Academic literature on the topic 'Unfree labour'

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Journal articles on the topic "Unfree labour"

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LeBaron, Genevieve. "Unfree Labour Beyond Binaries." International Feminist Journal of Politics 17, no. 1 (August 16, 2013): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2013.813160.

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Emmer, P. C. "European Expansion and Unfree Labour: An Introduction." Itinerario 21, no. 1 (March 1997): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s016511530002266x.

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Did the expansion of Europe create large numbers of unfree labourers in Africa, Asia and the New World or was the use of unfree labour in a colonial setting nothing else but an adaptation to the labour traditions of the non-European world? It is fascinating to see how unique free labour actually was in the early modern world. Historically speaking, free labour was usually the exception and unfree labour the rule, especially when we consider non-European controlled labour systems.
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Rao, J. Mohan. "Agrarian power and unfree labour." Journal of Peasant Studies 26, no. 2-3 (January 1999): 242–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066159908438708.

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Brass, Tom. "Unfree labour as primitive accumulation?" Capital & Class 35, no. 1 (February 2011): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309816810392969.

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Brass, Tom. "Capitalist Unfree Labour: A Contradiction?" Critical Sociology 35, no. 6 (November 2009): 743–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0896920509343059.

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Gordon, Todd. "Capitalism, Neoliberalism, and Unfree Labour." Critical Sociology 45, no. 6 (April 20, 2018): 921–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0896920518763936.

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The literature on the unfree character of temporary migrant labour has drawn much needed attention to the poor working conditions faced by migrant workers and opened up an important space to challenge those ubiquitous claims by defenders of the current political-economic status quo of the freedom expressed at the core of neoliberalism. However, there is a risk to focusing on legal unfreedom to the exclusion of a broader critique of the logic of capitalist reproduction, the very premise of which is the private ownership of society’s productive wealth and the alienation of the majority of people from that wealth. Unfreedom and coercion are systematic to capitalist market relations, and all wage labour, including that of formally ‘free’, is unfree. This article examines different conceptions of labour unfreedom and concludes with a discussion of unfree labour in the neoliberal context.
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Fudge, Judy. "Modern Slavery, Unfree Labour and the Labour Market." Social & Legal Studies 27, no. 4 (December 15, 2017): 414–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0964663917746736.

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Treating the United Kingdom’s Modern Slavery Act as its focus, this article examines what the legal characterization of labour unfreedom reveals about the underlying conception of the labour market that informs contemporary approaches to labour law in the United Kingdom. It discusses how unfree labour is conceptualized within two key literatures – Marxist-inspired political economy and liberal approaches to modern slavery – and their underlying assumptions of the labour market and how it operates. As an alternative to these depictions of the labour market, it proposes a legal institutionalist or constitutive account. It develops an approach to legal characterization and jurisdiction that is attentive to modes of governing and the role of political and legal differentiation both in producing labour exploitation and unfree labour and in developing strategies for its elimination. It argues that the problem with the modern slavery approach to unfree labour is that it tends to displace labour law as the principal remedy to the problem of labour abuse and exploitation, while simultaneously reinforcing the idea that flexible labour markets of the type that prevails in the United Kingdom are realms of labour freedom.
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Hoffmann, Michael. "Unfree labour after the Maoist Revolution in western Nepal." Contributions to Indian Sociology 51, no. 2 (April 26, 2017): 139–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0069966717697417.

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What does ‘unfree labour’ mean in a post-revolutionary context? Based on an ethnographic fieldwork undertaken between 2008 and 2009 in the far-western lowlands of Nepal, this article argues that the brick kiln owners on the Nepal–India border continued their attempts to bind labour by handing out advances and delaying payments, despite the fact that the state had prohibited all forms of bonded labour under the Bonded Labour Abolition Act of 2001. However, the employers and the workers accepted this system of unfree labour only as long as it remained within certain boundaries. I conclude by suggesting that the Maoist Revolution should be judged as a partial revolution: although it addressed some inequalities, it neglected others due to an ideologically narrow framing of the meaning of unfree labour.
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Morgan, Jamie, and Wendy Olsen. "Forced and Unfree Labour: An Analysis." International Critical Thought 4, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2014.878144.

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HAGAN, JIM, and ANDREW WELLS. "Brassed-Off: The Question of Labour Unfreedom Revisited." International Review of Social History 45, no. 3 (December 2000): 475–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000000250.

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TOM BRASS. Towards a Comparative Political Economy of Unfree Labour. Case Studies and Debates. [The Library of Peasant Studies, 16.] Frank Cass, London [etc.] 1999. £47.50. (Paper: £20.00).Free and Unfree Labour. The Debate Continues. Ed. by Tom Brass and Marcel van der Linden. [International and Comparative Social History, 5.] Peter Lang, Bern [etc.] 1997. 603 pp. S.fr. 98.00.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Unfree labour"

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Bailey, Rochelle-lee. "Unfree Labour?: Ni-Vanuatu Workers in New Zealand's Recognised Seasonal Employer Scheme." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Social and Political Sciences, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2957.

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Industry growth and the reduction of available seasonal labour in New Zealand’s horticulture and viticulture industries led to a collaboration with the government in 2005, and the formation of a seasonal labour strategy for the future, the Recognised Seasonal Employer Scheme (RSE) was launched in 2007. The objectives of this policy were twofold: to fill labour gaps of the horticulture and viticulture industries and to promote economic development in Pacific Island states by prioritising workers from the region. Different actors have different aims, and different measure for success. In order for this scheme to be successful for the New Zealand government it needs to meet theses policy objectives of supplying reliable labour to the industries, and increasing economic development in the Pacific. For Pacific island states success depends on the continuity of the scheme, and the remittances that workers will send home to aid economic development. For the industries success comes from having a dependable and controllable labour force. Success for the workers in the scheme relies on them making as much money as possible during the season to meet their goals of financing family and community needs. In order to achieve these various successes workers are made unfree. Unfreedom means that the workers have no freedom in the labour market and are restricted to working for the grower stipulated in the employment contract. Conditions of employment contracts, visa regulations and informal pressures to be ‘good’ men both at work and in free time from the Vanuatu government, men’s home communities and industry participants all work to limit the men’s freedom, which is entrenched largely through threats of being sent home or blacklisted from the scheme. Workers are aware of the mechanisms used to control them and they do resist some of the conditions imposed, but only in a limited way that will not see them excluded from the scheme. Using the anthropological approach of participation observation this research was undertaken in the first season of the RSE scheme 2007/2008, where I lived and worked with 22 ni-Vanuatu migrant workers in Central Otago to gain knowledge of how, they and others in the industry experienced the RSE scheme.
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Mcgrath, Siobhán. "The political economy of forced labour in Brazil : examining labour dynamics of production networks in two cases of 'slave labour'." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-political-economy-of-forced-labour-in-brazil-examining-labour-dynamics-of-production-networks-in-two-cases-of-slave-labour(4d8faf90-95af-4d40-b842-e1c088ca7873).html.

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The problems of forced labour and degrading work persist within modern sectors of contemporary economies. This presents both a practical and a theoretical challenge, as reflected in the literature on new slavery and on unfree labour. Analysis of the production networks within which forced labour and degrading work are found, however, has yet to form a central theme within these bodies of literature. This thesis contributes to filling the above-mentioned gap in the literature by exploring the role of the labour dynamics of production networks in two cases of 'slave labour' in Brazil. The first case involves internal migrant workers in sugar cane while the second case involves cross-border migrants in garment workshops. The thesis addresses the question of whether, and how, the labour dynamics of production networks contribute to 'slave labour' and degrading work in the Brazilian sugar cane and garment sectors. The analysis is a cross-disciplinary one, rooted in development studies but also drawing on economic geography, sociology and economics. A case study method is used, relying principally on archival sources, a focus group and semi-stuctured interviews. Drawing on and developing the Global Production Network (GPN) framework, dynamics of production networks are conceived of as sets of power relations which structure the constraints and opportunities for the various actors who negotiate within them. These interlocking sets of relations include, among others: relations between workers, producers, suppliers, buyers, market intermediaries, civil society groups and the state. The labour dynamics of production networks are the subset of these dynamics involving or impacting relations between workers and employers and thereby structuring conditions of employment. Conditions of employment for migrant workers are examined in each case to show how these constitute 'slave labour.' Degrading conditions and restricted freedoms are found to exist to different degrees and along a number of dimensions. At the extreme, these conditions are labelled 'slave labour' in Brazil. It is argued that 'slave labour' in these cases is therefore a symptom of a wider problem of degrading work. The labour dynamics of production networks are analysed to reveal how producers at labour-intensive stages of production in both cases face increased levels of competition, and their strategies in response to these pressures intersect with the strategies of migrant workers and labour market intermediaries to produce outcomes of 'slave labour' and degrading work. Race, gender and migration status play a complex role in creating categories of workers vulnerable to degrading work and 'slave labour,' drawing attention to the way that production is necessarily embedded in particular socio-economic contexts. The analysis highlights the importance of accounting for and intervening in production networks within efforts to address 'slave labour' and degrading work.
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Reid, John Nicholas. "Leviticus 25:39-43 in light of sources of unfree labour in the Ancient Near East." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2010. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=158578.

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Most scholars understand the law of Lev 25:39-43 to be legislation concerning debtslavery. The present study questions such a conclusion. By considering the complex nature of the study of unfree labour systems, analyzing legal-historical documents and socio-economic contracts found in the ancient Near East, and through detailed exegesis of Lev 25:39-43, this study argues that the sale of the individual in Lev 25:39-43 reflects, rather than debt-service, the practice of self-sale in the ancient Near East. While debt is a form of poverty, I contend that poverty does not necessarily involve debt. By refusing to blur these terms into one, the semantic range of the key verb (Kwm) in Lev 25:25-55 is preserved along with the logical order of the text. As such, I propose that the law of Lev 25:39-43 represents the only extant ancient Near Eastern attempt to regulate the practice of self-sale. The connection between the sociological reality of self-sale in the ancient Near Eastern documents and the law of Lev 25:39-43 explains the extended period of service, the relationship between the sale of the individual and the Jubilee, the emphatic Hebrew construction dObSoAt_aøl dRb`Do tådObSo wø;b, the stated theological purpose of the law that the Israelites shall not be enslaved (Lev 25:42), and could also shed some light on the long-standing debate about the relationship of Lev 25:39-43 to Exod 21:2-6 and Deut 15:12-15. As my study does not seek to enter into the debate about the Sitz im Leben, determine finally the relationship between the three manumission laws of the Pentateuch, or establish a sociological reality of unfree labour in ancient Israel, these are areas for further study.
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Martino, Enrique. "Touts and Despots." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/18517.

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Diese Dissertation folgt Fernando Pó Arbeitskraftanwerbern wohin sie auch gingen dort, wo sie zwischen den 1860er und 1920er Jahren den gesamten Golf von Guinea überquerten und hauptsächlich Kru von Liberien und Fang von Rio Muni, Kamerun und Gabon anwarben; und dort, wo sie ab den 1930er bis 1960er Jahren vor allem um die Bucht von Biafra eine noch nie dagewesene Anzahl an Vertragsarbeitern, vor allem Igbos und Ibibios aus dem südöstlichen Nigeria auf die florierenden Kakaoplantagen der Insel brachten. Die Anwerber tauchten vornehmlich als eine Modalität auf, die ich als ‘tout’ beschreibe und theoretisiere. Diese operierten fast ausschließlich mittels eines Exzesses an Sprache und Geld mittels Täuschung und informellen Vorschüssen. Zwar agierten sie ‘außerhalb’ des Rechts, doch erlaubte genau die Vertragsform von Fernando Pó, die langfristig und unwiderruflich zur Arbeit zwang, den Anwerbern die Ausübung ihrer Techniken. Eine Reihe an unerlaubten Verdrehungen wurden geschaffen und durchgereicht: Quasi-Versklavung durch Täuschung in Form von Kidnapping, Quasi-Schuldknechtschaft mittels informellen Lohnvorschüssen, die die Verträge ermöglichten sowie die grenz- und Arbeitsort überschreitende Migration einer relativ freien, allerdings flüchtigen Arbeitskraft. Der anhaltende Blick auf die ambivalenten Praktiken der Anwerber legt eine Reihe an Nebeneinandern von ‚frei’ und ‚unfrei’ offen, was kreative Potentiale für deren Intensivierung und Auflösung schuf, und über einzelne Punkten entlang eines Spektrums der freien-unfreien Arbeit hinausgeht.
This dissertation follows Fernando Pó’s labour recruiters wherever they went— between the 1860s and 1920s recruiters traversed the entirety of the Gulf of Guinea and enlisted mostly Kru from Liberia and Fang from Rio Muni, Cameroon and Gabon; between the 1930s to 1960s they gathered particularly around the Bight of Biafra and brought an unprecedented number of contract workers into the island’s booming cacao plantations, mostly Igbos and Ibibios from south-eastern Nigeria. Recruiters tended to appear in a modality that I will describe and theorize as ‘touts’. They operated almost exclusively with an excess of language and money—deceit and informal advances. They operated ‘outside’ the law and the regulated, yet it was only the shape of the contract on Fernando Pó—forced, long and irrevocable—that allowed recruiters to deploy their techniques. Recruiters created and relayed a series of wholly impermissible twists: quasi-enslavement through fraud that was a form of kidnapping, quasi-debt bondage with informal wage advances enabled by the contracts, and even a movement of really quite free but fugitive labour across borders and work-sites. A sustained attention on the ambivalent practices of recruiters reveal a series of juxtapositions of free and unfree that produced creative potentials for intensification and unravelling, rather than single points along a ‘free-unfree’ labour spectrum.
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Griffiths, Philip Gavin, and phil@philgriffiths id au. "The making of White Australia: Ruling class agendas, 1876-1888." The Australian National University. Faculty of Arts, 2007. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20080101.181655.

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This thesis argues that the colonial ruling class developed its first White Australia policy in 1888, creating most of the precedents for the federal legislation of 1901. White Australia was central to the making of the Australian working class, to the shaping of Australian nationalism, and the development of federal political institutions. It has long been understood as a product of labour movement mobilising, but this thesis rejects that approach, arguing that the labour movement lacked the power to impose such a fundamental national policy, and that the key decisions which led to White Australia were demonstrably not products of labour movement action. ¶ It finds three great ruling class agendas behind the decisions to exclude Chinese immigrants, and severely limit the use of indentured “coloured labour”. Chinese people were seen as a strategic threat to Anglo-Australian control of the continent, and this fear was sharpened in the mid-1880s when China was seen as a rising military power, and a necessary ally for Britain in its global rivalry with Russia. The second ruling class agenda was the building of a modern industrial economy, which might be threatened by industries resting on indentured labour in the north. The third agenda was the desire to construct an homogenous people, which was seen as necessary for containing social discontent and allowing “free institutions”, such as parliamentary democracy. ¶ These agendas, and the ruling class interests behind them, challenged other major ruling class interests and ideologies. The result was a series of dilemmas and conflicts within the ruling class, and the resolution of these moved the colonial governments towards the White Australia policy of 1901. The thesis therefore describes the conflict over the use of Pacific Islanders by pastoralists in Queensland, the campaign for indentured Indian labour by sugar planters and the radical strategy of submerging this into a campaign for North Queensland separation, and the strike and anti-Chinese campaign in opposition to the use of Chinese workers by the Australasian Steam Navigation Company in 1878. The first White Australia policy of 1888 was the outcome of three separate struggles by the majority of the Anglo-Australian ruling class—to narrowly restrict the use of indentured labour in Queensland, to assert the right of the colonies to decide their collective immigration policies independently of Britain, and to force South Australia to accept the end of Chinese immigration into its Northern Territory. The dominant elements in the ruling class had already agreed that any serious move towards federation was to be conditional on the building of a white, predominantly British, population across the whole continent, and in 1888 they imposed that policy on their own societies and the British government.
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LeBaron, Genevieve. "Neoliberalism and the governance of unfree labor : a feminist political economy account." Thesis, University of York, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.691047.

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Tisel, David. "Unfree Labor and American Capitalism: From Slavery to the Neoliberal-Penal State." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1368618418.

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Cornish, Cynthia Dale. "Unfree wage labour, women and the State: employment visas and foreign domestic workers in Canada." Thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/12800.

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The present study examines federal government programs to admit women to Canada as foreign domestic workers, their exclusion from labour standards legislation, the conditions of work and wage-rates which result from this exclusion, and attempts to organize foreign domestic workers. (The thesis maintains that foreign domestic workers represent a modern form of unfree wage labour since they are required to remain in domestic work as a condition of entry to Canada. In this sense, foreign domestic labour is unfree because of the legal restrictions on the right of workers to change employer, occupation and/or industry. The study also examines the intersection of gender, class and ethnicity in the foreign domestic labour process. The need for domestic workers is increasingly being met by women from the less economically developed areas of the world and the recruitment of these women on temporary employment visas places much of the burden of day care and domestic labour in Canada on disadvantaged women and nations. It is argued that the employment of foreign domestic workers in the homes of privileged families gives rise to differential experiences of oppression by women of different classes and ethnic origins. Data for the study are taken from the following sources: employment records to admit foreign domestic workers between January, 1980 and December 31, 1987 supplied by the Research Division of Planning and Research Directorate of the Employment and Immigration Commission, interviews with foreign domestic workers, labour lawyers, community activists, employment agencies, immigration officials and previous studies of foreign domestic workers in Canada and in other advanced industrial nations.
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Valarezo, Giselle. "Out of necessity and into the fields: migrant farmworkers in St. Rémi, Quebec." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/1087.

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The province of Ontario is the primary focus of a growing body of research discussing migrant agricultural labour in Canada. This thesis shifts the focus of inquiry to Quebec, a province that has not received the attention it warrants, given that it is “home” to the second largest temporary migrant population in Canada. Currently, Mexicans constitute the bulk of labourers contracted through the Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program (SAWP). With the establishment in 2003 of the Foreign Worker Program (FWP), however, the number of Guatemalans on the Quebec scene has increased significantly. The situation of workers from both countries is addressed in the form of a case study of St. Rémi. The thesis argues that the migrant experience in St. Rémi is characterized by a struggle to cope with: (1) an “unfree” labour status; (2) social and geographical isolation; and (3) lack of social assistance and community acknowledgement. An attempt is made to give migrant workers a voice, since their contribution for the most part is either unknown or unappreciated. The support system now in place in St. Rémi affords migrants some minimal rights, but much remains to be done, in Quebec and across Canada, to make the plight of workers better known and their situation improved.
Thesis (Master, Geography) -- Queen's University, 2007-09-27 22:28:11.532
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Griffiths, Philip Gavin. "The making of White Australia: Ruling class agendas, 1876-1888." Phd thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/47107.

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This thesis argues that the colonial ruling class developed its first White Australia policy in 1888, creating most of the precedents for the federal legislation of 1901. White Australia was central to the making of the Australian working class, to the shaping of Australian nationalism, and the development of federal political institutions. It has long been understood as a product of labour movement mobilising, but this thesis rejects that approach, arguing that the labour movement lacked the power to impose such a fundamental national policy, and that the key decisions which led to White Australia were demonstrably not products of labour movement action. ¶ It finds three great ruling class agendas behind the decisions to exclude Chinese immigrants, and severely limit the use of indentured “coloured labour”. ...
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Books on the topic "Unfree labour"

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Capitalism and unfree labour: Anomaly or necessity? London: Tavistock Publications, 1987.

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J, Archer Léonie, and History Workshop Centre for Social History (Oxford, England), eds. Slavery and other forms of unfree labour. London: Routledge, 1988.

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Myron, Weiner, Burra Neera 1951-, and Bajpai Asha, eds. Born unfree: Child labour, education, and the state in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006.

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Towards a comparative political economy of unfree labour: Case studies and debates. Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 1999.

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Kolchin, Peter. Unfree labor. Cambridge; London: The Belknap press of Harvard university press, 1987.

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Unfree labor: American slavery and Russian serfdom. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1987.

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Migrants, servants, and slaves: Unfree labor in colonial British America. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2001.

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Wright, Robert E. The poverty of slavery: How unfree labor pollutes the economy. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.

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Institute of Human Development (India) and Institut français de Pondichéry, eds. India's unfree workforce: Of bondage old and new. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2009.

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Gillespie, Michele. Free labor in an unfree world: White artisans in slaveholding Georgia, 1789-1860. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Unfree labour"

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Buggeln, Marc. "Unfree and Forced Labour." In A Companion to Nazi Germany, 517–32. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118936894.ch31.

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Buckley, Mary. "Recent Russian Press Coverage of Unfree Labour." In The Palgrave Handbook of Women and Gender in Twentieth-Century Russia and the Soviet Union, 463–77. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-54905-1_30.

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Byres, Terence J. "The Postbellum South: From Slavery, Through Unfree Labour to Wage Labour." In Capitalism from Above and Capitalism from Below, 282–341. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25117-9_7.

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Maxwell-Stewart, Hamish, and Michael Quinlan. "Unfree Labour, Dissent, Convict-Transportation and the Building of Colonial Capital." In Palgrave Studies in Economic History, 3–34. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7558-4_1.

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Woollacott, Angela. "Women and Unfree Labour in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries: Slavery, Convict Transportation, Emancipation and Indentured Labour." In Gender and Empire, 14–37. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-20485-0_2.

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Parreñas, Rhacel Salazar, Krittiya Kantachote, and Rachel Silvey. "Soft violence: migrant domestic worker precarity and the management of unfree labour in Singapore." In (Un)Settled Sojourners in Cities, 59–75. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003367055-4.

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Hatzky, Christine. "Unfree labor." In The Routledge Handbook to the History and Society of the Americas, 197–204. Abingdon, Oxon; N.Y., NY: Routledge, [2019]: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351138703-20.

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Renard, Léa, and Theresa Wobbe. "Free Versus Unfree Labor." In Shifting Categories of Work, 105–18. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003341321-10.

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"Labour Services and Unfree Labour." In Wage Labour and Unfreedom in Agriculture, edited by V. K. Ramachandran, 169–85. Oxford University Press, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198286479.003.0008.

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Natarajan, Nithya, Katherine Brickell, and Laurie Parsons. "Choosing to Be Unfree? The Aspirations and Constraints of Debt-bonded Brick Workers in Cambodia." In Beyond the Wage, 163–84. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529208931.003.0008.

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This chapter explores the experiences of debt-bonded brick workers in Cambodia, whose unfree labour contributes to the country's construction sector boom. Drawing on recent scholarship on the rise of debt as a coercive form of labour control within late-capitalist exploitation, the chapter asks how unfree labour relations constrain brick workers' aspirations for life beyond the kiln. In doing so, it considers how unfree labour represents a form of escape for many from unsustainable microfinance debt, while trapping them within the structural constraints of unfreedom. The chapter concludes that there is a need to foreground the role of unfreedom, and the constraints it places on worker agency, within accounts of unwaged and informal work.
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