiation design of SDD.

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29

Aronescu, Avi, and Joseph Appelbaum. "Solar Radiation on a Parabolic Concave Surface." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 16, 2021): 2245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082245.

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Curved structures are used in buildings and may be integrated with photovoltaic modules. Self-shading occurs on non-flat (curved) surface collectors resulting in a non-uniform distribution of the direct beam and the diffuse incident solar radiation along the curvature the surface. The present study uses analytical expressions for calculating and analyzing the incident solar radiation on a general parabolic concave surface. Concave surfaces facing north, south and east/west are considered, and numerical values for the annual incident irradiations (in kWh) are demonstrated for two locations: 32° N (Tel Aviv, Israel) and 52.2° N (Lindenberg, Germany). The numerical results show that the difference in the incident global irradiation for the different surface orientations is not very wide. At 32° N, the irradiation difference between the south and north-oriented surface is about 15 percent, and between the south and east surface orientation it is about 9.6 percent. For latitude 52.2° N, the global irradiation difference between the south and north-oriented surface is about 16 percent, and between the south and east orientation it is about 3 percent.

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30

Sava, Ion, Ada Burescu, Iuliana Stoica, Valentina Musteata, Mariana Cristea, Ilarion Mihaila, Valentin Pohoata, and Ionut Topala. "Properties of some azo-copolyimide thin films used in the formation of photoinduced surface relief gratings." RSC Advances 5, no. 14 (2015): 10125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra14218g.

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31

Zhang, Yingxin, Xiaoxiong Song, and Li Cui. "Uniform SnO2 Hexagonal Prisms with Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 16, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 624–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2021.2973.

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In this work, SnO2 hexagonal prisms are successfully prepared by a simple one-step hydrothermal route. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized product is studied through the degradation of several organic dyes. It shows that eosin red solution is almost degraded after 25 min with UV irradiation. The photodegradation of SnO2 samples with different morphologies and commercial tin dioxide powders are also compared. The as-prepared products exhibit excellent photocatalytic stability, revealing its potential application in the removal of organic pollutants from wastewater.

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32

Chen, Zhi Qin, Wei Jun Zeng, Wen Kui Li, Ze Hua Zhou, and Hong Ying Yu. "Microwave Hydrothermal Preparation of Uniform Nanocrystalline Anatase." Advanced Materials Research 177 (December 2010): 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.177.357.

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The synthesis of nanocrystalline pure anatase at low temperature and short time is not an easy achievement, as the synthetic processes generally lead to amorphous, moreover some processes normally require harsh reaction. Uniform nanocrystalline pure anatase has been obtained using tetrabutyl titanate and normal butyl alcohol under microwave irradiation condition at low temperature 120 °C for 3 h. This process simplication will lower production cost and make continuous process possible. It was revealed that the as-synthesized TiO2 products without any heat treatment were uniformly dispersed and granulous single-phase anatase, with the average grain size of 10 nm, by means of XRD and TEM.

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33

Sanz, J., F. Ibáñez, J. A. Nicolás, and S. G. Tagare. "Non-uniform irradiation with inverse bremsstrahlung absorption in spherical laser targets." Laser and Particle Beams 6, no. 2 (May 1988): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600004055.

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Inverse bremsstrahlung absorption in the spherical, quasi-steady corona of a weakly nonuniform laser-irradiated target is considered. Here we have assumed that laser irradiation is almost spherical, justifying a linear analysis in terms of spherical harmonics. Our analysis is applicable for low intensities and short wavelength pulses. Complete results for ablation pressure, mass flow rate, and critical surface location are given in terms of Legendre index.

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34

Shen, Y. Y., X. D. Zhang, D. C. Zhang, Y. H. Xue, L. H. Zhang, and C. L. Liu. "Toward uniform ZnO nanoparticles embedded in SiO2 by post Xe irradiation." Materials Letters 65, no. 19-20 (October 2011): 2966–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2011.06.066.

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35

Luo, Jia, Gang Xiang, Gangxu Gu, Xi Zhang, Hailong Wang, and Jianhua Zhao. "Uniform annealing effect of electron irradiation on ferromagnetic GaMnAs thin films." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 422 (January 2017): 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2016.07.035.

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36

Deng, Yu, Xiaoling Ji, Hong Yu, Xiaoqing Li, Huan Wang, and Lifeng Chen. "Uniform irradiation generated by beam self-focusing in the inhomogeneous atmosphere." Optics Express 27, no. 10 (May 6, 2019): 14585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.27.014585.

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37

Jiang, Xiujuan, Jinghui Li, Huagang Li, Yang Li, and Zunqi Lin. "Uniform irradiation of adjustable target spots in high-power laser driver." Applied Optics 50, no. 27 (September 12, 2011): 5213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.50.005213.

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38

Kashy, E., and B. Sherrill. "A method for the uniform charged particle irradiation of large targets." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 26, no. 4 (June 1987): 610–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(87)90551-9.

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39

Obara, Go, Yuto Tanaka, Tomoya Miyanishi, and Minoru Obara. "Uniform plasmonic near-field nanopatterning by backward irradiation of femtosecond laser." Applied Physics A 102, no. 3 (October 19, 2010): 551–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-010-6075-4.

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40

Key, M. H., S. J. Rose, N. Tragin, and J. Zhang. "Modelling of gain in XUV recombination lasers for non-uniform irradiation." Optics Communications 98, no. 1-3 (April 1993): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-4018(93)90765-w.

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41

Sveklo, I., P. Mazalski, J. Jaworowicz, J. P. Jamet, N. Vernier, A. Mougin, J. Ferré, et al. "Modification of Magnetic Properties of Pt/Co/Pt Films by Ga+ Ion Irradiation: Focused versus Uniform Irradiation." Acta Physica Polonica A 133, no. 5 (May 2018): 1215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.133.1215.

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42

Mansoori, Gausiya, and Amir Ansari. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY STORAGES SYSTEM WITH D.C." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 2, no. 5 (January 30, 2020): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v2.i5.2015.36.

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Photovoltaic cells power generations are increased, because of lack of electrical power. Using of uniform solar irradiation in the photovoltaic cells, power-voltage characteristics must be unique and the maximum power is generated from PV cells. The MPPT Device is an essential part for photovoltaic power generation system. Because of nonlinearity behavior of irradiation and temperature in atmosphere.

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43

Kidwai, Mazaahir, and Richa Mohan. "Neat reaction microwave technology for the synthesis of N-substituted-1,4-dihydropyridines." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 82, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 427–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v03-191.

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Hantzsch synthesis of N-substituted-1,4-dihydropyridines (1,4-DHP) was carried out using an environmentally benign procedure. Neat reactants were subjected to microwave irradiation (MWI) to give the required products in excellent yield. Appreciable results were not obtained when conventional synthesis using neat reactants was carried out. The good yield and rate enhancement observed in the case of microwave irradiation is attributed to the uniform heating effect of microwaves.Key words: 1,4-dihydropyridines (1,4-DHP), microwave irradiation (MWI), neat reaction, solid support.

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44

Suzuki, Kazuyuki, and Kazumi Kato. "Effects of UV Irradiation on Microstructure and Properties of HfO₂ Films Prepared from Alkoxy-Derived Precursor Solution." Key Engineering Materials 421-422 (December 2009): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.421-422.91.

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The HfO2 films prepared from alkoxy-derived precursor solution chemically modified with diethanolamine. The effects of UV irradiation on the HfO2 films were investigated. The UV irradiation using low pressure mercury lamp (LPML) was effective for the organics decomposition in the film and densification. The uniform and smooth HfO2 films were obtained. The refractive index of HfO2 films was enhanced.

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45

Wang, Xiufang, Shaohua Chen, Miaomiao Zhang, Youyou Huang, Shaojie Feng, and Donglin Zhao. "MoS2 quantum dot-modified Ag/polyaniline composites with enhanced photogenerated carrier separation for highly efficient visible light photocatalytic H2 evolution performance." Catalysis Science & Technology 7, no. 16 (2017): 3531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cy01073g.

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Uniform heterostructured MoS₂ QDs–Ag/PANI composites are fabricated, which exhibit significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity for H₂ production under visible light irradiation.

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46

Yang, Changjun, Lanchang Gao, Bingguang Zhang, Zehui Zhang, and Kejian Deng. "Uniform zinc thioporphyrazine nanosphere by self-assembly and the photocatalytic performance." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 22, no. 09n10 (August 21, 2018): 868–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424618500487.

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A novel strategy for the synthesis of zinc thioporphyrazine nanospheres is presented. The uniform spheres were fabricated through a polymerization reaction without using any template or emulsifier, which result from the covalent links between zinc tetra(2,3-bis(pentenylthio)porphyrazine (ZnPz) possessing eight long flexible chains in periphery and each with one terminal olefin group. A possible mechanism to explain the self-assembly of ZnPz nanospheres was also illuminated through monitoring nanosphere formation by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). More importantly, ZnPz nanospheres can effectively activate dioxygen in aqueous media under simulated sunlight irradiation, and showed significantly improved photocatalytic activity for the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) as compared to monomeric ZnPz. Furthermore, the reactive oxygen species derived from ZnPz nanospheres under light irradiation were determined by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technology, indicating that singlet oxygen ([Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text] and hydroxyl radical (•OH) are the major reactive oxygen species. The facile synthetic methodology and the enhanced photocatalytic performance of the ZnPz nanospheres endow this novel material with the potential of being an efficient biomimetic photocatalyst for wastewater treatment.

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47

Li Hong-Xun, Zhang Rui, Zhu Na, Tian Xiao-Cheng, Xu Dang-Peng, Zhou Dan-Dan, Zong Zhao-Yu, et al. "Uniform irradiation of a direct drive target by optimizing the beam parameters." Acta Physica Sinica 66, no. 10 (2017): 105202. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.66.105202.

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48

Jang, Ji-Ho, Hyeok Jung Kwon, Yong Sub Cho, and Wha Ryun Lee. "Uniform Irradiation in a PEFP 100-MeV Beam Line with Octupole Magnets." Journal of the Korean Physical Society 59, no. 2(2) (August 12, 2011): 604–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3938/jkps.59.604.

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49

Ohnishi, Naofumi, Hideo Nagatomo, Hiroaki Nishimura, Hideaki Takabe, and Tatsuhiko Yamanaka. "Radiation effects on hydrodynamic perturbation growth due to non-uniform laser irradiation." Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 71, no. 2-6 (October 2001): 551–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-4073(01)00097-8.

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50

Stewart, Alexandra J., Jaroslaw T. Hepel, Desmond A. O’Farrell, Phillip M. Devlin, Lori Lyn Price, Roger G. Dale, and David E. Wazer. "Equivalent uniform dose for accelerated partial breast irradiation using the MammoSite applicator." Radiotherapy and Oncology 108, no. 2 (August 2013): 232–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2013.06.030.

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