Academic literature on the topic 'Unfair value allocation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Unfair value allocation"
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Nizri, Meir, Noam Hazon, and Amos Azaria. "Explainable Shapley-Based Allocation (Student Abstract)." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, no. 11 (June 28, 2022): 13023–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i11.21648.
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The Shapley value is one of the most important normative division scheme in cooperative game theory, satisfying basic axioms. However, some allocation according to the Shapley value may seem unfair to humans. In this paper, we develop an automatic method that generates intuitive explanations for a Shapley-based payoff allocation, which utilizes the basic axioms. Given a coalitional game, our method decomposes it to sub-games, for which it is easy to generate verbal explanations, and shows that the given game is composed of the sub-games. Since the payoff allocation for each sub-game is perceived as fair, the Shapley-based payoff allocation for the given game should seem fair as well. We run an experiment with 210 human participants and show that when applying our method, humans perceive Shapley-based payoff allocation as significantly more fair than when using a general standard explanation.
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Mousavi-Nasab, Seyed Hadi, Jalal Safari, and Ashkan Hafezalkotob. "Resource allocation based on overall equipment effectiveness using cooperative game." Kybernetes 49, no. 3 (May 30, 2019): 819–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-09-2018-0491.
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Purpose Resource allocation has always been a critical problem with significant economic relevance. Many industries allocate the resources based on classical methods such as overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) and data envelopment analysis (DEA). The lack of OEE factors’ weight, how it is defined, analyzed, interpreted and compared in OEE and selection of unrealistic weights, self-appraisal and disability of complete ranking in DEA are challenges that are possible to occur. These defects may result in unfair allocation of the resources. This study aims to overcome the mentioned weaknesses. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, an approach using a set of various DEA models and Nash bargaining solution (NBS) is designed to solve the resource allocation problem based on OEE, among a set of comparable and uniform DMUs (decision-making units) in a fair way. Findings The results show that a unique Pareto optimal allocation solution is obtained by the proposed DEA–NBS model among the DMUs. This allocation is more acceptable for players, because the allocation results are commonly determined by all DMUs rather than a specific one. Furthermore, the rankings achieved by the utilized methods and TOPSIS (technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution) are compared by Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient to validate the resource allocation plan. The findings indicate that the DEA–NBS method has the best correlation with the TOPSIS approach. Originality/value To the best of authors’ knowledge, no research has considered the use of DEA and NBS with OEE.
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Jiang, Changbing, Jiaming Xu, Shufang Li, Yulian Fei, and Yao Wu. "Profit Allocation Problem and Algorithm of Network Freight Platform under Carbon Trading Background." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22 (November 15, 2022): 15031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215031.
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With the gradual popularization of carbon trading, individual carbon emission behavior will come with carbon costs, which will have a significant impact on the network freight platform carrier drivers. Therefore, in order to improve the stability within the network freight platform, this paper considers the fairness of benefit distribution among network freight carriers and aims to offset the impact of carbon cost to a greater extent by reducing the relative deprivation of the network freight platform carrier group, so as to finally realize the benign operation of network freight. This paper introduces a number of indicators such as contribution value, expectation realization degree, and relative deprivation feeling, and establishes a dynamic benefit distribution optimization model oriented by relative deprivation feeling. Based on the basic characteristics of the problem, the ant colony labor division model is extended, and the corresponding algorithm is designed to solve the problem. By introducing the contribution value, contribution rate and expected return to reset the stimulus value of the environment and the response threshold of agent, the relative deprivation sense is used to quantify the degree of unfair benefit distribution, which is used as a benchmark to dynamically coordinate the benefit distribution of the carrier group and optimize the benefit distribution scheme. The experimental results show that the extended model and algorithm designed in this paper can significantly reduce the relative deprivation perception of the carrier group in the online freight platform at a low cost.
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Sisto, Nicholas P., Sergei Severinov, and Gilberto Aboites Manrique. "Growing Crops in Arid, Drought-Prone Environments: Adaptation and Mitigation." Hydrology 9, no. 8 (July 22, 2022): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology9080129.
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Drought poses significant risks to society, in particular irrigated-crop production, which accounts for a large share of global freshwater use. Given its key role in the production of food, feed and fiber crops, there exists a need for policy measures to prevent and mitigate the impacts of drought on irrigated agriculture. This paper proposes that the design of drought policy should take into account actual farmer behavior in response to water scarcity. To this end, we offer a detailed analysis of land allocation and crop-choice decisions over time in an irrigation district located in the dry plains of Northern Mexico. We find that farmers systematically change their crop mix in response to water availability. In particular, in times of drought, irrigation water flows to higher-yield and higher-price crops (which also require more intense irrigation) to the detriment of less water-demanding (but lower value) crops. Farmers use water with the goal of earning a living—economizing on water per se has no relevance in that context. Policies that do not explicitly recognize this may result in ineffective, inefficient and/or unfair outcomes.
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Haruno, Masahiko, Minoru Kimura, and Christopher D. Frith. "Activity in the Nucleus Accumbens and Amygdala Underlies Individual Differences in Prosocial and Individualistic Economic Choices." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, no. 8 (August 2014): 1861–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00589.
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Much decision-making requires balancing benefits to the self with benefits to the group. There are marked individual differences in this balance such that individualists tend to favor themselves whereas prosocials tend to favor the group. Understanding the mechanisms underlying this difference has important implications for society and its institutions. Using behavioral and fMRI data collected during the performance of the ultimatum game, we show that individual differences in social preferences for resource allocation, so-called “social value orientation,” is linked with activity in the nucleus accumbens and amygdala elicited by inequity, rather than activity in insula, ACC, and dorsolateral pFC. Importantly, the presence of cognitive load made prosocials behave more prosocially and individualists more individualistically, suggesting that social value orientation is driven more by intuition than reflection. In parallel, activity in the nucleus accumbens and amygdala, in response to inequity, tracked this behavioral pattern of prosocials and individualists. In addition, we conducted an impunity game experiment with different participants where they could not punish unfair behavior and found that the inequity-correlated activity seen in prosocials during the ultimatum game disappeared. This result suggests that the accumbens and amygdala activity of prosocials encodes “outcome-oriented emotion” designed to change situations (i.e., achieve equity or punish). Together, our results suggest a pivotal contribution of the nucleus accumbens and amygdala to individual differences in sociality.
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Richardson, Marina, Fiona Miller, Nick Daneman, and Beate Sander. "OP88 Drawing Lines In The Sand: How Do We Define The Scope Of Analysis In HTA And Economic Evaluation?" International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 38, S1 (December 2022): S33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462322001349.
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IntroductionWe explore how the scope of analysis is defined in health technology assessment (HTA) and economic evaluation and consider the potential implications of these decisions.MethodsThe scope of analysis, including decisions about which methods and domains of HTA to include in the assessment, which costs, and health outcomes are most meaningful, and which comparators are the most relevant are typically informed by the needs of the decision-maker. We undertook two systematic scoping reviews to assess: (i) to what extent systems thinking is considered in literature-based technology assessments; and (ii) how the scope of the analysis is defined in economic evaluation using Clostridioides difficile infection as an exemplar. We synthesized the findings from these reviews and offer three key observations for future research and exploration in the field of HTA.ResultsOur scoping reviews found that the scope of analysis in economic evaluations typically focus on single interventions, often ignoring upstream and downstream interventions. Similarly, published technology assessments have narrowly defined and inconsistent scopes of analysis, with limited consideration of indirect health and non-health impacts. Three key observations for the field of HTA include: (i) economic evaluations focus on the value of single heath interventions. A focus on a single health intervention may simplify the analysis; however, will this siloed decision-making lead to optimal health resource allocation? (ii) published assessments have inconsistently defined scopes of analysis. A decision problem that focuses on the needs of the decision-maker is practical; however, will inconsistencies in perspectives across assessments create unfair conceptualizations of value? (iii) HTA is technology-focused, not patient-focused. A technology-focused HTA system aligns with the technology diffusion process; however, does this move us away from the patient-centered mandate of HTA?ConclusionsThe dynamic nature of HTA leads to many conceptualizations of value. Considering the potential implications of narrowly defined, inconsistent, and technology-focused scopes of analyses may have consequences on achieving a patient-centered high-quality health system.
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Selviaridis, Kostas. "Who’s to blame or praise? Performance attribution challenges in outsourced service provision in supply chains." Supply Chain Management: An International Journal 21, no. 5 (August 8, 2016): 513–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/scm-11-2015-0439.
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Purpose The aim of this paper is to understand the antecedents and effects of performance attribution challenges arising in the provision of business-to-business (B2B) services in supply chains. Design/methodology/approach The study draws on three in-depth case studies of logistics service providers (LSPs) offering supply chain solutions to their clients in Sweden. The analysis of performance attribution challenges and their antecedents and effects is based on 38 semi-structured interviews and review of 43 documents, including contracts and performance monitoring records. Findings Three key antecedents of performance attribution challenges are stressed. Two of these, the inseparability and contestability of service inputs, are closely related to the notion of service co-production. The third antecedent is the limited provider capability in performance data collection and analysis. Performance attribution challenges may result in provider aversion to performance-related risk and have a harmful effect on client relationships, for example, in terms of provider perceptions of opportunism and unfair allocation of gains. These effects can be mitigated through contracting, interventions in performance measurement system design and deployment of relational mechanisms. Research limitations/implications The paper extends the service management literature that emphasises on service co-production by suggesting that inputs of the client firm and its supply chain partners may not only vary in quality but also can be inseparable from provider inputs and highly contestable. It also empirically demonstrates how performance attribution challenges and their antecedents and effects manifest themselves in B2B service provision, as opposed to supply chain settings where the main user of logistics services is the consumer. Practical implications LSP managers should contract for performance based on high-quality and incontestable external inputs they rely upon. Contractual specifications (performance indicators and related incentives) should explicate and consider the inputs required by clients and their supply chain partners to minimise their contestability. Originality/value The study proposes an empirically based framework of the antecedents and effects of performance attribution challenges, an issue that has received scant attention in logistics outsourcing research and the business services literature more broadly.
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Hu, Xinmu, and Xiaoqin Mai. "Social value orientation modulates fairness processing during social decision-making: evidence from behavior and brain potentials." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 16, no. 7 (March 26, 2021): 670–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsab032.
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Abstract Social value orientation (SVO) characterizes stable individual differences by an inherent sense of fairness in outcome allocations. Using the event-related potential (ERP), this study investigated differences in fairness decision-making behavior and neural bases between individuals with prosocial and proself orientations using the Ultimatum Game (UG). Behavioral results indicated that prosocials were more prone to rejecting unfair offers with stronger negative emotional reactions compared with proselfs. ERP results revealed that prosocials showed a larger P2 when receiving fair offers than unfair ones in a very early processing stage, whereas such effect was absent in proselfs. In later processing stages, although both groups were sensitive to fairness as reflected by an enhanced medial frontal negativity (MFN) for unfair offers and a larger P3 for fair offers, prosocials exhibited a stronger fairness effect on these ERP components relative to proselfs. Furthermore, the fairness effect on the MFN mediated the SVO effect on rejecting unfair offers. Findings regarding emotional experiences, behavioral patterns and ERPs provide compelling evidence that SVO modulates fairness processing in social decision-making, whereas differences in neural responses to unfair vs fair offers as evidenced by the MFN appear to play important roles in the SVO effect on behavioral responses to unfairness.
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Elhag, Taha, Smitha Eapen, and Tabarak Ballal. "Moderating claims and disputes through collaborative procurement." Construction Innovation 20, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ci-02-2019-0020.
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Purpose Following the global financial crisis in 2008, the construction sector in UAE has been facing emergent criticisms for growing adversarial culture and rising prevalent claims and disputes between stakeholders. The complex, large size and fast track nature of construction projects in UAE, make project management very challenging under the commonly used traditional procurement routes. This paper aims to examine whether implementing collaborative procurement approaches can facilitate resolving the escalating number of claims and disputes in the UAE construction industry. Design/methodology/approach Considering the nature of the study, a quantitative method was selected to realize the research objectives. The questionnaire was uploaded using an online survey facility and distributed through e-mails and professional networks. The questionnaire was piloted with experts to assess whether the questions are unambiguous, easy to respond and intelligible. The feedback received was mostly positive with few comments and recommendations. The pilot responses were incorporated and the questionnaire was modified before the final sending out. The questionnaire survey consisted of six main sections to fulfill the research objectives. Findings Around three-quarters of the experts believe that the relationship is adversarial, with a lack of trust, win-lose attitude, with dismissive and opportunistic behavior. The survey reveals that the top causes of claims and disputes comprise the following: variations because clients initiated change requests; contractors selection on low bid only rather than including quality and performance considerations; and unfair risk allocation where majority of risks are transferred to contractors. The findings also identify eight collaborative practices, which have crucial positive impacts such as early identification of problems, better communication and enhanced trust and teamwork. Originality/value This research contributes to the enhancement of the management of claims and disputes for construction projects, which encompasses the following: the key characteristics of collaborative arrangements to improve the adversarial construction culture comprise: mutual respect, openness, fairness and non-opportunistic behaviors; the foremost roles of collaborative procurement in reducing claims and disputes embrace: early identification and resolution of problems, enhanced trust and teamwork spirit, improved relationships and better quality communication; the major practical barriers of implementing collaborative approaches incorporate: lack of awareness of their benefits, primitive legal framework of partnering arrangements and lack of transparency in procurement processes.
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SZYDŁO, Wojciech Paweł. "A refusal to grant access to a grid within the provision of crude oil transfer services as an example of a prohibited abuse of a dominant position in the EU and Polish competition law." Central and Eastern European Journal of Management and Economics 5, no. 2 (January 7, 2018): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.29015/ceejme.627.
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Aim: The paper discusses cases in which a refusal by an energy enterprise to connect other enterprises to the network is treated as a prohibited abuse of the enterprise's dominant position and, equally, will represent behavior prohibited by art. 12 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and by art. 9 par. 2 item 2 of the Competition and Consumer Protection Law as well as legal consequences of such refusal. It is important to pinpoint such cases since the EU sectoral regulation does not provide for obligating any undertakings which manage and operate oil pipelines to enter into contracts with other undertakings such as contracts on connecting into their network or contracts on providing crude oil transfer services. Conditions for accessing oil pipelines and selling their transfer capacities are determined by the owners of the networks: private oil companies in the countries across which the pipelines are routed. These conditions are not governed by the EU law. Furthermore, the very obligation of connecting other entities to own network by energy undertakings operating in the oil transfer sector in Poland will only arise from generally applicable provisions of the Polish competition law. Design / Research methods: The purpose of the paper has been reached by conducting a doctrinal analysis of relevant provisions of Polish and EU law and an analysis of guidelines issued by the EU governing bodies. Furthermore, the research included the functional analysis method which analyses how law works in practice. Conclusions / findings: The deliberations show that a refusal to access the network will be a manifestation of a prohibited abuse of a dominant position and will be a prohibited action always when the dominant's action is harmful in terms of the allocation effectiveness. It will be particularly harmful when delivery of goods or services objectively required for effective competition on a lower level market, a discriminatory refusal which leads to elimination of an effective competition on the consequent market, a refusal leading to unfair treatment of consumers and an unjustified refusal. Originality / value of the article: The paper discusses the prerequisites which trigger the obligation to connect entities to own network by energy undertakings operating in the oil transfer sector. The obligation has a material impact on the operations of the oil transmitting undertakings, in particular on those who dominate the market. The regulatory bodies in the competition sector may classify a refusal of access to own network by other enterprises as a prohibited abuse of the dominant position, exposing such undertakings to financial consequences.Implications of the research: The research results presented in the paper may be used in decisions issued by the President of the OCCP and in judgement of Polish civil courts and EU courts. This may cause a significant change in the approach to classifying prohibited practices to prohibited behavior which represent abuse of the dominant position. The deliberations may also prompt the Polish and EU legislator to continue works on the legislation.
Books on the topic "Unfair value allocation"
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International trade: Foreign market development for high value agricultural products : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1990.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Unfair value allocation"
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Tesch-Römer, Clemens, Hans-Werner Wahl, Suresh I. S. Rattan, and Liat Ayalon. "Social inequality, the welfare state, and successful ageing." In Successful Aging, edited by Clemens Tesch-Römer, Hans-Werner Wahl, Suresh I. S. Rattan, and Liat Ayalon, 59–68. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780192897534.003.0007.
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Social inequality is one of the major challenges for successful ageing, and the welfare state may alleviate some of the unjust and unfair allocations of resources within a population. Socio-economic differences between individuals permeate life courses from conception to death. The concept of ‘inequality’ points to vertical differences between individuals in connection with unevenly distributed access to goods and resources of value, such as education, prestige, income, and wealth. The disposal of valued resources draws the line between those who have and those who have not. Important facets of social inequality are education, income, wealth, gender, and race. Considering diversity and inequality in a population, welfare states reveal themselves as central actors in shaping requirements for successful ageing.
Conference papers on the topic "Unfair value allocation"
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Iora, Paolo, Ahmed F. Ghoniem, and Gian Paolo Beretta. "What Fraction of the Fuel Consumed by a Heat-and-Power Cogeneration Facility Should Be Allocated to the Heat Produced? Old Problem, Novel Approach." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-66705.
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The question of what fraction of the fuel consumed by a cogeneration plant is to be allocated to either the heat or the electricity is still open, leading to some arbitrariness in the quantification of the economic value of the different cogenerated goods and of the subsidies often granted to such facilities. In this work, we first evidence the drawbacks of the conventional allocation methods such as Incremental Electricity-Centered Reference (IECR), Incremental Heat-Centered Reference (IHCR) and Separate-Productions Reference (SPR), in that they use fixed partial primary energy factors chosen by some authority to represent the reference efficiencies of heat and /or electricity production technologies that can be different from the local energy portfolio. Here we propose a slightly more elaborate, but self-consistent method whereby the allocation is adaptive and self-tuned to the local energy scenario by sharing the fuel savings on the basis of the average primary energy factors for electricity and heat in the given local area including the cogeneration facility of interest. We call it the Self-Tuned Average-Local-Productions Reference (STALPR) method. We finally show by means of a representative case study that the classical methods might provides unfair, distorted figures that become increasingly important as cogeneration gains higher fractions of the energy market in a given local area.