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Journal articles on the topic 'Unfiied Control'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 8 February 2025

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1

Komori, Mochimitsu, Hirohisa Kato, and Ken-ichi Asami. "Suspension-Type of Flywheel Energy Storage System Using High Tc Superconducting Magnetic Bearing (SMB)." Actuators 11, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act11080215.

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In this paper, a new superconducting flywheel energy storage system is proposed, whose concept is different from other systems. The superconducting flywheel energy storage system is composed of a radial-type superconducting magnetic bearing (SMB), an induction motor, and some positioning actuators. The SMB is composed of a superconducting stator and a flywheel rotor. The flywheel rotor is suspended by the superconducting stator, whose one end is fixed to a stable and heavy base. Free-run experiments in the case of the unfixed stator are performed. The natural rotation decay curve, displacement at the upper position of the rotor and displacement at a lower position of the rotor are measured. Moreover, free-run experiments in the case of the fixed stator are performed, and the same dynamic characteristics of the unfixed stator are measured. Especially, impulse responses for the rotor in the case of an unfixed stator are very different from those in the case of a fixed stator. The experimental results discuss some important characteristics of the superconducting flywheel energy storage system, whose rotor is suspended by the superconducting stator.
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2

Treesatayapun, Chidentree. "Discrete-Time Adaptive Controller for Unfixed and Unknown Control Direction." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 65, no. 7 (July 2018): 5367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2017.2777414.

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3

Taira, Koji, Shoichiro Iino, Takeshi Kubota, Tomohiro Fukunaga, and Shouichi Miyawaki. "Effects of Mandibular Advancement plus Prohibition of Lower Incisor Movement on Mandibular Growth in Rats." Angle Orthodontist 79, no. 6 (November 1, 2009): 1095–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/112608-603r.1.

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Abstract Introduction: To test the hypothesis that mandibular advancement with the use of a fixed functional appliance combined with prohibition of labial movement of the lower incisors will have no effect on mandibular growth in growing rats. Materials and Methods: Fifteen 4-week-old male rats were divided into fixed, unfixed, and control groups (n = 5, each). Bite-jumping appliances were used in the fixed and unfixed groups. Sites of bone perforation and the lower incisors were connected with ligature wires in the fixed group. The ramus height, mandibular length, and inclination of lower incisors were examined for 4 weeks, and those values were compared among five intervals and three groups by through one-way analysis of variance models and the Bonferroni multiple comparison test for post hoc comparison. Results: Increases in ramus height and mandibular length during the experimental period were 1.5 mm and 2.5 mm in the fixed group, 1 mm and 1.5 mm in the unfixed group, and 1.2 mm and 1.9 mm in the control group, respectively. Growth of ramus height and growth of mandibular length in the fixed group were greater than in the unfixed and control groups during the experimental period. The inclination of lower incisors in the unfixed group was increased 8.0 degrees throughout the experimental period, which differed from results obtained in the other groups. Conclusions: Mandibular growth was accelerated effectively before and during the pubertal period in rats by mandibular advancement with a fixed functional appliance combined with prohibition of labial movement of the lower incisor.
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Vani, Kodela, Seshi R. Sompuram, Patrick Fitzgibbons, and Steven A. Bogen. "National HER2 Proficiency Test Results Using Standardized Quantitative Controls: Characterization of Laboratory Failures." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 132, no. 2 (February 1, 2008): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2008-132-211-nhptru.

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Abstract Context.—An important component in fostering test standardization for HER2 testing by immunohistochemistry is an appropriate positive control. We developed a new standardized, quantitative immunohistochemical HER2 control using a HER2 peptide covalently attached to glass microscope slides. The peptide controls can be formalin fixed or unfixed, providing the new capability of distinguishing errors associated with antigen retrieval from errors associated with the staining process itself. Objective.—To investigate the causes of variability in HER2 immunohistochemistry staining performance. By comparing laboratory performance with both formalin-fixed and unfixed analyte controls, we aimed to distinguish problems associated with antigen retrieval from reagent or staining protocol deficiencies. Design.—HER2 peptide analyte controls were printed on 2 slides that also contained unstained sections of invasive breast carcinomas and were mailed with the College of American Pathologists' 2006 HER2-B proficiency testing survey. Laboratory participants were asked to stain the 2 slides and return them for central review and quantification. This study is unique in combining central review with new quantitative HER2 controls. Results.—Of 109 participants who returned evaluable stained slides, staining was suboptimal in 20 (18.3%) as judged by quantification of the peptide analyte controls and review of tissue sections. Of those, 35% failed due to antigen retrieval errors, 20% failed due solely to antibody or staining protocol problems, and the remainder failed due to a combination of the two. Conclusions.—In practice, errors in HER2 testing are caused by variables associated with antigen retrieval and the reagents and staining protocol, as well as interpretive error. Analyte controls help distinguish these different causes.
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5

Faybusovich, L., and T. Mouktonglang. "Deterministic Kalman Filtering on Semi-Infinite Interval." International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/490139.

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6

Bader, O. A. "Radiological Study of the Effect of Omental Pedicel Flap on Fracture Healing in Unfixed Ribs in Dogs." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 35, no. 2 (December 29, 2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v35i2.568.

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This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of omental flap on healing of unfixed fractured ribs in dogs. Sixteen adult local breed dogs were used, which they were divided into two equal groups (Control and Treated group). The experimental animals were pre-medicated with atropine sulfate 0.04 mg/kg BW intramuscularly, and after 10 minute anesthetized with a mixture of Ketamine hydrochloride (15 mg/kg BW)and Xylazine hydrochloride (5 mg/kg BW) intramuscularly. In control group, the rib was fractured by wire saw and left unfixed then the muscles and skin was closed routinely. While in treated group, the rib was fractured by wire saw and a flap of omentum was put around the fractured rib, then muscles and skin were closed. Animals were observed clinically for one week and radiologically every week for three months. The radiological findings revealed that the healing process was faster in the treated group compared with the control group. The fracture line began to disappear in the eight and at the fourth weeks in the control and treated group respectively. The callus formation was large in size in control group compared with small dense callus in treated group. The remodeling process began in the fourth week in the treated group while at the eighth week in control group. These results indicated that the omental flap play an important role for enhancing healing and help to stabilize unfixed fractured ribs.
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7

Liu, Han, Xueliang Huang, Dariusz Czarkowski, Linlin Tan, Jiacheng Li, Ming Zhang, and Zhenxing Zhang. "Flexible Power Control for Wireless Power Transmission System With Unfixed Receiver Position." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 181767–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2902411.

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8

Ding, Dan, Jinjin Liu, Miao Li, and Laiyou Liu. "Double Switchings Reliable Control of Positive Switched Systems With Unfixed Actuator Faults." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 65734–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2985339.

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9

Nenchev, D. N. "Reaction Null Space of a multibody system with applications in robotics." Mechanical Sciences 4, no. 1 (February 18, 2013): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ms-4-97-2013.

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Abstract. This paper provides an overview of implementation examples based on the Reaction Null Space formalism, developed initially to tackle the problem of satellite-base disturbance of a free-floating space robot, when the robot arm is activated. The method has been applied throughout the years to other unfixed-base systems, e.g. flexible-base and macro/mini robot systems, as well as to the balance control problem of humanoid robots. The paper also includes most recent results about complete dynamical decoupling of the end-link of a fixed-base robot, wherein the end-link is regarded as the unfixed-base. This interpretation is shown to be useful with regard to motion/force control scenarios. Respective implementation results are provided.
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10

Hung, Wei-Cheng, Chin-Jung Hsu, Abhishek Kumar, Chun-Hao Tsai, Hao-Wei Chang, and Tsung-Li Lin. "Perioperative Radiographic Predictors of Non-Union in Infra-Isthmal Femoral Shaft Fractures after Antegrade Intramedullary Nailing: A Case–Control Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 13 (June 24, 2022): 3664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11133664.

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Antegrade intramedullary (IM) nailing is the gold standard treatment for femoral shaft fractures; however, the non-union rate of infra-isthmal femoral shaft fractures is still high after antegrade IM nailing. This retrospective case–control study aimed to determine the association between perioperative radiographic factors and the non-union of infra-isthmal femoral shaft fractures after antegrade IM nailing. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to evaluate the radiographic risk factors of non-union. Ninety-three patients were included, with thirty-one non-unions and sixty-two matched controls between 2007 and 2017. All were regularly followed up for 2 years. Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that a ratio of the unfixed distal segment > 32.5% was strongly predictive of postoperative non-union. The risk factors for non-union were AO/OTA type B and C (odds ratio [OR]: 2.20), a smaller ratio of the distal fragment (OR: 4.05), a greater ratio of the unfixed distal segment (OR: 7.16), a higher ratio of IM canal diameter to nail size at the level of fracture (OR: 6.23), and fewer distal locking screws (OR: 2.31). The radiographic risk factors for non-union after antegrade IM nailing for infra-isthmal femoral shaft fractures were unstable fractures, shorter distal fragments, longer unfixed distal fragments, wider IM canal, and fewer distal locking screws. Surgeons must strive to avoid non-union with longer and larger nails and apply more distal locking screws, especially for unstable, wider IM canal, and shorter distal fragment fractures.
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Mani, Hiroki, Shih-fen Hsiao, Tomoya Konishi, Tatsuya Izumi, Akiyo Tsuda, Naoya Hasegawa, Kenta Takeda, Noriyo Colley, and Tadayoshi Asaka. "Adaptation of postural control while standing on a narrow unfixed base of support." International Journal of Rehabilitation Research 39, no. 1 (March 2016): 92–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mrr.0000000000000143.

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12

Frederiks, W. M., K. S. Bosch, and A. Kooij. "Quantitative in situ analysis of xanthine oxidoreductase activity in rat liver." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 43, no. 7 (July 1995): 723–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/43.7.7608527.

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The tetrazolium salt method previously developed for the detection of xanthine oxidoreductase activity in unfixed cryostat sections has been validated for quantitative purposes. The specificity of the enzyme reaction was studied by incubating unfixed cryostat sections of rat liver in test medium containing the substrate hypoxanthine, in control medium that lacked the substrate, and in medium containing substrate and allopurinol, a specific inhibitor of xanthine oxidoreductase activity. The specific reaction rate was determined cytophotometrically by subtracting the amount of final reaction product generated in the control reaction from that formed in the test reaction. Highest specific enzyme activity in rat liver was found when the incubation medium contained 18% (w/v) polyvinyl alcohol, 100 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.8, 0.45 mM 1-methoxyphenazine methosulfate, 5 mM tetranitro BT, and 0.5 mM hypoxanthine. Enzyme activity was present in liver parenchymal cells and in sinusoidal cells (endothelial and Kupffer cells) and was completely inhibited by allopurinol. A linear relationship was observed between the specific amount of final reaction product generated at 37 degrees C and incubation time at least up to 21 min, as well as section thickness up to 12 microns. Xanthine oxidoreductase activity, expressed as mumoles substrate converted per cm3 tissue/min, was 1.61 +/- 0.34 in pericentral areas and 1.24 +/- 0.16 in periportal areas. These values are similar to biochemical data reported in the literature. In conclusion, the tetrazolium method to detect xanthine oxidoreductase activity in unfixed cryostat sections of rat liver gives a reliable reflection of in situ activity.
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13

Stirling, John W. "Nonspecific Antibody Binding: Protocols to Control Background on Unfixed Tissue During Colloidal Gold Electron Immunocytochernistry." Journal of Histotechnology 15, no. 1 (March 1992): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/his.1992.15.1.13.

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14

Noureddine, Othmane, Imad Manssouri, Khalid Cherkaoui, Hassane Sahbi, Houssame Limami, Silvia Erba, and Asmae Khaldoun. "Viscoelastic Measurements of Clay Suspensions and their Relationship to Strength of Unfired Clay Bricks with Almond Husk Additive." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 61 (July 25, 2022): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-1p1oy2.

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Engineered unfired clay bricks are an ecological alternative to overcome conventional construction materials’ inconvenience. This work investigates the rheological behavior of organo-silica suspensions, made from almond husk waste and illite clay, in relation to the compressive strength of unfired clay bricks incorporating the same waste. Selected proportions by weight of almond husk are 2, 5, 10, and 20 wt.%. Results from the compressive strength test show an improvement, of 8.98% in bricks with 2 wt.% waste content compared to the control sample, thanks to an increase in friction and the fiber bridging mechanism. Then, a progressively decrease in strength is recorded with the addition of waste. The decrease in strength is reported to be the creation of pores in the matrix, and loss of cohesion. It is found that the storage modulus, on a logarithmic scale, follows inversely the same trend of the compressive strength in previously prepared bricks. The results from the strength test and rheological test are linearly correlated. Strong coefficients of determination are found; R2=0.9809 (with 40 wt.% water content) and R2=0.9206 (with 50 wt.% water content). The findings from this study demonstrate the possibility of assessment and prediction of unfired bricks’ strength using rheometry.
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15

Shi, Jian Wei, Yuan Wen Cai, and Wei Qi Xie. "Research on Satellite Formation Establishing in Elliptical Orbits Based on Two-Impulse Control." Advanced Materials Research 850-851 (December 2013): 466–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.850-851.466.

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In order to solving the establishment problem of satellites formation establishing in elliptical orbits, the problem of Lambert transfer based on two-impulse control with unfixed time and initial position is studied. The Niche Genetic Algorithms (NGA) is used to locating the optimal transfer orbit, and the transfer time and initial position are coded into genetic algorithms, as well as the fitness functions are designed to total coasting. The results show that the NGA can solve the optimization problem of two-impulse control effectively, furthermore, the performance of NGA is more effective than the traditional genetic algorithm. The research provides a way for satellites formation establishing based on two-impulse control.
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16

Dai, Xisheng, Sange Mei, Senping Tian, and Ling Yu. "D-type iterative learning control for a class of parabolic partial difference systems." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 40, no. 10 (February 1, 2018): 3105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331217746630.

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In this paper, an iterative learning control problem is addressed for a class of parabolic partial difference systems. Several discrete D-type iterative learning control algorithms with initial state learning are proposed for the systems which have no direct channel between the input and output as well as the initial state value being unfixed in the learning process. Based on fundamental mathematical analysis tools and the discrete Gronwall inequality, sufficient conditions for tracking error convergence in the iterative domain for open-loop, closed-loop and open-closed-loop iterative learning control are established and proven respectively. Numerical simulations verify the effectiveness of the theoretical results.
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17

BELIAKOV, GLEB, RADKO MESIAR, and LUBKA VALASKOVA. "FITTING GENERATED AGGREGATION OPERATORS TO EMPIRICAL DATA." International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 12, no. 02 (April 2004): 219–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218488504002783.

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This paper treats the problem of fitting general aggregation operators with unfixed number of arguments to empirical data. We discuss methods applicable to associative operators (t-norms, t-conorms, uninorms and nullnorms), means and Choquet integral based operators with respect to a universal fuzzy measure. Special attention is paid to k-order additive symmetric fuzzy measures.
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18

Yang, Chaochao. "An Interface-Unfitted Finite Element Method for Elliptic Interface Optimal Control Problems." Numerical Mathematics: Theory, Methods and Applications 12, no. 3 (June 2019): 727–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4208/nmtma.oa-2018-0031.

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19

Haik, Rotem, Isaac A. Meir, and Alva Peled. "Lime Hemp Concrete with Unfired Binders vs. Conventional Building Materials: A Comparative Assessment of Energy Requirements and CO2 Emissions." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 7, 2023): 708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020708.

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This work assesses the energy requirements and CO2 emissions of a building made of Lime Hemp Concrete (LHC) with alternative unfired binders as lime replacement, compared to buildings made of standard LHC, and several conventional building materials. The assessment is based on ISO 14040, which deals with Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), and examines two aspects: energy, including pre-use phase Embodied Energy (EE), and use phase Operational Energy (OE); and CO2 emissions, including pre-use phase Embodied Carbon (EC), and use phase Operational Carbon (OC). The EE and EC calculations are based on published databases, while OE and OC were obtained with EnergyPlus simulations. The assessment refers to a specific case study in an arid region, with extreme diurnal and seasonal fluctuations of temperature and relative humidity. Using LHC with 100% unfired binder as lime replacement was shown to save up to 90% of the total energy consumption and CO2 emissions, as compared to conventional building materials. The findings of this research clearly demonstrate the high potential of LHC with unfired binders as lime replacement, which possesses the lowest energy requirements and CO2 emissions, illustrating the potential for a building with significantly low environmental impact over its life cycle, i.e., when calculating both EE and EC, and OE and OC.
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Liu, Xuejun, István Kiss, and Judith A. Lengyel. "Identification of Genes Controlling Malpighian Tubule and Other Epithelial Morphogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster." Genetics 151, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): 685–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/151.2.685.

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Abstract The Drosophila Malpighian tubule is a model system for studying genetic mechanisms that control epithelial morphogenesis. From a screen of 1800 second chromosome lethal lines, by observing uric acid deposits in unfixed inviable embryos, we identified five previously described genes (barr, fas, flb, raw, and thr) and one novel gene, walrus (wal), that affect Malpighian tubule morphogenesis. Phenotypic analysis of these mutant embryos allows us to place these genes, along with other previously described genes, into a genetic pathway that controls Malpighian tubule development. Specifically, wal affects evagination of the Malpighian tubule buds, fas and thr affect bud extension, and barr, flb, raw, and thr affect tubule elongation. In addition, these genes were found to have different effects on development of other epithelial structures, such as foregut and hindgut morphogenesis. Finally, from the same screen, we identified a second novel gene, drumstick, that affects only foregut and hindgut morphogenesis.
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21

Wei, Qinglai, and Derong Liu. "An iterative -optimal control scheme for a class of discrete-time nonlinear systems with unfixed initial state." Neural Networks 32 (August 2012): 236–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2012.02.027.

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22

Wei, Qinglai, and Derong Liu. "Finite horizon optimal control of discrete-time nonlinear systems with unfixed initial state using adaptive dynamic programming." Journal of Control Theory and Applications 9, no. 3 (July 19, 2011): 381–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11768-011-0181-5.

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23

Zhang, Y. M., Liguo E, and B. L. Walcott. "Robust Control of Pulsed Gas Metal Arc Welding." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 124, no. 2 (May 10, 2002): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1470173.

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A system is developed to control the pulsed gas metal arc welding process. To achieve controlled detachment of the droplet, the welding current is switched from a peak level to a background level to induce droplet oscillation. When the droplet moves downwards, the current is switched back to peak level. The combination of downward momentum of the oscillating droplet and increased electromagnetic force guarantees detachment of the droplet. Instead of adjusting duration of the background current, the waveform of the current is adjusted to control the melting rate of the electrode wire without having to change the transfer frequency. It is found that the dynamic model of the process depends on welding operational parameters, which vary with applications, and therefore it is unrealistic for operators to provide welding machines these parameters as inputs. Hence, welding operational parameters are considered as unfixed and their ranges are used to quantify the resultant uncertainty in the dynamic model. As a result, the process is controlled using a single algorithm at different operational parameters. Experiments verified the effectiveness of the system in overcoming two common variations in welding operational parameters, wire speed and contact tube-to-work distance.
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Mustafin, M. G., and G. E. Vasiljev. "Estimation of deformations of free geodetic networks by repeating measurements from unfixed stations." Vestnik SSUGT (Siberian State University of Geosystems and Technologies) 28, no. 4 (2023): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2411-1759-2023-28-4-38-48.

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This article is dedicated to improving of modern deformations monitoring methods. Short review of actual deformation analysis methods is presented. Some points of improving of classic methods of geodetic monitoring are high-lighted. Some perspectivity of using computer technologies is shown. Actual method of free control network measurements is considered. It is proposed to use the so-called direct method of finding network deformations during repeated measurements, which consists in comparing the points’ coordinates during the transformation and superposition of two networks. Helmert transfor-mation formulae application is performed by computer iterations processing of transformation parameters. The general mathematics of the proposed method and the processing results of test measurements are given. The developed algorithm for processing the measurement results according to the proposed method has shown its ef-fectiveness. Some perspectives of method’s development are shown.
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TAN, YUAN-SHUN, JU-HUA LIANG, and SAN-YI TANG. "THE DYNAMICAL BEHAVIOR OF NON-SMOOTH SYSTEM WITH IMPULSIVE CONTROL STRATEGIES." International Journal of Biomathematics 05, no. 03 (May 2012): 1260018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793524512600182.

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Non-smooth system including impulsive strategies at both fixed and unfixed times are analyzed. For the model with fixed impulsive effects, the global stability of pest eradication periodic solution and the dominance of dynamic behavior are investigated. This indicates that the model with fixed moments has the potential to protect the natural enemies from extinction, but under some conditions may also serve to extinction of the pest. The second model is constructed according to the practices of IPM, that is, when the pest population reaches the economic injury level, a combination of biological, cultural, and chemical tactics that reduce pests to tolerable levels is used. Numerical investigations imply that there are several different types of periodic solutions and their maximum amplitudes are always less than the given economic threshold. The results also show that the time series at which the IPM strategies are applied are quite complex, which means that the application and realization of IPM in practice are very difficult.
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Kawamoto, Kiichiro, Takeshi Yoneyama, and Masato Okada. "Back-Pressure Forging Using a Servo Die Cushion." International Journal of Automation Technology 9, no. 2 (March 5, 2015): 184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2015.p0184.

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The application of a servo die cushion to the back-pressure forging process improves the shape accuracy of forged parts. Servo die cushions have excellent performance in precise motion control and high responsiveness to set loads. To use a servo die cushion to obtain these features, back pressure is applied to the bottom outer punch during forward extrusion-type forging. Without back pressure, material flow delay around the central counter punch corner results in an unfilled corner at the bottom outer punch. Applying back pressure to the outer punch reduces the area of the unfilled corner. However, extensive back pressure at the beginning of the forming process causes burrs at the bottom because of the clearance between the counter punch and the outer punch; variable back-pressure settings along the punch stroke effectively remove burrs while also providing a smaller unfilled area by allowing for low back pressure at the beginning of the forming process and high back pressure during the forming process. Furthermore, using the flexible slide motion of the servo press to vary the punch motion leads to even further reduction in the unfilled area.
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27

Liu, Ling, Teng Huang, and Xi Feng Chen. "Measurement Techniques of Precasting the No.4 Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge’s Segmental Girders by Short-Line." Applied Mechanics and Materials 90-93 (September 2011): 2891–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.90-93.2891.

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Based on the example of the No.4 Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge, the construction technics of precasting segmental girders by short-line is introduced. And the way of plant deformation monitoring as well as the establishment of horizontal and vertical construction control network in the precast plant are expatiated on. In addition, the measurement techniques during the installation of the fixed-mold, unfixed-mold, lineshape control techniques of the segmental girders, as well as the error correction theories during precasting process are discussed in particular. The short-line is successfully applied to the No.4 Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge, which shows its practical value in precasting segmental concrete bridges.
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28

Xu, Wanwan, Bin Wang, Jiang Liu, and Da Li. "An Improved Droop Control Strategy for Grid-Connected Inverter Applied in Grid Voltage Inter-Harmonics and Fundamental Frequency Fluctuation." Electronics 10, no. 15 (July 30, 2021): 1827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10151827.

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This paper presents a current suppression method based on a droop control strategy under distorted grid voltage with inter-harmonics and fundamental frequency fluctuation. In this proposed strategy, the current incomplete derivation controller is employed to decrease the negative impact caused by harmonic and inter-harmonic grid voltage. This method provides a good dynamic response and has low complexity against the inter-harmonics with unfixed fundamental frequency. Based on a mathematical model of the grid-connected inverter, we designed novel instantaneous frequency detection and feed-forward methods to suppress the grid fundamental frequency fluctuation impacts. Then the main parameters were analyzed. The simulation and experimental results verified the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.
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Wang, Xin, Yuxiang Liu, and Lisha Wang. "Necessary optimality conditions for two-step descriptor systems." AIMS Mathematics 7, no. 5 (2022): 9039–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/math.2022503.

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<abstract><p>This paper is concerned with an optimal control problem for general two-step descriptor systems. Based on the nonsmooth analysis and variational techniques, we establish the first-order necessary optimality conditions. Then, due to the expression of the general solution for linear descriptor systems, which is established by virtue of the Drazin inverse, we derived the generalized second-order necessary conditions for the first time. Also, for unfixed switching point case, we give some discussions.</p></abstract>
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30

Juodvalkis, Jonas, Egidijus Blaževičius, and Ramūnas Albertas Vipartas. "THE ANALYSIS OF UNFIXED BALANCE IN THERMAL EXCHANGE/NESTACIONARIŲ ŠILUMOS MAINŲ PASTATUOSE BALANSO ANALIZĖ." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 6, no. 1 (February 28, 2000): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921525.2000.10531561.

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Today the tendency of building renovation is one-sided, ie thermal resistivity of enclosure constructions is being increased ignoring the temperature control possibilities in flats. Appreciable heat savings may be achieved solely through a duly coordination of the constructive building solutions with the type and power of heating systems and by the evaluation of an unfixed character of heat exchange. In the proposed method a building is treated as a heterogeneous body (∞>Bi>0). The conditions of the 3rd rate are accepted for the heat exchange between the elements of this body and the surroundings (1). The result of the equation solution is the determination of temperature alteration law in each element of a heterogeneous body (2). The non-monolithic enclosure constructions having a final number of elements may be changed by an equivalent monolithic body with equivalent thermal properties (3; 4).
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Zhang, Hu, Shuzhi Zhao, Huasheng Liu, and Jin Li. "A Dynamic Short-Turning Bus Control for Uncertain Demand." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7392962.

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This paper formulates a dynamic approach for real-time bus control in uncertain demand. This dynamic approach aims to save the total cost for passengers and operators, while improving transit service reliability. An unfixed rolling horizon was implemented to choose the best dynamic approach. Real-time control predicts two discrete variables (arrival time and bus position) and determines the space-time point of buses. Furthermore, controlled actions include stop skipping and bus holding. The holding time starts when a bus serves a station and depends on previous intervals of passenger boarding and alighting at the station. The stop skipping action allows a bus to skip not only stations with a short-turning exception, but also stations with low demand for boarding that have been alighted in the short-turning segment. Stop skipping and bus holding actions for short-turning service both decrease the travel time of served passengers and the running time of buses, thus improving transit service reliability. A genetic algorithm was applied to solve the problem and the validity of the proposed dynamic approach was tested with four different scenarios. The result of these tests shows that a dynamic short-term bus control can significantly reduce total cost and improve transit service reliability.
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Quesada Vázquez, Leticia. "Rhythm instruction to improve ESP students’ fluency A study of pausing." Linguística: Revista de Estudos Linguísticos da Universidade do Porto 17 (2022): 63–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21747/16466195/ling17a3.

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The present work is aimed at examining how efficient it is to teach language rhythm to enhance English for Specific Purposes (ESP) learners’ fluency. 298 Spanish/Catalan speakers participated in the experiment, among which 42 students fulfilled treatment and were examined as subjects of the study. For ten weeks, participants took pronunciation instruction within their regular lessons. The pronunciation sessions lasted thirty minutes and followed a communicative framework. Students were divided into an experimental group, with explicit rhythm training, and a control group, without it. The total number of pauses and unfilled pauses were counted and compared to assess their frequency performing ANOVAs and t-tests. Descriptive analysis shows that the experimental group tends to pause less and make fewer unfilled pauses after training. However, statistical significance is only reached for the independent-samples t-test of the effect sizes of the number of unfilled pauses. Therefore, these findings suggest a greater command over pausing when rhythm is explicitly taught, and a consequent improvement of fluency in the second language, despite statistical results not always being significant.
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Celikten, Berkan, Ceren Feriha Uzuntas, and Kamran Gulsahi. "Resistance to Fracture of Dental Roots Obturated with Different Materials." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/591031.

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The aim of this study was to compare the vertical fracture resistance of roots obturated with different root canal filling materials and sealers. Crowns of 55 extracted mandibular premolar teeth were removed to provide root lengths of 13 mm. Five roots were saved as negative control group (canals unprepared and unfilled). Fifty root canals were instrumented and then five roots were saved as positive control group (canals prepared but unfilled). The remaining 45 roots were randomly divided into three experimental groups (n=15root/group) and obturated with the following procedures: in group 1, glass ionomer-based sealer and cone (ActiV GP obturation system); in group 2, bioceramic sealer and cone (EndoSequence BC obturation system); and in group 3, roots were filled with bioceramic sealer and cone (Smartpaste bio obturation system). All specimens were tested in a universal testing machine for measuring fracture resistance. For each root, the force at the time of fracture was recorded in Newtons. The statistical analysis was performed by using Kruskal-Wallis and post hoc test. There were no significant differences between the three experimental groups. The fracture values of three experimental and negative control groups were significantly higher than the positive control group. Within the limitations of this study, all materials increased the fracture resistance of instrumented roots.
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Verma, Vibhuti. "Evaluation of fracture resistance in class II tooth cavity using different techniques." Bioinformation 18, no. 10 (October 31, 2022): 858–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.6026/97320630018858.

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It is of interest to evaluate the fracture resistance of endodontically and non-endodontically treated teeth with class II cavity using different techniques and materials. Endodontic access cavities were prepared with the diamond fissure bur following the MOD cavity preparations,. The root canals preparation was done followed by obturation using the single cone obturation technique. Later all the samples were embedded in acrylic resin blocks and divided into 8 groups; Group 1: -Intact teeth (Control), Group 2: - MOD (unfilled), Group 3: - MOD restored with composite resin (3M FILTEK P-60 packable), Group 4: - MOD restored with Cention N (Ivoclar Vivadent), Group 5: - 10 mm fiber朴ost with composite resin, Group 6: - 5mm fiber post with composite resin, Group 7: - Ribbond on the occlusal and composite resin, and Group 8: - Horizontal fiber post with composite resin. Later all samples were subjected for fracture resistance testing using Universal Testing Machine. The mean fracture resistance of Control (513.2 N), Unfilled (60.2N), composite resin (221 N), cention N (88.9 N), 10 mm fiber post (271.4 N), 5 mm fiber post (245 N), Ribbond (456.4N), and horizontal fiber post (338.1N) was found. The fracture resistance values are statistically significant between each group. Best fracture resistance was found to be of intact teeth followed by ribbond on the occlusal surface after endodontic treatment and least fracture resistance of MOD unfilled. Thus, ribbond method is good for the occlusal of teeth compared to other materials for fracture resistance.
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35

Malyshev, M. I. "Control of the Safety of Bulk Cargo by Determining the Unfilled Volume of the Gondola Car with Stereophotogrammetry." World of Transport and Transportation 21, no. 5 (April 18, 2024): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30932/1992-3252-2023-21-5-15.

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The process of developing integrated transport systems involves not only a radical change in the scale of the tasks being solved, but also the use of effective methods and tools.The object of the study is the process of controlling safety of cargo transported in a gondola car. The subject of the study is the relief of the upper surface of the cargo and the unfilled space of the gondola car. The relevance of the study is due to the growing volumes of transportation and significant losses of bulk cargo during transportation, the development of information technology and the possibility of creating an affordable tool for monitoring the safety of transported goods.The objective of the study is to describe an intelligent tool for monitoring the safety of goods transported by rail in gondola cars, and the process of its application in real time. The proposed control method requires for the transfer of operator functions to a digital assistant and the minimisation of the equipment necessary for monitoring. It is proposed to control the safety of bulk cargo by processing the image of a gondola car with cargo obtained from photo-video cameras with a convolutional neural network, and to calculate the volume of space unfilled with cargo using photogrammetry methods.
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36

El Wardi, Fatima Zohra, Sara Ladouy, Abdelhamid Khabbazi, Khalid Ibaaz, and Asmae Khaldoun. "Unfired Clay-Cork Granules Bricks Reinforced with Natural Stabilizers: Thermomechanical Characteristics Assessment." Civil Engineering Journal 7, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 2068–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2021-03091778.

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Cork is an ecological, natural, and renewable additive, an excellent thermal and acoustic insulator. All these attributes encourage its use in the building sector. Adding this additive to the Earth leads to a more lightweight composite with better thermal performance than the Earth alone. Unfortunately, the mechanical performance of this composite is degraded significantly, limiting its use in construction applications. The authors propose in this study to stabilize the clay-cork composite using natural stabilizers. A chemical stabilization was tested using local quick-lime, in addition to a physical stabilization using natural sheep-wool fibers. The primary purpose is to propose eco-friendly construction material with enhanced thermal and mechanical properties and the lowest environmental impact based on local and ecological raw materials to encourage more sustainable and low-energy constructions. First, physicochemical and mineralogical characterization of used clay was investigated. Then, an experimental investigation was conducted to identify the lime content that allows the optimal stabilization for the used clay. In this context, many different specimens of Bensmim soil stabilized with lime at six many contents 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 70% were prepared and tested. The obtained results showed that the optimal lime content for the better stabilization of the used soil is about 30%. Next, an experimental study of thermomechanical properties was conducted on unfired clay bricks mixed with expended cork granules and stabilized by the addition of variable proportions of quick-lime 0, 10 and 30% and sheep-wool fibers 0, 1, and 2%. The mechanical performance of the specimens was investigated in terms of compressive and flexural strengths. At the same time, thermal quality was qualified through evaluating thermal conductivity using the steady-state Asymmetrical Hot Plate test method. The very encouraging experimental findings showed that using lime and sheep-wool fibers at the studied addition content resulted in lightweight composites with lower thermal conductivity and higher compressive and flexural strength than reference samples. The highest thermomechanical performances are obtained with clay-cork blocks reinforced with 30% lime content and 2% sheep-wool fibers. This block recorded values of 583 kg/m3, 0.155 W/m/K, 1.55 MPa, and 3.91 MPa, for bulk density, thermal conductivity, flexural and compressive strength respectively, compared to 765 kg/m3, 0.238 W/m/K, 0.96 MPa and 2.29 MPa for control samples. New material presents lightweight material for both improved thermal and mechanical qualities encouraging its use in building applications. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091778 Full Text: PDF
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37

Meng, Lei, Xiaofeng Wang, Chunnian Zeng, and Jie Luo. "Adaptive Air-Fuel Ratio Regulation for Port-Injected Spark-Ignited Engines Based on a Generalized Predictive Control Method." Energies 12, no. 1 (January 6, 2019): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12010173.

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The accurate air-fuel ratio (AFR) control is crucial for the exhaust emission reduction based on the three-way catalytic converter in the spark ignition (SI) engine. The difficulties in transient cylinder air mass flow measurement, the existing fuel mass wall-wetting phenomenon, and the unfixed AFR path dynamic variations make the design of the AFR controller a challenging task. In this paper, an adaptive AFR regulation controller is designed using the feedforward and feedback control scheme based on the dynamical modelling of the AFR path. The generalized predictive control method is proposed to solve the problems of inherent nonlinearities, time delays, parameter variations, and uncertainties in the AFR closed loop. The simulation analysis is investigated for the effectiveness of noise suppression, online prediction, and self-correction on the SI engine system. Moreover, the experimental verification shows an acceptable performance of the designed controller and the potential usage of the generalized predictive control in AFR regulation application.
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38

HE, Fengdao, and Dongyun HE. "Mutating Evolution Algorithm for Locomotive Diagram with Double Shoulders-Circuit Locomotive Routing by Unfixed Traction Mode." Journal of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology 7, no. 2 (April 2007): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1570-6672(07)60016-6.

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39

Kim, Ha-Seon, A.-Ran Kim, Chang-Ho Kang, Hae-Yun Ra, and Sun-Young Kim. "A Study on Training Method Based on 1D CNN-GRU for Classification of Missile with Unfixed Flight Range Trajectories." Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems 29, no. 3 (March 31, 2023): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5302/j.icros.2023.23.0015.

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40

Wang, Tao, Chaochao Yang, and Xiaoping Xie. "A Nitsche-eXtended Finite Element Method for Distributed Optimal Control Problems of Elliptic Interface Equations." Computational Methods in Applied Mathematics 20, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 379–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cmam-2018-0256.

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AbstractThis paper analyzes an interface-unfitted numerical method for distributed optimal control problems governed by elliptic interface equations. We follow the variational discretization concept to discretize the optimal control problems and apply a Nitsche-eXtended finite element method to discretize the corresponding state and adjoint equations, where piecewise cut basis functions around the interface are enriched into the standard linear element space. Optimal error estimates of the state, co-state and control in a mesh-dependent norm and the {L^{2}} norm are derived. Numerical results are provided to verify the theoretical results.
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41

Li, Zhongcan, Yufei Zhou, Mingchao Zhu, and Qingwen Wu. "Adaptive Fuzzy Integral Sliding Mode Cooperative Control Based on Time-Delay Estimation for Free-Floating Close-Chain Manipulators." Sensors 24, no. 12 (June 7, 2024): 3718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24123718.

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Space manipulators are expected to perform more challenging missions in on-orbit service (OOS) systems, but there are some unique characteristics that are not found on ground-based robots, such as dynamic coupling between space bases and manipulators, limited fuel supply, and working with unfixed bases. This paper focuses on trajectory-tracking control and internal force control for free-floating close-chain manipulators. First, the kinematics and dynamics of free-floating close-chain manipulators are given using the momentum conservation and spatial operator algebra (SOA) methodologies, respectively. Furthermore, an adaptive fuzzy integral sliding mode controller (AFISMC) based on time delay estimation (TDE) was designed for trajectory-tracking control, and a proportional-integral (PI) control strategy was adopted for internal force control. The global asymptotic stability of the proposed controller was proven by using the Lyapunov methodology. Three cases were conducted to verify the efficiency of the controller by using numerical simulations on two six-link manipulators with a free-floating base. The controller presents the desired tracking capability.
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42

Eilertson, Brandon, Fernanda Maruri, Amondrea Blackman, Miguel Herrera, David C. Samuels, and Timothy R. Sterling. "High Proportion of Heteroresistance ingyrAandgyrBin Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Clinical Isolates." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 58, no. 6 (March 31, 2014): 3270–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.02066-13.

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ABSTRACTHeteroresistance is the coexistence of populations with differing nucleotides at a drug resistance locus within a sample of organisms. Although Sanger sequencing is the gold standard for sequencing, it may be less sensitive than deep sequencing for detecting fluoroquinolone heteroresistance inMycobacterium tuberculosis. Twenty-seven fluoroquinolone monoresistant and 11 fluoroquinolone-susceptibleM. tuberculosisisolates were analyzed by Sanger and Illumina deep sequencing. Individual sequencing reads were analyzed to detect heteroresistance in thegyrAandgyrBgenes. Heteroresistance to fluoroquinolones was identified in 10/26 (38%) phenotypically fluoroquinolone-resistant samples and 0/11 (P= 0.02) fluoroquinolone-susceptible controls. One resistant sample was excluded because of contamination with the laboratory strainM. tuberculosisH37Rv. Sanger sequencing revealed resistance-conferring mutations in 15 isolates, while deep sequencing revealed mutations in 20 isolates. Isolates with fluoroquinolone resistance-conferring mutations by Sanger sequencing all had at least those same mutations identified by deep sequencing. By deep sequencing, 10 isolates had a single fixed (defined as >95% frequency) mutation, while 10 were heteroresistant, 5 of which had a single unfixed (defined as <95% frequency) mutation and 5 had multiple unfixed mutations. Illumina deep sequencing identified a higher proportion of fluoroquinolone-resistantM. tuberculosisisolates with heteroresistance than did Sanger sequencing. The heteroresistant isolates frequently demonstrated multiple mutations, but resistant isolates with fixed mutations each had only a single mutation.
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43

Amelio, M., M. Silva Pèrez, V. Ferraro, F. Rovense, and S. Bova. "Dynamic simulation of the temperature inlet turbine control system for an unfired micro gas turbine in a concentrating solar tower." Energy Procedia 148 (August 2018): 712–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.08.161.

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44

Mark, J. E. "Improved Elastomers through Control of Network Chain-Length Distributions." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 72, no. 3 (July 1, 1999): 465–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538814.

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Abstract Methods are described for obtaining elastomers of controlled network chain-length distributions by restricting the reactivity of the polymer chains to their ends, and then end linking these chains with a multi-functional reactant. The networks of this type that have proved to be of greatest interest consist of short chains end linked with long chains to yield a bimodal distribution of network chain lengths. These bimodal elastomers have unusually high extensibility for their values of the modulus and ultimate strength, and thus considerable toughness, even in the unfilled state. Most such elastomers have been prepared from chains of poly(dimethylsiloxane), by carrying out either a condensation reaction between hydroxyl-terminated chains and tetraethoxysilane, or an addition reaction between vinyl-terminated chains and a poly(methylhydrogen siloxane) oligomer. The material presented in this review discusses the preparation of such elastomers, the characterization of some of their properties, and the interpretation of some of these properties in terms of the molecular theories of rubber-like elasticity.
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45

Ning, Shan, Jinfu Lou, Laolao Wang, Dan Yu, and Weibing Zhu. "Stability Influencing Factors and Control Methods of Residual Coal Pillars with Solid Waste Materials Backfilling Method." Minerals 12, no. 10 (October 13, 2022): 1285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12101285.

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Affected by coal mining activities, the remaining coal pillars are very likely to be destabilized and cause safety accidents. The backfilling of the remaining goaf can maintain the stability of the coal pillar well, but the coal pillar in the unfilled zone may still be unstable. In this paper, the effect of backfilling materials on coal pillars and the reinforcement method are discussed using numerical simulation, statistical mathematics, elastic mechanics, and mechanical test methods. The results show that: backfilling with solid waste materials and reinforcing the coal pillar could maintain the stability of the bottom goaf, where the backfill body height is the main factor in the strength of the coal pillar. The propagation of the confining stress of the backfill body on the pillar in the unfilled zone is the primary way to influence the coal pillar strength. Changing the backfill body height filling can affect the coal pillar strength. By analyzing the propagation law of confining stress in the coal pillar, the minimum backfill body height is determined to be 7 m. Combined with mechanical tests and the Mohr–Coulomb criterion, the minimum confining pressure required to maintain the coal pillar stability under the peak ground pressure is analyzed. The ratio of solid waste materials is determined based on this. Field tests have proved that the coal pillar remains stable when the goaf is not filled, and the cement/fly ash ratio is 1:4, which can ensure product safety. The research has significant value and significance for the governance of the remaining coal pillars and production safety.
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46

Zhang, Qian, Tengjin Zhao, and Zhiyue Zhang. "Unfitted finite element for optimal control problem of the temperature in composite media with contact resistance." Numerical Algorithms 84, no. 1 (June 13, 2019): 165–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11075-019-00750-6.

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47

Rajablarijani, Hamid Reza, Bahram Mirshekari, Majid AghaAlikhani, Varahram Rashidi, and Farhad Farahvash. "Sweet Corn Weed Control and Yields in Response to Sowing Date and Cropping Systems." HortScience 49, no. 3 (March 2014): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.49.3.289.

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The high vulnerability of sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. saccharata) to weed competition and the urgent reduction of the dependence on chemical herbicides are major challenges facing the agricultural community. To investigate the effects of plastic mulches on weed control and yields in sweet corn under different sowing dates, a 2-year experiment was conducted at Varamin, Iran, in 2010 and 2011. The mulch treatments included black plastic mulch, semitransparent biodegradable mulch, an unmulched weeded control, and an unmulched unweeded control. The sowing dates were 5 June, 20 June, and 6 July. Results revealed that delayed sowing (6 July) reduced weed dry weight by 51% and 41% compared with the 5 June sowing date in 2010 and 2011, respectively, without reducing crop yield. The black plastic mulch treatment had the lowest weed biomass. The sowing date × mulch interactions on kernel number per ear, length of ear, percentage of unfilled ear tip, and yield of sweet corn were statistically significant (P < 0.01) in both years. The maximum kernel number per ear (535) and the highest fresh ear yield (24,684 kg·ha−1) in 2010 were obtained on the 6 July sowing date under biodegradable mulch. The plants sown on 6 July produced the highest fresh kernel yield with the black plastic mulch (12,893 kg·ha−1) and unmulched weeded control (11,777 kg·ha−1) in 2010 and 2011, respectively. The highest percentage of unfilled ear tips in both years was observed in the unmulched unweeded plots sown on 5 June. According to our findings, to suppress the weeds and avoid the sweet corn yield loss in such a hot summer that we had, using the black plastic mulch and delayed sowing are recommended.
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48

Malezhyk, P. M., N. I. Shut, T. G. Sichkar, M. M. Lazarenko, and A. M. Shut. "Anisotropy of thermal properties of carbon-filled epoxy composites formed in a magnetic field." Physics of Aerodisperse Systems, no. 52 (March 14, 2015): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/0367-1631.2015.52.159542.

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The investigation of specific heat capacity of unfilled epoxy resin and filled with ED20 multiwalled carbon nanotubes, prepared in СMF. It is shown that the heat capacity temperature dependencies demonstrate its anisotropy and influence of the magnetic field direction on the relaxation processes in the glassy and in the rubbery state, for samples prepared along and crosswise СMF in comparison with control samples.
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49

Mahapatra, Antara, and Paritosh Biswas. "Toxicity of Ulcer disease of freshwater fishes and control aspects by tropical medicinal plant extracts in India." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 30, Suppl. (2024): S142—S148. https://doi.org/10.53550/eec.2024.v30i07s.026.

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Most of the fish diseases are originated from the polluted water. To control the Ulcer disease of the Koi fish (Anabas testudineous), twelve (12) Plant extracts were tried. It is revealed that the treated Koi fishes of the Eucalyptus, Arjun and Muchkunda treated pots were alive up to fifty (50) days. Whereas, the Koi fishes of the Control potare expired within ten (10) days. Immunity power of the treated Koi fishes of Eucalyptus, Arjun and Muchkunda had been increased in many times by collecting the nutrients from the broth of the pots. These plant extracts are biogenic, biodegradable and least toxic to the Koi fishes as well as to the human beings. These plants are produced locally. Plant extracts are simple, unfixed formulation and can be prepared easily. It is an eco-friendly control measure of the toxic Ulcer disease of the Koi fishes. Eucalyptus is the best performer followed by Arjunand Muchkunda. Plant extract chemicals might have an active role as a fish vaccine substratum in the immunisation mechanism of the treated Koi fishes in their lengthy lives.
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50

N, THAVAPRAKASH. "Response of nitrogen and phosphorus levels and ratios on seed filling and seed yield of sunflower hybrid." Madras Agricultural Journal 91, june (2004): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a00085.

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A field experiment was conducted at Main Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, India during kharif 1999 under rainfed conditions on medium black clay soils, to study the impact of nitrogen and phosphorus levels and ratios on seed filling and seed yield of sunflower hybrid. Experiment was laid out in randomized block design with nine treatments comprising of varied N/P ratios (0.67 to 2.00) alongwith control. The results revealed that total number of seed rows and seeds head were unaffected due to treatments except control. However, higher per cent of filled rows (84.5) and lower per cent of unfilled seed rows (15.5) were noticed in the treatment receiving N/P ratio of 1.00 with 2.00:2.00 fertilizer level. Similarly, more per cent of filled seeds (92.8) and less per cent of unfilled seeds (7.2) were also noticed in the same treatment. Thus, due to the higher per cent of filled seed rows and per cent of filled seeds, the treatment consisting of N/P ratio of 1.00 with 2.00:2.00 (120 kg N and 120 kg P,0, ha¹) fertilizer level produced higher seed yield (3554 kg ha) as compared all other fertilizer levels and control. Correlation coefficient between per cent of filled rows, per cent of filled seeds and seed yields were also positive and significant.
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