Relevant bibliographies by topics / Unified strength theory

Academic literature on the topic 'Unified strength theory'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Unified strength theory"

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Yu, M. H., W. Fan, A. L. Che, M. Yoshimine, and Takahiro Iwatate. "Application of the Unified Strength Theory in Analyzing Fracture Strength." Key Engineering Materials 261-263 (April 2004): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.261-263.111.

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In practical engineering, the cracks are always mixed mode. The research on the mixed fracture criterion has an important significance in fracture mechanics and engineering. Stress state of the mixed mode cracks is complicated. A new unified strength theory considering the effects of all the three principal stresses is generalized into the fracture mechanics in this paper. The complex stress states are common characteristics between the mixed mode cracks and the unified strength theory. A unified fracture function criterion is established by using the unified strength theory in this paper. In the unified fracture function, the difference between tension and pressure and the effect of the intermediate principal stress σ2are considered. With the variation of α = σt/ σcand failure parameter b , a series of mixed mode crack criteria are formed, and can be applied for many materials. The J-integral is calculated through FEM. According to the relation between the result and the stress intensity factor, Klccan be obtained. Then it is used in the unified fracture function. The unified fracture criterion is compared with those of other mixed mode criterions.
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Kolupaev, V. A., M. H. Yu, and H. Altenbach. "Visualization of the Unified Strength Theory." Archive of Applied Mechanics 83, no. 7 (February 9, 2013): 1061–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00419-013-0735-8.

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Ma, Zong Yuan, Hong Jian Liao, and Mao Hong Yu. "Slope Stability Analysis Using Unified Strength Theory." Applied Mechanics and Materials 137 (October 2011): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.137.59.

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Numerical computations using finite difference method and unified strength theory are reported to analyze the slope stability problem. The Factor of safety of plane strain and axisymmetric slopes was calculated by strength reducing method, and the influences of intermediate principal stress on slope stability problem was analyzed. The associative and non-associative flow rule was taking into account in plane strain slope problem analysis. The intermediate principal stress has equivalent influences on slope stability problem under associative and non-associative flow rule. The Factor of safety of plane strain slope is lower than the axisymmetric situation. The influence of intermediate principal stress on slope stability under plane strain condition is heavier than axisymmetry.
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Li, Xiao Wei, Jun Hai Zhao, and Wei Chen. "Stresses Unified Solution for Wire Forming Based on Unified Strength Theory." Advanced Materials Research 472-475 (February 2012): 835–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.472-475.835.

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For known well the contributions of both tension-compression-ratio of material and intermediate principal shear stress to wire forming, the wire forming problem is developed based on unified strength theory. By denoting a notation of D, the unified stresses solution for wire forming is gained, which is suitable to both wire drawing and extrusion. In addition, when material has identical strength in tension and compression, the stresses solution based on unified strength theory become that based on unified yield criterion. Notably, it is proved that the stresses of wire forming are independent of the intermediate principal shear stress. Whether any yield criterion (e.g., Mises, Tresca or unified yield criterion) is adopted, for it is assumed that the tensile and compressive strength is equal to one another, the stresses solution is as same as that based on unified yield criterion, and is merely a special case of the unified stresses solution developed by this paper.
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Li, Yuan, Qi Liang Liu, and Qing Chi Cai. "Unification of Hoek-Brown Criterion on the Basis of United Strength Theory." Applied Mechanics and Materials 501-504 (January 2014): 415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.501-504.415.

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Based on twin failure mechanism of fracture and shear , the bilinear transitional strength decomposition formula reflecting the nonlinear strength of rock material is proposed,.The decomposed brittle shear formula is integrated and finally the unified strength theory formula characterized by nonlinearity of Hoek-Brown criterion is established. It makes the unified strength theory characterized by nonlinearity of empirical strength criterion, rock mass strength reduction, etc. Besides, it contributes to promote the accuracy and applicability of unified strength theory in rock strength and rock mass strength,especially for the hard rock failure analysis.
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Zhou, Xuan, Guo Jian Shao, and Feng Hu. "Ultimate Bearing Capacity Based on Unified Strength Theory." Applied Mechanics and Materials 368-370 (August 2013): 1838–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.368-370.1838.

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In the ultimate bearing capacity formulas, the factor Nγ has not been given a definite expression, so the calculation diagrams are not serious and the hypothesis can’t match the reality. Most of the ultimate bearing capacity factors are received from the results of Prandtl theory, but the theoretic models they used are not the same. And most of the ultimate bearing capacity theories are based on Mohr-Coulomb theory, the effects of intermediate principle stress are ignored. To solve these problems, according to ultimate balance theory and unified strength theory, the analytical formulas of ultimate bearing capacity and Nγ are received when foundation is completely smooth. The results show that the ultimate bearing capacity will increase when considering the effects of intermediate principle stress and the formulas from practical experiences can make the ultimate bearing capacity unsteady.
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Yu, Mao-Hong, V. A. Kolupaev, Yue-Ming Li, and Jian-Chun Li. "Advances in Unified Strength Theory and its Generalization." Procedia Engineering 10 (2011): 2508–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.04.413.

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LIAO, HONGJIAN, ZONGYUAN MA, and LIJUN SU. "CALCULATION OF THE ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL SLOPE BASED ON THE UNIFIED STRENGTH THEORY." International Journal of Modern Physics B 22, no. 31n32 (December 30, 2008): 5637–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979208050930.

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At present, the failure criteria used in calculating the ultimate bearing capacity of soil slope are the Tresca and Mohr-Coulomb criteria. But the results are conservative and the potential strength of soil mass cannot be utilized sufficiently because these two criteria do not take into account the effect of the intermediate principal stress. In this paper the unified strength theory was used to analyze the ultimate bearing capacity of soil slope. The formula for calculating the ultimate bearing capacity of soil slope using the unified strength theory was established. At the end, a case history was analyzed and it indicated that the result of the unified strength theory is larger than that of the Mohr-Coulomb criterion. This indicates that calculation of ultimate bearing capacity of soil slope with the unified strength theory can sufficiently exploit the strength of material. Therefore, the calculation of ultimate bearing capacity of the soil slope based on the unified strength theory will be of great significance in future applications.
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Wang, Xiang Qiu, and Wen Tao Yang. "Study on the Bearing Capacity of Slime Friction Pile Based on the Double-Sheared Theory." Applied Mechanics and Materials 353-356 (August 2013): 1005–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.353-356.1005.

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The bearing capacity of slime friction pile based on the Mohr-Coulombs strength criterion couldnt make full use of the potential strengths ability of rock-soil. But the double shear unified strength theory can depict really the bearing characteristics of rock-soil because it can consider the effect of intermediate principal stress comprehensively. On this condition, based on the Mindlins displacement solution and the double shear unified strength theory, a calculated formula of bearing capacity was proposed for the slime friction pile, and then the distribution regularities of lateral friction-resistance force for the slime friction pile were discussed.
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Wang, Peng, and Shaoxing Qu. "Analysis of ductile fracture by extended unified strength theory." International Journal of Plasticity 104 (May 2018): 196–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2018.02.011.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Unified strength theory"

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Zhang, Xuesong, and n/a. "Punching Shear Failure Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Flat Plates Using Simplified Ust Failure Criterion." Griffith University. School of Engineering, 2003. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20051104.153239.

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Failure criteria play a vital role in the numerical analysis of reinforced concrete structures. The current failure criteria can be classified into two types, namely the empirical and theoretical failure criteria. Empirical failure criteria normally lack reasonable theoretical backgrounds, while theoretical ones either involve too many parameters or ignore the effects of intermediate principal stress on the concrete strength. Based on the octahedral shear stress model and the concrete tensile strength under the state of triaxial and uniaxial stress, a new failure criterion, that is, the simplified unified strength theory (UST), is developed by simplifiing the five-parameter UST for the analysis of reinforced concrete structures. According to the simplified UST failure criterion, the concrete strength is influenced by the maximum and intermediate principal shear stresses together with the corresponding normal stresses. Moreover, the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the concrete strength is also taken into account. The failure criterion involves three concrete strengths, namely the uniaxial tensile and compressive strengths and the equal biaxial compressive strength. In the numerical analysis, a degenerated shell element with the layered approach is adopted for the simulation of concrete structures. In the layered approach, concrete is divided into several layers over the thickness of the elements and reinforcing steel is smeared into the corresponding number of layers of equivalent thickness. In each concrete layer, three-dimensional stresses are calculated at the integration points. For the material modelling, concrete is treated as isotropic material until cracking occurs. Cracked concrete is treated as an orthotropic material incorporating tension stiffening and the reduction of cracked shear stiffness. Meanwhile, the smeared craclc model is employed. The bending reinforcements and the stirrups are simulated using a trilinear material model. To verify the correctness of the simplified UST failure criterion, comparisons are made with concrete triaxial empirical results as well as with the Kupfer and the Ottosen failure criteria. Finally, the proposed failure criterion is used for the flexural analysis of simply supported reinforced concrete beams. Also conducted are the punching shear analyses of single- and multi-column-slab connections and of half-scale flat plate models. In view of its accuracy and capabilities, the simplified UST failure criterion may be used to analyse beam- and slab-type reinforced concrete structures.
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Zhang, Xuesong. "Punching Shear Failure Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Flat Plates Using Simplified Ust Failure Criterion." Thesis, Griffith University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365777.

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Failure criteria play a vital role in the numerical analysis of reinforced concrete structures. The current failure criteria can be classified into two types, namely the empirical and theoretical failure criteria. Empirical failure criteria normally lack reasonable theoretical backgrounds, while theoretical ones either involve too many parameters or ignore the effects of intermediate principal stress on the concrete strength. Based on the octahedral shear stress model and the concrete tensile strength under the state of triaxial and uniaxial stress, a new failure criterion, that is, the simplified unified strength theory (UST), is developed by simplifiing the five-parameter UST for the analysis of reinforced concrete structures. According to the simplified UST failure criterion, the concrete strength is influenced by the maximum and intermediate principal shear stresses together with the corresponding normal stresses. Moreover, the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the concrete strength is also taken into account. The failure criterion involves three concrete strengths, namely the uniaxial tensile and compressive strengths and the equal biaxial compressive strength. In the numerical analysis, a degenerated shell element with the layered approach is adopted for the simulation of concrete structures. In the layered approach, concrete is divided into several layers over the thickness of the elements and reinforcing steel is smeared into the corresponding number of layers of equivalent thickness. In each concrete layer, three-dimensional stresses are calculated at the integration points. For the material modelling, concrete is treated as isotropic material until cracking occurs. Cracked concrete is treated as an orthotropic material incorporating tension stiffening and the reduction of cracked shear stiffness. Meanwhile, the smeared craclc model is employed. The bending reinforcements and the stirrups are simulated using a trilinear material model. To verify the correctness of the simplified UST failure criterion, comparisons are made with concrete triaxial empirical results as well as with the Kupfer and the Ottosen failure criteria. Finally, the proposed failure criterion is used for the flexural analysis of simply supported reinforced concrete beams. Also conducted are the punching shear analyses of single- and multi-column-slab connections and of half-scale flat plate models. In view of its accuracy and capabilities, the simplified UST failure criterion may be used to analyse beam- and slab-type reinforced concrete structures.
Thesis (Masters)
Master of Philosophy (MPhil)
School of Engineering
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Books on the topic "Unified strength theory"

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Pataik, Surya N. Strength of materials: A unified theory. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann, 2004.

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A, Hopkins Dale, ed. Strength of materials: A unified theory. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2004.

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Patnaik, Surya N. Strength of materials: A unified theory. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2003.

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Unified strength theory and its applications. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2004.

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Yu, Maohong. Unified strength theory and its applications. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2004.

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Yu, Mao-Hong. Unified Strength Theory and Its Applications. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18943-2.

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Yu, Mao-Hong. Unified Strength Theory and Its Applications. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6247-6.

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Yu, Mao-Hong. Unified Strength Theory and Its Applications. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004.

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Yu, Mao-Hong. Computational Plasticity: With Emphasis on the Application of the Unified Strength Theory. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012.

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Yu, Shu-Qi, and Mao-hong Yu. Introduction to Unified Strength Theory. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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Book chapters on the topic "Unified strength theory"

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Yu, Mao-Hong. "Unified Strength Theory." In Unified Strength Theory and Its Applications, 129–73. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18943-2_7.

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Yu, Mao-Hong. "Unified Strength Theory (UST)." In Unified Strength Theory and Its Applications, 151–90. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6247-6_8.

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Yu, Mao-Hong. "Unified Yield Criteria." In Unified Strength Theory and Its Applications, 29–62. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18943-2_3.

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Yu, Mao-Hong. "Unified Yield Criterion." In Unified Strength Theory and Its Applications, 37–69. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6247-6_3.

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Yu, Mao-Hong. "Rhombicuboctahedron Stress Strength Theory." In Unified Strength Theory and Its Applications, 261–69. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6247-6_13.

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Yu, Mao-Hong, and Jian-Chun Li. "Unified Strength Theory and FLAC." In Advanced Topics in Science and Technology in China, 417–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24590-9_18.

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Yu, Mao-Hong. "Extended Unified Yield Criterion." In Unified Strength Theory and Its Applications, 79–92. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18943-2_5.

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Yu, Mao-Hong. "Extended Unified Yield Criterion." In Unified Strength Theory and Its Applications, 87–100. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6247-6_5.

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Yu, Mao-Hong. "Experimental Verification of Strength Theory." In Unified Strength Theory and Its Applications, 175–205. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18943-2_8.

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Yu, Mao-Hong. "Experimental Verification of Strength Theory." In Unified Strength Theory and Its Applications, 191–218. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6247-6_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Unified strength theory"

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Ao, Wengang, Ping Ding, and Jie Liu. "Equal Strength Analysis of Prestressed Combined Die for Cold Extrusion Based on the Unified Strength Theory." In 2017 International Conference on Sensing, Diagnostics, Prognostics and Control (SDPC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sdpc.2017.147.

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Li, H. Z., H. J. Liao, and L. J. Su. "An Analysis for Anisotropy of Soft Rock Based on Unified Strength Theory." In GeoShanghai International Conference 2006. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40862(194)22.

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Cao, L., J. Zhao, X. Wei, and L. Ji. "Stress and Safety Analysis of Pile Based on the Unified Strength Theory." In GeoShanghai International Conference 2006. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40865(197)40.

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Chen, Demin, Yueyin Ma, Guoqiang Liu, Wei Sun, Xiaolin Guo, and Xaofei Shi. "Yield criterion and unified strength theory of Zr-based bulk metallic glass." In Mechanical Engineering and Information Technology (EMEIT). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/emeit.2011.6023025.

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Tong, Huai-feng, and Yuan-cheng Guo. "Computational Methods of Critical Filling Height in Roadbed Based on Twin Shear Unified Strength Theory." In First International Conference on Transportation Engineering. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40932(246)305.

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SONG, LI, CHONGDU CHO, SHENG LU, and HONGJIAN LIAO. "STUDY ON SOFTENING CONSTITUTIVE MODEL OF SOFT ROCK USING STRAIN SPACE BASED UNIFIED STRENGTH THEORY." In Proceedings of the 9th AEPA2008. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814261579_0001.

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LIAO, HONGJIAN, ZONGYUAN MA, and LIJUN SU. "CALCULATION OF THE ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL SLOPE BASED ON THE UNIFIED STRENGTH THEORY." In Proceedings of the 9th AEPA2008. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814261579_0042.

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Cui, Fang, Yongtao Gao, and Shunchuan Wu. "Analytic solution for surrounding rock mass deformation of circular tunnels based on three-parameter unified strength theory." In 2011 International Conference on Electric Technology and Civil Engineering (ICETCE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icetce.2011.5775893.

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Li, Xiaowei. "Maximum Cross Section Reduction Ratio of Billet in a Single Wire Forming Pass Based on Unified Strength Theory." In 2016 International Forum on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ifeesd-16.2016.101.

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Volokh, Konstantin Y., and David A. Vorp. "Theory of Growth and Rupture of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-203540.

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We present here a coupled mathematical model of growth and failure of the abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). The failure portion of the model is based on the constitutive theory of softening hyperelasticity where the classical hyperelastic law is enhanced with a new constant indicating the maximum energy that an infinitesimal material volume can accumulate without failure. The new constant controls material failure and it can be interpreted as the average energy of molecular bonds from the microstructural standpoint. The constitutive model is compared to the data from uniaxial tension tests providing an excellent fit to the experiment. The AAA failure model is coupled with a phenomenological theory of soft tissue growth. The unified theory includes both momentum and mass balance laws coupled with the help of the constitutive equations. The microstructural alterations in the production of elastin and remodeling of collagen are reflected in the changing macroscopic parameters characterizing tissue stiffness, strength and density. The coupled theory is used to simulate growth and rupture of an idealized spherical AAA. The results of the simulation showing possible AAA ruptures in growth are reasonable qualitatively while the quantitative calibration of the model will require further clinical observations and in-vitro tests. The presented model is the first where growth and rupture are coupled.
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Reports on the topic "Unified strength theory"

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Sett, Dominic, Christina Widjaja, Patrick Sanady, Angelica Greco, Neysa Setiadi, Saut Sagala, Cut Sri Rozanna, and Simone Sandholz. Hazards, Exposure and Vulnerability in Indonesia: A risk assessment across regions and provinces to inform the development of an Adaptive Social Protection Road Map. United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53324/uvrd1447.

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Risk induced by natural hazards and climate change has been accelerating worldwide, leading to adverse impacts on communities' well-being. Dealing with this risk is increasingly complex and requires cross-sectoral action. Adaptive Social Protection (ASP) has emerged as a promising approach to strengthen the resilience of communities by integrating Social Protection (SP), Disaster Risk Management (DRM) and Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) efforts. To inform this integration and thereby support the development of a functional ASP approach, the identification and provision of relevant data and information are vital. In this context, risk assessments are crucial as they establish the groundwork for the design of effective ASP interventions. However, despite the importance of risk information for ASP and the abundance of sectoral assessments, there is not yet a comprehensive risk assessment approach, a reality that also applies to Indonesia. Although the country is one of the international pioneers of the concept and has enshrined ASP at the highest national level in its development plans, this emphasis in policy and practice has been hampered by the absence of more unified assessment methods. The Hazard, Exposure and Vulnerability Assessment (HEVA) presented here takes a unique approach to develop such a cross-sectoral risk assessment and apply it throughout Indonesia. The HEVA brings together different risk understandings of key actors both internationally and domestically within SP, DRM and CCA, as well as identifying commonalities across sectors to establish a joint understanding. The HEVA not only considers risk as an overarching outcome but also focuses on its drivers, i.e. hazards, exposure and vulnerability, to identify why specific communities are at risk and thus customize ASP interventions. Subsequently, risks are assessed for Indonesia’s regions and provinces based on this cross-sectoral risk understanding. Secondary data has been acquired from various existing sectoral assessments conducted in Indonesia, and in total, data for 44 indicators has been compiled to calculate hazard, exposure and vulnerability levels for all 34 Indonesian provinces. Findings of the HEVA suggest that overall risk is high in Indonesia and no single province can be characterized as a low-risk area, demonstrating a strong relevance for ASP throughout the whole of the country. Papua, Maluku, and Central Sulawesi were identified as provinces with the highest overall risk in Indonesia. However, even Yogyakarta, which was identified as a comparatively low-risk province, still ranks among the ten most hazard-prone provinces in the country and has a demonstrated history of severe impact events. This also underlines that the composition of risk based on the interplay of hazard, exposure and vulnerability differs significantly among provinces. For example, in Papua and West Papua, vulnerability ranks as the highest in Indonesia, while hazard and exposure levels are comparatively low. In contrast, East Java and Central Java are among the highest hazard-prone provinces, while exposure and vulnerability are comparatively low. The results provide much more comprehensive insight than individual sectoral analyses can offer, facilitating the strategic development and implementation of targeted ASP interventions that address the respective key risk components. Based on lessons learned from the development and application of the HEVA approach, as well as from the retrieved results, the report provides recommendations relevant for policymakers, practitioners and researchers. First, recommendations regarding risk assessments for ASP are given, emphasizing the need to bring together sectoral understandings and to consider the interconnection of hazards, exposure and vulnerability, including their drivers and root causes, to assess current and future risk. It is also recommended to complement national level assessments with more specific local assessments. Secondly, recommendations regarding ASP option development in general are provided, including the importance of considering side effects of interventions, root causes of risks, the potential of nature-based solutions and barriers to implementation due to local capacities when designing ASP interventions. Third, recommendations regarding focal areas for ASP programmes are outlined for the case of Indonesia, such as prioritizing interventions in risk hotspots and areas characterized by high readiness for ASP solutions. At the same time, it is vital to leave no region behind as all provinces face risks that potentially jeopardize communities’ well-being.
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Nilsson Lewis, Astrid, Kaidi Kaaret, Eileen Torres Morales, Evelin Piirsalu, and Katarina Axelsson. Accelerating green public procurement for decarbonization of the construction and road transport sectors in the EU. Stockholm Environment Institute, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2023.007.

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Public procurement of goods and services contributes to about 15% of global greenhouse gas emissions. In the EU, public purchasing represents 15% of its GDP, acting as a major influencer on the market through the products and services acquired by governments from the local to national levels. The public sector has a role to play in leveraging this purchasing power to achieve the best societal value for money, particularly as we scramble to bend the curve of our planet’s warming. Globally, the construction and transport sectors each represent about 12% of government procurements’ GHG emissions. Furthermore, these sectors’ decarbonization efforts demand profound and disruptive technological shifts. Hence, prioritizing these sectors can make the greatest impact towards reducing the environmental footprint of the public sector and support faster decarbonization of key emitting industries. Meanwhile, the EU committed to achieving 55% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. Drastic emissions reductions are needed at an unprecedented speed and scale to achieve this goal. Green Public Procurement (GPP) is the practice of purchasing goods and services using environmental requirements, with the aim of cutting carbon emissions and mitigating environmental harm throughout the life cycle of the product or service. While the EU and many of its Member States alike have recognized GPP as an important tool to meet climate goals, the formalization of GPP requirements at the EU level or among local and national governments has been fragmented. We call for harmonization to achieve the consistency, scale and focus required to make GPP practices a powerful decarbonization tool. We surveyed the landscape of GPP in the EU, with a focus on construction and road transport. Through interviews and policy research, we compiled case studies of eight Member States with different profiles: Sweden, the Netherlands, France, Germany, Estonia, Poland, Spain and Italy. We used this information to identify solutions and best practices, and to set forth recommendations on how the EU and its countries can harmonize and strengthen their GPP policies on the path toward cutting their contributions to climate change. What we found was a scattered approach to GPP across the board, with few binding requirements, little oversight and scant connective tissue from national to local practices or across different Member States, making it difficult to evaluate progress or compare practices. Interviewees, including policy makers, procurement experts and procurement officers from the featured Member States, highlighted the lack of time or resources to adopt progressive GPP practices, with no real incentive to pursue it. Furthermore, we found a need for more awareness and clear guidance on how to leverage GPP for impactful societal outcomes. Doing so requires better harmonized processes, data, and ways to track the impact and progress achieved. That is not to say it is entirely neglected. Most Member States studied highlight GPP in various national plans and have set targets accordingly. Countries, regions, and cities such as the Netherlands, Catalonia and Berlin serve as beacons of GPP with robust goals and higher ambition. They lead the way in showing how GPP can help mitigate climate change. For example, the Netherlands is one of the few countries that monitors the effects of GPP, and showed that public procurement for eight product groups in 2015 and 2016 led to at least 4.9 metric tons of avoided GHG emissions. Similarly, a monitoring report from 2017 showed that the State of Berlin managed to cut its GHG emissions by 47% through GPP in 15 product groups. Spain’s Catalonia region set a goal of 50% of procurements using GPP by 2025, an all-electric in public vehicle fleet and 100% renewable energy powering public buildings by 2030. Drawing from these findings, we developed recommendations on how to bolster GPP and scale it to its full potential. In governance, policies, monitoring, implementation and uptake, some common themes exist. The need for: • Better-coordinated policies • Common metrics for measuring progress and evaluating tenders • Increased resources such as time, funding and support mechanisms • Greater collaboration and knowledge exchange among procurers and businesses • Clearer incentives, binding requirements and enforcement mechanisms, covering operational and embedded emissions With a concerted and unified movement toward GPP, the EU and its Member States can send strong market signals to the companies that depend on them for business, accelerating the decarbonization process that our planet requires.
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